is in September For that they need the whole Summers Feed and Grasse to make them fit for Generation And if Raine come Earely about the Middle of September they goe to Rut somewhat the sooner If Drought somewhat the later So Sheepe in respect of their small Neat. generate about the same time or somewhat before But for the most part Creatures that generate at certaine Seasons generate in the Spring As Birds and Fishes For that the End of the Winter and the Heat and Comfort of the Spring prepareth them There is also another Reason why some Creatures generate at certaine Seasons And that is the Relation of their Time of Bearing to the time of Generation For no Creature goeth to generate whilest the Female is full Nor whilest shee is busie in Sitting or Rearing her Young And therefore it is found by Experience that if you take the Egges or Young Ones out of the Neasts of Birds they will fall to generate againe three or foure times one after another Of Liuing Creatures some are Longer time in the Wombe and some Shorter Women goe commonly nine Moneths The Cow and the Ewe about six Moneths Doe's goe about nine Moneths Mares eleuen Moneths Bitches nine Weekes Elephants are said to goe two Yeares For the Receiued Tradition of ten Yeares is Fabulous For Birds there is double Enquiry The Distance betweene the Treading or Coupling and the Laying of the Egge And againe betweene the Egge Layed and the Disclosing or Hetching And amongst Birds there is lesse Diuersity of Time than amongst other Creatures yet some there is For the Hen sitteth but three Weekes The Turky-Hen Goose and Ducke a Moneth Quare of others The Cause of the great Difference of Times amongst Liuing Creatures is Either from the Nature of the Kinde Or from the Constitution of the Wombe For the former those that are longer in Comming to their Maturity or Growth are longer in the Wombe As is chiefly seene in Men And so Elephants which are long in the Wombe are long time in Comming to their full Growth But in most other Kindes the Constitution of the Wombe that is the Hardnesse or Drinesse thereof is concurrent with the former Cause For the â—â—lt hath about foure yeares of Growth And so the Fawne And so the Calfe But Whelps which come to their Growth commonly within three Quarters of a yeare are but nine Weekes in the Wombe As for Birds as there is lesse Diuersity amongst them in the time of their Bringing forth So there is lesse Diuersity in the time of their Growth Most of them comming to their Growth within a Twelue-Moneth Some Creatures bring forth many Young Ones at a Burthen As Bitches Hares Conneyes c. Some ordinatily but One As Women Lionesses c. This may be caused either by the Quantity of Sperme required to the Producing One of that Kinde which if lesse be required may admit greater Number If more fewer Or by the Partitions and Cells of the Wombe which may feuer the Sperme There is no doubt but Light by Refraction will shew greater as well as Things Coloured For like as a Shilling in the Bottomes of the Water will shew greater So will a Candle in a Lanthorne in the Bottome of the Water I haue heard of a Practise that Glo-wormes in Glasses were put in the Water to make the Fish come But I am not yet informed whether when a Diuer Diueth hauing his Eyes open and swimmeth vpon his Backe whether I say he seeth Things in the Aire greater or lesse For it is manifest that when the Eye standeth in the Finer Medium and the Obiect is in the Grosser things shew greater But contrariwise when the Eye is placed in the Grosser Medium and the Obiect in the Finer how it worketh I know not It would be well boulted out whether great Refractions may not be made vpon Reflexions as well as vpon Direct Beames For Example We see that take an Empty Basen put an Angell of Gold or what you will into it Then goe so farre from the Basen till you cannot see the Angell because it is not in a Right Line Then fill the Basen with Water and you shall see it out of his Place because of the Reflexion To proceed therefore put a Looking-Glasse into a Basen of Water I suppose you shall not see the Image in a Right Line or at equall Angles but aside I know not whether this Experiment may not be extended so as you might see the Image and not the Glasse Which for Beauty and Strangenesse were a fine Proofe For then you should see the Image like a Spirit in the Aire As for Example If there be a Cesterne or Poole of Water you shall place ouer against it a Picture of the Deuill or what you will so as you doe not see the Water Then put a Looking-Glasse in the Water Now if you can see the Deuills Picture aside not seeing the Water it will looke like a Deuill indeed They haue an old Tale in Oxford that Friar Bacon walked betweene two Steeples Which was thought to be done by Glasses when he walked vpon the Ground A Weighty Body put into Motion is more easily impelled than at first when it Resteth The Cause is Partly because Motion doth discusse the Torpour of Solide Bodies Which beside their Motion of Grauity haue in them a Naturall Appetite not to moue at all And partly because a Body that resteth doth get by the Resistance of the Body vpon which it resteth a stronger Compression of Parts than it hath of it Selfe And therefore needeth more Force to be put in Motion For if a Weighty Body be Pensile and hang but by a Thred the Percussion will make an Impulsion very neare as easily as if it were already in Motion A Body Ouer-great or Ouer-small will not be throwne so farre as a Body of a Middle Sixe So that it seemeth there must be a Commensuration or Proportion betweene the Body Moued and the Force to make it moue well The Cause is because to the Impulsion there is requisite the Force of the Body that Moueth and the Resistance of the Body that is Moued And if the Body be too great it yeeldeth too little And if it be too small it resisteth too little It is Common Experience that no Weight will presse or cut so strong being laid vpon a Body as Falling or strucken from aboue It may be the Aire hath some part in furthering the Percussion But the chiefe Cause I take to be for that the Parts of the Body Moued haue by Impulsion or by the Motion of Grauity continued a Compression in them as well downwards as they haue when they are throwne or Shot thorow the Aire forwards I conceiue also that the quicke Loose of that Motion preuenteth the Resistance of the Body below And Priority of the Force alwaies is of great Efficacy As appeareth in infinite Instances Tickling is most in the Soles of the Feet and
from the Truncke And it is tried that in a long Truncke of some eight or ten foot the Sound is holpen though both the Mouth and the Eare be a handfull or more from the Ends of the Truncke And somewhat more holpen when the Eare of the Hearer is neare than when the Mouth of the Speaker And it is certaine that the Voice is better heard in a Chamber from abroad than abroad from within the Chamber As the Enclosure that is Round about and Entire preserueth the Sound So doth a Semi-Concaue though in a lesse degree And therefore if you diuide a Truncke or a Cane into two and one speake at the one end and you lay your Eare at the other it will carry the Voice further than in the Aire at large Nay further if it be not a full Semi-Concaue but if you doe the like vpon the Mast of a Ship or a long Pole or a Peece of Ordnance though one speake vpon the Surface of the Ordnance and not at any of the Bores the Voice will be heard further than in the Aire at large It would be tried how and with what proportion of disaduantage the Voice will be carried in an Horne which is a line Arched Or in a Trumpet which is a line Retorted Or in some Pipe that were Sinuous It is certaine howsoeuer it crosse the Receiued Opinion that Sounds may be created without Aire though Aire be the most fauourable Deferent of Sounds Take a Vessell of Water and knap a paire of Tongs some depth within the Water and you shall heare the Sound of the Tongs well and not much diminished And yet there is no Aire at all present Take one Vessell of Siluer and another of Wood and fill each of them full of Water and then knap the Tongs together as before about an handfull from the Bottome and you shall finde the Sound much more Resounding from the Vessell of Siluer than from that of Wood And yet if there be not water in the Vessell so that yo knap the Tongs in the Aire you shall finde no difference betweene the Siluer and Woodden Vessell Whereby beside the maine point of creating Sound without Aire you may collect two Things The one that the Sound communicateth with the Bottome of the Vessell The other that such a Communication passeth farre better thorow Water than Aire Strike any Hard Bodies together in the Middest of a Flame and you shall heare the Sound with little difference from the Sound in the Aire The Pneumaticall Part which is in all Tangible Bodies and hath some Affinity with the Aire performeth in some degree the Parts of the Aire As when you knocke vpon an Emptie Barrell the Sound is in part created by the Aire on the Out-side And in part by the Aire in the Inside For the Sound will be greater or lesser as the Barrell is more Emptie or more full But yet the Sound participateth also with the Spirit in the Wood thorow which it passeth from the Outside to the Inside And so it commeth to passe in the Chiming of Bells on the Outside where also the Sound passeth to the Inside And a number of other like Instances whereof we shall speake more when we handle the Communication of Sounds It were extreame Grossenesse to thinke as wee haue partly touched before that the Sound in Strings is made or produced betweene the Hand and the String or the Quill and the String or the Bow and the String For those are but Vehicula Motûs Passages to the Creation of the Sound the Sound being produced betweene the String and the Aire And that not by any Impulsion of the Aire from the first Motion of the String but by the Returne or Result of the String which was strained by the Touch to his former Place which Motion of Result is quicke and sharpe Wheras the first Motion is soft and dull So the Bow tortureth the String continually and thereby holdeth it in a Continuall Trepidation Take a Truncke and let one whistle at the one End and bold your Eare at the other and you shall finde the Sound strike so sharpe as you can scarce endure it The Cause is for that Sound diffuseth it selfe in round And so spendeth it Selfe But if the Sound which would scatter in Open Aire be made to goe all into a Canale It must needs giue greater force to the Sound And so you may note that Enclosures doe not onely preserue Sound but also Encrease and Sharpen it A Hunters Horne being greater at one end than at the other doth encrease the Sound more than if the Horne were all of an equall Bore The Cause is for that the Aire and Sound being first contracted at the leffer End and afterwards hauing more Roome to spread at the greater End doe dilate themselues And in Comming out strike more Aire whereby the Sound is the Greater and Baser And euen Hunters Hornes which are sometimes made straight and not Oblique are euer greater at the lower end It would be tried also in Pipes being made far larger at the lower End Or being made with a Belly towards the lower End And then issuing into a straight Concaue againe There is in Saint Iames Fields a Conduit of Bricke vnto which ioyneth a low Vault And at the End of that a Round House of Stone And in the Bricke Conduit there is a Window And in the Round House a Slit or Rift of some little breadth If you crie out in the Rift it will make a fearfull Roaring at the Window The Cause is the same with the former For that all Concaues that proceed from more Narrow to more Broad doe amplifie the Sound at the Comming out Hawkes Bells that haue Holes in the sides giue a greater Ring than if the Pellet did strike vpon Brasse in the Open Aire The Cause is the same with the first Instance of the Trancke Namely for that the Sound Enclosed with the Sides of the Bell commeth forth at the Holes vnspent and more strong In Drums the Closenesse round about that preserueth the Sound from dispersing maketh the Noise come forth at the Drum-Hole farre more loud and strong than if you should strike vpon the like Skin extended in the Open Aire The Cause is the same with the two precedent Sounds are better heard and further off in an Euening or in the Night than at the Noone or in the Day The Cause is for that in the Day when the Aire is more Thin no doubt the Sound pierceth better But when the Aire is more Thicke as in the Night the Sound spendeth and spreadeth abroad lesse And so it is a Degree of Enclosure As for the Night it is true also that the Generall Silence helpeth There be two Kinds of Reflexions of Sounds The one at Distance which is the Eccho Wherein the Originall is heard distinctly and the Reflexion also distinctly Of which we shall speake hereafter The other in Concurrence When the Sound Reflecting the
of the Sawcer is aboue the Water But that Flatnesse of Sound is ioyned with a Harshnesse of Sound which no doubt is caused by the Inequalitie of the Sound which commeth from the Part of the Sawcer vnder the Water and from the Part aboue But when the Sawcer is wholly vnder the Water the Sound becommeth more cleare but farre more low And as if the Sound came from a farre off A Soft Body dampeth the Sound much more than a Hard As if a Bell hath Cloth or Silke wrapped about it it deadeth the Sound more than if it were Wood. And therefore in Clericalls the Keyes are lined And in Colledges they vse to line the Tablemen Triall was made in a Recorder after these seuerall manners The Bottome of it was set against the Palme of the Hand stopped with Wax round about set against a Damaske Cushion Thrust into Sand Into Ashes Into Water halfe an Inch vnder the Water Close to the Bottome of a Siluer Basin And still the Tone remained But the Bottome of it was set against a Woollen Carpet A Lining of Plush A Locke of Wooll though loosely put in Against Snow And the Sound of it was quite deaded and but Breath Iron Hot produceth not so full a Sound as when it is Cold For while it is hot it appeareth to be more Soft and lesse Resounding So likewise Warme Water when it falleth maketh not so full a Sound as Cold And I conceiue it is softer and neerer the Nature of Oyle For it is more slippery As may be perceiued in that it scowreth better Let there be a Recorder made with two Fipples at each end one The Truncke of it of the length of two Recorders and the Holes answerable toward each end And let two play the same Lesson vpon it at an Vnison And let it be noted whether the Sound be confounded or amplified or dulled So likewise let a Crosse be made of two Trunckes thorow-out hollow And let two speake or sing the one long-waies the other trauerse And let two heare at the opposite Ends And note whether the Sound be confounded amplified or dulled Which two Instances will also giue light to the Mixture of Sounds wherof we shall speake hereafter A Bellowes blowne in at the Hole of a Drum and the Drum then strucken maketh the Sound a little flatter but no other apparent Alteration The Cause is manifest Partly for that it hindreth the Issue of the Sound And partly for that it maketh the Aire being blowne together lesse moueable The Loudnesse and Softnesse of Sounds is a Thing distinct from the Magnitude and Exility of Sounds For a Base String though softly strucken giueth the greater Sound But a Treble String if hard strucken will be heard much further off And the Cause is for that the Base String striketh more Aire And the Treble lesse Aire but with a sharper Percussion It is therefore the Strength of the Percussion that is a Principall Cause of the Loudnesse or Softnesse of Sounds As in knocking harder or softer Winding of a Horne stronger or weaker Ringing of a Hand-bell harder or softer c. And the Strength of this Percussion consisteth as much or more in the Hardnesse of the Body Percussed as in the Force of the Body Percussing For if you strike against a Cloth it will giue a lesse Sound If against Wood a greater If against Metall yet a greater And in Metals if you strike against Gold which is the more pliant it giueth the flatter Sound If against Siluer or Brasse the more Ringing Sound As for Aire where it is strongly pent it matcheth a Hard Body And therefore we see in discharging of a Peece what a great Noise it maketh We see also that the Charge with Bullet Or with Paper wet and hard stopped Or with Powder alone rammed in hard maketh no great difference in the Loudnesse of the Report The Sharpnesse or Quicknesse of the Percussion is a great Cause of the Loudnesse as well as the Strength As in a Whip or Wand if you strike the Aire with it the Sharper and Quicker you strike it the Louder Sound it giueth And in playing vpon the Lute or Virginalls the quicke Stroke or Touch is a great life to the Sound The Cause is for that the Quicke Striking cutteth the Aire speedily wheras the Soft Striking doth rather beat than cut The Communication of Sounds as in Bellies of Lutes Empty Vessells c. hath beene touched obiter in the Maioration of Sounds But it is fit also to make a Title of it apart The Experiment for greatest Demonstration of Communication of Sounds is the Chiming of Bells where if you strike with a Hammer vpon the Vpper Part and then vpon the Midst and then vpon the Lower you shall finde the Sound to be more Treble and more Base according vnto the Concaue on the Inside though the Percussion be onely on the Outside When the Sound is created betweene the Blast of the Mouth and the Aire of the Pipe it hath neuerthelesse some Communication with the Matter of the Sides of the Pipe and the Spirits in them contained for in a Pipe or Trumpet of Wood and Brasse the Sound will be diuers So if the Pipe be couered with Cloth or Silke it will giue a diuers Sound from that it would doe of it selfe So if the Pipe be a little wet on the Inside it will make a differing Sound from the same Pipe dry That Sound made within Water doth communicate better with a hard Body thorow Water than made in Aire it doth with Aire Vide Experimentum 134. We haue spoken before in the Inquisition touching Musicke of Musicall Sounds wherunto there may be a Concord or Discord in two Parts Which Sounds vve call Tones And likewise of Immusicall Sounds And haue giuen the Cause that the Tone proceedeth of Equality and the other of Inequality And we haue also expressed there what are the Equall Bodies that giue Tones and what are the Vnequall that giue none But now we shall speake of such Inequality of Sounds as proceedeth not from the Nature of the Bodies themselues but is Accidentall Either from the Roughnesse or Obliquity of the Passage Or from the Doubling of the Percutient Or from the Trepidation of the Motion A Bell if it haue a Rift in it whereby the Sound hath not a cleare Passage giueth a Hoarse and Iarring Sound So the Voice of Man when by Cold taken the Wesill groweth rugged and as we call it furred becommeth hoarse And in these two Instances the Sounds are Ingrate because they are meerely Vnequall But if they be Vnequall in Equality then the Sound is Gratefull but Purling All Instruments that haue either Returnes as Trumpets Or Flexions as Cornets Or are Drawne vp and put from as Sackbuts haue a Purling Sound But the Recorder or Flute that haue none of these Inequalities giue a cleare Sound Neuerthelesse the Recorder it selfe or Pipe moistened a little in the Inside
Part only on the Outside Wheras all other Fruits haue it in the Nut or Kernell The Firre hath in effect no Stone Nut nor Kernest Except you will count the little Graines Kernells The Pom granate and Pine Apple haue onely amongst Fruits Graines distinct in seuerall Cells No Herbs haue Curled Leaues but Cabbage and Cabbage-Lettuce None haue double Leaues one belonging to the Stalke another to the Fruit or Seed but the Artichoke No Flower hath that kinde of Spread that the Woodbine hath This may be a large Field of Contemplation For it sheweth that in the Frame of Nature there is in the Producing of some Species a Composition of Matter which happeneth oft and may be much diuersified In others such as happeneth rarely and admitteth little Variety For so it is likewise in Beasts Dogs haue a Resemblance with Wolnes and Foxes Horses with Asses Kine with Bustes Hares with Coneyes c. And so in Birds Kites and Kastrells haue a Resemblance with Hawkes Common-Doues with Ring-Deaâ—s and Tortles Black-Birds with Thrushes and Manisses Crowes with Bauens Dawes and Choughas c. But Elephants and Swine amongst Beasts And the Bird of Paradise and the Peacocke amongst Birds And some few others haue seaâ—â—â— any other Species that haue Affinity with them We leaue the Description of Plants and their Vertues to Herballs and other like Bookes of Naturall History Wherein Mens Diligence hath bâ—â—â—â— great euen to Curiosity For our Experiments are onely such as doe euer ascend a Degree to the Deriuing of Causes and Extracting of Axiomes which wee are not ignorant but that some both of the Ancient and Modeme Writers haue also labôured But their Causes and Axiomes are so full of Imagination and so infected with the old Receiued Theories as they are meere Inquinations of Experience and Concoct it not It hath beene obserued by some of the Ancients that Skins especially of â—â—ams newly pulled off and applied to the Wounds of Stripts doe keepe them from Swelling and Exulcerating And likewise Heade them and Close them vp And that the Whites of Eggs do the same The Cause is a Temperate Conglutination For both Bodies are Glommy and Viscous and doe bridle the Desâ—uxe of Humours to the Huâ—â—â— without Penning them in too much You may turne almost all Flesh into a â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— if you take Flesh and cut it into Peeces and put the Peeces into a Glasse couered with Parchment And so let the Glasse stand six or seuen Houres â—â—â— Boyling Water It may be an Experiment of Profit for Making of Fat or Grease for many vses But then it must be of such Flesh as is not Edible As Horses Dogs Beares Foxes Bodgers c. It is reported by one of the Ancients that New Wine put into Vessells well stopped and the Vessells let downe into the Sea will accelerate very much the Making of them Ripe and Potable The same would be tried in Wort. Beasts are more Hairy than Men And Sauage Man more than Ciuill And the Plumage of Birds exceedeth the Pilosity of Beasts The Cause of the Smoothnesse in Men is not any Abundance of Heat and Moisture though that indeed causeth Pilosity But there is requisite to Pilosity not so much Heat and Moisture as Excrementitious Heat and Moisture For whatsoeuer assimilateth goeth not into the Haire And Excrementitious Moisture aboundeth most in Beasts and Men that are more Sauage Much the same Reason is there of the Plumage of Birds For Birds assimilate lesse and excerne more than Beasts For their Excrements are euer liquid and their Flesh generally more dry Besides they haue not Instruments for Vrine And so all the Excrementitious Moisture goeth into the Feathers And therefore it is no Maruell though Birds bee commonly better Meat than Beasts because their Flesh doth assimilate more finely and secerneth more subtilly Againe the Head of Man hath Haire vpon the first Birth which no other Part of the Body hath The Cause may be Want of Perspiration For Much of the Matter of Haire in the other Parts of the Body goeth forth by Insensible Perspiration And besides the Skull being of a more solide Substance nourisheth and assimilateth lesse and excerneth more And so likewise doth the Chinne We see also that Haire commeth not vpon the Palmes of the Hands nor Soales of the Feet Which are Parts more Perspirable And Children likewise are not Hairy for that their Skins are more Perspirable Birds are of Swifter Motion than Beasts For the Flight of many Birds is Swifter than the Race of any Beasts The Cause is for that the Spirits in Birds are in greater Proportion in comparison of the Bulke of their Body than in Beasts For as for the Reason that some giue that they are partly Carried whereas Beasts goe that is Nothing For by that Reason Swimming should be swifter than Running And that Kinde of Carriage also is not without Labour of the Wing The Sea is Clearer when the North wind bloweth than when the South-wind The Cause is for that Salt-Water hath a little Oylinesse in the Surface thereof As appeareth in very Hot Daies And againe for that the Southerne Wind relaxeth the Water somewhat As no Water Boyling is so Cleare as Cold Water Fire burneth Wood making it first Luminous Then Blacke and Brittle And lastly Broken and Incinerate Sealding Water doth none of these The Cause is for that by Fire the Spirit of the Body is first Refined and then Emitted Whereof the Refining be Attenuation causeth the Light And the Emission first the Fragilitie and after the Dissolution into Ashes Neither doth any other Body enter But in Water the Spirit of the Body is not Refined so much And besides Part of the Water entreth Which doth increase the Spirit and in a degree extinguish it Therefore wee see that Hot Water will quench Fire And againe wee see that in Bodies wherein the Water doth not much enter but only the Heat passeth Hot Water worketh the Effects of Fire As in Egges Boyled and Roasted into which the Water entreth not at all there is scarce difference to be discerned But in Fruit and Flesh whereinto the Water entreth in some part there is much more difference The Bottome of a Vessell of Boyling Water as hath beene obserued is not very much Heated So as Men may put their Hand vnder the Vessell and remoue it The Cause is for that the Moisture of Water as it quencheth Coales where it entreth So it doth allay Heat where it toucheth And therefore note well that Moisture although it doth not passe thorow Bodies without Communication of some Substance As Heat and Cold doe yet it worketh manifest Effects not by Entrance of the Body but by Qualifying of the Heat and Cold As wee see in this Instance And wee see likewise that the Water of Things distilled in Water which they call the Bath differeth not much from the Water of Things Distilled by Fire Wee see also that Pewter-Dishes
of the Fire suddainly dilateth it self And wee knowe that simple Aire being preternaturally attenuated by Heate will make it self Roome and breake and blowe vp that which resisteth it And Secondly when the Nitre hath Dilated it self it bloweth abroad the Flame as an Inward Bellowes And therfore wee see that Brimstone Pitch Camphire Wilde-Fire and diuers other Inflammable Matters though they burne cruelly and are hard to quench Yet they make no such fiery winde as Gunpowder doth And on the other side wee see that Quick Siluer which is a most Crude and Watry Body heated and pent in hath the like force with Gunpowder As for liuing Creatures it is certaine their Vitall Spiritts are a Substance Compounded of an Airy and Flamy Matter And though Aire and Flame being free will not well mingle yet bound in by a Body that hath some fixing they will For that you may best see in those two Bodies which are their Aliments water and Oyle For they likewise will not well mingle of themselues but in the Bodies of Plants and liuing Creatures they will It is no maruaile therfore that a small Quantity of Spiritts in the Cells of the Braine and Canales of the Sinewes are able to moue the whole Body which is of so great Masse both with so great Force as in Wrestling Leaping And with so great Swiftnes As in playing Diuision vpon the Lute Such is the force of these two Natures Aire and Flame when they incorporate TAke a small waxe Candle and putt it in a Socket of Brasse or Iron Then sett it vpright in a Porringer full of Spirits of Wine heated Then sett both the Candle and Spiritt of Wine on fire and you shall see the Flame of the Candle open it self and become 4. or 5. times bigger then otherwise it would haue been and appeare in Figure Globular and not in Piramis You shall see also that the Inward Flame of the Candle keepeth Colour and doth not waxe any whitt blewe towardes the Colour of the Outward flame of the Spiritt of Wine This is a Noble Instance where in two things are most remarkable The one that one Flame within another quencheth not but is a fixed Body and continueth as Aire or Water doe And therefore Flame would still ascend vpwards in one greatnesse if it were not quenched on the Sides And the greater the Flame is at the Bottome the higher is the Rise The other that Flame doth not mingle with Flame as Aire doth with Aire or Water with Water but only remaineth contiguous As it commeth to passe betwixt Consisting Bodies It appeareth also that the forme of a Piramis in Flame which we vsually see is meerely by Accident and that the Aire about by quenching the Sides of the Flame crusheth it and extenuateth it into that Forme For of it selfe it would be Round And therefore Smoake is in the Figure of a Piramis Reuersed For the Aire quencheth the Flame and receiueth the Smoake Note also that the Flame of the Condle within the Flame of the Spirit of Wine is troubled And doth not onely open and moue vpwards but moueth wauing and to and fro As if Flame of his owne Nature if it were not quenched would rowle and turne as well as moue vpwards By all which it should seeme that the Caelestiall Bodies most of them are true Fires or Flames as the Stoicks held More fine perhaps and Rarified than our Flame is For they are all Globular and Determinate They haue Rotation And they haue the Colour and Splendour of Flame So that Flame aboue is Durable and Consistent and in his Naturall place But with vs it is a Stranger and Momentany and Impure Like Vulcan that haked with his Fall Take an Arrow and hold it in Flame for the space of ten pulses And when it commeth forth you shall finde those Parts of the Arrow which were on the Outsides of the Flame more burned blacked and turned almost into a Coale whereas that in the Middest of the Flame will be as if the Fire had scarce touched it This is an Instance of great consequence for the discouery of the Nature of Flame And sheweth manifestly that Flame burneth more violently towards the Sides than in the Middest And which is more that Heat or Fire is not violent or furious but where it is checked and pont And therfore the Peripatetickes howsoeuer their opinion of an Element of Fire aboue the Aire is iustly exploded in that Point they acquit themselues well For being opposed that if there were a Spbeare of Fire that incompassed the Earth so neare hand it were impossible but all things should be burnt vp They answer that the pure Elementall Fire in his owne place and not irritate is but of a Moderate Heat It is affirmed constantly by many as an vsuall Experiment That a Lampe of Vre in the Bottome of a Mine will be tumbled and stirred by two Mens strength which if you bring it to the Topp of the Earth will aske Six Mens strength at the least to stirre it It is a Noble Instance and is fit to be tried to the full For it is very probable that the Motion of Grauitie worketh weakly both farre from the Earth and also within the Earth The former because the Appetite of Vnion of Dense Bodies with the Earth in respect of the distance is more dull The latter because the Body hath in part attained his Nature when it is some Depth in the Earth For as for the Mouing to a Point or Place which was the Opinion of the Ancients it is a meere Vanity It is strange how the Ancients tooke vp Experiments vpon credit and yet did build great Matters vpon them The Obseruation of some of the best of them deliuered confidently is That a Vessell filled with Ashes will receiue the like quantity of Water that it would haue done if it had been empty But this is vtterly vntrue for the Water will not goe in by a Fifth part And I suppose that that Fifth part is the difference of the lying close or open of the Ashes As we see that Ashes alone if they be hard pressed will lye in lesse roome And so the Ashes with Aire betweene lye looser and with Water closer For I haue not yet found certainly that the Water it selfe by mixture of Ashes or Dust will shrinke or draw into lesse Roome It is reported of credit that if you lay good store of Kernells of Grapes about the Root of a Vine it will make the Vine come earlier and prosper better It may be tried with other Kernells laid about the Root of a Plant of the same kinde As Figgs Kernells of Apples c. The Cause may be for that the Kernells draw out of the Earth Iuice fit to nourish the Tree as those that would be Trees of themselues though there were no Root But the Root being of greater strength robbeth and deuoureth the Nourishment when they haue drawne it As great
Fishes deuoure little The Operation of Purging Medicines and the Causes thereof haue béene thought to be a great Secret And so according to the slothfull manner of Men it is referred to a Hidden Propriety a Specificall vertue and a Fourth Qualitie and the like Shifts of Ignorance The Causes of Purging are diuers All plaine and perspicuous And throughly maintained by Experience The first is That whatsoeuer cannot be ouercome and disgested by the Stomacke is by the Stomacke either put vp by Vomit or put downe to the Guts And by that Motion of Expulsion in the Stomacke and Guts other Parts of the Body as the Orifices of the Veines and the like are moued to expell by Consent For nothing is more frequent than Motion of Consent in the Body of Man This Surcharge of the Stomacke is caused either by the Qualitie of the Medicine or by the Quantitie The Qualities are three Extreme Bitter as in Aloes Coloquintida c. Loathsome and of horrible taste As in Agarick Black Hellebore c. And of secret Malignity and disagreement towards Mans Bodie many times not appearing much in the Taste As in Scammony Mechoacham Antimony c. And note well that if there be any Medicine that Purgeth and hath neither of the first two Manifest Qualities it is to be held suspected as a kinde of Poysons For that it worketh either by Corrosion or by a secret Malignitie and Enmitie to Nature And therfore such Medicines are warily to be prepared and vsed The Quantitie of that which is taken doth also cause Parging As we see in a great Quantitie of New Milke from the Cow yea and a great Quantitie of Meat For Surfets many times turne to Purges both vpwards and downwards Therefore we see generally that the working of Purging Medicines commeth two or three houres after the Medicines taken For that the Stomacke first maketh a proofe whether it can concoct them And the like happeneth after Surfets or Milke in too great Quantitie A second Cause is Mordication of the Orifices of the Parts Especially of the Mesentery veines As it is seene that Salt or any such thing that is sharpe and biting put into the Fundament doth prouoke the Part to expell And Mustard prouoketh Sneezing And any Sharpe Thing to the Eyes prouoketh Teares And therfore we see that almost all Purgers haue a kinde of Twiching and vellication besides the Griping which commeth of wind And if this Mordication be in an ouer-high Degree it is little better than the Corrosion of Poyson And it commeth to passe sometimes in Antimony Especially if it be giuen to Bodies not repleat with Humors For where Humors abound the Humors saue the Parts The third Cause is Attraction For I doe not deny but that Purging Medicines haue in them a direct Force of Attraction As Drawing Plasters haue in Surgery And we see Sage or Bettony brused Sneezing-powder and other Powders or Liquors which the Physitians call Errhines put into the Nose draw Flegme and water from the Head And so it is in Apophlegmatismes and Gargarismes that draw the Rheume downe by the Pallate And by this Vertue no doubt some Purgers draw more one Humour and some another according to the Opinion receiued As Rubarb draweth Choller Sean Melancholy Agarick Flegme c. But yet more or lesse they draw promiscuously And note also that besides Sympathy between the Purger and the Humour there is also another Cause why some Medicines draw some Humour more than another And it is for that some Medicines work quicker than others And they that draw quick draw only the Lighter more fluide Humours they that draw flow worke vpon the more Tough and Viscous Humours And therfore Men must beware how they take Rubarb and the like alone familiarly For it taketh only the Lightest part of the Humour away and leaueth the Masse of Humours more obstinate And the like may be said of Worme-wood which is so much magnified The fourth Cause is Flatnosity For Wind stirred moueth to expell And we finde that in effect all Purgers haue in them a raw Spirit or Wind which is the Principall Cause of Tortion in the Stomach and Belly And therfore Purgers leese most of them the vertue by Decoction vpon the Fire And for that Cause are gluen chiefly in Infusion Iuyce or Powder The fifth Cause is Compression or Crushing As when Water is Crushed out of a Spunge So we see that Taking Cold moueth Loosenesse by Contraction of the Skinn and outward Parts And so doth Cold likewise cause Rheumes and Defluxions from the Head And some Astringent Plasters crush out purulent Matter This kind of Operation is not found in many Medicines Mirabalanes haue it And it may be the Barkes of Peaches For this Vertue requireth an Astriction but such an Astriction as is not gratefull to the Body For a pleasing Astriction doth rather Binde in the Humours than Expell them And therfore such Astriction is found in Things of an Harrish Taste The Sixth Cause is Lubrefaction and Relaxation As we see in Medicines Emollient Such as are Milke Honey Mallowes Lettuce Mercuriall Pelletory of the Wall and others There is also a secret Vertue of Relaxation in Cold For the Heat of the Body bindeth the Parts and Humours together which Cold relaxeth As it is seene in Vrine Bloud Pottage or the like which if they be Cold breake and dissolue And by this kinde of Relaxation Feare looseneth the Belly because the Heat retiring inwards towards the Heart the Gutts and other Parts are relaxed In the same manner as Feare also causeth Trembling in the Sinewes And of this Kinde of Purgers are some Medicines made of Mercury The Seuenth Cause is Abstersion which is plainly a Scouring off or Incision of the more viscous Humors and making the Humors more fluide And Cutting betweene them and the Part. As is found in Nitrous Water which scoureth Linnen Cloth speedily from the Foulenesse But this Incision must be by a Sharpnesse without Astriction Which wee finde in Salt Worm-wood Oxymel and the like There be Medicines that moue Stooles and not Vrine Some other Vrine and not Stooles Those that Purge by Stoole are such as enter not at all or little into the Mesentery Veines But either at the first are not digestible by the Stomach and therefore moue immediatly downwards to the Gutts Or else are afterwards reiected by the Mesentery Veines and so turne likewise downwards to the Gutts and of these two kindes are most Purgers But those that moue Vrine are such as are well digested of the Stomach and well receiued also of the Mesenfery Veines So they come as farre as the Liuer which sendeth Vrine to the Bladder as the Whey of Bloud And those Medicines being Opening and Piercing doe fortifie the Operation of the Liuer in sending downe the wheyey Part of the Bloud to the Reines For Medicines Vrinatiue doe not worke by Reiection and Indigestion as Solutiue doe There be diuers Medicines which in
greater Quantity moue Stock and in smaller Vrine And so contrariwise some that in greater Quantity moue Vrine and in Smaller Stoole Of the former sort is Rubarb and some others The Cause is for that Rubarb is a Medicine which the Stomach in a small Quantity doth digest and ouercome being not Flatuous nor Loathsome and so sendeth it to the Mesentery Veines And so being opening it helpeth downe Vrine But in a greater Quantitie the Stomach cannot ouercome it and so it goeth to the Gutts Pepper by some of the Ancients is noted to be of the second sort which being in small Quantity moueth wind in the Stomach and Gutts and so expelleth by Stoole But being in greater Quantity dissipateth the Wind And it selfe gotteth to the Mesentery veines And so to the Liuer and Reines where by Heating and Opening it sendeth downe Vrine more plentifully Wee haue spoken of Euacuating of the Body wee will now speake something of the Filling of it by Restoratines in Consumptions and Emaciating Diseases In Vegetables there is one Part that is more Nourishing than another As Graines and Roots nourish more than the Leaues In so much as the Order of the Foliatanes was put downe by the Pope as finding Leaues vnable to Nourish Mans Body Whether there be that difference in the Flesh of Liuing Creatures is not well inquired As whether Liuers and other Entrails be not more Nourishing than the Outward Flesh. We find that amongst the Romans a Gooses Liuer was a great Delicacy In so much as they had Artificiall Meanes to make it faire and great But whether it were more Nourishing appeareth not It is certaine that Marrow is more Nourishing than Fat. And I conceiue that some Decoction of Bones and Sinewes stamped and well strained would bee a very Nourishing Broth Wee finde also that Scotch Skinck which is a Pottage of strong Nourishment is made with the Knees and Sinewes of Bâ—est but long boiled letty also which they vse for a Restoratiue is chiefly made of Kâ—uckles of Veale The Pulp that is within the Crafish or Crabb which they spice and butter is more Nourishing than the Flesh of the Crabb or Crafish The Yolkes of Egges are clearely more Nourishing than the Whites So that it should seeme that the Parts of Liuing Creatures that lye more Inwards nourish more than the Outward Flesh Except it bee the Braine which the Spirits prey too much vpon to leaue it any great Vertue of Nourishing It seemeth for the Nourishing of Aged Men or Men in Consumptions some such thing should be Deuised as should be halfe Chylus before it be put into the Stomach Take two large Capons perboile them vpon a soft fire by the space of an houre or more till in effect all the Bloud be gone Adde in the Decoction the Pill of a Sweet Limon or a good part of the Pill of a Citron and a little Mace Cut off the Shanckes and throw them away Then with a good strong Chopping-knife mince the two Capons bones and all as small as ordinary Minced Meat Put them into a large neat Boulter Then take a Kilderkin sweet and well feasoned of foure gallons of Beere of 8. â— strength new as it commeth from the Tunning Make in the Kilderkin a great Bung-hole of purpose Then thrust into it the Boulter in which the Capons are drawne out in length Let it steepe in it three Dayes and three Nights the Bung-hole open to worke Then close the Bung-hole and so let it continue a Day and a halfe Then draw it into bottles and you may drinke it well after three dayes Botteling And it will last six weeks approued It drinketh fresh flowreth and mantleth exceedingly It drinketh not newish at all It is an excellent Drinke for a Consumption to be drunke either alone or Carded with some other Beere It quencheth Thirst and hath no whit of windinesse Note that it is not possible that Meat and Bread either in Broths or taken with Drink as is vsed should get forth into the veines and outward Parts so finely and easily as when it is thus Incorporate and made almost a Chylus aforehand Triall would bee made of the like Brew with Potado Roots or Burr Roots or the Pith of Artichoakes which are nourishing Meats It may be tried also with other flesh As Phesant Partridge Young Porke Pigge Venison especially of young Deere c. A Mortresse made with the Brawne of Capons stamped and strained and mingled after it is made with like quantitie at the least of Almond Butter is an excellent Meat to Nourish those that are weake Better than Blanck-Manger or Ielly And so is the Cullice of Cocks boyled thick with the like Mixture of Almond Butter For the Mortresse or Cullice of it selfe is more Sauoury and strong And not so fit for Nourishing of weake Bodies But the Almonds that are not of so high a taste as Flesh doe excellently qualifie it Indian Maiz hath of certaine an excellent Spirit of Nourishment But it must be throughly boyled and made into a Maiz-Creame like a Barley Creame I iudge the same of Rize made into a Creame For Rize is in Turky and other Countries of the East most fed vpon But it must be throughly boyled in respect of the Hardnesse of it And also because otherwise it bindeth the Body too much Pistachoes so they be good and not musty ioyned with Almonds in Almond Milke Or made into a Milke of themselues like vnto Almond Milke but more greene are an excellent Nourisher But you shall doe well to adde a little Ginger scraped because they are not without some subtill windinesse Milke warme from the Cow is found to be a great Nourisher and a good Remedy in Consumptions But then you must put into it when you milke the Cow two little bagges the one of Powder of Mint the other of Powder of Red Roses For they keepe the Milke somewhat from Turning or Crudling in the stomach And put in Sugar also for the same cause and partly for the Tasts sake But you must drinke a good draught that it may stay lesse time in the stomach left it Cruddle And let the Cup into which you milke the Cow bee set in a greater Cup of hot water that you may take it warme And Cow-milke thus prepared I iudge to be better for a Consumption than Asse-milke which it is true turneth not so easily but it is a little harrish Marry it is more proper for Sharpnesse of Vrine and Exulceration of the Bladder and all manner of Lenifyings Womans milke likewise is prescribed when all faile but I commend it not as being a little too neere the Iuyce of Mans Body to be a good Nourisher Except it be in Infants to whom it is Naturall Oyle of Sweet Almonds newly drawen with Sugar and a little Spice spread vpon Bread tosted is an Excellent Nourisher But then to keepe the Oyle from frying in the Stomach you must drinke a good draught of Milde Beere after
Parts in Mans Body easily reparable as Spirits Bloud and Flesh die in the Embracement of the Parts hardly reparable as Bones Nerues and Membranes And likewise some Entrails which they reckon amongst the Spermaticall Parts are hard to repaire Though that Diuision of Spermaticall and Menstrnall Parts be but a Conceit And this same Obseruation also may be drawne to the present purpose of Nourishing Emaciated Bodies And therefore Gentle Frication draweth forth the Nourishment by making the Parts a little hungry and heating them whereby they call forth Nourishment the better This Frication I wish to be done in the Morning It is also best done by the Hand or a peece of Scarlet wooll wet a little with Oile of Almonds mingled with a small Quantity of Bay-sals or Saffron We see that the very Currying of Horses doth make them fat and in good liking The Fifth Meanes is to further the very Act of Assimilation of Nourishment which is done by some outward Emollients that make the Parts more apt to Assimilate For which I haue compounded an Ointment of Excellent Odour which I call Roman Ointment vide the Receit The vse of it would be betweene Sleepes For in the latter Sleepe the Parts Assimilate chiefly There be many Medicines which by themselues would doe no Cure but perhaps Hurt but being applyed in a certaine Order one after another doe great Cures I haue tried my selfe a Remedy for the Gout which hath seldome failed but driuen it away in 24. Houres space It is first to apply a Pultasse Of which vide the Receit And then a Bath or Fomentation of which vide the Receit And then a Plaister vide the Receit The Pultasse relaxeth the Pores and maketh the Humour apt to Exhale The Fomentation calleth forth the Humour by Vapours But yet in regard of the way made by the Pultasse Draweth gently And therfore draweth the Humour out and doth not draw more to it For it is a Gentle Fomentation and hath withall a Mixture though very little of some Stupefactine The Plaister is a Moderate Astringent Plaister which repelleth New Humour from falling The Pultasse alone would make the Part more soft and weake And apter to take the Defluxion and Impression of the Humour The Fomentation alone if it were too weake without way made by the Pultasse would draw forth little If too strong it would draw to the Part as well as draw from it The Plaister alone would pen the Humour already contained in the Part and so exasperate it as well as forbid new Humour Therefore they must be all taken in Order as is said The Pultasse is to be laid to for two or three Houres The Fomentation for a Quarter of an Houre or somewhat better being vsed hot and seuen or eight times repeated The Plaister to continue on still till the Part be well confirmed There is a secret Way of Cure vnpractized By Assuetude of that which in it selfe hurteth Poysons haue beene made by some Familiar as hath beene said Ordinary keepers of the Sicke of the Plague are seldome infected Enduring of Torture by Custome hath been made more casie The Brooking of Enormous Quantity of Meats and so of Wine or Strong Drinke hath beene by Custome made to be without Surfet or Drunkennesse And generally Diseases that are Chronicall as Coughes Phthisickes some kindes of Palseyes Lunacies c. are most dangerous at the first Therefore a wise Physitian will consider whether a Disease be Incurable Or whether the Iust Cure of it be not full of perill And if he finde it to bee such let him resort to Palliation And alleuiate the Symptome without busying himselfe too much with the perfect Cure And many times if the Patient be indeed patient that Course will exceed all Expectation Likewise the Patient himselfe may striue by little and little to Ouercome the Symptome in the Exacerbation and so by time turne Suffering into Nature Diuers Diseases especially Chronicall such as Quartan Agues are somtimes cured by Surset and Excesses As Excesse of Meat Excesse of Drinke Extraordinary Fasting Extraordinary Stirring or Lassitude the like The Cause is for that Diseases of Cotinuance get an Aduētitious Strength frō Custome besides their Materiall Cause from the Humours So that the Breaking of the Custome doth leaue them only to their first Cause which if it be any thing weake will fall off Besides such Excesses doe Excite and Spur Nature which thereupon riseth more forcibly against the Disease There is in the Body of Man a great Consent in the Motion of the seuerall Parts We see it is Childrens sport to proue whether they can rub vpon their Brest with one hand and pat vpon their Fore-head with another And straight-waies they shall sometimes rubbe with both Hands or pat with both hands We see that when the Spirits that come to the Nosthrills expell a bad Sent the Stomach is ready to Expell by Vomit We finde that in Consumptions of the Lungs when Nature cannot expell by Cough Men fall into Fluxes of the Belly and then they dye So in Pestilent Diseases if they cannot be expelled by Sweat they fall likewise into Loosenesse and that is commonly Mortall Therfore Physitians should ingeniously contriue how by Motions that are in their Power they may excite Inward Motions that are not in their Power by Consent As by the Stench of Feathers or the like they cure the Rising of the Mother Hippocrates Aphorisme In Morbis minus is a good profound Aphorisme It importeth that Diseases contrary to the Complexion Age Sexe Season of the yeare Diet c. are more dangerous than those that are Concurrent A Man would thinke it should be otherwise For that when the Accident of Sicknesse and the Naturall Disposition doe second the one the other the Disease should be more forcible And so no doubt it is if you suppose like Quantity of Matter But that which maketh good the Aphorisine is Because such Diseases doe shew a greater Collection of Matter by that they are able to ouercome those Naturall Inclinations to the Contrary And therefore in Diseases of that kinde let the Physitian apply himselfe more to Purgation than to Alteration Because the Offence is in the Quantity and the Qualities are rectified of themselues Physitians do wisely prescribe that there be Preparatiues vsed before Iust Purgations For certaine it is that Purgers doe many times great Hurt if the Body be not accommodated both before and after the Purging The Hurt that they doe for want of Preparation before Purging is by the Sticking of the Humours and their not comming faire away Which causeth in the Body great Perturbations and ill Accidents during the Purging And also the diminishing and dulling of the Working of the Medicine it selfe that it purgeth not sufficiently Therefore the worke of Preparation is double To make the Humours fluide and mature And to make the Passages more open For both those helpe to
make the Humours passe readily And for the former of these Sirrups are most profitable And for the Latter Apozumes or Preparing Broaths Clisters also helpe lest the Medicine stop in the Guts and worke gripingly But it is true that Bodies abounding with Humours And fat Bodies And Open weather are Preparatines in themselues because they make the Humours more fluide But let a Physitian beware how he purge after hard Frostie Weather and in a Leane Body without Preparation For the Hurt that they may doe after Purging It is caused by the Lodging of some Humours in ill Places For it is certaine that there be Humours which somewhere placed in the Body are quiet and doe little hurt In other Places especially Passages doe much mischiefe Therefore it is good after Purging to vse Apozumes and Broths not so much Opening as those vsed before Purging but Absterfine and Mundifying Clisters also are good to conclude with to draw away the Reliques of the Humours that may haue descended to the Lower Region of the Body Bloud is stanched diuers waies First by Astringents and Repercussiue Medicines Secondly by Drawing of the Spirits and Bloud inwards which is done by Cold As Iron or a Stone laid to the neck doth stanch the Bleeding at the Nose Also it hath beene tryed that the Testicles being put into sharp Vineger hath made a suddaine Recesse of the Spirits and stanched Bloud Thirdly by the Recesse of the Bloud by Sympathy So it hath beene tried that the part that bleedeth being thrust into the Body of a Capon or Sheepe new ript and bleeding hath stanched Bloud The Bloud as it seemeth sucking and drawing vp by similitude of substance the Bloud it meeteth with and so it selfe going backe Fourthly by Custome and Time So the Prince of Aurange in his first hurt by the Spanish Boy could finde no meanes to stanch the Bloud either by Medicine or Ligament but was faine to haue the Orifice of the Wound stopped by Mens Thumbes succeeding one another for the space at least of two Dayes And at the last the bloud by Custome onely retired There is a fifth Way also in vse to let Bloud in an Aduerse Part for a Revulsion It helpeth both in Medicine and Aliment to Change and not to continue the same Medicine Aliment still The Cause is for that Nature by continuall Vso of any Thing groweth to a Sacietie and Dulnesse either of Appetite or Working And we see that Assuetude of Things Hurtfull doth make them leese their force to Hurt As Poyson which with vse some haue brought themselues to brooke And therefore it is no maruaile though Things helpfull by Custome leese their force to Helpe I count Intermission almost the same thing with Change For that that hath beene intermitted is after a fort new It is found by Experience that in Diets of Guaiacum Sarza and the like especially if they be strict the Patient is more troubled in the beginning then after continuance Which hath made some of the more delicate Sort of patients giue them ouer in the middest Supposing that if those Diets trouble them so much at first they shall not be able to endure them to the End But the Cause is for that all those Diets doe drie vp Humours Rheumes and the like And they cannot Drie vp vntil they haue first attenuated And while the Humour is attenuated it is more Fluid then it was before and troubleth the Body a great deale more vntill it be dried vp and consumed And therefore Patients must expect a due time and not checke at them at the first The Producing of Cold is a thing very worthy the Inquisition both for Vse and Disclosure of Causes For Heat and Cold are Natures two Hands whereby she chiefly worketh And Heat we haue in readinesse in respect of the Fire But for Cold we must staie till it commeth or seecke it in deepe Caues or high Mountaines And when all is done we cannot obtaine it in any great degree For Furnaces of Fire are farre hotter then a Sommers Sunne But Vaults or Hills are not much Colder then a Winters Frost The first Meanes of Producing Cold is that which Nature presenteth vs withall Namely the Expiring of Cold out of the Inward Parts of the Earth in Winter when the Sun hath no power to ouercome it the Earth being as hath beene noted by some Primum Frigidum This hath beene asserted as well by Auncient as by Moderne Philosophers It was the Tenet of Parmenides It was the opinion of the Authour of the discourse in Plutarch for I take it that booke was not Plutarches owne De prime Frigide It was the opinion of Telesius who hath renewed the Philosophy of Parmenides and is the best of the Nouellists The Second Cause of Cold is the Contact of Cold Bodies For Cold is Actiue and Transitiue into Bodies Adiacent as well as Heat which is seene in those things that are touched with Snow or Cold water And therefore whosoeuer will be an Inquirer into Nature let him resort to a Conseruatory of Snow and Ice Such as they vse for delicacy to coole Wine in Summer Which is a Poore and Contemptible vse in respect of other vses that may bee made of such Conseruatories The Third Cause is the Primary Nature of all Tangible bodies For it is well to be noted that all Things whatsoeuer Tangible are of themselues Cold Except they haue an Accessory Heat by fire Life or Motion For euen the Spirit of Wine or Chyâ—icall Oyles which are so hot in Operation are to the first Touch Cold And Aire it selfe compressed and Condensed a little by blowing is Cold. The Fourth Cause is the Density of the Body For all Dense Bodies are Colder then most other Bodies As Mettalls Stone Glasse And they are longer in Heating than Softer Bodies And it is certaine that Earth Dense Tangible hold all of the Nature of Cold. The Cause is for that all Matters Tangible being Cold it must needs follow that where the Matter is moist Congregate the Cold is the greater The Fifth Cause of Cold or rather of increase and vehemence of Cold is a Quicke Spirit inclosed in a Cold Body As will appeare to any that shall attentiuely consider of Nature in many Instances Wee see Nitre which hath a Quicke Spirit is Cold more Cold to the Tongue then a Stone So Water is Colder then Oile because it hath a Quicker Spirit For all Oile though it hath the Tangible Parts better digested then Water yet hath it a duller Spirit So Snow is Colder then Water because it hath more Spirit within it So we see that Salt put to Ice as in the producing of the Artificiall Ice increaseth the Actiuity of Cold So some Inâ—â—cta which haue Spirit of Life as Snakes and Silkwormes are to the touch Cold. So Quick-filuer is the Coldest of Mettals because it is Fullest of Spirit The Sixth Cause of Cold is the Chasing and Driuing away of Spirits
the bottome the Morter will become as hard as the Brick wee see also that the Wood on the sides of Vessles of Wine gathereth a Crust of Tartar harder then the wood it selfe And Scales likewise grow to the Teeth harder then the Teeth themselues Most of all Induration by Assimilation appeareth in the Bodies of Trees and liuing Creatures For no Nourishment that the Tree receiueth or that the liuing Creature receiueth is so hard as Wood Bone or Horne c. but is Indurated after by Assimilation The Eye of the vnderstanding is like the Eye of the Sense For as you may see great Obiects through small Crannies or Leuells So you may see great Axiomes of Nature through small and Contemptible Instances The Speedy Depredation of Aire vpon watry Moisture and Version of the same into Aire appeareth in nothing more visible than in the sudden Discharge or vanishing of a little Cloud of Breath or Vapour from Glasse or the Blade of a Sword or any such Polished Body Such as doth not at all Detaine or Imbibe the Moisture For the Mistinesse scattereth and breaketh vp suddenly But the like Cloud if it were Oyly or Fatty will not discharge Not because it sticketh faster But because Aire preyeth vpon Water And Flame and Fire vpon Oyle And therefore to take out a Spot of Grease they vse a Coale vpon browne Paper because Fire worketh vpon Grease or Oyle as Aire doth vpon Water And we see Paper oyled or Wood oyled or the like last long moist but Wet with Water drie or putrifie sooner The Cause is for that Aire meddleth little with the Moisture of Oyle There is an Admirable demonstration in the same trifling Instance of the little Cloud vpon Glasse or Gemmes or Blades of Swords of the Force of Vnion euen in the least Quantities and weakest Bodies how much it Conduceth to Preseruation of the present Forme And the Resisting of a New For marke well the discharge of that Cloud And you shall see it euer breake vp first in the Skirts and last in the middest We see likewise that much Water draweth forth the Iuyce of the Body Infused But little water is imbibed by the Body And this is a Principall Cause why in Operation vpon Bodies for their Version or Alteration the Triall in great Quantities doth not answer the Triall in small And so deceiueth many For that I say the greater Body resisteth more any Alteration of Forme and requireth farre greater Strength in the Actiue Body that should subdue it We haue spoken before in the fifth Instance of the Cause of Orient Colours in Birds which is by the Finenesse of the Strainer we will now endeuour to reduce the same Axione to a Worke. For this Writing of our Sylue Syluerum is to speake properly not Neturall History but a high kinde of Naturall Magicke For it is not a Description only of Nature but a Breaking of Nature into great and strange Workes Trie therefore the Anointing ouer of Pigeons or other Birds when they are but in their downe Or of Whelps cutting their Haire as short as may be Or of some other Beast with some oyntment that is not hurtfull to the Flesh And that will harden and sticke very close And see whether it will not alter the Colours of the Feathers or Haire It is receiued that the Pulling off the first Feathers of Birds cleane will make the new come forth white And it is certaine that White is a penurious Colour where Moisture is scant So Blew Violets other Flowers if they be starued turne Pale and White Birds and Horses by Age or Scarres turne white And the Hoare Haires of Men come by the same reason And therefore in Birds it is very likely that the Feathers that come first will be many times of diuers Colours according to the Nature of the Bird For that the Skin is more porous But when the Skin is more shut and close the Feathers will come White This is a good Experiment not only for the Producing of Birds and Beasts of strange Colours but also for the Disclosure of the Nature of Colours themselues which of them require a finer Porositie and which a grosser It is a worke of Prouidence that hath beene truly obserued by some That the Yolke of the Egge conduceth little to the Generation of the Bird But onely to the Nourishment of the same For if a Chicken be opened when it is new hatched you shall finde much of the Yolke remaining And it is needfull that Birds that are shaped without the Females Wombe haue in the Egge as well Matter of Nourishment as Matter of generation for the Body For after the Egge is laid and seuered from the Body of the Hen It hath no more Nourishment from the Hen But onely a quickening Heat when shee sitteth But Beasts and Men need not the matter of Nourishment within themselues Because they are shaped within the Wombe of the Female and are Nourished continually from her Body It is an Inueterate and receiued Opinion that Cantharides applyed to any Part of the Body touch the Bladder and exulcerate it if they stay on long It is likewise Receiued that a kinde of Stone which they bring out of the West Indies hath a peculiar force to moue Grauell and to dissolue the Stone In so much as laid but to the wrest it hath so forcibly sent downe Grauell as Men haue beene glad to remoue it It was so violent It is receiued and confirmed by daily Experience that the Soales of the Feet haue great Affinity with the Head and the Mouth of the Stomach As we see Going wet-shod to those that vse it not affecteth both Applications of hot Powders to the Feet attenuate first and after drie the Rheume And therefore a Physitian that would be Mysticall prescribeth for the Cure of the Rheume that a Man should walke Continually vpon a Camomill Alley Meaning that he should put Camomill within his Sockes Likewise Pigeons bleeding applyed to the Soales of the Feet ease the Head And Soporiferous Medicines applied vnto them prouoke Sleepe It seemeth that as the Feet haue a Sympathy with the Head So the Wrests and Hands haue a Sympathy with the Heart We see the Affects and Passions of the Heart and Spirits are notably disclosed by the Pulse And it is often tried that Iuyces of Stock-Gilly-Flowers Rose-Campian Garlicke and other things applied to the Wrests and renewed haue cured long Agues And I conceiue that washing with certaine Liquours the Palmes of the Hands doth much good And they doe well in Heats of Agues to hold in the Hands Egges of Alablaster and Balls of Crystall Of these things we shall speake more when we handle the Title of Sympathy and Antipathy in the proper Place The Knowledge of man hitherto hath beene determined by the View or Sight So that whatsoeuer is Inuisible either in respect of the Finenesse of the Body it selfe Or the Smallnesse of the
Reflexion being neare at hand returneth immediatly vpon the Originall and so iterateth it not but amplifieth it Therefore we see that Musicke vpon the water soundeth more And so likewise Musicke is better in Chambers Wainscotted than Hanged The Strings of a Lute or Violl or Virginalls doe giue a far greater Sound by reason of the Knot and Board and Concaue vnderneath than if there were nothing but onely the Flat of a Board without that Hollow and Knot to let in the Vpper Aire into the Lower The Cause is the Communication of the Vpper Aire with the Lower And Penning of both from Expence or Dispersing An Irish Harpe hath Open Aire on both sides of the Strings And it hath the Concaue or Belly not along the Strings but at the End of the Strings It maketh a more Resounding Sound than a Bandora Orpharion or Citterne which haue likewise Wire-strings I iudge the Cause to be for that Open Aire on both Sides helpeth so that there be a Concaue Which is therefore best placed at the End In a Virginall when the Lid is downe it maketh a more exile Sound than when the Lid is open The Cause is for that all Shutting in of Aire where there is no competent Vent dampeth the Sound Which maintaineth likewise the former Instance For the Belly of the Lute or Viâ—ll doth pen the Aire somewhat There is a Church at Glocester and as I haue heard the like is in some other places where if you speake against a Wall softly another shall heare your Voice better a good way off than neare hand Enquire more particularly of the Frame of that Place I suppose there is some Vault or Hollow or Isle behinde the Wall and some Passage to it towards the further end of that Wall against which you speake So as the Voice of him that speaketh slideth along the Wall and then entreth at some Passage and communicateth with the Aire of the Hollow For it is preserued somewhat by the plaine wall but that is too weake to giue a Sound Audible till it hath communicated with the backe Aire Strike vpon a Bowstring and lay the Horne of the Bow neare your Eare and it will encrease the Sound and make a degree of a Tone The Cause is for that the Sensory by reason of the Close Holding is percussed before the Aire disperseth The like is if yo hold the Horne betwixt your Teeth But that is a plaine Delation of the Sound from the Teeth to the Instrument of Hearing For there is a great Entercourse betweene those two Parts As appeareth by this That a Harsh Grating Tune setteth the Teeth on edge The like falleth out if the Horne of the Bow be put vpon the Temples But that is but the Slide of the Sound from thence to the Eare. If you take a Rod of Iron or Brasse and hold the one end to your Eare and strike vpon the other it maketh a fat greater Sound than the like Stroke vpon the Rod not so made Contiguous to the Eare. By which and by some other Instances that haue beene partly touched it should appeare That Sounds doe not onely slide vpon the Surface of a Smooth Body but doe also communicate with the Spirits that are in the Pores of the Body I remember in Trinity Colledge in Cambridge there was an Vpper Chamber which being thought weake in the Roofe of it was supported by a Pillar of Iron of the bignesse of ones Arme in the middest of the Chamber Which if you had strucke it would make a little flat Noise in the Roome where it was strucke But it would make a great Bombe in the Chamber beneath The Sound which is made by Buckets in a Well when they touch vpon the Water Or when they strike vpon the side of the Well Or when two Buckets dash the one against the other These Sounds are deeper and suller than if the like Percussion were made in the Open Aire The Cause is the Penning and Enclosure of the Aire in the Concaue of the Well Barrells placed in a Roome vnder the Floare of a Chamber make all Noises in the same Chamber more Full and Resounding So that there be fine wayes in generall of Maioration of Sounds Enclosure Simple Enclosure with Dilatation Communication Reflexion Concurrent and Approach to the Sensory For Exility of the Voice or other Sounds It is certaine that the Voice doth passe thorow Solide and Hard Bodies if they be not too thick And thorow Water which is likewise a very Close Body and such an one as letteth not in Aire But then the Voice or other Sound is reduced by such passage to a great Weaknesse or Exility If therefore you stop the Holes of a Howkes Bell it will make no Ring but a flat Noise or Rattle And so doth the Aëtites or Eagles Stone which hath a little Stone within it And as for Water it is a certaine Triall Let a Man goe into a Bath and take a Paile and turne the Bottome vpward and carry the Mouth of it Euen downe to the Leuell of the Water and so presse it downe vnder the Water some handfull and an halfe still keeping it euen that it may not tilt on either side so the Aire get out Then let him that is in the Bath diue with his Head so far vnder Water as he may put his Head into the Paile there wil come as much Aire bubling forth as will make Roome for his Head Then let him speak and any that shal stand without shal heare his Voice plainly but yet made extreme sharp and exile like the Voice of Puppets But yet the Articulate Sounds of the Words will not be coÌ„founded Note that it may be much more handsomely done if the Paile be put ouer the Mans head aboue Water and then he cowre downe and the Paile be pressed downe with him Note that a Man must kneele or sit that he may be lower than the Water A Man would thinke that the Sicilian Poet had knowledge of this Experiment For he saith That Hercules Page Hylas went with a Water-pot to fill it at a pleasant Fountaine that was neere the Shore and that the Nymphs of the Fountaine fell in loue with the Boy and pulled him vnder Water keeping him aliue And that Hercules missing his Page called him by his Name aloud that all the Shore rang of it And that Hylas from within the Water answered his Master But that which is to the present purpose with so small and exile a Voice as Hercules thought he had beene three miles off when the Fountaine indeed was fast by In Lutes and Instruments of Strings if you stop a String high whereby it hath lesse Scope to tremble the Sound is more Treble but yet more dead Take two Sawcers and strike the Edge of the one against the Bottome of the other within a Paile of Water And you shall finde that as you put the Sawcers lower and lower the Sound groweth more flat euen while Part
soundeth more solemnly and with a little Purling or Hissing Againe a Wreathed String such as are in the Base Strings of Banderaes giueth also a Purling Sound But a Lute-string if it be meerely Vnequall in his Parts giueth a Harsh and Vntuneable Sound which Strings we call False being bigger in one Place than in another And therefore Wire-strings are neuer False We see also that when we try a False Lute-string wee vse to extend it hard betweene the fingers and to fillip it And if it giueth a double Species it is True But if it giueth a treble or more it is False Waters in the Noise they make as they runne represent to the Eare a Trembling Noise And in Regalls where they haue a Pipe they call the Nightingale-Pipe which containeth Water the Sound hath a continuall Trembling And Children haue also little Things they call Cockes which haue Water in them And when they blow or whistle in them they yeeld a Trembling Noise Which Trembling of Water hath an assinity with the Letter L. All which Inequalities of Trepidation are rather pleasant than otherwise All Base Notes or very Treble Notes giue an Asper Sound For that the Base striketh more Aire than it can well strike equally And the Treble cutteth the Aire so sharpe as it returneth too swift to make the Sound Equall And therefore a Meane or Tenor is the sweetest Part. We know Nothing that can at pleasure make a Musicall or Immusicall Sound by voluntary Motion but the Voice of Man and Birds The Cause is no doubt in the Weasill or Wind-pipe which we call Aspera Arteria which being well extended gathereth Equality As a Bladder that is wrinckled if it be extended becommeth smooth The Extension is alwaies more in Tones than in Speech Therefore the Inward Voice of Whisper can neuer a giue Tone And in Singing there is manifestly a greater Working and Labour of the Throat than in Speaking As appeareth in the Thrusting out or Drawing in of the Chinne when we sing The Humming of Bees is an Vnequall Buzzing And is conceiued by some of the Ancients not to come forth at their Mouth but to be an Inward Sound But it may be it is neither But from the motion of their Wings For it is not heard but when they stirre All Metalls quenched in Water giue a Sibilation or Hissing Sound which hath an Affinity with the letter Z. notwithstanding the Sound be created betweene the Water or Vapour and the Aire Seething also if there be but small Store of Water in a Vessell giueth a Hissing Sound But Boyling in a full Vessell giueth a Bubling Sound drawing somewhat neare to the Cocks vsed by Children Triall would be made whether the Inequality or Interchange of the Medium will not produce an Inequality of Sound As if three Bells were made one within another and Aire betwixt Each And then the outermost Bell were chimed with a Hammer how the Sound would differ from a Simple Bell. So likewise take a Plate of Brasse and a Plancke of Wood and ioyne them close together and knock vpon one of them and see if they doe not giue an vnequall Sound So make two or three Partitions or Wood in a Hogshead with Holes or Knots in them And marke the difference of their Sound from the Sound of an Hogshead without such Partitions It is euident that the Percussion of the Greater Quantity of Aire causeth the Baser Sound And the lesse Quantity the more Treble Sound The Percussion of the Greater Quantity of Aire is produced by the Greatnesse of the Body Percussing By the Latitude of the Concaue by which the Sound passeth and by the Longitude of the same Concaue Therfore we see that a Base string is greater than a Treble A Base Pipe hath a greater Bore than a Treble And in Pipes and the like the lower the Note Holes be and the further off from the Mouth of the Pipe the more Base Sound they yeeld And the nearer the Mouth the more Treble Nay more if you strike an Entire Body as an Andiron of Brasse at the Top it maketh a more Treble Sound And at the Bottome a Baser It is also euident that the Sharper or Quicker Percussion of Aire causeth the more Treble Sound And the Slower or Heauier the more Base Sound So we see in Strings the more they are wound vp and strained And thereby giue a more quicke Start-backe the more Treble is the Sound And the slacker they are or lesse wound vp the Baser is the Sound And therfore a Bigger String more strained and a Lesser String lesse strained may fall into the same Tone Children Women Eunuchs haue more small and shrill Voices than Men. The Reason is not for that Men haue greater Heat which may make the Voice stronger for the strength of a Voice or Sound doth make a difference in the Loudnesse or Softnesse but not in the Tone But from the Dilatation of the Organ which it is true is likewise caused by Heat But the Cause of Changing the Voice at the yeares of Puberty is more obscure It seemeth to be for that when much of the Moisture of the Body which did before irrigate the Parts is drawne downe to the Spermaticall vessells it leaueth the Body more hot than it was whence commeth the Dilatation of the Pipes For we see plainly all Effects of Heat doe then come on As Pilosity more Roughnesse of the Skinne Hardnesse of the Flesh c. The Industry of the Musitian hath produced two other Meanes of Strayning or Intension of Strings besides their Winding vp The one is the Stopping of the String with the Finger As in the Necks of Lutes Viols c. The other is the Shortnesse of the String As in Harps Virginalls c. Both these haue one and the same reason For they cause the String to giue a quicker Start In the Straining of a String the further it is strained the lesse Superstraining goeth to a Note For it requireth good Winding of a String before it will make any Note at all And in the Stops of Lutes c. the higher they goe the lesse Distance is betweene the Frets If you fill a Drinking-Glasse with Water especially one Sharp below and Wide aboue and fillip vpon the Brim or Outside And after empty Part of the Water and so more and more and still try the Tone by Fillipping you shall finde the Tone fall and be more Base as the Glasse is more Empty The Iust and Measured Proportion of the Aire Percussed towards the Basenesse or Treblenesse of Tones is one of the greatest Secrets in the Contemplation of Sounds For it discouereth the true Coincidence of Tones into Diapasons Which is the Returne of the same Sound And so of the Concords and Discords betweene the Vnison and Diapason Which we haue touched before in the Experiments of Musicke but thinke fit to resume it here as a principall Part of our Enquiry touching the Nature of Sounds It
may be found out in the Proportion of the Winding of Strings In the Proportion of the Distance of Frets And in the Proportion of the Concaue of Pipes c. But most commodiously in the last of these Try therfore the Winding of a String once about as soone as it is brought to that Extension as will giue a Tone And then of twice about And thrice about c. And marke the Scale or Difference of the Rise of the Tone Wherby you shall discouer in one two Effects Both the Proportion of the Sound towards the Dimension of the Winding And the Proportion likewife of the Sound towards the String as it is more or lesse strained But note that to measure this the way will be to take the Length in a right Line of the String vpon any Winding about of the Pegge As for the Steps you are to take the Number of Frets And principally the Length of the Line from the first Stop of the String vnto such a Stop as shall produce a Diapason to the former Stop vpon the same String But it will best as it is said appeare in the Bores of Wind-Instruments And therfore cause some halfe dozen Pipes to be made in length and all things else alike with a single double and so on to a sextuple Bore And so marke what Fall of Tone euery one giueth But still in these three last Instances you must diligently obserue what length of String or Distance of Stop or Concaue of Aire maketh what Rise of Sound As in the last of these which as we said is that which giueth the aptest demonstration you must set downe what Encrease of Concaue goeth to the Making of a Note higher And what of two Notes And what of three Notes And so vp to the Diapason For then the great Secret of Numbers and Proportions will appeare It is not vnlike that those that make Recorders c. know this already for that they make them in Sets And likewise Bell-founders in fitting the tune of their Bells So that Enquiry may saue Triall Surely it hath beene obserued by one of the Ancients that an Empty Barrell knocked vpon with the finger giueth a Diapason to the Sound of the like Barrellfull But how that should be I doe not well vnderstand For that the knocking of a Barrellfull or Empty doth scarce giue any Tone There is required some sensible Difference in the Proportion of creating a Note towards the Sound it selfe which is the Passiue And that it be not too neare but at a distance For in a Recorder the three vppermost Holes yeeld one Tone which is a Note lower than the Tone of the first three And the like no doubt is required in the Winding or Stopping of Strings There is another Difference of Sounds which we will call Exteriour and Interiour It is not Soft nor Loud Nor it is not Base nor Treble Nor it is not Musicall nor Immusicall Though it be true that there can be no Tone in an Interiour Sound But on the other side in an Exteriour Sound there may be both Musicall and Immusicall We shall therfore enumerate them rather than precisely distinguish them Though to make some Adumbration of that we meane the Interiour is rather an Impulsion or Contusion of the Aire than an Elision or Section of the same So as the Percussion of the one towards the other differeth as a Blow differeth from a Cut. In Speech of Man the Whispering which they call Susurrus in Latine whether it be louder or softer is an Interiour Sound But the Speaking out is an Exteriour Sound And therfore you can neuer make a Tone not sing in Whispering But in Speech you may So Breathing or Blowing by the Mouth Bellowes or Wind though loud is an Interiour Sound But the Blowing thorow a Pipe or Concaue though soft is an Exteriour So likewise the greatest Winds if they haue no Coarctation or blow not hollow giue an Interiour Sound The Whistling or hollow Wind yeeldeth a Singing or Exteriour Sound The former being pent by some other Body The latter being pent in by his owne Density And therfore we see that when the Wind bloweth hollow it is a Signe of Raine The Flame as it moueth within it selfe or is blowne by a Bellowes giueth a Murmur or Interiour Sound There is no Hard Body but strucke against another Hard Body will yeeld an Exteriour Sound greater or lesser In so much as if the Percussion be ouer-soft it may induce a Nullity of Sound But neuer an Interiour Sound As when one treadeth so softly that he is not heard Where the Aire is the Percutient pent or not pent against a Hard Body it neuer giueth an Exteriour Sound As if you blow strongly with a Bellowes against a Wall Sounds both Exteriour and Interiour may be made as well by Suction as by Emission of the Breath As in Whistling or Breathing It is euident and it is one of the strangest Secrets in Sounds that the whole Sound is not in the whole Aire onely But the whole Sound is also in euery small Part of the Aire So that all the curious Diuersity of Articulate Sounds of the Voice of Man or Birds will enter at a small Cranny Inconfused The Vnequall Agitation of the Winds and the like though they bee materiall to the Carriage of the Sounds further or lesse way yet they doe not confound the Articulation of them at all within that distance that they can be heard Though it may be they make them to be heard lesse Way than in a Still as hath beene partly touched Ouer-great Distance confoundeth the Articulation of Sounds As we see that you may heare the Sound of a Preachers voice or the like when you cannot distinguish what he saith And one Articulate Sound will confound another As when many speake at once In the Experiment of Speaking vnder Water when the Voice is reduced to such an Extreme Exility yet the Articulate Sounds which are the Words are not confounded as hath beene said I conceiue that an Extreme Small or an Extreme Great Sound cannot be Articulate But that Articulation requireth a Mediocrity of Sound For that the Extreme Small Sound confoundeth the Articulation by Contracting And the Great Sound by Dispersing And although as was formerly said a Sound Articulate already created will be contracted into a small Cranny yet the first Articulation requireth more Dimension It hath beene obserued that in a Roome or in a Chappell Vaulted below and Vaulted likewise in the Roofe a Preacher cannot be heard so well as in the like Places not so Vaulted The Cause is for that the Subsequent Words come on before the Precedent words vanish And therfore the Articulate Sounds are more confused though the Grosse of the Sound be greater The Motions of the Tongue Lips Throat Pallat c. which goe to the Making of the seuerall Alphabeticall Letters are worthy Enquiry and pertinent to the present Inquisition of Sounds But because they
of Beere or Ale while it is New and full of Spirit so that it spirteth when the Stopple is taken forth maketh the Drinke more quicke and windie A Pan of Coales in the Cellar doth likewise good and maketh the Drinke worke againe New Drinke put to Drinke that is Dead prouoketh it to worke againe Nay which is more as some affirme A Brewing of New Beere set by Old Beere maketh it worke againe It were good also to Enforce the Spirits by some Mixtures that may excite and quicken them As by Putting into the Bottles Nitre Chalke Lime c. We see Creame is Matured and made to rise more speedily by Putting in Cold Water which as it seemeth getteth downe the Whey It is tried that the Burying of Bottles of Drinke well stopped either in drie Earth a good depth Or in the Bottome of a Well within Water And best of all the Hanging of them in a deepe Well somewhat aboue the Water for some forthnights space is an Excellent Meanes of making Drink fresh and quicke for the Cold doth not cause my Exhaling of the Spirits at all As Heat doth though it rarifieth the rest that remaine But Cold maketh the Spirits vigorous and irritateth them whereby they Incorporate the Parts of the Liquour perfectly As for the Maturation of Fruits It is wrought by the Calling forth of the Spirits of the Body outward and so Spreading them more Smoothly And likewise by Digesting in some degree the Grosser Parts And this is Effected by Heat Motion Attraction And by a Rudiment of Putrefaction For the Inception of Putrefaction hath in it a Maturation There were taken Apples and laid in Straw In Hay In Flower In Chalke In Lime Couered ouer with Onions Couered ouer with Crabs Closed vp in Wax Shut in a Box c. There was also an Apple hanged vp in Smoake Of all which the Experiments sorted in this Manner After a Moneths Space the Apple Enclosed in Wax was as Greene and Fresh as at the first Putting in and the Kernells continued White The Cause is for that all Exclusion of Open Aire which is euer Predatory maintaineth the Body in his first Freshnesse and Moisture But the Inconuenience is that it tasteth a little of the Wax Which I suppose in a Pomgranate or some such thick-coated Fruit it would not doe The Apple Hanged in the Smoake turned like an Old Mellow Apple Wrinkled Drle Soft Sweet Yellow within The Cause is for that such a degree of Heat which doth neither Melt nor Scorch For we see that in a greater Heat a Roast Apple Softneth and Melteth And Pigs feet made of Quarters of Wardens scorch and haue a Skin of Cole doth Mellow and not Adure The Smoake also maketh the Apple as it were sprinkled with Soot which helpeth to Mature We see than in Drying of Peares and Prunes in the Ouen and Remouing of them often as they begin to Sweat there is a like Operation But that is with a farre more Intense degree of Heat The Apples couered in the Lime and Ashes were well Matured As appeared both in their Yellownesse and Sweetnesse The Cause is for that that Degree of Heat which is in Lime and Ashes being a Smoothering Heat is of all the rest most Proper for it doth neither Liquefie nor Atefie And that is true Maturation Nâ—â— that the Taste of those Apples was good And therefore it is the Experiment fittest for Vse The Apples Conered with Crabs and Onions were likewise well Matured The Cause is not any Heat But for that the Crab and the Onions draw forth the â—â—â—â— of the Apple and spread them equally thorow out the â—â—â— which â—â—â— away Hatdnesse â—â—â—â—â—â— see fâ—â— one Apple â—â—â—ath against another And therefore in making of Cider they turne the Apples first vpon a heape So one Cluster of Grapes that toucheth another â—â—â—â— it groweth ripeneth faster â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— The Appleâ— â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— and the Sâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— apparently though â—â—â—â—â— â—â—â—â—â—â— in the â—â—â—â—â—â— more The Cause is for that the Hay and Straw haue a very low degree of Heat but yet Close and Smoothering and which drieth nor The Apple in the Close Box was ripened also The Cause is for that all Alfe kept close hath a degree of Warmth As we see in Wâ—â—â—â—â—â—â— Plusâ— c. Note that all these were Compared with another Apple of the same kinds that lay of it Selfe And in Comparison of that were more Sweet and more Yellow and so appeared to be most Ripe Taken Apple or Pâ—â—â— or other like Fruit and Rowâ—â— it vpon a Table hard We see in Common Experience that the 〈◊〉 doth Soften and Sweeten the Fruit presently Which is Nothing but the Sâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— of the Spirits into the Parts For the â—â—â—â—â— Dâ—â—â—â—â— of the Spirits maketh the Haâ—â—ishnesse But this Hard Rowâ—â—â— is betweene Concoction and a Simple Maturation Therefore if you should Rowle them but gently perhaps twice a day And 〈…〉 some seuen dayes it is like they would mature more finely and like vnto the Naturall Maturation Take an Apple and cut out a Peece of the Top and couer it to see whether that Solution of Continuitie will not hasten a Maturation We see that where a Waspe or a Flie or a Worme hath bitten in a Grape or any Fruit it will sweeten hastily Take an Apple c. and pricke it with a Prinne full of Holes not deepe and smeare it a little with Sacke or Cinnamon Water or Spirit of Wine euery day for ten dayes to see if the Virtuall Heat of the Wine or Strong Waters will not Mature it In these Trialls also as was vsed in the first set another of the same Fruits by to Compare them And trie them by their Yellownesse and by their Sweetnesse The World hath beene much abused by the Opinion of Making of Gold The Worke it selfe I iudge to be possible But the Meanes hitherto propounded to effect it are in the Practise full of Errour and Imposture And in the Theory full of vnsound Imaginations For to say that Nature hath an Intention to make all Metals Gold And that if she were deliuered from Impediments she would performe her owne Worke And that if the Crudities Impurities and Leprosities of Metals were cured they would become Gold And that a little Quantitie of the Medicine in the Worke of Proiection will turne a Sea of the Baser Metall into Gold by Multiplying All these are but dreames And so are many other Grounds of Alchymy And to helpe the Matter the Alchymists call in likewise many Vanities out of Astrologie Naturall Magicke Superstitious Interpretations of Scriptures Auricular Traditions Faigned Testimonies of Ancient Authors And the like It is true on the other side they haue brought to light not a few profitable Experiments and thereby made the World some amends But wee when wee shall come to handle the Version and Transmutation of Bodies And the Experiments concerning Metalls and Mineralls will lay open the true Wayes and Passages of Nature which
Corruption So we finde that Salt-water corrupteth not so soone as Fresh And Salting of Oisters and Powdring of Meat keepeth them from Putrefaction It would be tried also whether Chalke put into Water or Drinke doth not preserue it from Putrefying or speedy Souring So wee see that Strong Beere will last longer than Small And all Things that are hot and Aromaticall doe helpe to preserue Liquours or Powders c. Which they doe as well by Strengthning the Spirits as by Soaking out the loose Moisture The Seuenth is Separation of the Cruder Parts and thereby making the Body more Equall for all vnperfect Mixture is apt to Putrefie And Watry Substances are more apt to Putrefie than Oyly So we see Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters And Things that haue passed the Fire doe last longer than those that haue not passed the Fire As Dried Peares c. The Eighth is the Drawing forth continually of that part where the Putrefaction beginneth Which is commonly the Loose and watry Moisture Not onely for the Reason before giuen that it prouoketh the Radicall Moisture to come forth with it But because being detained in the Body the Putrefaction taking hold of it insecteth the rest As we see in the Embalming dead Bodies And the same Reason is of Preseruing Herbs or Fruits or Flowers in Branne or Meale The Ninth is the Commixiture of any Thing that is more Oily or Sweet For such Bodies are least apt to Putrefie the Aire working little vpon them And they not putrefying preserue the rest And therefore we see Syrrups and Ointments will last longer than Iuyces The Tenth is the Commixture of somewhat that is Dry For Putrefaction beginneth first from the Spirits And then from the Moisture And that that is dry is vnapt to puttrefie And therefore Smoake preserueth Flesh As wee see in Bacon and Neats-Tongues and Martlemas Beese c. The Opinion of some of the Ancients that Blowne Aires doe preserue Bodies longer than other Aires seemeth to Mee Probable For that the Blowne Aires being Ouer-charged and Compressed will hardly receiue the Exhaling of any Thing but rather repulse it It was tried in a Blowne Bladder whereinto Flesh was put and likewise a Flower and it sorted not For Dry Bladders will not Blow And New Bladders rather further Putrefaction The way were therfore blow strongly with a Paire of Bellowes into a Hogshead putting into the Hogshead before that which you would haue preserued And in the instant that you withdraw the Bellowes stop the Hole close The Experiments of Wood that Shineth in the Darke we haue diligently driuen and pursued The rather for that of all Things that giue Light here below it is the most Durable And hath least Apparent Motion Fire and Flame are in continuall Expence Sugar shineth onely while it is in Scraping And Salt-water while it is in Dashing Glowing â—â—es haue their Shining while they liue or a little after Onely Scales of Fishes Putrified seeme to be of the same Nature with Shining Wood And it is true that all Putrefaction hath with it an Inward Motion as well as Fire or Light The Triall sorted thus 1. The Shining is in some Peeces more Bright in some more Diâ—â—â— but the most Bright of all doth not attaine to the Light of a Glow-wâ—â—â—â— 2. The Woods that haue beene tried to shine are chiefly Sallow and Willow Also the Aâ—â— and Husle It may be it holdeth in others 3. Both Roots and Bodies doe shine but the Roots better 4. The Colour of the Shining Part by Day-light is in some Peeces White in some Peeces inclining to Red Which in the Countrey they call the White and Red Garret 5. The Part that Shineth is for the most part somewhat Safe and Moist to feele to But some was sound to be Firme and Hard So as it might be figured into a Crosse or into Beads c. But you must not looke to haue an Image or the like in any Thing that is Lightsome For euen a face in Iron red Hot will not be seene the Light confounding the small differences of Lightsome and Darksome which shew the figure 6. There was the Shining Part pared off till you came to that that did not Shine But within two Dayes the Part Contiguous began also to Shine being laid abroad in the Dew So as it seemeth the Putrefaction spreadeth 7. There was other dead Wood of like kinde that was Laid abroad which Shined not at the first But after a Nights lying abroad began to Shine 8. There was other Wood that did First Shine And being laid dry in the House within fiue or six daies Lost the Shining And laid abroad againe Recouered the Shining 9. Shining woods being laid in a Dry Roome within a Seuen night lose their Shining But being laid in a Cellar or Darke Roome kept the Shining 10. The Boring of Holes in that kinde of Wood and then laying it abroad seemeth to conduce to make it Shine The Cause is for that all Solution of Continuity doth helpe on Putrefaction as was touched before 11. No Wood hath beene yet tried to Shine that was cut downe aliue but such as was Rotted both in Stocke and Root while it grew 12. Part of the Wood that Shined was Steeped in Oyle and retained the Shining a Forthnight 13. The like succeeded in some Steeped in Water and much better 14. How long the Shining will continue if the Wood be laid abroad euery Night and taken in and Sprinckled with Water in the Day is not yet tryed 15. Triall was made of laying it abroad in Frostie weather which hurt it not 16. There was a great Peece of a Root which did shine and the Shining Part was Cut off till no more Shined Yet after two Nights though it were kept in a drie Roome it got a Shining The Bringing forth of liuing Creatures may be accelerated in two Respects The one if the Embryon ripeneth and perfecteth sooner The other if there be some Cause from the Mothers Body of Expulsion or Putting it downe whereof the Former is good and argueth Strength The Latter is ill and commeth by Accident or Disease And therefore the Ancient Obseruation is true that the Childe borne in the Seuenth Moâ—â—â—th doth commonly well But Borne in the Eighth Moneth doth for the most part die But the Cause assigned is Fabulous Which is that in the Eighth Moneth should be the Returne of the Raigne of the Planet Saturne which as they say is a Planet Maligne whereas in the Seuenth is the Raigne of the Moone which is a Planet Propitious But the true Cause is for that where there is so great a Preuention of the Ordinary time it is the lustinesse of the Childe But when it is lesse it is some Indisposition of the Mother To Accelerate Growth or Stature it must proceed Either from the Plentie of the Nourishment Or from the Nature of the Nourishment Or from the Quickening and Exciting of the Naturall Heat
a Chameleon be burnt vpon the Top of a House it will raise a Tempest Supposing according to their vaine Dreames of Sympathies because he nourisheth with Aire his Body should haue great vertue to make Impression vpon the Aire It is reported by one of the Ancients that in Part of Media there are Eruptions of Flames out of Plaines And that those Flames are cleare and cast not forth such Smoake and Ashes and Pummice as Mountaine Flames doe The Reason no doubt is because the Flame is not pent as it is in Mountaines and Earth-quakes which cast Flame There be also some Blinde Fires vnder Stone which flame not out but Oile being powred vpon them they flame out The Cause whereof is for that it seemeth the Fire is so choaked as not able to remoue the Stone it is Heat rather than Flame Which neuerthelesse is sufficient to Enflame the Oyle It is reported that in some Lakes the Water is so Nitrous as if Foule Cloaths be put into it it scoureth them of it selfe And if they stay any whit long they moulder away And the Scouring Vertue of Nitre is the more to be noted because it is a Body Cold And we see Warme Water scoureth better than Cold. But the Cause is for that it hath a Subtill Spirit which seuereth and diuideth any thing that is soule and Viscous and sticketh vpon a Body Take a Bladder the greatest you can get Fill it full of Winde and tye it about the Necke with a Silke thred waxed And vpon that put likewise Wax very close So that when the Neck of the Bladder dryeth no Aire may possibly get in nor out Then bury it three or foure foot vnder the Earth in a Vault or in a Conferuatory of Snow the Snow being made hollow about the Bladder And after some Forthnights distance see whether the Bladder be shruncke For if it be then it is plaine that the Coldnesse of the Earth or Snow hath Condensed the Aire and brought it a Degree nearer to Water Which is an Experiment of great Consequence It is a Report of some good credit that in Deepe Caues there are Pensile Crystall and Degrees of Crystall that drop from aboue And in some other though more rarely that rise from below Which though it be chiefly the Worke of Cold yet it may be that Water that passeth thorow the Earth gathereth a Nature more clammy and fitter to Congeale and become Solide than Water of it selfe Therfore Triall would be made to lay a Heape of Earth in great Frosts vpon a Hollow Vessell putting a Canuase betweene that it falleth not in And poure Water vpon it in such Quantitie as will be sure to soake thorow And see whether it will not make an harder Ice in the bottome of the Vessell and lesse apt to dissolue than ordinarily I suppose also that if you make the Earth narrower at the bottome than at the Top in fashion of a Sugar Loafe Reuersed it will helpe the Experiment For it will make the Ice where it Issueth lesse in Bulke And euermore Smalnesse of Quantity is a Helpe to Version Take Damaske Roses and pull them Then dry them vpon the Top of an House vpon a Lead or Tarras in the hot Sunne in a cleare day betweene the Houres onely of twelue and two or there abouts Then put them into a Sweet Dry Earthen Bottle or a Glasse with narrow Mouthes stuffing them close together but without Bruising Stop the Bottle or Glasse close and these Roses will retaine not onely their Smell Perfect but their Colour fresh for a yeare at least Note that Nothing doth so much destroy any Plant or other Body either by Putrefaction or Arefaction as the Aduentitious Moisture which hangeth loose in the Body if it be not drawne out For it betrayeth and tolleth forth the Innate and Radicall Moisture along with it when it selfe goeth forth And therefore in Liuing Creatures Moderate Sweat doth preserue the Iuyce of the Body Note that these Roses when you take them from the Drying haue little or no Smell So that the Smell is a Second Smell that issueth out of the Flower afterwards The Continuance of Flame according vnto the diuersity of the Body Enflamed and other Circumstances is worthy the Enquiry Chiefly for that though Flame be almost of a Momentany Lasting yet it receiueth the More and the Lesse we will first therefore speake at large of Bodies Enflamed wholly and Immediately without any Wieke to helpe the Inflammations A Spoonefull of Spirit of Wine a little heated was taken and it burnt as long as came to 116. Pulses The same Quantity of Spirit of Wine Mixed with the Sixth Part of a Spoonefull of Nitre burnt but to the space of 94. Pulses Mixed with the like Quantity of Bay-salt 83. Pulses Mixed with the like Quantity of Gunpowder which dissolued into a Blacke water 110. Pulses A Cube or Pellet of Yellow Waxe was taken as much as halfe the Spirit of Wine and set in the Middest and it burnt onely to the space of 87. Pulses Mixed with the Sixth Part of a spoonefull of Milke it burnt to the space of 100. Pulses And the Milke was crudled Mixed with the Sixth Part of a spoonefull of Water it burnt to the space of 86. Pulses With an Equall Quantity of Water onely to the space of 4. Pulses A small Pebble was laid in the Middest and the Spirit of Wine burnt to the space of 94. Pulses A Peece of Wood of the Bignesse of an Arrow and about a Fingers length was set vp in the Middest and the Spirit of Wine burnt to the space of 94. Pulses So that the Spirit of Wine Simple endured the longest And the Spirit of Wine with the Bay-salt and the Equall Quantity of Water were the shortest Consider well whether the more speedy Going forth of the flame becaused by the Greater Vigour of the Flame in Burning Or by the Resistance of the Body mixed and the Auersion thereof to take Flame Which will appeare by the Quantitie of the Spirit of Wine that remaineth after the Going out of the Flame And it seemeth cleerely to be the latter For that the Mixture of Things least apt to burne is the Speediest in going out And note by the way that Spirit of Wine burned till it goe out of it selfe will burne no more And tasteth nothing so hot in the Mouth as it did No nor yet sowre as if it were a degree towards Vinegar which Burnt Wine doth but flat and dead Note that in the Experiment of Wax aforesaid the Wax dissolued in the burning and yet did not incorporate it selfe with the Spirit of Wine to produce one Flame but wheresoeuer the Wax floated the Flame forsooke it till at last it spread all ouer and put the Flame quite out The Experiments of the Mixtures of the Spirit of Wine enflamed are Things of discouerie and not of Vse But now wee will speake of the Continuance of Flames
Mouldie or Rotten but were become a little harder than they were Otherwise fresh in their Colour But their Iuyce somewhat flatted But with the Buriall of a Forthnight more they became Putrified A Bottle of Beere buried in like manner as before became more liuely better tasted and Clearer than it was And a Bottle of Wine in like manner A Bottle of Vinegar so buried came forth more liuely and more Odoriferous smelling almost like a Violet And after the whole Moneths Buriall all the Three came forth as fresh and liuely if not better than before It were a profitable Experiment to presrue Orenges Limons and Pomgranates till Summer For then their Price will be mightily increased This may be done if you put them in a Pot or Vessell well couered that the Moisture of the Earth come not at them Or else by putting them in a Conseruatorie of Snow And generally whosoeuer will make Experiments of Cold let him be prouided of three Things A Conseruatorie of Snow A good large Vault twenty foot at least vnder the Ground And a Deepe Well There hath beene a Tradition that Pearle and Coraâ— and TurchoisStone that haue lost their Colours may be recouered by Burying in the Earth Which is a thing of great profit if it would sort But vpon Triall of Six Weekes Buriall there followed no Effect It were good to trie it in a Deepe Well Or in a Conseruatory of Snow where the Cold may be more Constringent And so make the Body more vnited and thereby more Resplendent Mens Bodier are heauier and lesse disposed to Motion when Sâ—â—ther â—â— Winds blow than when Northerne The Cause is for that when the Southerne Winds blow the Humours doe in some Degree melt and waxe fluide and so flow into the Parts As it is seene in Wood and other Bodies which when the Southerne Winds blow doe swell Besides the Motion and Actiuity of the Body consisteth chiefly in the Sinewes which when the Southerne Wind bloweth are more relaxe It is commonly seene that more are Sick in the Summer and more Dye in the Winter Except it be in Peslilent Diseases which commonly raigne in Summer or Autumne The Reason is because Diseases are bred indeed chiefly by Heat But then they are Cured most by Sweat and Purge which in the Summer commeth on or is prouoked more Easily As for Pestilent Diseases the Reason why most Dye of them in Summer is because they are bred most in the Summer For otherwise those that are touched are in most Danger in the Winter The Generall Opinion is that Yeares Hot and Moist are most Pestilent Vpon the Superficiall Ground that Heat and Moisture cause Putrefaction In England it is found not true For many times there haue beene great Plagues in Dry Yeares Whereof the Cause may be for that Drought in the Bodies of Islanders habituate to Moist Aires doth Exasperate the Humours and maketh them more apt to Putrifie or Enflame Besides it tainteth the Waters commonly and maketh them lesse wholesome And againe in Barbary the Plagues breake vp in the Summer-moneths when the Weather is Hot and Dry. Many Diseases both Epidemicall and others breake forth at Particular times And the Cause is falsely imputed to the Constitution of the Aire at that time when they breake forth or raigne whereas it procâ—edeth indeed from a Precedent Sequence and Series of the Seasons of the Yeare And therefore Hippocrates in his Prognosticks doth make good Obseruations of the Diseases that ensue vpon the Nature of the Precedent foure Seasons of the Yeare Triall hath beene made with Earthen Bottles well stopped hanged in a Well of Twenty Fathome deepe at the least And some of the Bettles haue beene let downe into the Water some others haue hanged aboue within about a fathome of the Water And the Liquours so tried haue beene Beere not New but Ready for drinking and Wine and Milke The Proofe hath beene that both the Beere and the Wine as well within Water as aboue haue not beene palled or deaded at all But as good or somewhat better than Bottles of the same Drinks and Stalenesse kept in a Celler But those which did hang aboue Water were apparently the best And that Beere did flower a little whereas that vnder Water did not though it were Fresh The Milke sowred and began to Purrifie Neuerthelosse it is true that there is a Village neare Blois where in Deepe Canes they doe thicken Milke In such sort that it becommeth very pleasant Which was some Cause of this Triall of Hanging Milke in the Well But our proofe was naught Neither doe I know whether that Milke in those Caues be first boysed It were good therefore to try it with Milke Sodden and with Creame For that Milke of it selfe is such a Compound Body of Creame Curds and Whey as it is easâ—ly Turned and Dissolued It were good also to try the Beere when it is in Wort that it may be seene whether the Hanging in the Well will Accelerate the Ripening and Clarifying of it Diuers we see doe Stut The Cause may be in most the Refrigeration of the Tongue Whereby it is lesse apt to moue And therfore we see that Naturalls doe generally Stut And we see that in those that Stut if they drinke Wine moderately they Stut lesse because it heateth And so we see that they that Stut doe Stut more in the first Offer to speake than in Continuance Because the Tongue is by Motion somewhat heated In some also it may be though rarely the Drinesse of the Tongue which likewise maketh it lesse apt to moue as well as Cold For it is an Affect that commeth to some Wise and Great Men As it did vnto Moses who was Lingâ—epr apedita And many Stutters we finde are very Cholericke Men Choler Enducing a Drinesse in the Tongue Smells and other Odours are Sweeter in the Aire at some Distance than neare the Nose As hath beene partly touched heretofore The Cause is double First the finer Mixture or Incorporation of the Smell For we see that in Sounds likewise they are Sweetest when we cannot heare euery Part by it selfe The other Reason is for that all Sweet Smells haue ioyned with them some Earthy or Crude Odours And at some distance the Sweet which is the more Spirituall is Perceiued And the Earthy reacheth not so farre Sweet Smells are most forcible in Dry Substances when they are Broken And so likewise in Orenges or Limons the Nipping of their Rinde giueth out their Smell more And generally when Bodies are Moued or Stirred though not Broken they Smell more As a SweetBagge waued The Cause is double The one for that there is a Greater Emission of the Spirit when Way is made And this holdeth in the Breaking Nipping or Crushing It holdeth also in some Degree in the Mouing But in this last there is a Conâ—urrence of the Second Cause Which is the Impulsion of the Aire that bringeth the Sent
faster vpon vs. The daintiest Smells of Flowers are out of those Plants whose Leaues smell not As Violets Roses Wall-flowers Gilly-flowers Pinckes Woodbines Vine-flowers Apple-Bloomes Lime-Tree Bloomes Beane-Bloomes c. The Cause is for that where there is Heat and strength enough in the Plant to make the Leaues Odorate there the Smell of the Flower is rather Euanide and Weaker than that of the Leaues As it is in Rose-Mary-Flowers Lauender-Flowers and Sweet-Briar-Roses But where there is lesse Heat there the Spirit of the Plant is disgested and refined and feuered from the Grosser Iuyce in the Esstorescence and not before Most Odours Smell best Broken or Crusht as hath beene said But Flowers Pressed or Beaten doe leese the Freshnesse and Sweetnesse of their Odour The Cause is for that when they are Crushed the Grosser and more Earthy Spirit commeth out with the Finer and troubleth it Whereas in stronger Odours there are no such Degrees of the Issue of the Smell It is a Thing of very good Vse to Discouer the Goodnesse of Waters The Taste to those that Drinke Water onely doth somewhat But other Experiments are more sure First try Waters by Weight Wherein you may finde some difference though not much And the Lighter you may account the Better Secondly try them by Boyling vpon an Equall Fire And that which consumeth away fastest you may account the Best Thirdly try them in Seuerall Bottles or Open Vessels Matches in euery Thing else and see which of them Last Longest without Stench or Corruption And that which holdeth Vnputrified longest you may likewise account the Best Fourthly try them by Making Drinkes Stronger or Smaller with the same Quantity of Mault And you may conclude that that Water which maketh the Stronger Drinke is the more Concocted and Nou-rishing though perhaps it be not so good for Medicinall vse And such Water commonly is the Water of Large and Nanigable Riuers And likewise in Large and Cleane Ponds of Standing Water For vpon both them the Sunne hath more power than vpon Fountaines or Small Riuers And I concelue that Chalke-water is next them the best for going furthest in Drinke For that also helpeth Concoction So it be out of a Deepe Well For then it Cureth the Rawnesse of the Water But Chalkie Water towards the Top of the Earth is too fretting As it appeareth in Laundry of Cloaths which weare out apace if you vse such Waters Fifthly The Houswiues doe finde a Difference in Waters for the Bearing or Not Bearing of Soape And it is likely that the more Fat Water will beare Soape best For the Hungry Water doth kill the Vnctuous Nature of the Soape Sixthly you may make a Iudgement of Waters according to the Place whence they Spring or Come The Rain-Water is by the Physitians esteemed the Finest and the best But yet it is said to putrifie soonest which is likely because of the Finenesse of the Spirit And in Conseruatories of Raine-water such as they haue in Venice c. they are and not so Choice waters The worse perhaps because they are Couered aloft and kept from the Sunne Snow-water is held vnwholesome In so much as the People that dwell at the Foot of the SnowMountaines or otherwise vpon the Ascent especially the Women by drinking of Snow-water haue great Bagges hanging vnder their Throats Well-water except it be vpon Chalke or a very plentifull Spring maketh Meat Red which is an ill Signe Springs on the Tops of High-Hills are the best For both they seeme to haue a Lightnesse and Appetite of Mounting And besides they are most pure and Vnmingled And againe are more Percolated thorow a great Space of Earth For Waters in Valleyes ioyne in effect vnder Ground with all Waters of the same Leuell Whereas Springs on the Tops of Hills passe thorow a great deale of Pure Earth with lesse Mixture of other Waters Seuenthly Iudgement may be made of Waters by the Soyle whereupon the Water runneth As Pebble is the Cleanest and best tasted And next to that Clay-water And Thirdly Water vpon Chalke Fourthly that vpon Sand And Worst of all vpon Mudde Neither may you trust Waters that Taste Sweet For they are commonly found in Rising Grounds of great Cities which must needs take in a great deale of Filth In Peru and diuers Parts of the West Indies though vnder the Line the Heats are not so Intolerable as they be in Barbary and the Skirts of the Torrid Zone The Causes are First the Great Brizes which the Motion of the Aire in great Circles such as are vnder the Girdle of the World produceth Which doe refrigerate And therefore in those Parts Noone is nothing so hot when the Brizes are great as about Nine or Ten of the Clocke in the Fore-Noone Another Cause is for that the Length of the Night and the Dewes thereof doe compense the Heat of the Day A third Cause is the Stay of the Sunne Not in Respect of Day and Night for that wee spake of before but in Respect of the Season For vnder the Line the Sunne crosseth the Line and maketh two Summers and two Winters But in the Skirts of the Torrid Zone it doubleth and goeth backe againe and so maketh one Long Summer The Heat of the Sunne maketh Men Blacke in some Countries as in AEthiopia and Ginny c. Fire doth it not as wee see in GlasseMen that are continually about the Fire The Reason may be because Fire doth licke vp the Spirits and Bloud of the Body so as they Exhale So that it euer maketh Men looke Pale and Sallow But the Sunne which is a Gentler Heat doth but draw the Bloud to the Outward Parts And rather Concooteth it than Soaketh it And therefore wee see that all AEthiapes are Fleshy and Plumpe and haue great Lips All which betoken Moisture retained and not drawne out Wee see also that the Negroes are bred in Countries that haue Plenty of Water by Riuers or otherwise For Meroe which was the Metropolis of AEthiopia was vpon a great Lake And Congo where the Negroes are is full of Riuers And the Confines of the Riuer Niger where the Negroes also are are well watered And the Region about Capo Verde is likewise Moist in so much as it is pestilent through Moisture But the Countries of the Abyssenes and Barbary and Peru. where they are Tawney and Oliuaster and Pale are generally more Sandy and Dry. As for the AEthiopes as they are Plumpe and Fleshy So it may bee they are Sanguine and ruddy Coloured if their blacke Skinne would suffer it to be seene Some Creatures doe moue a good while after their Head is off As Birds Some a very little time As Men and all beasts Some moue though cut in feuerall Pieces As Snakes Eeles Wormes Flies c. First therefore it is certaine that the Immediate Cause of Death is the Resolution or Extinguishment of the Spirits And that the Destruction or Corruption of the Organs is but the
a wall the greatest Fruits towards the Bottome And in France the Grapes that make the Wine grow vpon low Vines bound to small Stakes And the raised Vines in Arbours make but Veriuyce It is true that in Italy and other Countries where they haue hotter Sunne they raise them vpon Elmes and Trees But I conceiue that if the French Manner of Planting low were brought in vse there their Wines would be stronger and sweeter But it is more chargeable in respect of the Props It were good to try whether a Tree grafted somewhat neare the Ground and the lower boughes onely maintained and the higher continually proined off would not make a larger Fruit. To haue Fruit in Greater Plenty the way is to graft not onely vpon young Stockes but vpon diuers Boughes of an old Tree for they will beare great Numbers of Fruit Whereas if you graft but vpon one Stocke the Tree can beare but few The Digging yearely about the Roots of Trees which is a great means both to the Acceleration and Melioration of Fruits is practised in nothing but in Vines Which if it were transferred vnto other Trees and Shrubs as Roses c. I conceiue would aduance them likewise It hath beene knowne that a Fruit-Tree hath beene blowne vp almost by the Roots and set vp againe and the next yeare bare exceedingly The Cause of this was nothing but the Looseming of the Earth which comforteth any Tree and is fit to be practised more than it is in Fruit-Trees For Trees cannot be so fitly remoued into New Grounds as Flowers and Herbs may To reuiue an Old Tree the Digging of it about the Roots and Applying new Mould to the Roots is the way We see also that Draught-Oxen put into fresh Pasture gather new and tender Flesh And in all Things better Nourishment than hath beene vsed doth helpe to renew Especially if it be not onely better but changed and differing from the former If an Herbe be cut off from the Roots in the beginning of Winter and then the Earth be troden and beaten downe hard with the Foot and Spade the Roots will become of very great Magnitude in Summer The Reason is for that the Moisture being forbidden to come vp in the Plant stayeth longer in the Root and so dilateth it And Gardiners vse to tread downe any loose Ground after they haue sowne Onions or Turnips c. If Panicum be laid below and about the Bottome of a Root it will cause the Root to grow to an Excessiue Bignesse The Cause is for that being it selfe of a Spungy Substance it draweth the Moisture of the Earth to it and so feedeth the Root This is of greatest vse for Onions Turnips Parsnips and Carrets The Shifting of Ground is a Meanes to better the Tree and Fruit But with this Caution That all Things doe prosper best when they are aduanced to the better Your Nursery of Stockes ought to be in a more Barren Ground than the Ground is whereunto you remoue them So all Grasiers preferre their Cattell from meaner Pastures to better We see also that Hardnesse in Youth lengthneth Life because it leaueth a Cherishing to the better of the Body in Age Nay in Exercises it is good to begin with the hardest as Dancing in Thicke Shooes c. It hath beene obserued that Hacking of Trees in their Barke both downe-right and acrosse so as you make them rather in slices than in continued Hacks doth great good to Trees And especially deliuereth them from being Hide-bound and killeth their Mosse Shade to some Plants conduceth to make them large and prosperous more than Sun As in Strawberries and Bayes c. Therefore amongst Strawberries sow here and there some Barrage-Seed And you shall finde the Strawberries vnder those Leaues farro more large than their Fellowes And Bayes you must plant to the North Or defond them from the Sunne by a Hedge-Row And when you sow the Berries weed not the Borders for the first halfe yeare For the Weed giueth them Shade To increase the Crops of Phâ—â—â— there would be considered not only the Increasing the Lust of the Earth or of the Plant but the Sauing also of that which is spilt So they haue lately made a Triall to Set Wheat which neuerthelesse hath beene left off because of the trouble and paines Yet so much is true that there is much saued by the Setting in comparison of that which is Sewen Both by keeping it from being picked vp by Birds And by Auoiding the Shallow lying of it whereby much that is sowen taketh no Root It is prescribed by some of the Ancients that you take Small Trees vpon which Figs or other Fruit grow being yet vnripe and couer the Trees in the Middle of Autamne with dung vntill the Spring And then take them vp in a warme day and replant them in good Ground And by that meanes the former yeares Tree will be ripe as by a new Birth when other Trees of the fame kinde doe but blossome But this seemeth to haue no great Probabilitie It is reported that if you take Nitre and mingle it with Water to the thicknesse of Honey and therewith anoint the Bud after the Vine is cut it will sprout forth within eight dayes The Cause is like to be if the Experiment be true the Opening of the Bud and of the Parts Contiguous by the Spirit of the Nitre For Nitre is as it were the Life of Vegetables Take Seed or Kernells of Apples Peares Orenges Or a Peach or a Plum Stone c. And put them into a Squill which is like a great Onion and they will come vp much earlier than in the Earth it selfe This I conceiue no be as a Kinde of Grafting in the Root For as the Stocke of a Graft yeeldeth better prepared Nourishment to the Graft than the Crude Earth So the Squill doth the like to the Seed And I suppose the same would be done by Putting Kernells into a Turnip or the like Saue that the Squill is more Vigorous and Hot. It may be tried also with putting Onion-Seed into an Onion-Head which thereby perhaps will bring forth a larger and earlier Onion The Pricking of a Fruit in seuerall places when it is almost at his Bignesse and before it ripeneth hath beene practised with successe to ripen the Fruit more suddenly Wee see the Example of the Biting of Waspes or Wormes vpon Fruit whereby it manifestly ripeneth the sooner It is reported that Alga Marina Sea-weed put vnder the Roots of Coleworts and perhaps of other Plants will further their Growth The vertue no doubt hath Relation to Salt which is a great Helpe to Fertilitie It hath beene practised to cut off the Stalkes of Cucumbers immediately after their Bearing close by the Earth And then to cast a prettie Quantitie of Earth vpon the Plant that remaineth and they will beare the next yeare Fruit long before the ordinary time The Cause may be for that the Sap goeth downe the sooner and is not
spent in the Stalke or Lease which remaineth after the Fruit. Where note that the Dying in the winter of the Roots of Plants that are Annuall seemeth to be partly caused by the Ouer-Expence of the Sap into Stalke and Leaues which being preuented they will super-annate if they stand warme The Pulling off many of the Blossomes from a Fruit-Tree doth make the Fruit fairer The Cause is manifest For that the Sap hath the lesse to nourish And it is a Common Experience that if you doe not pull off some Blossomes the first time a Tree bloometh it will blossome it selfe to death It were good to trie what would be the Effect if all the Blossomes were pulled from a Fruit-Tree Or the Acornes and Chesnut-buds c. from a Wilde Tree for two yeares together I suppose that the Tree will either put forth the third yeare bigger and more plentifull Fruit Or else the same yeares larger Leaues because of the Sap stored vp It hath beene generally receiued that a Plant Watered with Warme Water will come vp sooner and better than with Cold Water or with Showers But our Experiment of Watering Wheat with Warme Water as hath beene said succeeded not which may be because the Triall was too late in the Yeare vix in the End of October For the Cold then comming vpon the Seed after it was made more tender by the Warme Water might checke it There is no doubt but that Grafting for the most Part doth meliorate the Fruit. The Cause is manifest For that the Nourishment is better prepared in the Stocke than in the Crude Earth But yet note well that there be some Trees that are said to come vp more happily from the Kernell than from the Graft As the Peach and Melocotone The Cause I suppose to he for that those Plants require a Nourishment of great Moisture And though the Nourishment of the Stocke be finer and better prepared yet it is not so moist and plentifull as the Nourishment of the Earth And indeed we see those Fruits are very Cold Fruits in their Nature It hath beene receiued that a Smaller Peare grafted vpon a Stocke that beareth a greater Peare will become Great But I thinke it is as true as that of the Prime-Fruit vpon the Late Stocke And è conuerso which we reiected before For the Cions will gouerne Neuerthelesse it is probable enough that if you can get a Cions to grow vpon a Stocke of another kinde that is much moister than his owne Stocke it may make the Fruit Greater because it will yeeld more plentifull nourishment Though it is like it will make the Fruit Baser But generally the Grafting is vpon a dryer Stock As the Apple vpon a Crab The Peare vpon a Thorne c. Yet it is reported that in the Low-Conntries they will graft an Apple-Cions vpon the Stocke of a Colewort and it will beare a great flaggy Apple The Kernell of which if it be set will be a Colewort and not an Apple It were good to try whether an Apple-Cions will prosper if it be grafted vpon a Sallow or vpon a Poplar or vpon an Alder or vpon an Elme or vpon an Horse-Plumme which are the moistest of Trees I haue heard that it hath beene tryed vpon an Elme and succeeded It is manifest by Experience that Flowers Remoued wax greater because the Nourishment is more easily come by in the loose Earth It may be that Oft Regrafting of the same Cions may likewise make Fruit greater As if you take a Cions and graft it vpon a Stocke the first yeare And then cut it off and graft it vpon another Stocke the second yeare and so for a third Or fourth yeare And then let it rest it will yeeld afterward when it beareth the greater Fruit. Of Grafting there are many Experiments worth the Noting but those we reserue to a proper Place It maketh Figs better if a Fig-Tree when it beginneth to put forth Leaues haue his Top cut off The Cause is plaine for that the Sap hath the lesse to seed and the lesse way to mount But it may be the Figge will come somewhat later as was formerly touched The same may be tried likewise in other Trees It is reported that Mulberries will be fairer and the Trees more fruitfull if you bore the Truncke of the Tree thorow in seuerall places and thrust into the Places bored Wedges of some Hot Trees as Turpentine Mastick-Tree Guaiacum Inniper c. The Cause may be for that Aduentiue Heat doth cheare vp the Natiue Iuyce of the Tree It is reported that Trees will grow greater and beare better Fruit if you put Salt or Lees of Wine or Bloud to the Root The Cause may be the Encreasing the Lust or Spirit of the Root These Things being more forcible than ordinary Composts It is reported by one of the Ancients that Artichoakes will be lesse prickly and more tender if the Seeds haue their Tops dulled or grated off vpon a Stone Herbes will be tenderer and fairer if you take them out of Beds when they are newly come vp and remoue them into Pots with better Earth The Remoue from Bed to Bed was spoken of before But that was in seuerall yeares This is vpon the sudden The Cause is the same with other Remoues formerly mentioned Coleworts are reported by one of the Ancients to prosper exceedingly and to be better tasted if they be sometimes watred with Salt-Water And much more with Water mixed with Nitre The Spirit of which is lesse Adurent than Salt It is reported that Cucumbers will proue more Tender and Dainty if their Seeds be Steeped a little in Milke The Cause may be for that the Seed being mollified with the Milke will be too weake to draw the grosser Iuyce of the Earth but onely the finer The same Experiment may be made in Artichoakes and other Seeds when you would take away either their Flashinesse or Bitternesse They speake also that the like Effect followeth of Steeping in Water mixed with Honey But that seemeth to me not so probable because Honey hath too quicke a Spirit It is reported that Cucumbers will be lesse Watry and more Melonlike it in the Pit where you set them you fill it halfe way vp with Chaffe or small Stickes and then powre Earth vpon them For Cucumbers as it seemeth doe extremely affect Moisture And ouer-drinke themselues Which this Chaffe or Chips forbiddeth Nay it is further reported that if when a Cucumber is growne you fet a Pot of water about fiue or six inches distance from it it will in 24 houres shoot so much out as to touch the Pot Which if it be true it is an Experiment of an higher Nature than belongeth to this Title For it discouereth Perception in Plants to moue towards that which should helpe and comfort them though it be at a distance The ancient Tradition of the Vine is far more strange It is that if you set a Stake or Prop some distance from it
it will grow that way Which is farre stranger as is said than the other For that Water may worke by a Sympathy of Attraction But this of the Stake seemeth to be a Reasonable Discourse It hath beene touched before that Terebration of Trees doth make them prosper better But it is found also that it maketh the Fruit sweeter and better The Cause is for that notwithstanding the Terebration they may receiue Aliment sufficient And yet no more than they can well turne and disgest And withall doe sweat out the coursest and vnprofitablest Iuyce Euen as it is in Lining Creatures which by Moderate Feeding and Exercise and Sweat attaine the soundest Habite of Body As Terebration doth Meliorate Fruit so vpon the like reason doth Letting of Plants Blond As Pricking Vines or other Trees after they be of some Growth And thereby letting forth Gumme or Teares Though this be not to continue as it is in Terebration but at some Seasons And it is reported that by this Artifice Bitter Almonds haue beene turned into Sweet The Ancients for the Dulcorating of Fruit doe commend Swines-Dung aboue all other Dung Which may be because of the Moisture of that Beast whereby the Excrement hath lesse Acrimony For wee see Swines and Pigges Flesh is the Moistest of Fleshes It is obserued by some that all Herbs wax sweeter both in Smell and Taste if after they be growne vp some reasonable time they be cut and so you take the latter Sprout The Cause may be for that the longer the Iuyce stayeth in the Root and Stalke the better it concocteth For one of the Chiefe Causes why Graines Seeds and Fruits are more Nourishing than Leanes is the Length of time in which they grow to Maturation It were not amisse to keepe backe the Sap of Herbs or the like by some fit meanes till the end of Summer whereby it may be they will be more Nourishing As Grafting doth generally aduance and Meliorate Fruits aboue that which they would be if they were set of Kernells or Stones in regard the Nourishment is better concocted So no doubt euen in Grafting for the same cause the Choise of the Stocke doth much Alwayes prouided that it be somewhat inferiour to the Cions For otherwise it dulleth it They commend much the Grafting of Peares or Apples vpon a Quince Besides the Meanes of Melioration of Fruits before mentioned it is set downe as tryed that a Mixture of Bran and Swines-Dung Or Chaffe and Swines-Dung especially laid vp together for a Moneth to rot is a very great Nourisher and Comforter to a Fruit-Tree It is deliuered that Onions wax greater if they be taken out of the Earth and laid a drying twenty dayes and then set againe And yet more if the outermost Pill be taken off all ouer It is deliuered by some that if one take the Bough of a Low Fruit-tree newly budded and draw it gently without hurting it into an Earthen Pot perforate at the bottome to let in the Plant and then Couer the Pot with Earth it will yeeld a very large Fruit within the Ground Which Experiment is Nothing but Potting of Plants without Remouing and Leauing the Fruit in the Earth The like they say will be effected by an Empty Pot without Earth in it put ouer a Fruit being propped vp with a Stake as it hangeth vpon the Tree And the better if some few Pertusions be made in the Pot. Wherein besides the Defending of the Fruit from Extremity of Sunne or Weather some giue a reason that the Fruit Louing and Coueting the open Aire and Sunne is inuited by those Pertusions to spread and approch as neare the open Aire as it can And so enlargeth in Magnitude All Trees in High and Sandy Grounds are to be set deepe And in Watry Grounds more shallow And in all Trees when they be remoued especially Fruit-Trees care ought to be taken that the Sides of the Trees be coasted North and South c. as they stood before The same is said also of Stone out of the Quarry to make it more durable Though that seemeth to haue lesse reason Because the Stone lyeth not so neare the Sunne as the Tree groweth Timber Trees in a Coppice Wood doe grow better than in an Open Field Both because they offer not to spread so much but shoot vp still in Height And chiefly because they are defended from too much Sun and Wind which doe checke the Growth of all Fruit And so no doubt Fruit-Trees or Vines set vpon a Wall against the Sunne betweene Elbowes or Buttresses of Stone ripen more than vpon a Plaine Wall It is said that if Potado Roots be set in a Pot filled with Earth and then the Pot with Earth be set likewise within the Ground some two or three Inches the Roots will grow greater than Ordinary The Cause may be for that Hauing Earth enough within the Pot to nourish them And then being stopped by the Bottom of the Pot from putting Strings downward they must needs grow greater in Breadth and Thicknesse And it may be that all Seeds or Roots Potted and so set into the Earth will prosper the better The Cutting off the Leaues of Radish or other Roots in the beginning of Winter before they wither And Couering againe the Root something high with Earth Will preserue the Root all Winter and make it bigger in the Spring following as hath beene partly touched before So that there is a double Vse of this Cutting off the Leaues For in Plants where the Root is the Esculent as Radish and Parsnips it will make the Root the greater And so it will doe to the Heads of Onions And where the Fruit is the Esculent by Strengthning the Root it will make the Fruit also the greater It is an Experiment of great pleasure to make the Leaues of Shady Trees larger than ordinary It hath beene tryed for certaine that a Cions of a Weech-Elme grafted vpon the Stocke of an Ordinary Elme will put forth Leaues almost as broad as the Brimme of ones Hat And it is very likely that as in Fruit-Trees the Graft maketh a greater Fruit So in Trees that beare no Fruit it will make the greater Leaues It would be tryed therefore in Trees of that kinde chiefly As Birch Asp Willow And especially the Shining Willow which they call Swallow-Taile because of the pleasure of the Leafe The Barrennesse of Trees by Accident besides the Weaknesse of the Soile Seed or Root And the Iniury of the Weather commeth either of their Ouer-growing with Mosse Or their being Hide-bound Or their Planting too deepe Or by Issuing of the Sap too much into the Leaues For all these there are Remedies mentioned before Wee see that in Liuing Creatures that haue Male and Female there is Copulation of seuerall Kindes And so Compound Creatures As the Mule that is generated betwixt the Horse and the Asse And some other Compounds which we call Monsters though more rare And it is held that that Prouerbe Africa
much the like Iuyce And therefore I thinke Rosemary will leese in Sweetnesse if it be set with Lauender or Bayes or the like But yet if you will correct the strength of an Herbe you shall doe well to set other like Herbs by him to take him downe As if you should set Tansey by Angelica it may be the Angelica would be the weaker and fitter for Mixture in Perfume And if you should set Rew by Common Wormewood it may be the Wormewood would turne to be like Roman Worniewood This Axiome is of large extent And therefore would be seuered and refined by Triall Neither must you expect to haue a Grasse Difference by this kinde of Culture but only Further Perfection Triall would be also made in Herbs Poisonous and Purgatine whose ill Qualitie perhaps may be discharged or attempted by Setting stronger Poisons or Purgatines by them It is reported that the Shrub called Our Ladies Seale which is a Kinde of Briony and Coleworts set neere together one or both will die The Cause is for that they be both great Depredatours of the Earth and one of them starueth the other The like is said of a Reed and a Brake Both which are succulent And therefore the One deceiueth the Other And the like of Hemlocke and Rew Both which draw strong luyces Some of the Ancients and likewise diures of the Moderne Writers that haue laboured in Natural Magicke haue noted a Sympathy between the Sunne Moone and some Principall Starres And certaine Herbs and Plants And so they haue denominated some Herbs Solar and some Lunar And such like Toyes put into great Words It is manifest that there are some Flowers that haue Respect to the Sunne in two Kindes The one by Opening and Shutting And the other by Bowing and Inclining the Head For Mary-golds Tulippa's Pimperâ—ell and indeed most Flowers doe open or spread their Leaues abroad when the Sunne shineth serene and faire And againe in some part close them or gather them inward either towards Night or when the Skie is ouercast Of this there needeth no such Solemne Reason to be assigned As to say that they reioyce at the presence of the Sunne And mourne at the Absence thereof For it is Nothing else but a little Loading of the Leaues and Swelling them at the Bottome with the Moisture of the Aire whereas the drie Aire doth extend them And they make it a Peece of the wonder that Garden Clauer will hide the Stalke when the Sunne sheweth bright Which is Nothing but a full Expansion of the leaues For the Bowing and Inclining the Head it is found in the great Flower of the Sunne in Mary-golds Wart wort Mallow Flowers and others The Cause is somewhat more Obscure than the former But I take it to be no other but that the Part against which the Sunne beateth waxeth more faint and flaccide in the Stalke And thereby lesse able to support the Flower What a little Moisture will doe in Vegetables euen though they be dead and seuered from the Earth appeareth well in the Experiment of Inglers They take the Beard of an Oate which if you marke it well is wreathed at the Bottome and one smooth entire Straw at the Top. They take only the Part that is Wreathed and cut off the other leauing the Beard halfe the Breadth of a finger in length Then they make a little Crosse of a Quill long-wayes of that Part of the Quill which hath the Pith And Crosse-wayes of that peece of the Quill without Pith The whole Crosse being the Breadth of a Finger high Then they pricke the Bottome where the Pith is and thereinto they put the Oaten-beard leauing halfe of it sticking forth of the Quill Then they take a little white Box of wood to deceiue Men as if somewhat in the Box did worke the Feat In which with a Pinne they make a little Hole enough to take the Beard but not to let the Crosse sinke downe but to sticke Then likewise by way of Imposture they make a Question As Who is the Fairest Woman in the Company Or Who hath a Gloue or Card And canse Another to name diners Persons And vpon euery Naming they sticke the Crosse in the Box hauing first put it towards their Mouth as if they charmed it And the Crasse stirreth not But when they come to the Person that they would take As they hold the Orasse to their Mouth they touch the Beard with the Tip of their Tongue and wet it And so sticke the Crosse in the Box And then you shall see it turne finely and softly three or foure Turnes Which is caused by the vntwining of the Beard by the Moisture You may see it more euidently if you sticke the Crosse betweene your fingers in Stead of the Box And therfore you may see that this Motion which is effected by so little Wet is stronger than the Closing or Bending of the Head of a Marigold It is reported by some that the Herb called Rosa-Solis wherof they make Strong Waters will at the Noone-day when the Sunne shineth hot and bright haue a great Dew vpon it And therefore that the right Name is Ros Solis which they impute to a Delight and Sympathy that it hath with the Sunne Men fauour Wonders It were good first to be sure that the Dew that is found vpon it be not the Dew of the Morning Preserued when the Dew of other Herbs is breathed away for it hath a smooth and thicke Leafe that doth not discharge the Dew so soone as other Herbs that are more Spungy and Porous And it may be Purslane or some other Herb doth the like and is not marked But if it be so that it hath more Dew at Noone than in the Morning then sure it seemeth to be an Exudation of the Herb is solfe As Plums sweat when they are set into the Ouen for you will not I hope thinke that it is like Gedeons Fleeel of Wood that the Dew should fail vpon that and no where else It is certaine that the Honey-dews are found more vpon Oahe-leâ—â—es than vpon Aâ—â— of Beech or the like But whether any Cause be from the Leafe it selfe to concoctâ— the Dew Or whether it be onely that the Leafe is Close and Smooth And therefore drinketh not in the Dew but preserueth it may be doubted It would be well inquired whether Maâ—â—â— the Drug doth fall but vpon certaine Herbs or Lâ—â—â— onely Flowers that haue deepe Sockets doe gather in the Bottome a kinde of Honey As Honey-Suckles both the Woodbine and the Trisoile Dillier and the like And in them certainly the Flower beareth part with the Dew The Experience is that the Froth which they call Woodsears being like a kinde of Spittle is found but vpon certaine Herbs and those Hot Ones As Lauender-cotton Sage Hissope c. Of the Cause of this enquire further For it seemeth a Secret There falleth also Mildew vpon Corne and smutteth it But it may be that the same
And besides it is doubtfull whether the Mortar it selfe putteth it forth or whether some Seeds be not let fall by Birds There be likewife Rock-Herbs But I suppose those are where there is some Mould or Earth It hath likewife beene found that great Trees growing vpon Quarries haue put downe their Root into the Stone In some Mines in Germany as is reported there grow in the Bottome Vegetables And the Worke-Folkes vse to say they haue Magicall Vertue And will not suffer Men to gather them The Sea-Sands seldome beare Plants Whereof the Cause is yeelded by some of the Ancients for that the Sunne exhaleth the Moisture before it can incorporate with the Earth and yeeld a Nourishment for the Plant. And it is affirmed also that Sand hath alwayes his Root in Clay And that there be no Veines of Sand any great depth within the Earth It is certaine that some Plants put forth for a time of their owne Store without any Nourishment from Earth Water Stone c. Of which Vide the Experiment 29. It is reported that Earth that was brought out of the Indies and other Remote Countries for Ballast of Ships cast vpon some Grounds in Italy did put forth Fortaine Herbs to vs in Europe not knowne And that which is more that of their Roots Barkes and Seeds conâ—used together and mingled with other Earth and well Watred with Warme Water there came forth Herbs much like the Other Plants brought out of Hot Countries will endeuour to put forth at the same Time that they vsually do in their owne Climate And therfore to preserue them there is no more required than to keepe them from the Iniury of Putting backe by Cold. It is reported also that Graine out of the Hotter Countries translated into the Colder will be more forward than the Ordinary Graine of the Cold Countrey It is likely that this will proue better in Graines than in Trees For that Graines are but Annuall And so the Vertue of the Seed is not worne out Whereas in a Tree it is embased by the Ground to which it is Remoued Many Plants which grow in the Hotter Countries being set in the Colder will neucrthelesse euen in those Cold Countries being sowne of Seeds ate in the Spring come vp and abide most Part of the Summer As we finde it in Orenge and Limon-Seeds c. The Seeds whereof Sowen in the End of Aprill will bring forth Excellent Sallets mingled with other Herbs And I doubt not but the Seeds of Cloue-Trees and Pepper-Seeds c. if they could come hither Greene enough to be sowen would doe the like There be some Flowers Blossomes Graines and Fruits which come more Early And Others which come more Late in the Yeare The Flowers that come early with vs are Prime-Roses Violets Anemonies Water-Daffadillies Crocus Vernus and some early Tulippa's And they are all Cold Plants Which therefore as it should seeme haue a quicker Perception of the Heat of the Sunne Increasing than the Hot Herbs haue As a Cold Hand will sooner finde a little Warmth than a Hot. And those that come next after are Wall-Flowers Cowflips Hyacinths Rosemary-Flowers c. And after them Pincks Roses Flowerdelnces c. And the latest are Gilly-Flowers Holly-oakes Larkes-Foot c. The Earliest Blossomes are the Blossomes of Peaches Almonds Cornelians Mezerions c. And they are of such Trees as haue much Moisture either Watrie or Oylie And therefore Grocus Vernus also being an Herbe that hath an Oylie luyce putteth forth early For those also finde the Sunne sooner than the Drier Trees The Graines are first Rye and Wheat Then Oats and Barley Then Pease and Beanes For though Greene Pease and Beanes be eaten sooner yet the Drie Ones that are vsed for Horse-Meat are ripe last And it seemeth that the Fatter Graine commeth first The Earliest Fruits are Strawberries Cherries Gooseberries Corrans And after them Early Apples Early Peares Apricots Rasps And after them Damasins and most Kinde of Plums Peaches c. And the latest are Apples Wardens Grapes Nuts Quinces Almonds Sloes Brier-Berries Heps Medlars Seruices Cornelians c. It is to be noted that commonly Trees that ripen latest blossome soonest As Peaches Cornelians Sloes Almonds c. And it seemeth to be a Worke of Prouidence that they blossome so soone For otherwise they could not haue the Sunne long enough to ripen There be Fruits but rarely that come twice a Teare as some Peares Strawberries c. And it seemeth they are such as abound with Nourishment Whereby after one Period before the Sunne waxeth too weake they can endure another The Violet also amongst Flowers commeth twice a Yeare Especially the Double White And that also is a Plant full of Moisture Roses come twice but it is not without Caâ—ting as hath beene formerly said In Muscbuia though the Corne come not vp till late Spring yet their Haruest is as Early as Ours The Cause is for that the Strength of the Ground is kept in with the Snow And wee see with vs that if it be a long Winter it is commonly a more Plentifull Teare And after those kinde of Winters likewise the Flowers and Corne which are Earlier and Later doe come commonly at once and at the same time Which troubleth the Husbandman many times For you shâ—ll haue Red Roses and Damaske Roses come together And likewise the Harnest of Wheat and Barley But this happeneth euer for that the Earlier staieth for the Later And not that the Later commeth sooner There be diuers Fruit-Trees in the Hot Countries which haue Blossomes and Young Fruit and Ripe Fruit almost all the Yeare succeeding one another And it is said the Orenge hath the like with vs for a great Part of Summer And so also hath the Figge And no doubt the Naturall Motion of Plants is to haue so But that either they want luyce to spend Or they meet with the Cold of the Winter And therefore this Circle of Ripening cannot be but in Succulent Plants and Hot Countries Some Herbs are but Annuall and die Root and all once a Yeare As Borrage Lettuce Cucumbers Muske-Melons Bafill Tobacco Mustard-Seed and all kindes of Corne Some continue many Yeares As Hyssope Germander Lanander Fennell c. The Cause of the Dying is double The first is the Tendernesse and Weaknesse of the Seed which maketh the Period in a small time As it is in Borrage Lettnce Cucumbers Corne c. And therefore none of these are Hot. The other Cause is for that some Herbs can worse endure Cold As Basill Tobacco Mustard-Seed And these haue all much Heat The Lasting of Plants is most in those that are Largest of Body As Oakes Elme Ches-Nut the Loat-Tree c. And this holdeth in Trees But in Herbs it is often contrary For borage Colewort Pompions which are Herbs of the Largest Size are of small Durance Whereas Hyssope Winter-Sauoury Germander Thyme Sage will last long The Cause is for that Trees last according to
with Water in them will not Melt easily But without it they will Nay wee see more that Butter or Oyle which in themselues are Inflammable yet by Vertue of their Moisture will doe the like It hath beene noted by the Ancients that it is dangerous to Picke ones Eare whilest he Yawneth The Cause is for that in Yawning the Inner Parchment of the Eare is extended by the Drawing in of the Spirit and Breath For in Yawning and Sighing both the Spirit is first strongly Drawne in and then strongly Expelled It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that Sneezing doth cease the Hiccough The Cause is for that the Motion of the Hiccough is a Lifting vp of the Stomacke which Sneezing doth somewhat depresse and diuert the Motion another way For first wee see that the Hiccough commeth of Fulnesse of Meat especially in Children which causeth an Extension of the Stomacke Wee see also it is caused by Acide Meats or Drinkes which is by the Pricking of the Stomacke And this Motion is ceased either by Diuersion Or by Detention of the Spirits Diuersion as in Sneezing Detention as wee see Holding of the Breath doth helpe somewhat to cease the Hiccough And putting a Man into an Earnest Studie doth the like As is commonly vsed And Vinegar put to the Nostbrills or Gargarized doth it also For that it is Astringent and inhibiteth the Motion of the Spirits Looking against the Sunne doth induce Sneezing The Cause is not the Heating of the Nosthrills For then the Holding vp of the Nosthrills against the Sunne though one Winke would doe it But the Drawing downe of the Moisture of the Braine For it will make the Eyes run with Water And the Drawing of Moisture to the Eyes doth draw it to the Nosthrills by Motion of Consent And so followeth Sneezing As contrariwise the Tickling of the Nosthrills within doth draw the Moisture to the Nosthrills and to the Eyes by Consent For they also will Water But yet it hath beene obserued that if one be about to Sneeze the Rubbing of the Eyes till they run with Water will preuent it Where of the Cause is for that the Humour which was descending to the Nosthrills is diuerted to the Eyes The Teeth are more by Cold Drinke or the like affected than the other Parts The Cause is double The One for that the Resistance of Bone to Cold is greater than of Flesh for that Flesh shrinketh but the Bone resisteth whereby the Cold becommeth more eager The Other is for that the Teeth are Parts without Bloud Whereas Bloud helpeth to qualifie the Cold And therefore wee see that the Sinnewes are much affected with Cold For that they are Parts without Bloud So the Bones in Sharpe Colds wax Brittle And therefore it hath beene seene that all Contusions of Bones in Hard Weather are more difficult to Cure It hath been noted that the Tongue receiueth more easily Tokens of Diseases than the other Parts As of Heats within which appeare most in the Blacknesse of the Tongue Againe Pied Cattell are spotted in their Tongues c. The Cause is no doubt the Tendernesse of the Part which thereby receiueth more easily all Alterations than any other Parts of the Flesh. When the Mouth is out of Taste it maketh Things taste sometimes Salt Chiefly Bitter And sometimes Loathsome But neuer Sweet The Cause is the Corrupting of the Moisture about the Tongue Which many times turneth Bitter and Salt and Loathsome But Sweet neuer For the rest are Degrees of Corruption It was obserued in the Great Plague of the last Yeare that there were seene in diuers Ditches and low Grounds about London many Toads that had Tailes two or three Inches long at the least Whereas Toads vsually haue no Tailes at all Which argueth a great Disposition to Putrefaction in the Soile and Aire It is reported likewise that Roots such as Carrets and Parsuips are more Sweet and Lushious in Infectious Yeares than in other Yeares Wife Physitians should with all diligence inquire what Simples Nature yeeldeth that haue extreme Subtile Parts without any Mordication or Acrimony For they Vndermine that which is Hard They open that which is Stopped and Shut And they expell that which is Offensive gently without too much Perturbation Of this Kinde are Elder-Flowers which therefore are Proper for the Stone Of this kinde is the DwarfePine which is Proper for the laundies Of this kinde is Harts-Horne which is Proper for Agues and Infections Of this kinde is Piony which is Proper for Stoppings in the Head Of this kinde is Fumitory which is Proper for the Splâ—â—â—e And a Number of Others Generally diuers Creatures bred of Putrefaction though they be somewhat loathsome to take are of this kinde As Earth-wormes Timber-Sowes Snailes c. And I conceiue that the Trechischs of Vipers which are so much magnified and the Flesh of Snakes some wayes condited and corrected which of late are growne into some Credite are of the same Nature So the Parts of Beasts Putrified as Castereum and Muske which haue extreme Subtill Parts are to be placed amongst them We see also that Patrefactions of Plants as Agarichs and lewes â—â—â—â— are of greatest Vertue The Cause is for that Putrefection is the Subtillest of all Motions in the Parts of Bodies And since we cannot take downe the Lines of Liuing Creatures which some of the â—â—â— say If they could be taken downe would make vs Immortall the Next is for Subtilty of Operation to take Bodies Putresied Such as may be safely taken It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that Much vse of Venus doth Dimme the Sight And yet Eunuchs which are vnable to generate are neuerthelesse also Dimme Sighted The Cause of Dimnesse of Sight in the Former is the Expence of Spirts In the Latter the Ouer-moisture of the Braine For the Ouer-moisture of the Braine doth thicken the Spirits Visuall and obstructeth their Passages As we see by the Decay in the Sight in Age Where also the Diminution of the Spirits concurreth as another Cause we see also that Blindnesse commeth by Rheumes and â—â—â— Now in â—â—â— there are all the Notes of Moisture As the Swelling of their Thighes the Loosenesse of their Belly the Smoothnesse of their Skinne c. The Pleasure in the Act of Venus is the greatest of the Pleasures of the Senses The Matching of it with Itch is vnproper though that also be Pleasing to the touch But the Conses are Profound First all the Organe of the Senses qualifie the Nations of the Spirits And make so many Seuerall Species of Motions and Pleasures or Displeasures thereupon as there be Dinersitics of Organs The Instruments of Sight Hearing Taste and Smell are of seuerall frame And so are the Parts for Generation Therefore Sealiger doth well to make the Pleasure of Generation a Sixth Sense And if there were any other differing Organs and Qualified Perfraction for the spirits to passe there would be
not take vpon vs now to Enumerate them all The Insecta haue beene noted by the Ancients to feed little But this hath not beene diligently obserued For Grashoppers eat vp the Greene of whole Countries And Silke-wormes deuoure Leaues swiftly And Ants make gret Prouision It is true that Creatures that Sleepe and rest much Eat little As Dormise and Bats c. They are all without Bloud Which may be for that the Iuyce of their Bodies is almost all one Not Bloud and Flesh and Skin and Bone as in Perfect Creatures The Integrall Parts haue Extreme Variety but the Similar Parts little It is true that they haue some of them a Disphragme and an Intestine And they haue all Skins Which in most of the Insecta are cast often They are not generally of long Life Yet Bees haue beene knowne to liue seuen yeares And Snakes are thought the rather for the Casting of their Spoils to liue till they be Old And Eeles which many times breed of Putrefaction will liue and grow very long And those that Enterchange from Wormes to Flyes in the Summer and from Flyes to Wormes in the Winter haue beene kept in Boxes oure kyears at the least Yet there are certain Flyes that are called Ephemera that liue but a day The Cause is the Exility of the Spirit Or perhaps the Absence of the Sunne For that if they were brought in or kept close they might liue longer Many of the Insecta as Butterflies and other Flies reuiue easily when they seeme dead being brought to the Sunne or Fire The Cause whereof is the Diffusion of the Vitall Spirit and the Easie Dilating of it by a little Heat They stirre a good while after their Heads are off or that they be cut in Pecces Which is caused also for that their Vitall Spirits are more diffused thorow-out all their Parts and lesse confined to Organs than in Perfect Creatures The Insecta haue Voluntary Motion and therefore Imagination And whereas some of the Ancients haue said that their Motion is Indeterminate and their Imagination Indefinite it is negligently obserued For Arts goe right forwards to their Hills And Bees doe admirably know the way from a Flowry Heath two or three Miles off to their Hiues It may be Gnats and Flyes haue their Imagination more mutable and giddy as Small Birds likewise haue It is said by some of the Ancients that they haue onely the Sense of Feeling which is manifestly vntrue For if they goe forth-right to a Place they must needs haue Sight Besides they delight more in one Flower or Herbe than in another and therefore haue Taste And Bees are called with Sound vpon Brasse and therefore they haue Hearing Which sheweth likewise that though their Spirit be diffused yet there is a Seat of their Senses in their Head Other Obseruations concerning the Insecta together with the Enumeration of them wee referre to that place where wee meane to handle the Title of Animal's in generall A Man Leapeth better with Weights in his Hands than without The Cause is for that the Weight if it be proportionable strengthneth the Sinneues by Contracting them For otherwise where no Contraction is needfull Weight hindereth As wee see in Horse-Races Men are curious to fore-see that there be not the least Weight vpon the one Horse more than vpon the other In Leaping with Weights the Armes are first cast backwards and then forwards with so much the greater Force For the Hands goe backward before they take their Raise Quaere if the contrary Motion of the Spirits immediately before the Motion wee intend doth not cause the Spirits as it were to breake forth with more Force As Breath also drawne and kept in commeth forth more forcibly And in Casting of any Thing the Armes to make a greater Swing are first cast backward Of Musicall Tones and Vnequall Sounds wee haue spoken before But touching the Pleasure and Displeasure of the Senses not so fully Harsh Sounds as of a Sawe when it is sharpened Grinding of one Stone against another Squeaking or Skriching Noise make a Shiuering or Horrour in the Body and set the Teeth on edge The Cause is for that the Obiects of the Eare doe affect the Spirits immediately most with Pleasure and Offence We see there is no Colour that affecteth the Eye much with Displeasure There be Sights that are Horrible because they excite the Memory of Things that are Odious or Fearefull But the same Things Painted doe little affect As for Smells Tastes and Touches they be Things that doe affect by a Participation or Impulsion of the Body of the Obiect So it is Sound alone that doth immediately and incorporeally affect most This is most manifest in Musicke and Concords and Discords in Musicke For all Sounds whether they be sharpe or Flat if they be Sweet haue a Roundnesse and Equality And if they be Harsh are Vnequall For a Discord it selfe is but a Harshnesse of Diners Sounds Meeting It is true that Inequality not Stayed vpon but Passing is rather an Encrease of Sweetnesse As in the Purling of a Wreathed String And in the Rancity of a Trumpet And in the Nightinghale-Pipe of a Regall And in a Discord straight falling vpon a Concord But if you stay vpon it it is Offensiue And therefore there bee these three Degrees of Pleasing and Displeasing in Sounds Sweet Sounds Discords and Harsh Sounds which we call by diuers Names as Skriching or Grating such as wee now speake of As for the Setting of the Teeth on Edge we see plainly what an Intercourse there is betweene the Teeth and the Organ of the Hearing by the Taking of the End of a Bow betweene the Teeth and Striking vpon the String NATVRALL HISTORIE VIII Century THere be Mineralls and Fossiles in great Varietie But of Veines of Earth Medicinall but few The Chiefe are Terra Lemnia Terra Sigillata communis and Bolus Arminus Whereof Terra Lemnia is the Chiefe The Vertues of them are for Curing of Wounds Stanching of Bloud Stopping of Flaxes and Rheumes and Arresting the Spreading of Poison Infection and Putrefaction And they haue of all other Simples the Perfectest and Purest Qualitie of Drying with little or no Mixture of any other Qualitie Yet it is true that the Bole-Arminicke is the most Cold of them And that Terra Lemnia is the most Hot For which Cause the Island Lemnos where it is digged was in the Old Fabulous Ages consecrated to Vulcan About the Bottome of the Straights are gathered great Quantities of Sponges which are gathered from the sides of Rocks being as it were a large but tough Mosse It is the more to be noted because that there be but few Substances Plant-like that grow deepe within the Sea For they are gathered sometimes fifteene Fathome deepe And when they are laid on Shoare they seeme to be of great Bulke But crushed together will be transported in a very small Roome It seemeth that Fish that are vsed to
the Salt-Water doe neuerthelesse delight more in Fresh Wee see that Salmons and Smelts loue to get into Riuers though it be against the Streame At the Hauen of Constantinople you shall haue great Quantities of Fish that come from the Euxine-Sea that when they come into the Fresh Water doe inebriate and turne vp their Bellies So as you may take them with your Hand I doubt there hath not beene sufficient Experiment made of Putting Sea-Fish into Fresh Water Ponds and Pooles It is a Thing of great Vse and Pleasure For so you may haue them new at some good distance from the Sea And besides it may be the Fish will eat the pleasanter and may fall to breed And it is said that Colchester Oysters which are put into Pits where the Sea goeth and commeth but yet so that there is a Fresh Water Comming also to them when the Sea voideth become by that meanes Fatter and more Growne The Turkish-Bow giueth a very Forcible Shoot Insomuch as it hath beene knowne that the Arrow hath pierced a Stecle Target or a Peece of Brasse of two Inches thicke But that which is more strange the Arrow if it be Headed with Wood hath beene knowne to pierce thorow a Peece of Wood of eight Inches thicke And it is certaine that wee had in vse at one time for Sea-Fight short Arrowes which they called Sprights without any other Heads saue Wood sharpned which were discharged out of Muskets and would pierce thorow the Sides of Ships where a Bullet would not pierce But this dependeth vpon one of the greatest Secrets in all Nature Which is that Similitude of Substance will cause Attraction where the Body is wholly freed from the Motion of Grauitie For if that were taken away Lead would draw Lead and Gold would draw Gold and Iron would draw Iron without the helpe of the Load-Stone But this same Motion of Weight or Grauitie which is a meere Motion of the Matter and hath no Affinitie with the Forme or Kinde doth kill the other Motion except it selfe be killed by a violent Motion As in these Instances of Arrowes For then the Motion of Attraction by Similitude of Substance beginneth to shew it selfe But wee shall handle this Point of Nature fully in due Place They haue in Turkey and the East certaine Confections which they call Seruetts which are like to Candied Conserues And are made of Sugar and Limons or Sugar and Citrons or Sugar and Violets and some other Flowers And some Mixture of Amber for the more delicate Persons And those they dissolue in Water and thereof make their Drinke because they are forbidden Wine by their Law But I doe much maruell that no Englishman or Dutehman or German doth set vp Brewing in Constantinople Considering they haue such Quantitie of Barley For as so the generall Sort of Men Frugalitie may be the Cause of Drinking Water For that it is no small Sauing to pay nothing for ones Drinke But the better Sort mought well be at the Cost And yet I wonder the lesse at it because I see France Italie or Spaine haue not taken into vse Beere or Ale Which perhaps if they did would better both their Healths and their Complexions It is likely it would be Matter of great Gaine to any that should begin it in Turkey In Bathing in Hot Water Sweat neuerthelesse commeth not in the Parts vnder the Water The Cause is First for that Sweat is a Kinde of Colliquation And that Kinde of Colliquation is not made either by an Ouer-Drie Heat or an Ouer-Moist Heat For Ouer-Moisture doth somewhat extinguish the Heat As wee see that euen Hot Water quencheth Fire And Ouer-Drie Heat shutteth the Pores And therefore Men will sooner Sweat couered before the Sunne or Fire than if they stood Naked And Earthen Bottles filled with Hot Water doe prouoke in Bed a Sweat more daintily than Bricke-bats Hot. Secondly Hot Water doth cause Euaporation from the Skin So as it spendeth the Matter in those Parts vnder the Water before it issueth in Sweat Againe Sweat commeth more plentifully if the Heat be increased by Degrees than if it be greatest at first or equall The Cause is for that the Pores are better opened by a Gentle Heat than by a more Violent And by their opening the Sweat issueth more abundantly And therefore Physitians may doe well when they prouoke Sweat in Bed by Bottles with a Decoction of Sudorisicke Herbs in Hot Water to make two Degrees of Heat in the Bottles And to lay in the Bed the lesse Heated first and after halfe an Houre the more Heated Sweat is Salt in Taste The Cause is for that that Part of the Nourishment which is Fresh and Sweet turneth into Bloud and Flesh And the Sweat is only that Part which is Separate and Excerned Bloud also Raw hath some Saltnesse more than Flesh because the Assimilation into Flesh is not without a little and subtile Excretion from the Bloud Sweat commeth forth more out of the Vpper Parts of the Body than the Lower The Reason is because those Parts are more replenished with Spirits And the Spirits are they that put forth Sweat Besides they are lesse Fleshy and Sweat issueth chiefly out of the Parts that are lesse Fleshy and more Dry As the Forehead and Breast Men Sweat more in Sleepe than Waking And yet Sleepe doth rather stay other Fluxions than cause them As Rheumes Loosenesse of the Body c. The Cause is for that in Sleepe the Heat and Spirits doe naturally moue inwards and there rest But when they are collected once within the Heat becommeth more Violent and Irritate And thereby expelleth Sweat Cold Sweats are many times Mortall and neere Death And alwayes ill and Suspected As in Great Feares Hypochondricall Passions c. The Cause is for that Cold Sweats come by a Relaxation or Forsaking of the Spirits wherby the Moisture of the Body which Heat did keepe firme in the Parts seuereth and issueth out In those Diseases which cannot be discharged by Sweat Sweat is ill and rather to be stayed As in Diseases of the Lungs and Fluxes of the Belly But in those Diseases which are expelled by Sweat it easeth and lightneth As in Agues Pestilences c. The Cause is for that Sweat in the Latter Sort is partly Criticall and sendeth forth the Matter that offendeth But in the Former it either proceedeth from the Labour of the Spirits which sheweth them Oppressed Or from Motion of Consent when Nature not able to expell the Disease where it is seated moueth to an Expulsion indifferent ouer all the Body The Nature of the Glo-wormexs is hitherto not well obserued Thus much we see That they breed chiefly in the Hottest Moneths of Summer And that they breed not in Champaigne but in Bushes and Hedges Wherby it may be conceiued that the Spirit of them is very fine and not to be refined but by Summer Heats And againe that by reason of the Finenesse
it doth easily exhale In Italy and the Hotter Countries there is a Fly they call Lucciole that shineth as the Glo-worme doth And it may be is the Flying Glo-worme But that Fly is chiefly vpon Fens and Marrishes But yet the two former Obseruations hold For they are not seene but in the Heat of Summer And Sedge or other Greene of the Fens giue as good Shade as Bushes It may be the Glo-wormes of the Cold Countries ripen not so farre as to be Winged The Passions of the Minde worke vpon the Body the Impressions following Feare causeth Palenesse Trembling The Standing of the Haire vpright Starting and Skritching The Palenesse is caused for that the Bloud runneth inward to succour the Heart The Trembling is caused for that through the Flight of the Spirits inward the Outward Parts are destituted and not sustained Standing Vpright of the Haire is caused for that by the Shutting of the Pores of the Skin the Haire that lyeth asloape must needs Rise Starting is both an Apprehension of the Thing feared And in that kinde it is a Motion of Shrincking And likewise an Inquisition in the beginning what the Matter should be And in that kinde it is a Motion of Erection And therefore when a Man would listen suddenly to any Thing he Starteth For the Starting is an Erection of the Spirits to attend Skritching is an Appetite of Expelling that which suddenly striketh the Spirits For it must be noted that many Motions though they be vnprofitable to expell that which hurteth yet they are Offers of Nature and cause Motions by Consent As in Groaning or Crying vpon Paine Griefe and Paine cause Sighing Sobbing Groaning Screaming and Roaring Teares Distorting of the Face Grinding of the Teeth Sweating Sighing is caused by the Drawing in of a greater Quantity of Breath to refresh the Heart that laboureth like a great Draught when one is thirsty Sobbing is the same Thing stronger Groaning and Screaming and Roaring are caused by an Appetite of Expulsion as hath beene said For when the Spirits cannot expell the Thing that hurteth in their Strife to do it by Motion of Consent they expell the Voice And this is when the Spirits yeeld and giue ouer to resist For if one doe constantly resist Paine he will not groane Teares are caused by a Contraction of the Spirits of the Braine Which Contraction by consequence astringeth the Moisture of the Braine and thereby sendeth Teares into the Eyes And this Contraction or Compression causeth also Wringing of the Hands For Wringing is a Gesture of Expression of Moisture The Distorting of the Face is caused by a Contention first to beare and resist and then to expell Which maketh the Parts knit first and afterwards open Grinding of the Teeth is caused likewise by a Gathering and Serring of the Spirits together to resist Which maketh the Teeth also to set hard one against another Sweating is also a Compound Motion by the Labour of the Spirits first to resist and then to expell Ioy causeth a Chearefulnesse and Vigour in the Eyes Singing Leaping Dancing And sometimes Teares All these are the Effects of the Dilatation and Comming forth of the Spirits into the Outward Parts Which maketh them more Linely and Stirring We know it hath beene seene that Excessiue Sudden Ioy hath caused Present Death while the Spirits did spread so much as they could not retire againe As for Teares they are the Effects of Compression of the Moisture of the Braine vpon Dilatation of the Spirits For Compression of the Spirits worketh an Expression of the Moisture of the Braine by Consent as hath beene said in Griefe But then in Ioy it worketh it diuersly viz. by Prepulsion of the Moisture when the Spirits dilate and occupy more Roome Anger causeth Palenesse in some and the Going and Comming of the Colour in Others Also Trembling in some Swelling Foaming at the Month Stamping Bending of the Fist. Palenesse and Going and Comming of the Colour are caused by the Burning of the Spirits about the Heart Which to refresh themselues call in more Spirits from the Outward Parts And if the Palenesse be alone without Sending forth the Colour againe it is commonly ioyned with some Feare But in many there is no Palenesse at all but contrariwise Rednesse about the Cheekes and Gills Which is by the Sending forsh of the Spirits in an Appetite to Reuenge Trembling in Anger is likewise by a Calling in of the Spirits And is commonly when Anger is ioyned with Feare Swelling is caused both by a Dilatation of the Spirits by Ouer-Heating and by a Liquefaction or Boyling of the Humours thereupon Foaming at the Mouth is from the same Cause being an Ebullition Stamping and Bending of the Fist are caused by an Imagination of the Act of Reuenge Light Displeasure or Dislike causeth Shaking of the Head Frowning and Knitting of the Bâ—â—â—es These Effects arise from the same Causes that Trembling and Horrour doe Namely from the Retiring of the Spirits but in a lesse degree For the Shaking of the Head is but a Slow and Definite Trembling And is a Gesture of Slight Refusall And we see also that a Dislike causeth often that Gesture of the Hand which wee vse when we refuse a Thing or warne it away The Frowning and Knitting of the Browes is a Gathering or Serring of the Spirits to resist in some Measure And we see also this Knitting of the Browes will follow vpon earnest Studying or Cogitation of any Thing though it bee without Dislike Shame causeth Blushing And Casting downe of the Eyes Blushing is the Resort of Bloud to the Face Which in the Passion of Shame is the Part that laboureth most And although the Blushing will be seene in the whole Breast if it be Naked yet that is but in Passage to the Face As for the Casting downe of the Eyes it proceedeth of the Reuerence a Man beareth to other Men Whereby when he is ashamed he cannot endure to looke firmely vpon Others And we see that Blushing and the Casting downe of the Eyes both are more when we come before Many Ore Pompeij quid mollius Nunquà m non coram pluribus erubuit And likewise when we come before Great or Reuerend Persons Pity causeth sometimes Teares And a Flexion or Cast of the Eye aside Teares come from the same Cause that they doe in Griefe for Pity is but Griefe in Anothers Behalfe The Cast of the Eye is a Gesture of Auersion or Loathnesse to behold the Obiect of Pity Wonder causeth Astonishment or an Immoueable Posture of the Body Casting vp of the Eyes to Heauen And Lifting vp of the Hands For Astonishment it is caused by the Fixing of the Minde vpon one Obiect of Cogitation whereby it doth not spatiate and transcurre as it vseth For in Wonder the Spirits fly not as in Feare But onely settle and are made lesse apt to moue As for the Casting vp of the Eyes and Lifting vp of the Hands it is a Kinde of Appeale
to the Deity Which is the Authour by Power and Prouidence of Strange Wonders Laughing causeth a Dilatation of the Mouth and Lips A Continued Expulsion of the Breath with the loud Noise which maketh the Interiection of Laughing Shaking of the Breast and Sides Running of the Eyes with Water if it be Violent and Continued Wherein first it is to be vnderstood that Laughing is scarce properly a Passion but hath his Source from the Intellect For in Laughing there euer precedeth a Conceit of somewhat Ridiculous And therefore it is Proper to Man Secondly that the Cause of Laughing is but a Light Touch of the Spirits and not so deepe an Impression as in other Passions And therefore that which hath no Affinity with the Passions of the Minde it is moued and that in great vehemency onely by Tickling some Parts of the Body And we see that Men euen in a Grieued State of Minde yet cannot sometimes forbeare Laughing Thirdly it is euer ioyned with some Degree of Delight And therefore Exhilaration hath some Affinity with Ioy though it be a much Lighter Motion Res seneraest verum Gandium Fourthly that the Obiect of it is Deformity Absurdity Shrew'd Turnes and the like Now to speake of the Causes of the Effects before mentioned whereunto these Generall Notes giue some Light For the Dilatation of the Mouth and Lips Continued Expulsion of the Breath and Voice and Shaking of the Breast and Sides they proceed all from the Dilatation of the Spirits Especially being Sudden So likewise the Running of the Eyes with Water as hath beene formerly touched where we spake of the Teares of Ioy and Griefe is an Effect of Dilatation of the Spirits And for Suddennesse it is a great Part of the Matter For we see that any Shrew'd Turne that lighteth vpon Another Or any Deformity c. moueth Laughter in the Instant Which after a little time it doth not So we cannot Laugh at any Thing after it is Stale but whilest it is New And euen in Tickling if you Tickle the Sides and giue warning Or giue a Hard or Continued Touch it doth not moue Laughter so much Lust causeth a Flagrancy in the Eyes and Priapisme The Cause of both these is for that in Lust the Sight and the Touch are the Things desired And therefore the Spirits resort to those partâ— whch are most affected And note well in generall For that great Vse may be made of the Obseruation that euermore the Spirits in all Passions resort most to the Parts that labour most or are most affected As in the last which hath been mentioned they resort to the Eyes and Venereous Parts In Feare and Anger to the Heart In Shame to the Face And in Light Dislikes to the Head It hath beene obserued by the Ancients and is yet beleeued that the Sperme of Drunken Men is Vnfruitfull The Cause is for that it is Ouer-moistened and wanteth Spissitude And we haue a merry Saying that they that goe Drunke to Bed get Daughters Drunken Men are taken with a plaine Defect or Destitution in Voluntary Motion They â—â—ele They tremble They cannot stand nor speake strongly The â—â—â—â— is for that the Spirits of the Wine oppresse the Spirits Animall and â—â—â— pate Part of the Place where they are And so make them Weake to moue And therefore Drunken Men are apt to fall asleepe And Opiates and Stupefactines as Poppy Henbane Hemlocke c. induce a kinde of Drunkennesse by the Grossenesse of their Vapour As Wine doth by the Quantity of the Vapour Besides they rob the Spirits Animall of their Matter whereby they are nourished For the Spirits of the Wine prey vpon it as well as they And so they make the Spirits lesse Supple and Apt to moue Drunken Men imagine euery Thing turneth round They imagine also that Things Come vpon them They See not well Things a farre off Those Things that they See neare hand they See out of their Place And sometimes they see Things double The Cause of the Imagination that Things turne Round is for that the Spirits themselues turne being compressed by the Vapour of the Wine For any Liquid Body vpon Compression turneth as we see in Water And it is all one to the Sight whether the Visuall Spirits moue or the Obiect moueth or the Medium moueth And we see that long Turning Round breedeth the same Imagination The Cause of the Imagination that Things come vpon them is for that the Spirits Visuall themselues draw backe which maketh the Obiect seeme to come on And besides when they see Things turne Round and Moue Feare maketh them thinke they come vpon them The Cause that they cannot see Things a farre off is the Weaknesse of the Spirits for in euery Megrim or Vertige there is an Obtenebration ioyned with a Semblance of Turning round Which we see also in the lighter Sort of Swonnings The Cause of Seeing things out of their Place is the Refraction of the Spirits Visuall For the Vapour is as an Vnequall Medium And it is as the Sight of Things out of place in Water The Cause of Seeing Things double is the Swift and Vnquiet Motion of the Spirits being Oppressed to and fro For as was said before the Motion of the Spirits Visuall and the Motion of the Obiect make the same Appearances And for the Swift Motion of the Obiect we see that if you fillip a Lute-String it sheweth double or Treble Men are sooner Drunke with Small Draughts than with Great And againe Wine Sugred inebriateth lesse than Wine Pure The Cause of the Former is for that the Wine descendeth not so fast to the Bottome of the Stomach But maketh longer Stay in the Vpper Part of the Stomach and sendeth Vapours faster to the Head And therefore inebriateth sooner And for the same Reason Sops in Wine Quantity for Quantity inebriate more than Wine of it selfe The Cause of the Latter is for that the Sugar doth inspissate the Spirits of the Wine and maketh them not so easie to resolue into Vapour Nay further it is thought to be some Remedy against Inebriating if Wine Sugred be taken after Wine Pure And the same Effect is wrought either by Oyle or Milke taken vpon much Drinking The Vse of Wine in Dry and Consumed Bodies is hurtfull In Moist and Full Bodies it is good The Cause is for that the Spirits of the Wine doe prey vpon the Dew or Radicall Moisture as they terme it of the Body and so deceiue the Animall Spirits But where there is Moisture Enough or Superfluous there Wine helpeth to disgest and desiccate the Moisture The Catterpiller is one of the most Generall of Wormes and breedeth of Dew and Leaues For we see infinite Number of Catterpillers which breed vpon Trees and Hedges By which the Leaues of the Trees or Hedges are in great Part consumed As well by their Breeding out of the Leafe as by their Feeding vpon the Leafe They breed in the Spring chiefly
because then there is both Dew and Leafe And they breed commonly when the East Winds haue much blowne The Cause whereof is the Drinesse of that Wind For to all Viuification vpon Putrefaction it is requisite the Matter be not too Moist And therefore we see they haue Copwebs about them which is a signe of a Slimy Drinesse As we see vpon the Ground whereupon by Dew and Sunne Copwebs breed all ouer We see also the Greene Catterpiller breedeth in the Inward Parts of Roses especially not blowne where the Dew sticketh But especially Catterpillers both the greatest and the most breed vpon Cabbages which haue a Fat Leafe and apt to Putrifie The Catterpiller towards the End of Summer waxeth Volatile and turneth to a Butterfly or perhaps some other Fly There is a Catterpiller that hath a Furre or Downe vpon him and seemeth to haue Affinity with the Silke-worme The Flyes Cantharides are bred of a Worme or Catterpiller but peculiar to certaine Fruit-Trees As are the Fig-tree the Pine-tree and the Wilde Briar All which beare Sweet Fruit And Fruit that hath a kinde of secret Biting or Sharpnesse For the Fig hath a Milke in it that is Sweet and Corrosiue The Pine-Apple hath a Kernell that is Strong and Absterside The Fruit of the Briar is said to make Children or those that Eat them Scabbed And therefore no maruell though Cantharides haue such a Corrosiue and Cauterizing Quality For there is not any other of the Insecta but is bred of a Duller Matter The Body of the Cantharides is bright coloured And it may be that the delicate-coloured Dragon-Flies may haue likewise some Corrosiue Quality Lassitude is remedied by Bathing or Annointing with Oyle and Warme water The Cause is for that all Lassitude is a kinde of Contusion and Compression of the Parts And Bathing and Annointing giue a Relaxation or Emollition And the Mixture of Oyle and Water is better than either of them alone Because Water Entreth better into the Pores and Oyle after Entry softneth better It is found also that the Taking of Tobacco doth helpe and discharge Lassitude The Reason whereof is partly because by Chearing or Comforting of the Spirits it openeth the Parts Compressed or Contused And chiefly because it refresheth the Spirits by the Opiate Vertue thereof And so dischargeth Wearinesse as Sleepe likewise doth In Going vp a Hill the Knees will be most Weary In Going downe a Hill the Thighes The Cause is for that in the Lift of the Feet when a Man Goeth vp the Hill the Weight of the Body beareth most vpon the Knees And in Going downe the Hill vpon the Thighes The Casting of the Skin is by the Ancients compared to the Breaking of the Secundine or Call but not rightly For that were to make euery Casting of the Skin a New Birth And besides the Secundine is but a generall Couer not shaped according to the Parts But the Skin is shaped according to the Parts The Creatures that cast their Skin are The Snake the Viper the Grashopper the Lizard the Silke worme c. Those that cast their Shell are The Lobster the Crab the Crafish the Hodmandod or Dedman the Tortoise c. The Old Skins are found but the Old Shells neuer So as it is like they scale off and crumble away by degrees And they are knowne by the Extreme Tendernesse and Softnesse of the New Shell And somewhat by the Freshnesse of the Colour of it The Cause of the Casting of Skin and Shell should seeme to be the great Quantity of Matter in those Creatures that is fit to make Skin or Shell And againe the Loosenesse of the Skin or Shell that sticketh not close to the Flesh. For it is certaine that it is the New Skin or Shell that putteth off the Old So we see that in Deere it is the Young Horne that putteth off the Old And in Birds the Young Feathers put off the Old And so Birds that haue much Matter for their Beake cast their Beakes the New Beake Putting off the Old Lying not Erect but Hollow which is in the Making of the Bed Or with the Legges gathered vp which is in the Posture of the Body is the more Wholesome The Reason is the better Comforting of the Stomach which is by that lesse Pensile And we see that in Weake Stomachs the Laying vp of the Legs high and the Knees almost to the Mouth helpeth and comforteth We see also that Gally-Slanes notwithstanding their Misery otherwise are commonly Fat and Fleshy And the Reason is because the Stomach is supported somewhat in Sitting And is Pensile in Standing or Going And therefore for Prolongation of Life it is good to choose those Exercises where the Limbes moue more than the Stomach and Belly As in Rowing and in Sawing being Set. Megrims and Giddinesse are rather when we Rise after long Sitting than while we Sit. The Cause is for that the Vapours which were gathered by Sitting by the Sudden Motion fly more vp into the Head Leaning long vpon any Part maketh it Numme and as wee call it Asleepe The Cause is for that the Compression of the Part suffereth not the Spirits to haue free Accesse And therefore when wee come out of it wee feele a Stinging or â—â—â—â—â—ing Which is the Re-entrance of the Spirits It hath beene noted that those Yeares are Pestilentiall and Vnwholesome when there are great Numbers of Frogs Flies Locusts c. The Cause is plaine For that those Creatures being engendred of Putrefaction when they abound shew a generall Disposition of the Yeare and Constitution of the Aire to Diseases of Putrefaction And the same Prognesticke as hath beene said before holdeth if you finde Wormes in Oake-Apples For the Constitution of the Aire appeareth more subtilly in any of these Things than to the Sense of Man It is an Obseruation amongst Country-People that Yeares of Store of Hawes and Heps doe commonly portend Cold Winters And they ascribe it to Gods Prouidence that as the Scripture saith reacheth euen to the Falling of a Sparrow And much more is like to reach to the Preseruation of Birds in such Seasons The Naturall Cause also may be the Want of Heat and Abundance of Moisture in the Summer precedent Which putteth forth those Fruits and must needs leaue great Quantity of Cold Vapours not dissipate Which causeth the Cold of the Winter following They haue in Turkey a Drinke called Coffa made of a Berry of the same Name as Blacke as Soot and of a Strong Sent but not Aromaticall Which they take beaten into Powder in Water as Hot as they can drinke it And they take it and sit at it in their Coffa-Houses which are like our Tauernes This Drinke comforteth the Braine and Heart and helpeth Disgestion Certainly this Berry Coffa The Root and Leafe Betel The Leafe Tobacco And the Teare of Poppy Opium of which the Turks are great Takers supposing it expelleth all Feare doe all Condense
the Spirits and make them Strong and Aleger But it seemeth they are taken after seuerall manners For Coffa and Opium are taken downe Tobacco but in Smoake And Betel is but champed in the Mouth with a little Lime It is like there are more of them if they were well found out and well corrected Quare of Henbane-Seed Of Mandrake Of Saffron Root and Flower Of Folium Indum Of Amber-grice Of the Assyrian Amomum if it may be had And of the Scarlet Powder which they call Kermez And generally of all such Things as doe inebriate and prouoke Sleepe Note that Tobacco is not taken in Root or Seed which are more forcible euer than Leaues The Turkes haue a Blacke Powder made of a Minerall called Alcohole Which with a fine long Pencill they lay vnder their Eye-lids Which doth colour them Blacke Whereby the White of the Eye is set off more white With the same Powder they colour also the Haires of their Eye-lids and of their Eye-browes which they draw into Embowed Arches You shall finde that Xenophon maketh Mention that the Medes vsed to paint their Eyes The Turkes vse with the same Tincture to colour the Haire of their Heads and Beards Blacke And diuers with vs that are growne Gray and yet would appeare Young finde meanes to make their Haire blacke by Combing it as they say with a Leaden Combe or the like As for the Chineses who are of an ill Complexion being Oliuaster they paint their Cheekes Scarlet Especially their King and Grandes Generally Barbarous People that goe Naked doe not onely paint Themselues but they pownce and raze their Skinne that the Painting may not be taken forth And make it into Works So doe the West Indians And so did the Ancient Picts and Brittons So that it seemeth Men would haue the Colours of Birds Feathers if they could tell how Or at least they will haue Gay Skins instead of Gay Cloathes It is strange that the Vse of Bathing as a Part of Diet is left With the Romans and Grecians it was as vsuall as Eating or Sleeping And so is it amongst the Turkes at this day Whereas with vs it remaineth but as a Part of Physicke I am of Opinion that the Vse of it as it was with the Romans was hurtfull to Health For that it made the Body Soft and easie to Waste For the Turkes it is more proper because that their Drinking Water and Feeding vpon Rize and other Food of small Nourishment maketh their Bodies so Solide and Hard as you need not feare that Bathing should make them Froathie Besides the Turkes are great Sitters and seldome walke Whereby they Sweat lesse and need Bathing more But yet certaine it is that Bathing and especially Annointing may be so vsed as it may be a great Helpe to Health and Prolongation of Life But hereof we shall speake in due Place when we come to handle Experiments Medicinall The Turkes haue a Pretty Art of Chamoletting of Paper which is not with vs in vse They take diuers Oyled Colours and put them seuerally in drops vpon Water And stirre the Water lightly And then wet their Paper being of some Thicknesse with it And the Paper will be Waued and Veined like Chamolet or Marble It is somewhat strange that the Bloud of all Birds and Beasts and Fishes should be of a Red Colour and only the Bloud of the Cuttle should be as Blacke as Inke A Man would thinke that the Cause should be the High Concoction of that Bloud For wee see in ordinary Puddings that the Boyling turneth the Bloud to be Blacke And the Cuttle is accounted a delicate Meat and is much in Request It is reported of Credit that if you take Earth from Land adioyning to the Riuer of Nile And preserue it in that manner that it neither come to be Wet nor Wasted And Weigh it daily it will not alter Weight vntill the seuenteenth of Iune which is the Day when the Riuer beginneth to rise And then it will grow more and more Ponderous till the Riuer commeth to his Heighth Which if it be true it cannot be caused but by the Aire which then beginneth to Condense And so turneth within that Small Mould into a degree of Moisture Which produceth Weight So it hath beene obserued that Tobacco Cut and Weighed and then Dried by the Fire loseth Weight And after being laid in the open Aire recouereth Weight againe And it should seeme that as soone as euer the Riuer beginneth to increase the whole Body of the Aire thereabouts suffereth a Change For that which is more strange it is credibly affirmed that vpon that very Day when the Riuer first riseth great Plagues in Caire vse suddenly to breake vp Those that are very Cold and especially in their Feet cannot get to Sleepe The Cause may be for that in Sleepe is required a Free Respiration which Cold doth shut in and hinder For wee see that in great Colds one can scarce draw his Breath Another Cause may be for that Cold calleth the Spirits to succour And therefore they cannot so well close and goe together in the Head Which is euer requisite to Sleepe And for the same Cause Paine and Noise hinder Sleepe And Darknesse contrariwise furthereth Sleepe Some Noises whereof wee spake in the 112. Experiment helpe Sleepe As the Blowing of the Wind the Trickling of Water Humming of Bees Soft Singing Reading c. The Cause is for that they moue in the Spirits a gentle Attention And whatsoeuer moueth Attention without too much Labour stilleth the Naturall and discursiue Motion of the Spirits Sleepe nourisheth or at least preserueth Bodies a long time without other Nourishment Beasts that sleepe in Winter as it is noted of Wilde Beares during their Sleep wax very Fat though they Eat nothing Bats haue beene found in Ouens and other Hollow Close Places Matted one vpon another And therefore it is likely that they Sleepe in the Winter time and eat Nothing Quare whether Bees doe not Sleepe all Winter and spare their Honey Butterflies and other Flies doe not onely Sleepe but lye as Dead all Winter And yet with a little Heat of Sunne or Fire reuine againe A Dormonse both Winter and Summer will Sleepe some dayes ' together and eat Nothing To restore Teeth in Age were Magnale Naturae It may be thought of But howsoeuer the Nature of the Teeth deserueth to be enquired of as well as the other Parts of Liuing Creatures Bodies There be Fiue Parts in the Bodies of Liuing-Creatures that are of Hard Substance The Skull The Teeth The Bones The Hornes and the Nailes The greatest Quantity of Hard Substance Continued is towards the Head For there is the Skull of one Entire Bone There are the Teeth There are the Maxillary Bones There is the Hard Bone that is the Instrument of Hearing And thence issue the Hornes So that the Building of Liuing Creatures Bodies is like the Building of a
vnder the Arme-Holes and on the Sides The Cause is the Thinnesse of the Skin in those Parts Ioyned with the Rarenesse of being touched there For all Tickling is a light Motion of the Spirits which the Thinnesse of the Skin and Suddennesse and Rarenesse of Touch doe further For we see a Feather or a Rush drawne along the Lip or Cheeke doth tickle Whereas a Thing more Obtuse or a Touch more Hard doth not And for Suddennesse We see no Man can tickle himselfe Wee see also that the Palme of the Hand though it hath as Thinne a Skin as the other Parts Mentioned yet is not Ticklish because it is accustomed to be Touched Tickling also causeth Laughter The Cause may be the Emission of the Spirits and so of the Breath by a Flight from Titillation For vpon Tickling we see there is euer a Starting or Shrinking away of the Part to auoid it And we see also that if you Tickle the Nosthrills with a Feather or Straw it procureth Sneezing Which is a Sudden Emission of the Spirits that doe likewise expell the Moisture And Tickling is euer Painfull and not well endured It is strange that the Riuer of Nilus Ouer-flowing as it doth the Country of AEgypt there should be neuerthelesse little or no Raine in that Country The Cause must be Either in the Nature of the Water Or in the Nature of the Aire Or of Both. In the Water it may be ascribed either vnto the Long â—â—â— of the Water For Swift Running Waters vapour not so much as Standing Waters Or else to the Concoction of the Water For Waters well Concocted vapour not so much as Waters Raw No more than Waters vpon the Fire doe vapour so much after some time of Boyling as at the first And it is true that the Water of Nilus is sweeter than other Waters in Taste And it is excellent Good for the Stone and Hypochondriacall Melancholy Which sheweth it is Lenefying And it runneth thorow a Countrey of a Hot Climate and flat without Shade either of Woods or Hills Whereby the Sunne must needs haue great Power to Concoct it As for the Aire from whence I conceiue this Want of Showers commeth chiefly The Cause must be for that the Aire is of it selfe Thin and Thirsty And as soone as euer it getteth any Moisture from the Water it imbibeth and dissipateth it in the whole body of the Aire And suffereth it not to remaine in Vapour Whereby it might breed Raine It hath beene touched in the Title of Percolations Namely such as are Inwards that the Whites of Eggs and Milke doe clarifie And it is certaine that in AEgypt they prepare and clarifie the Water of Nile by putting it into great Iarres of Stone and Stirring it about with a few Stamped Almonds Wherewith they also besmeare the Mouth of the Vessell And so draw it off after it hath rested some time It were good to trie this Clarifying with Almonds in New Beere or Must to hasten and perfect the Clarifying There be scarce to be found any Vegetables that haue Branches and no Leaues except you allow Corall for one But there is also in the Desarts of S. Macario in AEgypt a Plant which is Long Leauelesse Browne of Colour and Branched like Corall faue that it closeth at the Top. This being set in Water within House spreadeth and displayeth strangely And the People thereabouts haue a Superstitious Beleefe that in the Labour of Women it helpeth to the Easie Deliuerance The Crystalline Venice Glasse is reported to be a Mixture in equall Portions of Stones brought from Pauia by the Riuer Ticinum And the Ashes of a Weed called by the Arabs Kall which is gathered in a Desart betweene Alexandria and Rosetta And is by the AEgyptians vsed first for Fuell And then they crush the Ashes into Lumps like a Stone And so sell them to the Venetians for their Glasse-workes It is strange and well to be noted how long Carkasses haue continued Vncorrupt and in their former Dimensions As appeareth in the Mummies of AEgypt Hauing lafted as is conceiued some of them three thousand yeeres It is true they finde Meanes to draw forth the Braines and to take forth the Entrailes which are the Parts apteft to corrupt But that is nothing to the Wonder For wee see what a Soft and Corruptible Substance the Flesh of all the other Parts of the Body is But it should seeme that according to our Obseruation and Axiorne in our hundredth Experiment Putrefaction which we conceiue to be so Naturall a Period of Bodies is but an Accident And that Matter maketh not that Haste to Corruption that is conceiued And therefore Bodies in Shining-Amber In Quicke-Siluer In Balmes whereof wee now speake In Wax In Honey In Gummes And it may be in Conseruatories of Snow c. are preserued very long It need not goe for Repetition if we resume againe that which wee said in the aforesaid Experiment concerning Annihilation Namely that if you prouide against three Causes of Putrefaction Bodies will not corrupt The First is that the Aire be excluded For that vndermineth the Body and conspireth with the Spirit of the Body to dissolue it The Second is that the Body Adiacent and Ambiens be not Commateriall but meerely Heterogeneall towards the Body that is to be presured For if Nothing can be receiued by the One Nothing can issue from the Other Such are Quick-Siluer White-Amber to Herbs and Flies and such Bodies The Third is that the Body to be preserued be not of that Grasse that it may corrupt within it selfe although no Part of it issue into the Body Adiacent And therefore it must be rather Thinne and Small than of Bulke There is a Fourth Remedie also which is That if the Body to be preserued be of Bulke as a Corps is then the Body that Incloseth it must haue a Vertue to draw forth and drie the Moisture of the Inward Body For else the Putrefaction will play within though Nothing issue forth I remember Liuy doth relate that there were found at a time two Coffins of Lead in a Tombe Whereof the one contained the Body of King Numa It being some foure hundred yeares after his Death And the other his Bookes of Sacred Rites and Ceremonies and the Discipline of the Pontises And that in the Coffin that had the Body there was Nothing at all to be seene but a little light Cinders about the Sides But in the Coffin that had the Bookes they were found as fresh as if they had beene but newly Written being written in Parchment and couered ouer with Watch-Candles of Wax three or foure fold By this it seemeth that the Romans in Numa's time were not so good Embalmers as the AEgyptians were Which was the Cause that the Body was vtterly consumed But I finde in Plutarch and Others that when Augustus Caesar visited the Sepulchre of Alexander the Great in Alexandria he found the Body to keepe his
hath lesse being many wayes corrected And this Experiment would be made about the End of March For that Season is likest to discouer what the Winter hath done And what the Summer following will doe vpon the Aire And because the Aire no doubt receiueth great Tincture and Infusion from the Earth It were good to trie that Exposing of Flesh or Fish both vpon a Stake of Wood some heighth aboue the Earth and vpon the Flat of the Earth Take May-Dew and see whether it putrifie quickly or no For that likewise may disclose the Qualitie of the Aire and Vapour of the Earth more or lesse Corrupted A Drie March and a Drie May portend a Wholesome Summer if there be a Showring Aprill betweene But otherwise it is a Signe of a Pestilentiall Yeare As the Discouerie of the Disposition of the Aire is good for the Prognosticks of Wholesome and Vnwholesome Yeares So it is of much more vse for the Choice of Places to dwell in At the least for Lodges and Retiring Places for Health For Mansion Houses respect Prouisions as well as Health Wherein the Experiments aboue mentioned may serue But for the Choice of Places or Seats it is good to make Triall not only of Aptnesse of Aire to corrupt but also of the Moisture and Drinesse of the Aire and the Temper of it in Heat or Cold For that may concerne Health diuersly Wee see that there be some Houses wherein Sweet Meats will relent and Baked Meats will mould more than in others And Wainscoats will also sweat more so that they will almost run with Water All which no doubt are caused chiefly by the Moistnesse of the Aire in those Seats But because it is better to know it before a Man buildeth his House than to finde it after take the Experiments following Lay Wooll or a Sponge or Bread in the Place you would trie comparing it with some other Places And see whether it doth not moisten and make the Wooll or Sponge c. more Ponderous than the other And if it doe you may iudge of that Place as Situate in a Grosse and Moist Aire Because it is certaine that in some Places either by the Nature of the Earth or by the Situation of Woods and Hills the Aire is more Vnequall than in Others and Inequalitie of Aire is euer an Enemy to Health It were good to take two Weather-Glasses Matches in all things and to set them for the same Houres of One day in seuerall Places where no Shade is nor Enclosures And to marke when you set them how farre the Water commeth And to compare them when you come againe how the Water standeth then And if you finde them Vnequall you may be sure that the Place where the Water is lowest is in the Warmer Aire and the other in the Colder And the greater the Inequalitie be of the Ascent or Descent of the Water the greater is the Inequalitie of the Temper of the Aire The Predictions likewise of Cold and Long Winters and Hot and Drie Summers are good to be knowne As well for the Discouerie of the Causes as for diuers Prouisions That of Plenty of Hawes and Heps and Briar-Berries hath beene spoken of before If Wainscast or Stone that haue vsed to Sweat be more drie in the Beginning of Winter Or the Drops of the Eaues of Houses come more slowly downe than they vse it portendeth a Hard and Frostie Winter The Cause is for that it sheweth an Inclination of the Aire to Drie Weather which in Winter is euer ioyned with Frost Generally a Moist and Coole Summer portendeth a Hard Winter The Cause is for that the Vapours of the Earth are not dissipated in the Summer by the Sunne And so they rebound vpon the Winter A Hot and Drie Summer and Autumne and especially if the Heat and Drought extend farre into September portendeth an Open Beginning of Winter And Colds to succeed toward the latter Part of the Winter and the Beginning of the Spring For till then the former Heat and Drought beare the Sway And the Vapours are not sufficiently Multiplied An Open and Warme Winter portendeth a Hot and Drie Summer For the Vapours disperse into the Winter Showres Whereas Cold and Frost keepeth them in and transporteth them into the late Spring and Summer following Birds that vse to change Countries at certaine Seasons if they come Earlier doe shew the Temperature of Weather according to that Country whence they came As the Winter-Birds namely Woodcocks Feldefares c. if they come earlier and out of the Northerne Countries with vs shew Cold Winters And if it be in the same Country then they shew a Temperature of Season like vnto that Season in which they come As swallowes Bats Cuckooes c. that come towards Summer if they come early shew a Hot Summer to follow The Prognosticks more Immediate of Weather to follow soone after are more Certaine than those of Seasons The Resounding of the Sea vpon the Shoare And the Murmur of Winds in the Woods without apparent Wind shew Wind to follow For such Winds breathing chiefly out of the Earth are not at the first perceiued except they be pent by Water or Wood. And therefore a Murmur out of Caues likewise portendeth as much The Vpper Regions of the Aire perceiue the Collection of the Matter of Tempest and Winds before the Aire here below And therefore the Obscuring of the Smaller Starres is is a Signe of Tempests following And of this kinde you shall finde a Number of Instances in our Inquisition De Ventis Great Mountaines haue a Perception of the Disposition of the Aire to Tempests sooner than the Valley's or Plaines below And therefore they say in Wales when certaine Hills haue their Night-Cups on they meane Mischiefe The Cause is for that Tempests which are for the most part bred aboue in the Middle Region as they call it are soonest perceiued to collect in the Places next it The Aire and Fire haue Subtill Perceptions of Wind Rising before Men finde it Wee see the Trembling of a Candle will discouer a Wind that otherwise wee doe not feele And the Flexuous Burning of Flames doth shew the Aire beginneth to be vnquiet And so doe Coales of Fire by Casting off the Ashes more than they vse The Cause is for that no Wind at the first till it hath strooke and driven the Aire is Apparent to the Sense But Flame is easier to moue than Aire And for the Ashes it is no maruell though Wind vnperceiued shake them off For wee vsually trie which way the Wind bloweth by casting vp Grasse or Chaffe or such light Things into the Aire When Wind expireth from vnder the Sea As it causeth some Resounding of the Water whereof wee spake before so it causeth some Light Motions of Bubbles and White Circles of Froth The Cause is for that the Wind cannot be perceiued by the Sense vntill there be an Eruption of a great Quantitie from vnder the Water And so it
is commonly solued by the Contrary As Ice which is congealed by Gold is dissolued by Heat Salt and Sugar which are Excocted by Heat are Dissolued by Cold and Moisture The Cause is for that these Operations are rather Returnes to their former Nature than Alterations So that the Contrary cureth As for Oyle it doth neither easily congeale with Cold nor thicken with Heat The Cause of both Effects though they be produced by Contrary Efficients seemeth to be the Same And that is because the Spirit of the Oyle by either Meanes exhaleth little For the Cold keepeth it in and the Heat except it be Vehement doth not call it forth As for Cold though it take hold of the Tangible Parts yet as to the Spirits it doth rather make them Swell than Congeale them As when Ice is congealed in a Cup the Ice will Swell in stead of Contracting And sometimes Rift Of Bodies some wee see are Hard and some Soft The Hardnesse is caused chiefly by the Ieiunenesse of the Spirits And their Imparitie with the Tangible Parts Both which if they be in a greater degree maketh them not only Hard but Fragile and lesse Enduring of Pressure As Steele Stone Glasse Drie Wood c. Softnesse commeth contrariwise by the Greater Quantitie of Spirits which euer helpeth to Induce Yeelding and Cession And by the more Equall Spreading of the Tangible Parts which thereby are more Sliding and Following As in Gold Lead Wax c. But note that Soft Bodies as wee vse the word are of two Kinds The one that easily glueth place to another Body but altereth not Bulke by Rising in other Places And therefore wee see that Wax if you put any Thing into it doth not rise in Bulke but only giueth Place For you may not thinke that in Printing of Wax the Wax riseth vp at all But only the depressed Part giueth place and the other remaineth as it was The other that altereth Bulke in the Cession As Water or other Liquours if you put a Stone or any Thing into them they giue place indeed easily but then they rise all ouer Which is a False Cession For it is in Place and not in Body All Bodies Ductile and Tensile as Metals that will be drawne into Wires Wooll and Towe that will be drawne into Yarne or Thred haue in them the Appetite of Not Discontinuing Strong Which maketh them follow the Force that pulleth them out And yet so as not to Discontinue or forsake their owne Body Viscous Bodies likewise as Pitch Wax Bird-Lime Cheese toasted will draw forth and roape But the difference betweene Bodies Fibrous and Bodies Viscous is Plaine For all Wooll and Towe and Cotton and Silke especially raw Silke haue besides their Desire of Continuance in regard of the Tenuitie of their Thred a Greedinesse of Moisture And by Moisture to ioyne and incorporate with other Thred Especially if there be a little Wreathing As appeareth by the Twisting of Thred And the Practise of Twirling about of Spindles And wee see also that Gold and Siluer Thred cannot be made without Twisting The Differences of Impressible and Not Impressible Figurable and Not Figurable Mouldable and Not Mouldable Scissile and Not Scissile And many other Passions of Matter are Plebcian Notions applied vnto the Instruments and Vses which Men ordinarily practise But they are all but the Effects of some of these Causes following Which we will Enumerate without Applying them because that would be too long The First is the Cession or Not Cession of Bodies into a Smaller Space or Roome keeping the Outward Bulke and not flying vp The Second is the Stronger or Weaker Appetite in Bodies to Continuitie and to flie Discontinuitie The Third is the Disposition of Bodies to Contract or Not Contract And againe to Extend or Not Extend The Fourth is the Small Quantitie or Great Quantitie of the Pneumaticall in Bodies The Fifth is the Nature of the Pneumalicall whether is â—â— Natiue Spirit of the Body or Common Aire The Sixth is the Nature of the Natiue Spirits in the Body whether they be Actiue and Eager or Dull and Gentle The Seuenth is the Emission or Detention of the Spirits in Bodies The Eighth is the Dilatation or Contraction of the Spirits in Bodies while they are detained The Ninth is the Collocation of the Spirits in Bodies whether the Collocation be Equall or Vnequall And againe whether the Spirits be Coaceruate or Diffused The Tenth is the Densitie or Raritie of the Tangible Parts The Eleuenth is the Equalitie or Inequalitie of the Tangible Parts The Twelfth is the Disgestion or Cruditie of the Tangible Parts The Thirteenth is the Nature of the Matter whether Sulphureous or Mercuriall Watrie or Oylie Drie and Terrestriall or Moìst and Liquid which Natures of Sulphureous and Mercuriall seeme to be Natures Radicall and Principiall The Fourteenth is the Placing of the Tangible Parts in Length or Transuerse As it is in the Warpe and the Woofe of Textiles More Inward or More Outward c. The Fifteenth is the Porofitie or Imporositie betwixt the Tangible Parts And the Greatnesse or Smalnesse of the Pores The Sixteenth is the Collocation and Pesture of the Pores There may be more Causes but these doe occurre for the Present Take Lead and melt it and in the Middest of it when it beginneth to Congeale make a little Dint or Hole and put Quicke-Siluer wrapped in a Peece of Linnen into that Hole and the Quicke-Siluer will fix and run no more and endure the Hammer This is a Noble Instance of Induration by Consent of one Body with another and Motion of Excitation to Imitate For to ascribe it only to the Vapour of Lead is lesse Probable Quare whether the Fixing may be in such a degree as it will be Figured like other Metals For if so you may make Works of it for some purposes so they come not neere the Fire Sugar hath put downe the vse of Honey Insomuch as wee haue lost those Obseruations and Preparations of Honey which the Ancients had when it was more in Price First it seemeth that there was in old time Tree-Honey as well as Bee-Honey Which was the Teare or Bloud issuing from the Tree Insomuch as one of the Ancients relateth that in Trebisond there was Honey issuing from the Box-Trees which made Men Mad. Againe in Ancient time there was a Kinde of Honey which either of the owne Nature or by Art would grow as Hard as Sugar And was not so Lushious as Ours They had also a Wine of Honey which they made thus They crushed the Honey into a great Quantitie of Water and then strained the Liquour After they boyled it in a Copper to the halfe Then they powred it into Earthen Vessels for a small time And after tunned it into Vessels of Wood and kept it for many years They haue also at this day in Russia and those Northerne Countries Mead Simple which well made and seasoned is a good
But in the first Kinde it is more Diffused and more Mastered by the Grosser Parts which the Spirits doe but disgest But in Drinkes the Spirits doe raigne and finding lesse Opposition of the Parts become themselues more Strong Which causeth also more Strength in the Liquour Such as if the Spirits be of the Hotter Sort the Liquour becommeth apt to Burne But in Time it causeth likewise when the Higher Spirits are Euapourated more Sourenesse It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that Plates of Metall and especially of Brasse applied presently to a Blow will keepe it downe from Swelling The Cause is Repercussion without Humectation or Entrance of any Body for the Plate hath onely a Virtuall Cold which doth not search into the Hurt Whereas all Plasters and Ointments doe enter Surely the Cause that Blowes and Bruises enduce Swellings is for that the Spirits resorting to Succour the Part that Laboureth draw also the Humours with them For we see that it is not the Repulse and the Returne of the Humour in the Part Strucken that causeth it For that Gouts and Tooth-Aches cause Swelling where there is no Percussion at all The Nature of the Orris Root is almost Singular For there be few Odoriferous Roots And in those that are in any degree Sweet it is but the same Sweetnesse with the Wood or Leafe But the Orris is not Sweet in the Leafe Neither is the Flower any thing so Sweet as the Root The Root seemeth to haue a Tender dainty Heat Which when it commeth aboue Ground to the Sunne and the Aire vanisheth For it is a great Mollifier And hath a Smell like a Violet It hath been obserued by the Ancients that a great Vessell full drawne into Bottles And then the Liquour put againe into the Vessell will not fill the Vessell againe so full as it was but that it may take in more Liquour And that this holdeth more in Wine than in Water The Cause may be Triuiall Namely by the Expence of the Liquour in regard some may sticke to the Sides of the Bottles But there may be a Cause more Subtill Which is that the Liquour in the Vessell is not so much Compressed as in the Bottle Because in the Vessell the Liquour meeteth with Liquour chiefly But in the Bottles a Small Quantity of Liquour meeteth with the Sides of the Bottles which Compresse it so that it doth not Open againe Water being contiguous with Aire Cooleth it but Moisteneth it not except it Vapour The Cause is for that Heat and Cold haue a Virtuall Transition without Communication of Substance but Moisture not And to all Madefaction there is required an Imbibition But where the Bodies are of such seuerall Leuity and Grauity as they Mingle not there can follow no Imbibition And therefore Oyle likewise lyeth at the Top of the Water without Commixture And a Drop of Water running swiftly ouer a Straw or Smooth Body wetteth not Starre-light Nights yea and bright Moone-shine Nights are Colder than Cloudy Nights The Cause is the Drinesse and Finenesse of the Aire which thereby becommeth more Piercing and Sharpe And therefore Great Continents are colder than Islands And as for the Moone though it selfe inclineth the Aire to Moisture yet when it shineth bright it argueth the Aire is dry Also Close Aire is warmer than Open Aire which it may be is for that the true Cause of Cold is an Expiration from the Globe of the Earth which in open Places is stronger And againe Aire it selfe if it be not altered by that Expiration is not without some Secret Degree of Heat As it is not likewise without some Secret Degree of Light For otherwise Cats and Owles could not see in the Night But that Aire hath a little Light Proportionable to the Visuall Spirits of those Creatures The Eyes doe moue â—â—â—â—â—â— way For when one Eye moueth to the Nosthrill the other moueth from the Nosthrill The Cause is Motion of Consent which in the Spirits and Parts Spirituall is Strong But yet Vse will induce the Contrary For some can Squint when they will And the Common Tradition is that if Children be set vpon a Table with a Candle behinde them both Eyes will moue Outwards As affecting to see the Light and so induce Squinting We see more exquisitely with One Eye Shut than with Both Open. The Cause is for that the Spirits Visuall vnite themselues more and so become Stronger For you may see by looking in a Glasse that when you shut one Eye the Pupill of the other Eye that is Open Dilateth The Eyes if the Sight meet not in one Angle See Things Double The Cause is for that Seeing two Things and Seeing one Thing twice worketh the same Effect And therefore a little Pellet held betweene two Fingers laid a-crosse seemeth Double Pore-blinde Men see best in the Dimmer Lights And likewise haue their Sight Stronger neare hand than those that are not Pore-blinde And can Reade and Write smaller Letters The Cause is for that the Spirits Visuall in those that are Pore-blinde are Thinner and Rarer than in others And therefore the Greater Light disperseth them For the same Cause they need Contracting But being Contracted are more strong than the Visuall Spirits of Ordinary Eyes are As when we see thorow a Leuell the Sight is the Stronger And so is it when you gather the Eye-lids somewhat close And it is commonly seene in those that are Poreblinde that they doe much gather the Eye-lids together But Old Men when they would see to Reade put the Paper somewhat a farre off The Cause is for that Old Mens Spirits Visuall contrary to those of Pore-blinde Men vnite not but when the Obiect is at some good distance from their Eyes Men see better when their Eyes are ouer-against the Sunne or a Candle if they put their Hand a little before their Eye The Reason is for that the Glaring of the Sunne or the Candle doth weaken the Eye wheras the Light Circumfused is enough for the Perception For we see that an Ouer-light maketh the Eyes Dazell Insomuch as Perpetuall Looking against the Sunne would Cause Blindnesse Againe if Men come out of a Great Light into a Darke Roome And contrariwise if they come out of a Darke Roome into a Light Roome they seeme to haue a Mist before their Eyes and see worse than they shall doe after they haue stayed a little while either in the Light or in the Darke The Cause is for that the Spirits Visuall are vpon a Sudden Change disturbed and put out of Order And till they be recollected doe not performe their Function well For when they are much Dilated by Light they cannot Contract suddenly And when they are much Contracted by Darknesse they cannot Dilate suddenly And Excesse of both these that is of the Dilatation and Contraction of the Spirits Visuall if it belong Destroyeth the Eye For as long Looking against the Sunne or Fire hurteth the Eye by Dilatation
So Curious Painting in Small Volumes and Reading of Small Letters doe hurt the Eye by Contraction It hath beene obserued that in Anger the Eyes wax Red And in Blushing not the Eyes but the Eares and the Parts behinde them The Cause is for that in Anger the Spirits ascend and wax Eager Which is most easily seene in the Eyes because they are Translucide Though withall it maketh both the Cheekes and the Gills Red But in Blushing it is true the Spirits ascend likewise to Succour both the Eyes and the Face which are the Parts that labour But then they are repulsed by the Eyes for that the Eyes in Shame doe put backe the Spirits that ascend to them as vnwilling to looke abroad For no Men in that Passion doth looke strongly but Deiectedly And that Repulsion from the Eyes Diuerteth the Spirits and Heat more to the Eares and the Parts by them The Obiects of the Sight may cause a great Pleasure and Delight in the Spirits but no Paine or great Offence Except it be by Memory as hath beene said The Glimpses and Beames of Diamonds that strike the Eye Indian Feathers that haue glorious Colours The Comming into a Faire Garden The Comming into a Faire Roome richly furnished A Beautifull Person And the like doe delight and exhilarate the Spirits much The Reason why it holdeth not in the Offence is for that the Sight is the most Spirituall of the Senses whereby it hath no Obiect Grosse enough to offend it But the Cause chiefly is for that there be no Actiue Obiects to offend the Eye For Harmonicall Sounds and Discordant Sounds are both Actiue and Positiue So are Sweet Smels and Stinks So are Bitter and Sweet in Tastes So are Ouer-Hot and Ouer-Cold in Touch But Blacknesse and Darknesse are indeed but Priuatiues And therefore haue little or no Actiuitie Somewhat they doe Contristate but very little Water of the Sea or otherwise looketh Blacker when it is moued and Whiter when it resteth The Cause is for that by meanes of the Motion the Beames of light passe not Straight and therefore must be darkened whereas when it resteth the Beames doe passe Straight Besides Splendour hath a Degree of Whitenesse Especially if there be a little Repercussion For a Looking-Glasse with the Steele behinde looketh Whiter than Glasse Simple This Experiment deserueth to be driuen further in Trying by what Meanes Motion may hinder Sight Shell-Fish haue beene by some of the Ancients compared and sorted with the Insecta But I see no reason why they should For they haue Male and Female as other Fish haue Neither are they bred of Putrefaction Especially such as doe Moue Neuerthelesse it is certaine that Oisters and Cockles and Mussles which Moue not haue no discriminate Sex Quare in what time and how they are bred It seemeth that Shells of Oisters are bred where none were before A 〈◊〉 tried that the great Horse-Mussle with the fine shell that breedeth in Ponds hath bred within thirty yeares But then which is strange it hath beene tried that they doe not only Gape and Shut as the Oisters doe but Remone from one Place to Another The Senses are alike Strong both on the Right Side and on the Left But the Limmes on the Right Side are Stronger The Cause may be for that the Braine which is the Instrument of Sense is alike on both Sides But Motion and Habilities of Mouing are somewhat holpen from the Liner which lieth on the Right Side It may be also for that the Senses are put in Exercise indifferently on both Sides from the Time of our Birth But the Limmes are vsed most on the Right Side whereby Custome helpeth For wee see that some are Left-Handed Which are such as haue vsed the Left-Hand most Frictions make the Parts more Fleshie and Full As wee see both in Men And in Carrying of Horses c. The Cause is for that they draw greater Quantitie of Spirits and Blond to the Parts And againe because they draw the Aliment more forcibly from within And againe because they relax the Pores and so make better Passage for the Spirits Blond and Aliment Lastly because they dissipate and disgest any Inutile or Excrementitious Moisture which lieth in the Flesh All which helpe Assimilation Frictions also doe more Fâ—ll and Impinguate the Body than Exercise The Cause is for that in Frictions the Inward Parts are at rest Which in Exercise are beaten many times too much And for the same Reason as we haue noted heretofore Gally-Slaues are Fat and Fleshie because they stirre the Limmes more and the Inward Parts lesse All Globes afarre off appeare Flat The Cause is for that Distance being a Secundary Obiect of Sight is not otherwise discerned than by more or lesse Light which Disparitie when it cannot be discerned all seemeth One As it is generally in Obiects not distinctly discerned For so Letters if they be so farre off as they cannot be discerned shew but as a Duskish Paper And all Engrauings and Embossings afarre off appeare Plaine The Vtmost Parts of Shadowes seeme euer to Tremble The Cause is for that the little Moats which wee see in the Sunne doe euer Stirre though there be no Wind And therefore those Mouing in the Meeting of the Light and the Shadow from the Light to the Shadow and from the Shadow to the Light doe shew the Shadow to Moue because the Medium Moueth Shallow and Narrow Seas Breake more than Deepe and Large The Cause is for that the Impulsion being the same in Both Where there is great Quantitie of â—â—â— and likewise Space Enough there the Water Rowleth and Moueth both more Slowly and with a Sloper Rise and Fall But where there is lesse Water and lesse Space and the Water dasheth more against the Bottome there it moueth more Swiftly and more in Precipice For in the Breaking of the Wanes there is euer a Precipice It hath beene obserued by the Ancients that Salt-Water Boyled or Boyled and Cooled againe is more Potable than of it selfe Raw And yet the Taste of Salt in Distillations by Fire riseth not For the Distilled Water will be Fresh The Cause may be for that the Salt Part of the Water doth partly rise into a Kinde of Scumme on the Top And partly goeth into a Sediment in the Bottome And so is rather a Separation than an Euaporation But it is too grosse to rise into a Vapour And so is a Bitter Taste likewise For Simple Distilled Waters of Wormewood and the like are not Bitter It hath beene set downe before that Pits vpon the Sea-Shoare turne into Fresh Water by Percolation of the Salt through the Sand But it is further noted by some of the Ancients that in some Places of Affricke after a time the Water in such Pits will become Brackish againe The Cause is for that after a time the very Sands thorow which the Salt-Water passeth become Salt And so the
Herbs Cut c. will grow soonest if they be Set or Cut in the Increase of the Moone Also that Braines in Rabits Wood-cocks Calues c. are fullest in the Full of the Moone And so of â—â—â— in the Bones And so of Oysters and â—â—â— which of all the rest are the easiest tried if you haue them in Pits Take some â—â—â—â—â—â—â—â— and set some of them immediately after the Change And others of the same kinde immediately after the Full Let them be as Like as can be The Earth also the Same as neare as may be And therefore beft in Pots Let the Pots also stand where no Raine or Sunne may come to them lest the Difference of the Weather confound the Experiment And then see in what Time the Seeds Set in the Increase of the Moone come to a certaine Height And how they differ from chose that are Set in the Decrease of the Moone It is like that the Braine of Man waxeth Moister and Fuller vpon the Full of the Moone And therefore it were good for those that haue Moist Braines and are great Drinkers to take Fume of Lignum Aloës RoseMary â—â—â—â— about the full of the Moone It is like also that the â—â—â— in mens Bodies Increase and Decrease as the Moone doth And therefore it were good to Purge some day or two after the Full For that then the â—â—â— will not replenish so soone againe As for the â—â—â— of the Motion of the Spirits you must note that the Growth of Hedges Herbs Haire â—â—â— is caused from the Moone by â—â—â— of the Spirits as well as by Increase of the Moisture But for Spirite in particular the great Instante is in â—â—â— There may be other Secret Effects of the Influence of the Moone which are not yet brought into Obseruation It may be that if it so fill out that the Wind be North or North-East in the Full of the Moone it increaseth Cold And if South or South-West it disposeth the Aire for a good while to Warmth and Raine Which would be obserued It may be that Children and Young Cattell that are Brought forth in the Full of the Moone are stronger larger than those that are brought forth in the Wane And those also which are Begotten in the Full of the Moone So that it might be good Husbandry to put Rams and Bulls to their Females somewhat before the Full of the Moone It may be also that the Egs lay'd in the Full of the Moone breed the better Bird And a Number of the like Effects which may be brought into Obseruation Quare also whether great Thunders and Earth-Quakes be not most in the Full of the Moone The Turning of Wine to Vinegar is a Kinde of Putrefaction And in Making of Vinegar they vse to set Vessels of Wine ouer against the Noone-Sunne which calleth out the more Oyly Spirits and leaueth the Liquour more Soure and Hard. We see also that Burnt-Wine is more Hard and Astringent than Wine Vnburnt It is said that Cider in Nauigations vnder the Line ripeneth when Wine or Beere soureth It were good to set a Rundlet of Veriuyce ouer against the Sunne in Summer as they doe Vinegar to see whether it will Ripen and Sweeten There be diuers Creatures that Sleepe all Winter As the Beare the Hedge-hog the Bat the Bee c. These all wax Fat when they Sleepe and egest not The Cause of their Fattening during their Sleeping time may be the Want of Assimilating For whatsoeuer Attimilation not to Flesh turneth either to Sweat or Fat These Creatures for part of their Sleeping Time haue been obserued not to Stirre at all And for the other part to Stirre but not to Remoue And they get Warme and Close Places to Sleepe in When the Flemmings Wintred in Noua Zembla the Beares about the Middle of Nouember went to Sleepe And then the Foxes began to come forth which durst not before It is noted by some of the Ancients that the Shee-Beare breedeth and lyeth in with her Young during that time of Rest And that a Beare Big with Young hath seldome beene seene Some Liuing Creatures are Procreated by Copulation betweene Male and Female Some by Putrefaction And of those which come by Putrefaction many doe neuerthelesse afterwards procreate by Copulation For the Cause of both Generations First it is most certaine that the Cause of all Viuification is a Gentle and Proportionable Heat working vpon a Glutinous and Yeelding Substance For the Heat doth bring forth Spirit in that Substance And the Substance being Glutinous produceth Two Effects The One that the Spirit is Detained and cannot Breake forth The Other that the Matter being Gentle and Yeelding is driuen forwards by the Motion of the Spirits after some Swelling into Shape and Members Therefore all Sperme all Menstruous Substance all Matter whereof Creatures are produced by Putrefaction haue euermore a Closenesse Lentour and Sequacity It seemeth therefore that the Generation by Sperme onely and by Putrefaction haue two Different Causes The First is for that Creatures which haue a Definite and Exact Shape as those haue which are Procreated by Copulation cannot be produced by a Weake and Casuall Heat Nor out of Matter which is not exactly Prepared according to the Species The Second is for that there is a greater Time required for Maturation of Perfect Creatures For if the Time required in Viuification be of any length then the Spirit will Exhale before the Creature be Mature Except it be Enclosed in a Place where it may haue Continuance of the Heat Accesse of some Nourishment to maintaine it and Closenesse that may keepe it from Exhaling And such Places are the Wombes and Matrices of the Females And therefore all Creatures made of Putrefaction are of more Vncertaine Shape And are made in Shorter Time And need not so Perfect an Enclosure though some Closenesse be commonly required As for the Heathen Opinion which was that vpon great Mutations of the World Perfect Creatures were first Engendred of Concretion As well as Frogs and Wormes and Flies and such like are now Wee know it to be vaine But if any such Thing should be admitted Discoursing according to Sense it cannot be except you admit a Chaos first Commixture of Heauen and Earth For the Frame of the World once in Order cannot effect it by any Extesse or Casualtie NATVRALL HISTORIE X. Century THe Philosophie of Pythagoras which was full of Superstition did first plant a Monstrous Imagination Which afterwards was by the Schoole of Plato and Others Warred and Nourished It was that the World was One Entire Perfect Liuing Creature Insomuch as Apolloniâ— of Tyaâ—a a Pythagorean Prophet affirmed that the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea was the Respiration of the World drawing in Water as Breath and putting it forth againe They went on and inferred That if the World were a Liuing Creature it had a Soule and Spirit Which also they haâ—â—â— calling it Spiritus Mundi
Briars Thornes Berberries And therefore the Ashes of a Hedge-Hog are said to be a great Desiccatiue of Fistula's Mummy hath great force in Stanching of Bloud which as it may be ascribed to the Mixture of Balmes that are Glutinous So it may also partake of a Secret Propriety In that the Bloud draweth Mans Flesh. And it is approued that the Mosse which groweth vpon the Skull of a Dead Men vnburied will stanch Bloud potently And so doe the Dregs or Powder of Bloud seuered from the Water and Dried It hath beene practised to make White Swallowes by Annointing of the Egs with Oyle Which Effect may be produced by the Stopping of the Pores of the Shell and making the Iuyce that putteth forth the Feathers afterwards more Penurious And it may be the Annointing of the Egs will be as Effectuall as the Annointing of the Body Of which Vide the Experiment 93. It is reported that the White of an Egge or Bloud mingled with Salt-Water doth gather the Saltnesse and maketh the Water sweeter This may be by Adhesion As in the 6. Experiment of Clarification It may be also that Bloud and the White of an Egge which is the Malter of a Liuing Creature haue some Sympathy with Salt For all Life hath a Sympathy with Salt We see that Salt laid to a Cut Finger healeth it So as it seemeth Salt draweth Bloud as well as Bloud draweth Salt It hath beene anciently receiued that the Sea-Hare hath an Antipathy with the Lungs if it commeth neare the Body and erodeth them Where of the Cause is conceiued to be a Quality it hath of Heating the Brath and Spirits As Cantharides haue vpon the Watery Parts of the Body As â—ine and Hydroâ—icall Water And it is a good Rule that whatsoeuer hath an Operation vpon certaine Kindes of Matters that in Mars Body worketh most vpon those Parts wherein that kinde of Matter â—â—â— Generally that which is Dead or Corrapted or Excerned hath Antipathy with the same Thing when it is Aliue and when it is Sound And with those Parts which doe Excerne As a Carkasse of Man is most Infectious and Odious to Man A Carrion of an Horse to an Horse c. Puroâ—â— Matter of Wounds and Vlcers Carâ—â—ctes Pockes Scabs Leprousie to Sound Flesh And the Excrement of euery Species to that Creature that Externeth them But the Excrements are lesse Perâ—icious than the Corruptions It is a Common Experience that Dog know the Dog-Killer When as in times of Infection some Petty Fâ—â—â—â—â—â— is sent out to kill the Dogges And that though they haue neuer seene him before yet they will all come forth and barke and fly at him The Relutions touching the Force of â—â—â— and the Secret â—â—â— of Nature are so vncertaine as they require a great deale of Examination ere â—â—â— conclude vpon them I would haue it first throughly inquired whether there be any Secret Passages of Sympathy betweene Persons of neare Bloud As Parents Children Brothers Sisters Nurse-Children Husbands Wiues c. There be many Reports in Historie that vpon the Death of Persons of such Nearenesse Men haue had an inward Feeling of it I my Selfe remember that being in Paris and my Father dying in London two or three dayes before my Fathers death I had a Dreame which I told to diuers English Gentlemen That my Fathers House in the Countrey was Plastered all ouer with Blacke Mortar There is an Opinion abroad whether Idle or no I cannot say That louing and kinde Husbands haue a Sense of their Wiues Breeding Childe by some Accident in their owne Body Next to those that are Neare in Bloud there may be the like Passage and Instincts of Nature betweene great Friends and Enemies And sometimes the Reucaling is vnto Another Person and not to the Party Himselfe I remember Philippus Commineus a graue Writer reporteth That the Arch-Bishop of Vienna a Reuerend l'relate said one day after Masse to King Lewis the eleuenth of France Sir your Mortall Enemie is dead What time Duke Charles of Burgundie was Slaine at the Battell of Granson against the Switzers Some triall also would be made whether Pact or Agreement doe any thing As if two Friends should agree that such a Day in euery Weeke they being in farre Distant Places should Pray one for Another Or should put on a Ring or Tablet one for anothers Sake Whether if one of them should breake their Vow and Promise the other should haue any Feeling of it in Absence If there be any Force in Imaginations and Affections of Singular Persons It is Probable the Force is much more in the Ioynt Imaginations and Affections of Multitudes As if a Victorie should be won or lost in Remote Parts whether is there not some Sense thereof in the People whom it concerneth Because of the great Ioy or Griefe that many Men are prossest with at once Pius Quintus at the very time when that Memorable Victorie was won by the Christians against the Turks at the Nauall Battell of Lepanto being then hearing of Causes in Consistorie brake off suddenly and said to those about him It is now more time we should giue thanks to God for the great Victorie he hath granted vs against the Turks It is true that Victorie had a Sympathie with his Spirit For it was meerely his Worke to conclude that League It may be that Reuelation was Diuine But what shall wee say then to a Number of Examples amongst the Grecians and Romans Where the People being in Theaters at Playes haue had Newes of Victories and Ouerthrowes some few dayes before any Messenger could come It is true that that may hold in these Things which is the generall Root of Superstition Namely that Men obserue when Things Hit and not when they Misse And commit to Memory the one And forget and passe ouer the other But touching Diuination and the Misgiuing of Mindes wee shall speake more when wee handle in generall the Nature of Mindes and Soules and Spirits Wee haue giuen formerly some Rules of Imgination And touching the Fortifying of the Same Wee haue set downe also some few Instances and Directions of the Force of Imagination vpon Beasts Birds c. vpon Plants And vpon Inanimate Bodies Wherein you must still obserue that your Trialls be vpon Subtill and Light Motions and not the contrary For you will sooner by Imagination binde a Bird from Singing than from Eating or Flying And I leaue it to euery Man to choose Experiments which himself thinketh most Commodious Giuing now but a few Examples of euery of the Three Kindes Vse some Imaginant obseruing the Rules formerly prescribed for Binding of a Bird from Singing And the like of a Dogge from Barking Trie also the Imagination of some whom you shall accommodate with things to fortifie it in Cocke-Fights to make one Cocke more Hardy and the other more Cowardly It would be tried also in Flying of Hawkes Or in Coursing of a Deere or Hare with Grey-hounds Or in Horse-Races And
you stay Neither shall you stay one day the lesse for that As for any Merchandize yee haue brought yee shall be well vsed and haue your returne either in Merchandize or in Gold and Siluer For to vs it is all one And if you haue any other Request to make hide it not For yee shall finde we will not make your Countenance to fall by the Answer ye shall receiue Onely this I must tell you that none of you must goe aboue a Karan that is with them a Mile and an halfe from the walles of the Citty without especiall leaue We answered after we had looked awhile one vpon another admiring this gracious and parent-like vsage That we could not tell what to say For wee wanted words to expresse our Thankes And his Noble free Offers lest vs nothing to aske It seemed to vs that we had before vs a picture of our Saluation in Heauen For wee that were a while since in the Iawes of Death were now brought into a place where we found nothing but Consolations For the Commandement laid vpon vs we would not faile to obey it though it was impossible but our Hearts should be enflamed to tread further vpon this Happy and Holy Ground Wee added That our Tongues should first cleaue to the Roofes of our Mouthes ere we should forget either his Reuerend Person or this whole Nation in our Prayers Wee also most humbly besought him to accept of vs as his true seruants by as iust a Right as euer Men on Earth were bounden laying and presenting both our persons and all we had at his feete He said He was a Priest and looked for a Priests reward which was our Brotherly loue and the Good of our Soules and Bodies So he went from vs not without teares of Tendernesse in his Eyes And left vs also confused with Ioy and Kindnesse saying amongst our selues That wee were come into a Land of Angells which did appeare to vs dayly and preuent vs with Comforts which we thought not of much lesse expected The next day about 10. of the Clocke the Gouernour came to vs againe and after Salutations said familiarly That he was come to visit vs And called for a Chaire and satt him downe And we being some 10. of vs the rest were of the meaner Sort or else gone abroad sate down with him And when we were sett he began thus Wee of this Island of Bensalem for so they call it in their Language haue this That by meanes of our solitary Situation and of the Lawes of Secrecy which we haue for our Trauellers and our rare Admission of Strangers we know well most part of the Habitable World and are our selues vnknowne Therefore because he that knoweth least is sittest to aske Questions it is more Reason for the Entertainement of the time that yee aske mee Questions then that I aske you We answered That wee humbly thanked him that he would giue vs leaue so to doe And that wee conceiued by the tast wee had already that ther was no wordly thing on Earth more worthy to be knowne then the State of that happy Land But aboue all We said since that wee were mett from the feuer all Ends of the World and boped assuredly that we should meete one day in the Kingdome of Heauen for that we were both parts Christians wee desired to know in respect that Land was so remote and so diuided by vast and vnknowne Seas from the Land wher our SAVIOVR walked on Earth who was the Apostle of that Nation and how it was conuerted to the Faith It appeared in his face that he tooke great Contentment in this our Question Hee said Yee knit my Heart to you by asking this Question in the first place For it sheweth that you First seeke the Kingdome of Heauen And I shall gladly and briefly satis fie your demaund About twenty Yeares after the Ascension of our SAVIOVR it came to passe that ther was seen by the People of Renfusa a Citty vpon the Easterne Coast of our Island within Night the Night was Cloudy and Calme as it might be some mile into the Sea a great Pillar of Light Not sharp but in forme of a Columne or Cylinder rising from the Sea a great way vp towards Heauen and on the topp of it was seene a large Crosse of Light more bright and resplendent then the Body of the Pillar Vpon which so strange a Spectacle the People of the Citty gathered apace together vpon the Sands to wonder And so after put themselues into a number of small Boates to goe nearer to this Marueilous sight But when the Boates were come within about 60. yeards of the Pillar they found themselues all bound and could goe no further yet so as they might moue to goe about but might not approach nearer So as the Boates stood all as in a Theater beholding this Light as an Heauenly Signe It so fell out that ther was in one of the Boates one of our Wise Men of the Society of Salomons House which House or Colledge my good Brethren is the very Eye of this Kingdome Who hauing a while attentiuely and deuoutly viewed and contemplated this Pillar and Crosse fell downe vpon his face And then raysed himselfe vpon his knees and listing vp his Hands to Heauen made his prayers in this manner LOrd God of Heauen and Earth thou hast vouchsafed of thy Grace to those of our Order to know thy Workes of Creation and the Secretts of them And to discerne as farre as appertaineth to the Generations of Men Between Diuine Miracles Workes of Nature Works of Art and Impostures and Illusions of all sorts I doe here acknowledge and testifie before this People that the Thing which we now see before our eyes is thy Finger and a true Miracle And for-as-much as we learne in our Bookes that thou neuer workest Miracles but to a Diuine and Excellent End for the Lawes of Nature are thine owne Lawes and thou exceedest them not but vpon great cause wee most humbly beseech thee to prosper this great Signe And to giue vs the Interpretation and vse of it in Mercy Which thou doest in some part secretly promise by sending it vnto vs. VVhen he had made his Prayer hee presently found the Boate he was in moueable and vnbound whereas all the rest remained still fast And taking that for an assurance of Leaue to approach he caused the Boate to be softly and with silence rowed towards the Pillar But ere he came neere it the Pillar and Crosse of Light brake vp and cast it selfe abroad as it were into a Firmament of many Starres which also vanished soone after and there was nothing lest to be seen but a small Arke or Chest of Cedar dry and not wett at all with water though it swam And in the Fore-end of it which was towards him grew a small greene Branch of Palme And when the wise Man had taken it with all reuerence into his Boate it opened of
went sundry Voyages as well to your Streights which you call the Pillars of Hercules As to other parts in the Atlantique and Mediterrane Seas As to Paguin which is the same with Cambaline and Quinzy vpon the Orientall Seas as farre as to the Borders of the East Tartary At the same time and an Age after or more the Inhabitants of the great Atlantis did flourish For though the Narration and Description which is made by a great Man with you that the Descendents of Neptune planted there and of the Magnificent Temple Pallace Citie and Hill And the manifold streames of goody Nauigable Riuers which as so many Chaines enuironed the same Site and Temple And the seuerall Degrees of Ascent wherby Men did climb vp to the same as if it bad bin a Scala Caeli be all Poetical Fabulous Yet so much is true that the said Country of Atlantis As well that of Peru then Called Coya as that of Mexico then named Tyrambel were mighty proud Kingdomes in Armes Shipping and Riches So Mighty as at one time or at least within the space of 10. Yeares they both made two great Expeditions They of Tirambel through the Atlantique to the Mediterrane Sea and they of Coya through the South Sea vpon this our Island And for the former of these which was into Europe the same Authour amongst you as it seemeth had some relation from the Egyptian Priest whom he citeth For assuredly such a thing ther waâ— But whether it were the Ancient Athenians that had the glory of the Repulse and Resistance of those Forces I can say nothing But certaine it is there neuer came backe either Ship or Mâ—r from that Voyage Neither had the other Voyage of those of Coya vpon vs had better fortune if they had not met with Enemies of greater clemency For the King of this Island by name Altabin a wife Man and a great Warrier Knowing well both his owne strength and that of his Enemies handled the matter so as he cut off their Land-Forces from their Ships and encoyled both their Nauy and their Campe with a greater Power then theirs both by Sea and Land And compelled them to render themselues without striking stroke And after they were at his Mercy contenting himselfe onely with their Oath that they should no more beare Armes against him dismissed them all in safety But the Diuine Reuenge ouertooke not long after those proud Enterprises For within lesse then the space of one Hundred Yeares the Great Atlantis was vtterly lost and destroyed Not by a great Earthquake as your Man saith For that whole Tract is little subiect to Earthquakes But by a particular Deluge or Inundation Those Countries hauing at this Day farr greater Riuers and farr higher Mountaines to poure downe waters then any part of the Old World But it is true that the same Inundation was not deepe Not past fourty foote in most places from the Ground So that although it destroyed Man and Beast generally yet some few wild Inhabitants of the Wood escaped Birds also were saued by flying to the high Trees and Woods For as for Men although they had Buildings in many places higher then the Depth of the Water Yet that Inundation though it were shallow had a long Continuance whereby they of the Vale that were not drowned perished for want of Food and other things necessary So as maruaile you not at the thin Population of America nor at the Rudenesse and Ignorance of the People For you must account your Inhabitants of America as a young People Younger a thousand yeares at the least then the rest of the World For that ther was so much time betweene the Vniuersall Floud and their Particular Inundation For the poore Remnant of Humane Seed which remained in their Mountaines Peopled the Countrey againe slowly by little and little And being simple and sauage People Not like Noah and his Sonnes which was the chiefe Family of the Earth they were not able to leaue Letters Arts and Ciuillity to their Posterity And hauing likewise in their Mountanous Habitations beene vsed in respect of the Extreame Cold of those Regions to cloath themselues with the Skinns of Tygers Beares and great Hairy Goates that they haue in those Parts When after they came downe into the Valley and found the Intollerable Heates which are there and knew no meanes of lighter Apparell they were forced to beginn the Custome of Going Naked which continueth at this day Onely they take great pride and delight in the Feathers of Birds And this also they tooke from those their Auncestours of the Mountaines who were inuited vnto it by the infinite Flights of Birdes that came vp to the high Grounds while the Waters stood below So you see by this maine Accident of Time wee lost our Traffique with the Americans with whom of all others in regard they lay nearest to vs wee had most Commerce As for the other Parts of the World it is most manifest that in the Ages following whether it were in respect of Warres or by a naturall Reuolution of Time Nauigation did euery wher greatly decay And specially farre Voyages the rather by the vse of Gallies and such Vessells as could hardly brooke the Ocean were altogether left and omitted So then that part of Entercourse which could bee from other Nations to Sayle to vs you see how it hath long since ceased Except it were by some rare Accident as this of yours But now of the Cessation of that other Part of Entercourse which mought be by our Sayling to other Nations I must yeeld you some other Cause For I cannot say if I shall say truely but our Shipping for Number Strength Marriners Pylots and all things that appertaine to Nauigation is as great as euer And therefore why we should sit at home I shall now giue you an account by it selfe And it will draw nearer to giue you satisfaction to your principall Question There raigned in this Island about 1900. yeares agoe a King whose memory of all others we most adore Not Superstitiously but as Diuine Instrument though a Mortall Man His Name was Solamona And we esteeme him as the Law-giuer of our Nation This King had a large heart inscrutable for good And was wholly bent to make his kingdome and People Happy He therefore taking into Consideration how sufficient and substantiue this Land was to maintaine it self without any ayd at all of the Forrainer Being 5600. Miles in circuit and of rare Fertility of Soyle in the greatest part thereof And finding also the Shipping of this Country mought bee plentifully set on worke both by Fishing and by Transportations from Port to Port and likewise by Sayling vnto some small Islands that are not farre from vs and are vnder the Crowne and Lawes of this State And recalling into his Memory the happy and flourishing Estate wherein this Land then was So as it mought bee a thousand wayes altered to the worse but scarse any one way to
saw him weare in the Chariott but in stead of his Gowne he had on him a Mantle with a Cape of the same fine Black fastned about him When we came in as we were taught we bowed Lowe at our first Entrance And when we were come neare his Chaire he stood vp holding forth his Hand vngloued and in Posture of Blessing And we euery one of vs stooped downe and kissed the Hemme of his Tippett That done the rest departed and I remayned Then hee warned the Pages forth of the Roome and caused mee to sit downe beside him and spake to me thus in the Spanish Tongue GOD blesse thee my Sonne I will giue thee the greatest Iewell I haue For I will impart vnto thee for the Loue of GOD and Men a Relation of the true State of Salomons House Sonne to make you know the true state of Salomons House I will keepe this order First I will set forth vnto you the End of our Foundation Secondly the Preparations and Instruments we haue for our Workes Thirdly the seuerall Employments and Functions wherto our Fellowes are assigned And fourthly the Ordinances and Rites which we obserue The End of our Foundation is the Knowledge of Causes and Secrett Motions of Things And the Enlarging of the bounds of Humane Empire to the Effecting of all Things possible The Preparations and Instruments are these We haue large and deepe Causes of seuerall Depths The deepest are sunke 600. Fathome And some of them are digged and made vnder great Hills and Mountaines So that if you reckon together the Depth of the Hill and the Depth of the Caue they are some of them aboue three Miles deepe For wee finde that the Depth of a Hill and the Depth of a Caue from the Flat is the same Thing Both remote alike from the Sunn and Heauens Beames and from the Open Aire These Caues we call the Lower Region And wee vse them for all Coagulations Indurations Refrigerations and Conseruations of Bodies We use them likewise for the Imitation of Naturall Mines And the Producing also of New Artificiall Mettalls by Compositions and Materialls which we vse and lay ther for many years Wee vse them also sometimes which may seeme strange for Curing of some Diseases and for Prolongation of Life in some Hermits that choose to liue ther well accommodated of all things necessarie and indeed liue very long By whom also we learne many things We haue Burialls in seuerall Earths wher we put diuerse Cements as the Chineses doe their Porcellane But we haue them in greater Varietie and some of them more fine We haue also great variety of Composts and Soiles for the Making of the Earth Fruitfull We haue High Towers The Highest about halfe a Mile in Heigth And some of them likewise set vpon High Mountaines So that the Vantage of the Hill with the Tower is in the highest of them three Miles at least And these Places wee call the Vpper Region Accounting the Aire betweene the High Places and the Lowe as a Middle Region VVee vse these Towers according to their seuerall Heights and Situations for Insolation Refrigeration Conseruation And for the View of diuers Meteors As Windes Raine Snow Haile And some of the Fiery Meteors also And vpon them in some Places are Dwellings of Hermits whom wee visit sometimes and instruct what to obserue We haue great Lakes both Salt and Fresh wherof we haue vse for the Fish and Fowle We vse them also for Burialls of some Naturall Bodies For we finde a Difference in Things buried in Earth or in Aire below the Earth and things buried Water VVe haue also Pooles of which some doe straine Fresh Water out of Salt And others by Art doe turne Fresh Water into Salt VVe haue also some Rocks in the Midst of the Sea And some Bayes vpon the Shore for some Works wherin is required the Ayre and Vapour of the Sea VVe haue likewise Violent Streames and Cataracts which serue vs for many Motions And likewise Engines for Multiplying and Enforcing of VVindes to set also on going diuerse Motions VVe haue also a Number of Artificiall VVels and Fountaines made in Imitation of the Naturall Sources and Baths As tincted vpon Vitrioll Sulphur Steele Brasse Lead Nitre and other Mineralls And againe wee haue little VVells for Infusions of many Things wher the VVaters take the Vertue quicker and better then in Vessels or Basins And amongst them we haue a VVater which wee call VVater of Paradise being by that we doe to it made very Soueraigne for Health and Prolongation of Life We haue also Great and Spatious Houses wher we imitate and demonstrate Meteors As Snow Haile Raine some Artificiall Raines of Bodies and not of VVater Thunders Lightnings Also Generations of Bodies in Aire As Froggs Flies and diuerse Others We haue also certaine Chambers which wee call Chambers of Health wher wee qualifie the Aire as we thinke good and proper for the Cure of diuerse Diseases and Preseruation of Health We haue also faire and large Baths of seuerall Mixtures for the Cure of Diseases and the Restoring of Mans Body from Arefaction And Others for the Confirming of it in Strength of Sinnewes Vitall Parts and the very Iuyce and Substance of the Body We haue also large and various Orchards and Gardens Wherin we do not so much respect Beauty as Variety of Ground and Soyle proper for diuerse Trees and Herbs And some very spatious wher Trees and Berries are set wherof we make diuerse Kinds of Drinks besides the Vine-yards In these wee practise likewise all Conclusions of Grafting and Inoculating as well of VVilde-Trees as Fruit-Trees which produceth many Effects And we make by Art in the same Orchards and Gardens Trees and Flowers to come earlier or later then their Seasons And to come vp and beare more speedily then by their Naturall Course they doe We make them also by Art greater much then their Nature And their Fruit greater and sweeter and of differing Tast Smell Colour and Figure from their Nature And many of them we so Order as they become of Medicinall Vse Wee haue also Meanes to make diuerse Plants rise by Mixtures of Earths without Seedes And likewise to make diuerse New Plants differing from the Vulgar and to make one Tree or Plant turne into another We haue also Parks and Enclosures of all Sorts of Beasts and Birds which wee vse not onely for View or Rarenesse but likewise for Dissections and Trialls That therby we may take light what may be wrought vpon the Body of Man Wherin we finde many strange Effects As Continuing Life in them though diuerse Parts which you acount Vitall be perished and taken forth Resussitating of some that seeme Dead in Appearance And the like We try also all Poysons and other Medicines vpon them as well of Chyrurgery as Phisicke By Art likewise we make them Greater or Taller then their Kinde is And contrary-wise Dwarfe them and stay their Grouth Wee make them more
The right honble Francis Lo Verulam Viscount S ct Alban Mortuus 9 Aprilis Anno DnÌ„i 1626. Annoque Aesat 66. יחוח Et vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona Mundus Intellectualis SYLVA SYLVARVM or A NATVRALL HISTORY In ten Centuries Written by the right honble Francis Lo Verulam Viscount S ct Alban Published after the Autho rs Death by W. RAWLEY Dr of Diuinity 〈…〉 LONDON Printed for W. Lee and are to be sould at the Great Turks head next to the Mytre Taurne in Fleetstreet Anno â—â—â—â— TO THE MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY PRINCE CHARLES BY THE GRACE OF GOD King of Great Britaine France and Ireland Defender of the Faith c. May it please your most Excellent Maiestie THe whole Body of the Naturall Historie either designed or written by the late Lo. Viscount S. Alban was dedicated to your Maiestie in his Booke De Ventis about foure yeeres past when your Maiestie was Prince So as there needed no new Dedication of this Worke but only in all humblenesse to let your Maiestie know it is yours It is true if that Lo. had liued your Maiestie ere long had beene inuoked to the Protection of another Historie Whereof not Natures Kingdome as in this but these of your Maiesties during the Time and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth had beene the Subiect Which since it died vnder the Designation meerely there is nothing left but your Maiesties Princely Goodnesse graciously to accept of the Vndertakers Heart and Intentions who was willing to haue parted for a while with his Darling Philosophie that hee might haue attended your Royall Commandement in that other Worke. Thus much I haue beene bold in all lowlinesse to represent vnto your Maiestie as one that was trusted with his Lordships Writings euen to the last And as this Worke affecteth the Stampe of your Maiesties Royall Protection to make it more currant to the World So vnder the Protection of this Worke I presume in all humblenesse to approach your Maiesties presence And to offer it vp into your Sacred Hands Your MAIESTIES most Loyall and Deuoted Subiect W. RAWLEY SYLVA SYLVARVM OR A Naturall Historie IN TEN CENTURIES WRITTEN BY THE RIGHT Honourable FRANCIS Lo. Verulam Viscount St. ALBAN Published after the Authors death By WILLIAM RAWLEY Doctor of Diuinitie late his Lordships Chaplaine LONDON ¶ Printed by I. H. for William Lee at the Turks Head in Fleet-street next to the Miter 1626. To the Reader HAuing had the Honour to be continually with my Lord in compiling of this Worke And to be employed therein I haue thought it not amisse with his Lordships good leaue and liking for the better satisfaction of those that shall reade it to make knowne somewhat of his Lordships Intentions touching the Ordering and Publishing of the same I haue heard his Lordship often say that if hee should haue serued the glory of his owne Name he had been better not to haue published this Naturall History For it may seeme an Indigested Heap of Particulars And cannot haue that Lustre which Bookes cast into Methods haue But that he resolued to preferre the good of Men and that which might best secure it before any thing that might haue Relation to Himselfe And hee knew well that ther was no other way open to vnloose Mens mindes being bound and as it were Maleficiate by the Charmes of deceiuing Notions and Theories and therby made Impotent for Generation of VVorkes But onely no wher to depart from the Sense and cleare experience But to keepe close to it especially in the beginning Besides this Naturall History was a Debt of his being Designed and set downe for a third part of the Instauration I haue also heard his Lordship discourse that Men no doubt will thinke many of the Experiments conteined in this Collection to bee Vulgar and Triuiall Meane and Sordid Curious and Fruitlesse And therfore he wisheth that they would haue perpetually before their Eyes what is now in doing And the Difference betweene this Naturall History and others For those Naturall Histories which are Extant being gathered for Delight and Vse are full of pleasant Descriptions and Pictures and affect and seeke after Admiration Rarities and Secrets But contrariwise the Scope which his Lordship intendeth is to write such a Naturall History as may be Fundamentall to the Erecting and Building of a true Philosophy For the Illumination of the Vnderstanding the Extracting of Axiomes and the producing of many Noble Works and Effects For he hopeth by this meanes to acquit Himselfe of that for which hee taketh Himselfe in a sort bound And that is the Aduancement of all Learning and Sciences For hauing in this present VVorke Collected the Materialls for the Building And in his Novum Organum of which his Lordship is yet to publish a Second Part set downe the Instruments and Directions for the Worke Men shall now bee wanting to themselues if they raise not Knowledge to that perfection whereof the Nature of Mortall men is capable And in this behalfe I haue heard his Lordship speake complainingly That his Lordship who thinketh hee deserueth to be an Architect in this building should be forced to be a VVork-man and a Labourer And to digge the Clay and burne the Brick And more then that according to the hard Condition of the Israelites at the latter end to gather the Strawe and Stubble ouer all the Fields to burn the Bricks withall For he knoweth that except hee doe it nothing will be done Men are so sett to despise the Meanes of their owne good And as for the Basenes of many of the Experiments As long as they be Gods VVorks they are Honourable enough And for the Vulgarnes of them true Axiomes must be drawne from plaine Experience and not from doubtfull And his Lordships course is to make VVonders Plaine and not Plaine things VVonders And that Experience likewise must be broken and grinded and not whole or as it groweth And for Vse his Lordship hath often in his Mouth the two kindes of Experiments Experimenta Fructifera and Experimenta Lucifera Experiments of Vse and Experiments of Light And he reporteth himself whether he were not a strange Man that should thinke that Light hath no Vse because it hath no Matter Further his Lordship thought good also to add vnto many of the Experiments themselues some Glosse of the Causes that in the succeeding work of Interpreting Nature and Framing Axiomes all things may be in more Readines And for the Causes herein by Him assigned his Lordship perswadeth Himselfe they are farr more certaine then those that are rendred by Others Not for any Excellency of his owne Witt as his Lordship is wont to say but in respect of his continuall Conuersation with Nature and Experience He did consider likewise that by this Addition of Causes Mens mindes which make so much hast to find out the Causes of things would not think themselues vtterly lost in a Vast VVood of Experience but stay vpon these Causes
such as they are a little till true Axiomes may be more fully discouered I haue heard his Lordship say also that one great Reason why he would not put these Particulars into any exact Method though he that looketh attentiuely into them shall finde that they haue a secret Order was because hee conceiued that other men would now thinke that they could doe the like And so goe on with a further Collection which if the Method had been Exact many would haue despaired to attaine by Imitation As for his Lordships loue of Order I can referr any Man to his Lordships Latine Booke De Augmentis Scientiarum which if my Iudgment be any thing is written in the Exactest Order that I know any Writing to bee I will conclude with an vsuall Speech of his Lordships That this Worke of his Naturall History is the World as GOD made it and not as Men haue made it For that it hath nothing of Imagination W Rawley NATVRALL HISTORIE I. Century DIGG a Pitt vpon the Sea shore somewhat aboue the High-water Marke and sincke it as deepe as the Low-Water marke And as the Tide commeth in it will fill with Water Fresh and Potable This is commonly practized vpon the Coast of Barbary where other fresh Water is wanting And CAESAR knew this well when he was besieged in Alexandria For by Digging of Pitts in the Sea shoare hee did frustrate the Laborious Workes of the Enemies which had turned the Sea-Water vpon the Wells of Alexandria And so saued his Army being then in Desperation But Caesar mistooke the Cause For he thought that all Sea-Sandes had Naturall Springs of Fresh Water But it is plaine that it is the Sea-Water because the Pitt filleth according to the Measure of the Tide And the Sea-water passing or Strayning through the Sandes leaueth the Saltnesse I remember to haue Read that Triall hath beene made of Salt Water passed through Earth through Tenn Vessells one within an other and yet it hath not lost his Saltnesse as to become potable But the same Man saith that by the Relation of Another Salt Water drained through twenty Vessells hath become Fresh This Experiment seemeth to crosse that other of Pitts made by the Sea side And yet but in part if it be true that twentie Repetitions doe the Effect But it is worth the Note how poore the Imitations of Nature are in Common course of Experiments except they be led by great Iudgement and some good Light of Axiomes For first ther is no small difference betweene a Passage of Water through twenty small Vessells And through such a distance as betweene the Low water and High water Marke Secondly there is a great difference betweene Earth and Sand. For all Earth hath in it a kinde of Nitrous Salt from which Sand is more free And besides Earth doth not straine the Water so finely as Sand doth But ther is a Third Point that I suspect as much or more then the other Two And that is that in the Experiment of Transmission of the Sea-water into the Pitts the Water riseth But in the Experiment of Transmission of the Water through the Vessells it falleth Now certaine it is that the Salter Part of Water once Salted throughout goeth to the Bottome And therfore no meruaile if the Draining of Water by descent doth not make it fresh Besides I doe somewhat doubt that the very Dashing of the Water that commeth from the Sea is more proper to strike of the Salt part then wher the Water slideth of her owne Motion It seemeth Percolation or Transmission which is commonly called Straining is a good kinde of Separation Not onely of Thicke from Thin and Grosse from Fine But of more subtile Natures And varieth according to the Bodie through which the Transmission is made As if through a wollen Bagg the Liquour leaueth the Fatnesse If through Sand the Saltnesse c. They speake of Seuering Wine from Water passing it through Iuy wood or through other the like porous Body But Non Constat The Gumm of Trees which wee see to be commonly shining and cleare is but a fine Passage or Straining of the Iuice of the Tree through the Wood and Bark And in like manner Cornish Diamonds and Rock Rubies which are yet more resplendent then Gumms are the fine Exudations of Stone Aristotle giueth the Cause vainely why the Feathers of Birdes are of more liuely Colours then the Haires of Beastes for no Beast hath any fine Azure or Carnation or Greene Haire He saith It is because Birds are more in the Beames of the Sunn then Beasts But that is manifestly vntrue For Cattle are more in the Sun then Birds that liue commonly in the Woods or in some Couert The true Cause is that the Excrementious Moisture of liuing Creatures which maketh as well the Feathers in Birds as the Haire in Beasts passeth in Birds through a finer and more delicate Strainer then it doth in Beastes For Feathers passe through Quills And Haire through Skin The Clarifying of Liquors by Adhesion is an Inward Percolation And is effected when some Cleauing Body is Mixed and Agitated with the Liquours wherby the grosser Part of the Liquor sticks to that Cleauing Body And so the finer Parts are freed from the Grosser So the Apothecaries clarify their Sirrupes by whites of Eggs beaten with the Iuices which they would clarify which Whites of Eggs gather all the Dreggs and grosser Parts of the Iuyce to them And after the Sirrupe being sett on the Fire the whites of Egges themselues harden and are taken forth So Ippocrasse is clarified by mixing with Milke And stirring it about And then passing it through a Wollen Bagge which they call Hippocrates Sleeue And the Cleauing Nature of the Milke draweth the Powder of the Spices and Grosser parts of the Liquour to it And in the passage they stick vpon the Woollen Bagge The Clarifying of Water is an Experiment tending to Health besides the pleasure of the Eye when Water is Crystaline It is effected by casting in and placing Pebbles at the Head of a Current that the Water may straine through them It may be Percolation doth not onely cause Clearenesse and Splendour but Sweetnes of Sauour For that also followeth as well as Clearenes when the Finer Parts are seuered from the Grosser So it is found that the Sweates of Men that haue much Heat and exercise much and haue cleane Bodies and fine Skins doe smell sweet As was said of Alexander And we see commonly that Gumms haue sweet Odours TAke a Glasse and put Water into it and wett your Finger and draw it round about the Lipp of the Glasse pressing it somewhat hard And after you haue drawne it some few times about it will make the Water friske and sprinckle vp in a fine Dew This Instance doth excellently Demonstrate the Force of Compression in a Solid Body For whensoeuer a Solid Body as Wood Stone Mettall c. is pressed ther is
salleth also vpon other Herbs and is not obserued It were good Triall were made whether the great Consent betweene Plants and Water which is a principall Nourishment of them will make an Attraction or Distance and not at Touch onely Therfore take a Vessell and in the middle of it make a false Bottome of course Canâ—â—affe Fill it with Eâ—â—â— aboue the Canuaffey and let not the Barâ—h be waâ—ed Then sow some good Seeds in that Earth But â—â—â— the Canuaffe some halfe a foot in the Bottome of the Vessell lay a great Spâ—â—ge thâ—â—owly wet in water And let it lye so some ten Dayes And see whether the Seeds will sprout and the Earth become more Moist and the Spunge more dry The Experiment formerly mentioned of the Cucumber creeping to the Pot of Water is far stranger than this The Altering of the Sent Colour or Taste of Fruit by Infusing Mixing or Letting into the Barke or Rost of the Tree Herb or Flower any Coloured Aromaticall or Medicinall Substance are but Fancies The Cause is for that those Things haue passed their Period and nourish not And all Alteration of Vegetables in those Qualitles must be by somewhat that is apt to goe into the Nourishment of the Plant. But this is true that where Kine feed vpon Wilde Garlicke their Milke tasteth plainly of the Garlicke And the Flesh of Muttons is better tasted where the Sheepe feed vpon Wilde Thyme and other wholesome Herbs Galen also speaketh of the Curing of the Scirrus of the Liuer by Milke of a Cow that feedeth but vpon certaine Herbs And Honey in Spaine smelleth apparently of the Rosemary or Orenge from whence the Bee gathereth it And there is an old Tradition of a Mayden that was fed with Napellus which is counted the Strongest Poyson of all Vegetables which with vse did not hurt the Maid but poisoned some that had Carnall Company with her So it is obserued by some that there is a vertuous Bexoar and another without vertue which appeare to the shew alike But the Vertuous is taken from the Beast that feedeth vpon the Mountaines where there are Theriacall Herbs And that without Vertue from those that feed in the Valleyes where no such Herbs are Thus far I am of Opinion That as Steeped Wines and Beeres are very Medicinall and likewise Bread tempred with diuers Powders So of Meat also as Flesh Fish Milke and Egges that they may be made of great vse for Medicine and Diet if the Beasts Fowle or Fish be fed with a speciall kinde of food fit for the Disease It were a dangerous Thing also for secret Empoysonthents But whether it may be applyed vnto Plants and Herbs I doubt more Because the Nourishment of them is a more common Iuyce which is hardly capable of any speciall Quality vntill the Plant doe assimilate it But lest our Incredulity may preiudice any profitable Operations in this kind especially since Many of the Ancients haue set them down We thinke good briefly to propound the foure Meanes which they haue deuised of Making Plants Medicinable The First is by Slitting of the Root and Infusing into it the Medicine As Hellebore Opium Scammony Triacle c. And then binding it vp againe This seemeth to me the least probable Because the Root draweth immediately from the Earth And so the Nourishment is the more Common and lesse Qualified And besides it is a long time in Going vp ere it come to the Fruit. The Second Way is to Perforate the Body of the Tree and there to Infuse the Medicine Which is somewhat better For if any Vertue be receiued from the Medicine it hath the lesse way and the lesse time to goe vp The Third is the Steeping of the Seed or Kernell in some Liquour wherein the Medicine is Infused Which I haue little Opinion of because the Seed I doubt will not draw the Parts of the Matter which haue the Propriety But it will be farre the more likely if you mingle the Medicine with Dung For that the Seed naturally drawing the Moisture of the Dung may call in withall some of the Propriety The fourth is the Watring of the Plant oft with an Infusion of the Medicine This in one respect may haue more force than the rest Because the Medication is oft renewed Whereas the rest are applyed but at one time And therefore the Vertue may the sooner vanish But still I doubt that the Root is somewhat too stubborne to receiue those fine Impressions And besides as I said before they haue a great Hill to goe vp I iudge therefore the likeliest way to be the Perforation of the Body of the Tree in senerall Places one aboue the other And the Filling of the Holes with Dung mingled with the Medicine And the Watring of those Lumpes of Dung with Squirts of an Infusion of the Medicine in Dunged water once in three or foure Daies NATVRALL HISTORIE VI. Century OVR Experiments we take care to be as we haue often said either Experimenta Fructifera or Lucifera Either of Vse or of Discouery For we hate Impostures And despise Curiosities Yet because we must apply out Selues somewhat to Others wee will set downe some Curiofities touching Plants It is a Curiosity to haue seuerall Fruits vpon one Tree And the more when some of them come Early and some come Late So that you may haue vpon the same Tree Ripe Fruits all Sommer This is easily done by Grafting of Seurall Cians vpon seuerall Boughes of a Stock in a good Ground plentifully sed So you may haue all Kindes of Cherries and all kindes of Plums and Peaches and Apricots vpon one Tree But I conceiue the Diuer sity of Fruits must be such as will grast vpon the same Stocke And therefore I doubt whether you can haue Apples or Peares or Orenges vpon the same Stocke vpon which you graft Plummes It is a Curiosity to haue Fruits of Diuers Shopes and Figures This is easily performed by Moulding them when the Fruit is young with Moulds of Earth or Wood. So you may haue Cucumbers c. as Long as a Cane Or as Round as a Spheare Or formed like a Crosse. You may haue also Apples in the sorme of Peares or Limons You may haue also Fruit in more Accurate Figures As we said of Men Beasts or Birds according as you make the Moulds Wherein you must vnderstand that you make the Mould big enough to containe the whole Fruit when it is growne to the greatest For else you will choake the Spreading of the Fruit Which otherwise would spread it selfe and fill the Concaue and so be turned into the Shape desired As it is in Mouldworkes of Liquid Things Some doubt may be conceiued that the Keeping of the Sunne from the Fruit may hurt it But there is ordinary experience of Fruit that groweth Couered Quare also whether some small Holes may not be made in the Wood to let in the Sunne And note that it were best to make the