the transitorie doe agrée with the two markes you shall be halfe way to the shore then looke howe farre the shippe hath gone in that time for the same distance is vnto the land frō the ship But if you remoue the transitory but a quarter the length of the transitorie to youwards then at the place wher the end of the transitorie doth agrée with the .2 markes shall be one quarter of the distance betwéene the shore you at the first obseruation it shall be .3 times that quantitie vnto the shore c. And to know the ships way some do vse this which as I take it is very good they haue a pece of wood a line to vere out ouer borde with a small line of a great lengthe whiche they make fast at one ende and at the other ende and middle they haue a piece of a line which they make fast with a small thred to stande like vnto a crowfoote for this purpose that it should driue a sterne as fast as the shippe doth go away from it alwayes hauing the line so ready that it goeth out as fast as the shippe goeth In like manner they haue either a minute of an houre glasse or else a knowne part of an houre by some number of wordes or suche other like so that the line being vered out and stopt iuste with that time that the glasse is out or the number of wordes spoken which done they hale in the logge or piece of woode againe and loke howe many fadome the shippe hath gone in that time that being knowne what part of a league soeuer it be they multiplie the number of fadomes by the portion of tyme or part of an houre Whereby you may knowe iustly howe many leagues and partes of a league the ship goeth in an houre c. For an Englishe league doth containe .250 fadome And a spanish or portingale league doth contain .2857 fadomes c. ¶ The fiftenth Chapter or rule treateth of the Longitude c. NOwe some there be that be very inquistiue to haue a way to get the longitude but that is to tedious For this they must consider that the whole frame of the firmament is caried round from the east to the west in .24 hours so as ther remaineth neither light nor marke but goeth rounde sauing only the .2 poles of the world and these .2 stand alwayes fast But as I sayd before in the .9 rule of him that going South or North doth raise or lay the pole and in like case of the Equinoctiall altering his paralele and causing the light of the firmamēt to alter the time of their shining or abiding aboue our Horizon so he that goeth directly east or weast doth neither raise nor lay the pole so that still the lights of the firmamēt doth make one maner of arch according to their latitude or declination but the going East or Weast doth alter the Meridian causing the planets to haue their aspects at another hour or time altering the time of the changes of the moone also the time of the Eclipses which is necessary for all trauellers by Sea or by lande Therefore I thought it néedefull to be spoken of for as countries haue Latitude from the pole so in like manner they haue appointed Longitude Now therfore you may get the Latitude with instrumentes but the Longitude you must bring from another place which you can do but with a globe or else a mappe or card and then you must measure from the Meridian of the Canarie Ilands otherwise called the fortunate Ilandes And in oure Latitude of London euery .555 miles whiche conteineth .15 degrées wil aunswer to one houre of time and vnder the Equinoctiall .900 miles to .15 degrées the degrées be as long as the degrées of Latitude but towards the pole fewer and fewer till they come to nothing vnder the .2 poles And nowe .37 miles which are at London will aunswer to one degree of our Latitude at .51 or .52 degrées of eleuation of the pole but the cause why the Longitude was fetched from the Canarie Ilands I know not but it was as I suppose bycause it was then the westermost place then knowen for Ptholemeus was the firste that ordeyned that rule Nowe furthermore bycause you shall knowe the better I would draw out certain of the chéefest places about thys Realme of England both their Longitude and Latitude by which you shall know what manner of Arch the Sun with the other lights dothe make and also by the Longitude you may know at what time the Moone with any of the Planets doth make any aspect Besides this the Eclipses of the Sun or Moone with the chaunge quarters and full Moone by a true and exact Ephemerides through all England to knowe the verie true houre and minute of the time of the diameter considering for what Longitude or place your Almanacke was made And now to get the Longitude you may do it at the time of the Eclipse of the Moone for that the Eclipses of the Moone be generall so that she being aboue your Horizon in any place vpon the superficiall parts of the earth or Sea considering as I said before by your Almanacke at that time when the Eclipse should happen the very houre and minute knowing also the place that your Almanacke was made for that done according to this rule with a precise instrument you shall take the alteration of the time with the houre and minute of the Eclipse And furthermore you might know your Longitude with the Ephemerides by the coniunction of the Moone with other fixed Starres if it were not for one great infirmitie and that is the paralex of the Moone whiche the semidiametre of the earth doth cause by the néerenesse of the Moone vnto the earth wherefore I woulde not any Sea men shoulde be of that opinion that they mighte get anye Longitude with instrumentes Therefore let no Sea men trouble themselues with anye such rule but according to their accustomed manner let them kéepe a perfite accompt and reckening of the way of their shippe whether the shippe goeth to lewards or makith hir way good considering alwayes what thinges be against them or with them as tides currents winds or such like As for the rule of Longitude it followeth in the next Chapter The .16 Chapter sheweth how many miles vvill aunsvver to one degree of Longitude in euery seuerall Latitude betweene the Equinoctiall and any of the a poles with the demonstration for that purpose and the diuersities of aspectes of the Moone NOw by this rule shal I teach you how many miles wil answer to one degree for euery seuerall Latitude to any of the .2 poles either articke or antarticke And first vnder the Equinoctiall the .2 poles being euen with the Horizō 60. miles do answer to one degrée as I said in the .15 rule And now shall follow the rest Where the poles be raised .21
9 18 7 19 4 7 23 25 8 20 47 8 12 0 8 0 58 8 10 50 8 19 34 8 23 26 8 21 6 8 13 7 8 1 52 8 9 46 8 19 18 8 23 26 9 20 34 9 11 39 9 0 34 9 11 11 9 19 48 9 23 27 9 20 55 9 12 48 9 1 28 9 10 2 9 19 32 9 23 27 10 20 22 10 11 18 10 0 10 10 11 31 10 20 0 10 23 28 10 20 44 10 12 28 10 1 4 10 10 24 10 19 46 10 23 27 11 20 9 11 10 57 11 0 14 11 11 51 11 20 12 11 23 28 11 20 32 11 12 8 11 0 41 11 10 45 11 20 0 11 23 28 12 19 56 12 10 35 12 0 38 12 12 12 12 20 25 12 23 28 12 20 21 12 11 47 12 0 18 12 11 7 12 20 13 12 23 28 13 19 43 13 10 13 13 1 50 13 12 33 13 20 37 13 23 27 13 20 9 13 11 28 13 0 6 13 11 28 13 20 26 13 23 28 14 19 28 14 9 51 14 1 24 14 12 52 14 20 48 14 23 27 14 19 56 14 11 7 14 0 30 14 11 49 14 20 37 14 23 27 15 19 13 15 9 28 15 1 48 15 13 12 15 20 58 15 23 26 15 19 43 15 10 46 15 0 53 15 12 10 15 20 50 15 23 26 16 18 59 16 9 6 16 2 12 16 13 32 16 21 9 16 23 25 16 19 30 16 10 26 16 1 17 16 12 31 16 21 1 16 23 25 17 18 44 17 8 44 17 2 35 17 13 51 17 21 20 17 23 24 17 19 16 17 10 4 17 1 40 17 12 51 17 21 12 17 23 24 18 18 29 18 8 21 18 2 59 18 14 11 18 21 30 18 23 21 18 19 2 18 9 43 18 2 4 18 13 11 18 21 23 18 23 21 19 18 14 19 7 59 19 3 22 19 14 29 19 21 39 19 23 18 19 18 48 19 9 21 19 2 26 19 13 31 19 21 33 19 23 18 20 17 57 20 7 36 20 3 46 20 14 47 20 21 48 20 23 14 20 18 34 20 8 59 20 2 50 20 13 51 20 21 43 20 23 13 21 17 41 21 7 14 21 4 9 21 15 5 21 21 57 21 23 11 21 18 19 21 8 37 21 3 13 21 14 11 21 21 52 21 23 9 22 17 25 22 6 51 22 4 32 22 15 24 22 22 5 22 23 7 22 18 4 22 8 16 22 3 37 22 14 30 22 22 1 22 23 6 23 17 7 23 6 28 23 4 55 23 15 41 23 22 14 23 23 2 23 17 48 23 7 56 23 4 0 23 14 50 23 22 11 23 23 0 24 16 50 24 6 5 24 5 19 24 16 0 24 22 22 24 22 56 24 17 33 24 7 33 24 4 23 24 15 9 24 22 19 24 22 54 25 16 32 25 5 41 25 5 41 25 16 18 25 22 29 25 22 51 25 17 19 25 7 11 25 4 46 25 15 27 25 22 27 25 22 49 26 16 14 26 5 18 26 6 3 26 16 34 26 22 35 26 22 46 26 17 2 26 6 49 26 5 9 26 15 46 26 22 34 26 22 43 27 15 56 27 4 55 27 6 27 27 16 50 27 22 41 27 22 39 27 16 45 27 6 26 27 5 32 27 16 4 27 22 41 27 22 35 28 15 38 28 4 3 28 6 50 28 17 6 28 22 48 28 22 32 28 16 28 28 6 3 28 5 55 28 16 22 28 22 48 28 22 28 29 15 18 29 4 8 29 7 13 29 17 22 29 22 54 29 22 â—6 29 16 11 29 5 40 29 6 19 29 16 39 29 22 51 29 22 21 30 15 0    30 7 35 30 17 39 30 22 58 30 22 â—8 30 15 53 30 5 19 30 6 42 30 16 56 30 22 59 30 22 13 31 14 41    31 7 57    31 23 3    31 15 36 31 4 57    31 17 14    31 22 4 ¶ The Balla Stella or Crosse staffe to take the heigth of the Sunne or Starre ¶ The sixt Chapter or rule shevveth hovv to take the heigth of the Sun with the crosse staffe or with the Astrolobe and also how to find the true Meridian with other necessarie matters TO take the true heigth of the Sunne at the Sea the beste way is to doe it wyth the crosse staffe for that the Sea is moueable and causeth the Shippe to heaue and sette little or much And also vpon the crosse staffe the degrees be larger marked than the King or Astrolobe and in a large instrument an errour is seene sooner and better than it is in a small instrument Nowe to take the heigth of the Sunne to knowe thy Altitude of the Pole aboue the Horizon doe this Firste set the Sunne with a compasse to knowe when that the Sunne commeth neare vnto the Meridian as soone as you see that the Sunne is come vnto the South and by East then beginne to take the heigth of the Sunne with the crosse staffe in this manner Put the Transitorie vpon the long staffe then set the end of the long staffe close at the corner of your eye winking with your other eye and remouing the Transitorie forwardes or backwardes vntill you doe see the lower ende of it being iust with the Horizon and the vpper ende of it being iust with the middle of the Sunne both to agree with the Sunne and the Horizon at one time and so haue you the true heigth of the Sunne this done Stil obserue the same vntil you see the Sunne at the highest and beginning to descende and then haue you finished Yet notwithstanding this is to be noted that it is beste to take the heigth of the Sunne with the crosse staffe when the Sunne is vnder 50. degrées in heigthe aboue the Horizon for two causes The one is this till the Sunne be .50 degrées in heigthe the degrees be largely marked vppon the crosse staffe but after the Sunne being aboue .50 degrées high they be lesser marked The other is for that the Sunne being vnder 50. degrees in heigth you may easily take the heigth bycause you may easily sée or viewe the vpper end and the nether end of the crosstaffe bothe at one time but if it dothe excéede .50 degrées then by the meanes of casting your eye vpwardes and downwardes so muche you may soone commit error and then in like manner the degrees be so small marked that if the Sunne dothe passe .50 or .60 degrees in heigth you must leaue the crosse staffe and vse the Mariners King called by them the Astralaby which they ought to call the Astrolobe Nowe to take the heigth of the Sunne with the common King or Astrolobe doe thus The Sunne being as before is declared neare the Meridian or South obserue it vntill you haue the greatest heygth thereof in
this manner Holde the King of the Astrolobe vpon one of your fingers and turne the Alhidada vppe and downe vntill you see the shadowe of the Sunne pearse or passe thorough bothe the sightes thereof being sure that the Astrolobe dothe hang vpryght whiche you may proue in this manner Looke at howe many degrées and minutes the Alhidada dothe stande vppon the Astrolobe then turne the Alhidada vnto the same number of the degrées and minutes on the other side of the Astrolobe and then taking the heigth of the Sunne againe if it doe agree as it did before then the Astrolobe dothe hang vpright but if it doe not then it dothe not hang vpright For knowledge of the true heigth of the Sun the Astrolobe not hanging vpright do thus if the Astrolobe be truely marked marke the diuersitie that being knowne rebate from the greatest heigth halfe the diuersitie or else adde vnto the lesser heigth halfe the diuersitie and that shall be the true heigth of the Sunne although that the Astrolobe doth not hang vpright The Astrolobe is best to take the heigth of the Sun if the Sunne be very high at .60.70 or .80 degrées and the cause is this the Sunne comming so néere vnto your Zenith hathe great power of light for to pearce the .2 sights of the Alhidada of the Astrolobe and then it is not good to vse the crosse staffe for that the Sunne hurteth the eyes of a man and besides that it is to high to occupy the crosse staffe as before is declared so that this way you may very much preserue your eyes If you haue not glasses vpon your staffe to saue your eyes in taking the heigth of the Sunne but be vnprouided of them do thus take and couer the Sunne with the end of the transitorie of the crosse staffe vnto the very vpper edge or brinke of the Sunne so shall you not néede to beholde the brightnesse of it and with the other end of the transitorie to take the horizon truely and that being done for that the Sunne is .30 or .31 minuts in diameter or bredth therefore you shall rebate .15 minutes from the altitude or heigthe of the Sunne and then that whiche shall remaine shall be the true heigth of the Sunne from the center or middle of the Sunne And furthermore there is some error in the taking the Sunne or Starre with the Ballastel or crosse staffe and that groweth by this meanes for that the true center which is the sight of the eye is within in the middle of the eye and not in the outside of the eye so that the end of the long staffe in the setting of it vnto the corner of your eye dothe stande somewhat further out than the sight of your eye that is too saye that the sighte of the eye is somewhat further into the head than the ende of the staffe dothe come wherefore you must pare away a little of the ende of the staffe for some mens vses more and some mens vses lesse for that it is according as you may set the staffe vnto your eye for some mē neede pare away little or nothing and some men must pare away .14 or .15 minutes as you may set the staffe bycause some mens eyes be further into their head than other some mens are and the bones of some mens face stand further out than other some do It is moreouer conuenient to know the true meridian or South whiche you must do either with a good compasse or with a perfyte diall or Néedel but if you be on the land this you may do on a péece of timber or any other thing that standeth fast with a paire of compasses make a circle then in the midle or center where the foote of the compasse did stand set a wire vpright as circumspectly as you can and then you may do this looke in the morning so it be on plaine ground that you may sée the horizon circle without any let at the Sunne rising for the shadow of the wier and there set a pricke then at the setting of the Sunne you shall set another pricke euen at the circumference of the circle then deuide that with your compasses euen in .2 peeces and strike a straight line from the wier or center of the circle to the middle or deuided prick that shal be true meridian Or else the wier standing vpright first in the fore noone when the top of the wier doth touch or is ready to come into the circumference or edge of the circle there make a pricke then in the after noone in like manner at the very comming out or touching of the wyer of the edge of the circle there make an other pricke euen with the comming out of the shadow this done as circumspectly as you can deuide these 2. prickes in the midle then as before is said drawe a line frō the center or wier to the midle pricke and that shadow shal be your true meridian After another manner you may doe this looke and watch when the wyer giueth the shortest shadowe and there make a pricke then draw a line from that prick to the wyer which shadow shall be the true meridian And yet furthermore for that it is most cōuenient to know the true Meridian at the Sea bicause in long viages going far vnto the Westward or Eastward the compasse doth varie to find the true Meridian do this Set the Sunne with your compasse at hir rising or appearing aboue the horizon then knowing what point part the Sunne doth rise at set the Sun with your compas at hir setting or departing vnder the horizō that being known you shal perfitly know whether the compas be varied how much for ensample this I doe set the Sun at hir rising with the compas she doth rise vpō the East point in like maner also I do set the Sun with hir compas at hir setting do find hir to set West Northwest so I do sée the compas to be varied one pointe that is to say the North point doth stand North and by East c. And furthermore for that seldome times the Sun dothe rise and set cleere by the meanes of the cloudes and other impediments néere the horizon you may get the true Meridian thus at any time in the fore noone first set the Sunne with your compas and then take the true heigth of the Sunne Now you knowing how many degrées the Sun was high at that point of the compas may in like maner obserue the Sunne in the afternoone vntill you do find the Sun iust at that heigth that it was in the forenoone marking at what point of the compas the Sunne is and so shall you see perfitely whether the compas be varied or no and also howe much for ensample thus I take the Sun vpon the Southest poynt .20 degrees aboue the horison then in the after noone I do obserue the Sun vntil such time as
find the degrées of declination and the odde minuts belonging to the degrées of declination following that being knowen that is to say the heigth of the Sun with the degrées and minutes of the declination if the Sunne haue North declination you shall subtract or take away the Sunnes declination from the heigth of the Sunne with the degrees and minutes and then that which remaineth shall be the true heigth of the Equinoctiall whiche being knowen pulling that sūme out of .90 with the degrees and minuts that whiche dothe remaine shall be the true heigth of the North pole aboue the horizon But if that the Sunne hathe South declination you shall adde or put that declination vnto the heigth of the Sunne whiche shall shewe vnto you the true heigth of the Equinoctiall of the which sūme being taken from .90 that which doth remain shall be the altitude of the North pole aboue the horizon For this is to be noted looke what heigth the Equinoctiall is aboue the horizon it is equall or iust so much betweene the Zenith or verticall point and the North pole In like maner looke how many degrées and minutes are betwéene the Equinoctiall and your Zenith iust that number of degrées and minuts is from the North pole downe to the horizon which is the cause that you must pull the heigth of the Equinoctial from the horizon with the degrees and minutes For that your Zenith is alwayes .90 degrées from the horizon as you sée by this figure The .8 Chapter sheweth you how to handle the declination of the Sunne when you are betweene the Equinoctiall and the Sunne that is to say the Sunne being to the Southwards or Northwards of you and the Equinoctial or vnder the Equinoctiall the heigth of the Sunne being truely knowen or taken NOw furthermore if you be vnto the South parts neare vnto the equinoctiall so that the Sunne haue any great declination either to the Southwards or the Northwards you being between the equinoctial and the Sunne whē you haue taken the true heigth of the Sun with the Astrolobe to know the heigth of any of the .2 poles do this séeke the declination of the Sun for that day with the degrées minuts the declinatiō being known the heigth of the Sunne in like maner then adde the declinatiō of the Sun vnto the heigth thereof it will exceede or be more than .90 degrées then againe looke how many degrees it is more thā .90 with degrées minuts that shal be the true heigth of the pole towards that side that the Sun is bycause the Equinoctial is the number of degrées aboue .90 which is your Zenith to the contrary part frō the Sunwards For as I haue said in the chapter going before is general for euer looke what heigth soeuer the Equinoctial be frō the horizō that is the true distance betwéene the Zenith and the pole in like maner looke what distance is betwéene the Equinoctial the Zenith the same is the true distāce betwen the horizon the pole that is to say the pole is so many degrées in altitude aboue the horizō As it is a cōmon saying in knowing how farre we be vnto the Southwards or Northwards that the pole artick is so many degrées in altitude or as som wil say that we are in so many degrées in Latitude the question is all one in effect although the one be called Altitude or heigthe and the other Latitude or widenesse yet it hathe one signification for as when you say altitude or heigth of the Pole you meane the Pole is raysed so many degrees aboue the Horizon So likewise when you say Latitude you mean you be so many degrees in widenesse frō the Equinoctiall for that your Zenith or verticall pointe is so many degrées frō the Equinoct Moreouer if you chaunce to be right vnder the Equinoctial as you cānot say that you haue any Latitude so likewise cannot you say that you haue any Altitude for that the two Poles be then iust with your Horizon and in like maner the Equinoctiall is your Zenith or Verticall poynte But when you will take the heigth of the Sunne with your Astrolobe then looke what declination the Sunne hath either to the Southwardes or Northwardes Then put the declination of the Sunne vnto the heigthe of the same and the number will be iust .90 degrées if it lacketh any thing of .90 degrées then it signifieth that the Equinoctiall lacketh so much of the Zenith and so muche iust shal the pole be aboue the Horizon towards that part that you be in from the Sunne wardes But contrarywise if it dothe excéede or be any thing more than .90 degrées then as afore is declared it signifieth that the Equinoctiall is as much as that number both in degrées and minutes On the contrary side from the Sunne wardes that is to say your Zenithe shal be betwéene the Sunne and the Equinoctial the Pole shall be so many degrees or minutes aboue the Horizon as is the distaunce betwéene the Zenith and the Equinoctiall towardes that part or side that the Sunne is on Wherefore I do think it necessarie to giue certaine ensamples and first take this for an ensample Admit I doe take the heigth of the Sunne vnto the Northwards .80 degrées aboue the Horizon and the Sunne hathe declination vnto the Northwardes .20 degrées to which I adde or put the heigth that is to say .80 degrées being the heigth of the Sunne and .20 degrees being the declination of the Sunne doe make .100 frō which I pull .90 away which is my Zenith and so ther remayneth .10 degrées Wherefore you may conclude that the Equinoctiall is .10 degrées to the South parte of youre Zenith and the Sunne to be .10 degrées to the North parte of your Zenith so that the North Pole is .10 degrées aboue the Horizon as by this example it is declared And for the second ensample admit I take the Sunne vnto the Northwardes .75 degrees and .20 minutes aboue the Horizon the Sunne hauing North declination .14 degrées 40. minutes I then do adde or put .14 degrées .40 minutes vnto .75 degrées .20 minuts and those .2 ioyned togither maketh 9◠degrées whereof you may conclude that the Equinoctiall is your Zenith and then the .2 Poles be with your Horizon as by this example it doth appeare And now followeth the .3 ensample I admit the Sunne be taken with the Astrolobe .81 degrees and .15 minutes aboue the horizon and the same hathe South declination .22 degrées .35 minutes wherefore I do adde or put togither .81 degrées and .15 minutes being the heigth of the Sunne and 22. degrées .35 minutes being the declination and that maketh .103 degrees .50 minutes from which I take away .90 degrées which is my Zenith so that there remayneth .13 degrees .50 minutes so that you may safely conclude that the Equinoctiall is .13 degrées .50
declination to knowe the heigth of the Pole to take the Sun North at the lowest do this First with your crosse staffe obserue the Sun at the lowest taking the true distance betwéene the Horizon and the Sunne that being truely done looke what declination the Sunne hath then haue you to consider that except the Sunne be neare vnto hir greatest declination that is to say in the latter end of Gemini or the beginning of Cancer the Sunne dothe decline little in .24 houres but if the declination be very swift you must séeke the Sunnes declination vpon the day before and the daye after halfe the diuersitie of whych shall be the Sunnes declination for that the sunne is at the angle of mydnight The Sunnes true declination being knowne rebate the heigth of the same from the declination of the Sunne so shal you haue the true contente in degrées and minuts that the Equinoctiall is vnder the Horizon due North and then pulling that sum from .90 that which remaineth shal be the heigth of the pole aboue the Horizon for as it is before declared looke what heigth the Equinoctial is aboue the Horizon that is equal the distance betweene the Pole and the Zenith and looke what distance is betwéene the Equinoctiall and the Zenith the same distaunce is betwéene the Pole and the Horizon in like manner looke howe deepe vnder the Horizon the Equinoctiall is vnto the Northwards so far equall is the heigth of the Equinoctial vnto the southwards As for ensample admit I were vnto the Northwards of the North cape the Sun being in hir greatest declination vnto the Northwards whiche is about the .11 day of Iune .23 degrees and neere a halfe this being knowen I take the Sunne due North at the lowest iust .6 degrées aboue the Horizon the declination being .23 degrees and .28 minutes Wherefore I rebate from that .6 degrees and so there remayneth .17 degrées and .28 minutes For the depth of the Equinoctiall vnder the Horizon and then do I pull that summe from .90 and there remayneth 72. degrées .32 minutes for the true heigth of the North pole aboue the Horizon as by this ensample it is declared By this ensample you may also know the true heigth of any of the .2 poles and how to obserue the Sunne at the lowest when the Sunne commeth neerest vnto the Horizon as well as you may when the Sunne is vpon the Meridian at the greatest heigth from the Horizon which is very necessary for them that do occupy vnto the Northwardes of Sainct Nicholas in Rousey it is also very necessary for them that would attempt any viages of discouery vnto the Northwards as into the East by Noua Zemla or to the West by cape de Paramantia on the backe side of the North part of the tayle of America other wise called the backe side of Vacula whiche if it were attempted there is no doubt but they shoulde finde it nauigable eyther to the East parte or to the West part and I am of this opinion that the thing moste feared in making their discoucry vnto the Northward deserueth not so greatly to be feared as they do make it the cause why they are so loth to go very farre vnto the Northwards is for that it is the frosen zone but my opinion is that in sommer tyme it is not to be feared but the further vnto the Northwardes the more temperate warme by meanes of the long continuaunce of the Sunne for as we sée by common experience that a thing once being made warme cannot sodenly be made cold neither is there doubt of any great cold vntill the Sunne be vnto the Southwards of the Equinoctiall for I admit that a ship should sayle vnto the Northward and not stay vntill the North pole were eleuated .80 degrees aboue the Horizon I do thinke then they should find it very temperate and warme vnto the midle of September for that by the space of .9 wéekes togyther that is to say from the .10 day of May vnto the 12. day of Iuly the Sun should come no neerer vnto the Horizon due North than .10 degrees or .30 degrees vnto the South part aboue the Horizon and yet it is possible that it may be cold there vntill the ende of May for that the Sunne must haue a time to make the aire warme For like as a thing once béeing colde cannot bée sodaynely made warme so in like manner a place being once made warme cannot bée sodainely made colde And furthermore he that were in the Latitude of .80 degrées shoulde haue but a short paralele for the whole compasse of the earth and Sea going East and West too come rounde about to that place agayne in the same paralele is but .1250 english leagues euery league conteining .3 englishe miles So that in sayling of lesse than 500. or .600 leagues they myght sée whether it were nauigable or not The eleuenth Chapter doth shew hovv you shall knovve the length of the day and to knowe how much the day is shortened or lengthened by the Sunnes declination NOwe I thinke it conuenient for Seafaring men too knowe the length of the daye in anye place that they haue occasion too go vntoo for that they haue occasion too trauell intoo all the climates and places transporting them selues manye tymes quickly from one place vntoo another and although the aunciente writers haue appoynted certayne climates and other late writers in lyke manner haue made tables very exact for the longest or shortest day in anye of those climates and other places according to the eleuation of the pole yet haue they not opened anye waye vntoo them in gyuing anye order for them to knowe when the days is an houre longer or shorter whereby they might at all times knowe the length of the day which notwithstanding is very necessary for them for that they be abroade vnder sayle bothe night and day and in like manner for that they must kéepe account of houres and times exactly in as muche as they ought to kéepe an account of the shippes way wherefore it must néedes be most necessary for nauigation to knowe the true time of the Sunne rising and setting whiche you shall knowe by this meanes first this is not vnknowne that vnder the Equinoctiall the Sunne is .12 houres aboue the Horizon and .12 houres vnder the Horizon what declination soeuer the Sunne hath so that there the Sunne ryseth at .6 of the clocke and setteth at .6 of the clocke for euer And where the pole is raysed .16 degrees and .44 minutes there the longest day is .13 houres the Sunne hauing hir greatest declination at .23 degrées .28 minutes and the shortest day is 11. houres long and then looke when the Sunne hath declined .23 degrées and a halfe eyther backwards or forwardes for then the day is an houre longer or shorter and proportionably when the Sunne hath declined .11 degrées .44 minutes then it
is very good for them that are Masters or Pylotes of shippes to note when they doe fall with any lande where the Compasse is varied to make a remembrance in a booke howe many poyntes and degrees the CoÌ„passe is varied in euery place where they come vnto which will be a great helpe for them to finde that place agayne And to finde the variation it is declared in the 6. Chapter And héere I leaue to trouble thée any further for this time but shortly after this looke for two other workes of myne the one called The shoting in great Ordinance an other named A Treasure for Trauellers which two Bookes will be profitable I trust for all men If these my labours may profite my Countrey then haue I my desire And thus I bid thee moste hartily farewell 8. Capitall or head pointes 8. Inferior pointes or winds 16. by pointes or windes Thenames of the .32 pointes of the coÌ„paâ—se The contents of the Equinoctiall circle 360. degres one point of the coÌ„passe contayneth 11. degrees and a quarter The .32 pointes brought into .24 houres The cause why that it was called the Pryme or Golden number To knowe howe many the Epact is The pryme is the time of .19 yeres To knowe the age of the Moone by the number of the Epact To knowe the alteration of the â—ides in .24 houres An ensample for the full Sea vppon the â—â—nds end â–ª for euery day of the age of the Moone To shift the Sunne and Moone by the points of the compasse The contente of the numbre of dayes and houres in one moone the houres in euery mone be .708.44 minuts The contente of a year is .365 dayes .5 hours .55 Minuts How the mooneths tooke their names The Zodiack conteyneth .360 degrees The moouing of .24 houres The tyme that the Moone goeth thorow the .12 signes The .3 motions of the Moone Of Auge The cause why the Moone chaungeth rather or later The mone goeth in .24 hours somtimes more degrees and sometime fewer degrees The moue is not one point asunder from the Sunne in .24 houres The mone is in .24 houres a point and .11 minuts asunder froÌ„ the Sunne Error of Marriners It will now a point of the compasse more in the spring tides than in the neap tides in a Riuer that hath any distance vnto the Sea. To know how long the Mone shineth To knowe what houre or point the Moone ryseth or setteth To knowe what houre the Moone is South for euery day of the age of the Moone Of the chaunge Of the full Moone Quarter of the Moon Ensample of the moones rysing setting The Mone hath latitude You cannot know what a clock it is by the compasse the Sun being in the north signes Error of the shadow of the Moonâ— The Equinoctiall dyals be very good As touching the length and shortnesse of the day and night Euery person cannot calculate the Sunnes declination Two times in the yeare the Sunne hath no declination 1573. How to obserue the sun To take the heigth of the Sunne with the crosse staffe The cause why the crosse staffe is best to take the heigth of the Sun vnto 50 degrees To take the heigth of the Sun with the Astrolobe Howe to correct your Astrolobe if it dothe nor hang vpright The Astrolobe is best to take the heigth of the Sunne at .60.70 or .80 degrees in heigth How to preserue your eyes when you touch the Sunne with the crosse staffe and haue no glasses The diameter of the Sunne is 30. or .31 minuts Some error in the crosse staffe and how to reforme it To get the true Meridian vpon the Land. To knowe the true Meridian at the Sea and also if your compas be varied and to know how much they be varied To find the variation of the compas in the night by the Starres but not by the Moone â–ª Medell not with your compasse al though it be varied To saile by the compas that is varied As touching Longitude to be found by the Northeasting or Northwesting of the compasse The greatest declination of the Sunne Equinoctiall of Autumne The greatest declination to the South The yeare is compared vnto a ring or an adder biting his tayle The heigth of the Sun being taken and knoweÌ„ then how to handle the declinatioÌ„ to know the heigth of the pole Things to be noted as touching the taking of the altitude of the pole A thing to be noted Altitude or Latitude is all one question in effect Being vnder the Equinoctiall you haue neither Latitude nor altitude for that the Equinoctiall is your Zenith and the Poles your Horizon Of your zenith being betweene the Equinoctiall and the Sunne An ensaÌ„ple An ensaÌ„ple where the pole is .10 degrees aboue the Horizon An ensaÌ„ple To take the Sun to the Northwardes you being betweene the south Pole and the Equinoctiall An ensaÌ„ple by taking the South pole 41. degrees aboue the Horizon An ensaÌ„ple by taking the north pole 60. degrees aboue the Horizon A thing to be noted in the handling of the SuÌ„nes declination Howe to know whiche of the .2 poles be vnder the horizon The cause why english meÌ„ haue not traueled far beyonde the Equinoctiall An vntemperat place for extreme heate Temperate clymate Of being vnder either of the poles Of taking the heigth of the sun due north at the lowest A thing worthy to be noted as touching the sunnes declination A thing to be noted of the pole and the Equinoctiall the Zenith and the Horizon The Sun taken due North at .6 degrees Of viages for discouery to the Northwards eyther to the Eastward by Noua Zemla or to the West ward by cape de Paramantia Of temperatenesse the pole being raysed 80. degrees The length of the paralele at .80 degrees is but .1250 english leagues How necessary it is for a Seafaring man to know the leÌ„gth of the day Vnder the Equinoctial the day is always .12 houres loÌ„g The pole 16. degrees 44. minuts the day .13 houres long when it is at the loÌ„gest â–ª The pole 30. degrees 48. minuts the longest day .14 houres loÌ„g The pole 41. degrees 23. minutes the longest day .15 houres loÌ„g The pole raised .49 deg 1. mi. then the longest day is 16. houres long The pole raised .54 deg 30. mi. then the longest daye is 17. houres long The pole raysed .58 deg 27. mi. the longest day is .18 houres long The pole raysed .61 deg 18. mi. the longest day is .19 houres long The Pole 63. deg 2. mi. the longest day .20 hours long The pole raysed .64 degrees .49 minutes the longest day 11. houres long The pole 65. degrees the longest day .22 houres loÌ„g The pole 66. degrees 20. minutes the longest day .23 houres loÌ„g The pole 66. degrees 32. minutes then the Sun shall not set vnto them The Sun clean aboue the Horizon due North and not to appeare aboue the Horizon South at noone To knowe the length of the