one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single
and reasonable well furnished of all things néedfull for mans life So that in the same middle Region of the earth vnder the Equatour it appeareth that through the coldnesse of the night it doth there temper sufficiently the burning heat of the day Besides these after the mind of Hiero. Cardane in that Saturne Mercurie and the moon which properly are cold and moyst planets haue a great force in the Regions vnder this zone but especially the moon that worketh her most force there in the night time more then the other twoe and of this cause more temperatnesse in the day time Besides these it is well known that those people haue two summers and two winters in the yeare For in the yeare of our Lord 1530. at the will and charge of Charles the fift Emperor a parte of America westward was discouered where Peru among the rest was found richest both of Gold and other rich things and costly drugges which is situated in longitude of 290. degrées from the West toward the East and is distant 5. degrées from the Equatoure toward the South But what substance of Gold and other rich things hath yearely bene brought from this yle néedeth not here any further rehersall And the like is to be considered and noted of the other two zones contained betwéene the Polare cyrcles and Poles of the worlde Although Albertus Mag. denieth a commodious dwelling for men in those places and confirmeth the same by probable reasons yet experience reclaimeth and denieth those opinions of his and other ancient writers In that it is well knowne that Gothland Norway Russia Lapeland Groueland and diuers other countries towarde the North pole is inhabited and well peopled And Galeottus Naruiensis proueth that men dwell vnder the North pole affirming the same not to bee true that the cause of the cold there is onely the far distaunce of the sun as not of the heate by nearenesse of his comming In that the sun by reason of the signe in which he is either increaseth or diminisheth them with vs. Besides he affirmeth that the colde is not so dispersed rounde about as that it compasseth rounde after the forme of a cyrcle nor that the heate in like sort doeth run round about the whole body of the earth Further Cardane writeth that vnder the poles there is no such coldnes as some suppose in that the Moone Venus and Mars haue the greatest latitudes in respect of the sun and the others besides For the moon hath fiue degrées to the North Venus and Mars excéed vnto eight degrées Northward but Saturne which is the author of cold scarcely performeth thrée degrées Northward Besides these the Moone more auaileth Northward and Southward neare to the poles then the sunne in that she nearer approacheth those parts For the Moone as aboue said hath fiue degrées of latitude as well to the North as South so that when she shall be in the first degrée of Cancer with her greatest latitude Northward that is in the head of the Dragon she shal then be néerer by fiue degrées to the Northerly pole then the sunne And in like maner when she shalbe in the taile of the Dragon at the entrance and beginning of Capricorne she shall bee nearer the pole antarcticke by fiue degrées than the sun Although in the winter the moone should be in the beginning of Capricorn with the Southerly latitude of foure or fiue degrées yet may she worke and cause more in the change of weather and shall cause more in Scotland than the sun in that her power and vertue there is such But in Brasilia and vnder the antarcticke pole for two causes the one in that shee is there of such power and the other for that in her working she is nearer What the longitudes and latitudes of the celestiall Zones are THe longitude of Zones beginneth from the West and is extended by the Noonestéede into the East and from the East againe by the midnight pointe into the West The motions of the sun in the zodiacke and Poles of the zodiacke doe describe the latitude of the zones For the suns motion or the zodiacke do describe the burnt zone séeing the sun on the one parte of the zodiacke goeth toward the North vnto the elongation of 23. degrées 28. minutes and being by his dayly motion in the beginning of Cancer doth describe the Tropick of Cancer which is the bound of the two zones the burnt zone and Northerly temperate Zone And on the other part of the zodiacke doeth the sun goe into the South vnto the same elongation and being in the beginning of Capricorne doth likewise describe the Tropicke of Capricorne which is the bounde of the other twoe zones in that it distinguisheth the burnt from the southerly temporate zone And the space also included in these two cyrcles vsing the middle place is called the burnt zone and thus the burnt zone doth imploy 46. degrées and 57. minutes The Poles of the Zodiacke which are dayly about the Poles of the worlde from which they differ 23. degrées and 28. minutes and are drawn by the motion of the first mouer doe describe two cyrcles in the diuers parts of heauen as the Polare cyrcles which also be the bounds of the zones that distinguish the twoe temperate from the colde zones So that the latitude of either colde zone vnto the poles of the world is of 23. degrées and 28. minutes The other degrées of the semicyrcle are atributed to the temperate zones so that either zone containeth 43. degrées and 3. minutes What is the Longitude and Latitude of the earthly Zones THe longitude of the earthly zones is like to the longitude of the celestiall as from the West by the noon stéed into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West And the latitude of them is like to the latitude of the celestial zones for as the maner of the latitude of the celestiall burnt Zone is vnto the whole cyrcumference euen so is the maner of the earthly burnt zone vnto the compasse about of the earthly Globe that is as 47. degrées is vnto 360. and so likewise conceiue of the others And that this may plainer appeare vse the figure following in which a l h e. is the meridian or Colure of the solstices e x l. the Equatoure a x h. the meridian s u p. the earthly Globe s n. the earthly Tropicke of Cancer k o. the Tropicke of Capricorne t u. and q p. the arcticke cyrcles To these answere f r o k b b. and d s m c c. also c ff b a g e e i. the celestiall cyrcles And what the proportion f d. is vnto the whole cōpasse d a k g f the same is as aboue written the proportion r s. vnto the whole cyrcumference of the earthly Globe and on this wise conceiue of the other cyrcles The letters f d. bee the latitude of the celestiall burnt zone and r s. of the earthly d c.
degrées of the distance of the Parallels doe minutes depend then from the difference of the two next numbers to one degrée may the proportionall part be deducted or drawne which from the number of the miles expressed vnto a whole degrée is abated that the Parallels succéeding may be litle litle be caused to streach appeare narower To be briefe the miles with the scruples or quarters if any bee adioyned let them bee reduced into the whole arke of the difference of longitude which then shall manifestly shewe and expresse the measured space by the Germaine miles Ptholomie when he had learned the longitudes and latitudes of certaine notable places he could extract and gather by them the other vnknowne places by the distances truly learned from trauailers For by the longitudes and latitudes knowne of two cyrcles and the distance also of them from any third place there is then offered and giuen to know as well the longitude as the latitude of the third place Further in any two places lying and being in the vpper face of the earth are fiue notes commonly learned The distance of them conuerted into degrées the latitude of the one and the latitude of the other the difference of longitudes the angle vnder the circumferencial distance and the meridians contained by the other Of the which fiue if thrée onely be knowne it is certaine that the other two may easily come to knowledge by the practise and skil of the sphericall tryangles An example of these former words as touching the difference of longitude of two places the latitudes beeing alike As the city Byzantium nowe called Constantinople whose longitude is 55. degrées and no minutes the latitude hath 43. degrées and 5. minutes The other city Trapezus hath the longitude of 70. degrées and 50. minutes the latitude of 43. degrées and 5. minutes The difference of longitude is of 15. degrées and 50. minutes to one degrée of the common Parallell and to each place doe 10. Germaine miles with 29 30. answere or agrée These now brought into the difference of longitude doe cause make 174. Germaine miles almost The like example to the former is Arbela of Assiria which hath the longitude of 80 and no minutes the latitude of 37. and 15. minutes The other Athens whose longitude is of 52. degrées and 15. minutes the latitude 37. degrées and 15. minutes The difference is of 27. degrées and 45. minutes Other briefe examples  Lon. Lati. Areca in Comagena being a part of Syria 70. 10. 37. 15. Megara the country of Euclide 52. 0. 37. 15. The difference is of 18. 10.  Lon. Lat. Philippi a city in Thracia or country of Alexandria 50. 45. 41. 50. The royall city of Roome 36. 20. 41. 50. The difference is of 14. 25. longitude Lipsia 29. 58. 51. 24. The difference of loÌ„g is 9. degr 42. min. The difference of loÌ„g is 6. degrées 4. min. Antwarpe 20. 16. 51. 28. Vratislauia 34. 34 51. 10. Erphordia 28. 30. 51. 10. If places doe differ in the onely latitude or that both be placed toward one pole or either distant from the middle of the equatour so that in the onele latitude the places differ when the longitudes be like the standing of the places is to bee considered towarde either Pole whether either place declineth toward one Pole or that the one be Southerly and the other Northerly If they decline vnto one place and quarter then deduct the lesser latitude out of the more and the difference of latitude shall appeare If eyther be distant from the middle of the equatoure the latitudes ioyned doe shew the difference The degrées of the difference wrought by 15. and the scruples deuided by 4. shall offer giue the estimate distance in Germaine miles As in this example the city of Noriberge hath 28. degrées and 20. minutes of loÌ„gitude the latitude is of 49. degrées and 24. minutes The other is Mylayne whose longitude is of 28. degrées and 20. minutes the latitude hath 45. degrées and 6. minutes The difference of latitude is of 4. degrées and 18. minutes the space betwéene is 64. miles and a halfe Like examples are these Trapezus 70. 15. 43. 5. The difference of latit is 5. degrees 45. min. The difference of latit is 6. degrées 44. min. Antioch 70. 15. 37. 20. Padua 31. 50. 51. 0. Budissina 31. 50. 44. 16. If two differ together in the longitude and latitude and that either declineth towarde one Pole then in either toward the places differing as in the longitude and latitude are the differences of the spaces from either bounde of the latitude and longitude gathered The halfe difference of the latitude added to the lesser altitude shall shew the Parallell in which the difference of longitude is accompted With that Parallell by this rule are the miles gathered and knowne which answere or agrée to one degrée These founde reduce into the whole difference of the longitude and that which procéedeth agréeably of the same that is multiplied in it selfe or arising of the multiplication kéepe After the degrées of the difference of longitude reduce into 15. and the minutes annexed if any such be distribute or deuide by foure that which ariseth of either working reduce ioyntly one to the other and adde to the number kept afore For of the whole gathered may the square roote be attained which sheweth the distaunce of places As by a like example the city of Witeberge hath the longitude of 30. degrees and 30. minutes the latitude of 51. degrées and 50. minutes The other being Ierusalem hath 66. degrées of longitude and no minutes the latitude is of 31. degrées and 55. minutes The difference of longitude is of 35. degrées and 30. minutes the difference of latitude is of 19. degrées and 55. minutes The middle Parallel in which the difference of longitude is accompted doth differ or is distant from the equatour 41 degrées and 52. minutes to one degrée of the same doe 11. miles and 10. scruples of a Germaine mile answere which reduced into the difference of longitude doe procreate or bring foorth 396. Germaine miles these wrought together make 156816. The degrées of the difference of latitude beeing wrought by 15. the scruples deuided by foure doe make 266. Germaine miles which multiplied one in the other do performe and make 89401. Either of these square numbers ioyned and the roote extracted the distance shall appeare to be 4â—5 miles The finding of the distances of places or citties in a more easier maner THat you may knowe howe by the longitudes and latitudes of twoe places or citties the distaunce of them may be found thus do when two cities be offered whose largenesse is to you vnknowne séeâ— the longitude and latitude of both by the Cosmographie of Apian or Pto lomies Geography which being found write downe the longitude of the one vnder the longitude of the other and the latitude of the one vnder the
Northerly The Ile of S. Thomas in the bordure of Aphrica hath the longitude of 27. degrées and 20. minutes the latitude Southerly is 16. degrées The difference of longitude is 34. degrées and 10. scruples The difference of latitude which the conioyned latitudes do make is of 32. degrées And séeing both by an equall space bee distant toward the opposite poles from the equatour it therefore forceth not that the difference of longitude bee gathered in either Parallell Northerly or Southerly in that they be equall For to one degrée of the Parallell which is of 16. degrées distant from the equatour doe 14. miles and 25. scruples answere or agrée which reduced into the difference of longitude doe bring forth 492. Germaine miles which multiplied togither doe bring forth 241064. The difference of latitude wrought or multiplied by 15. doe bring foorth 480. Germaine miles which againe wrought togither do cause 230400. And by either quadrant conioyned the square roote drawne out of the same doth then declare and shew the distance to be of 686. Germaine miles The Ile of Thylen hath the longitude of 33. degrées the latitude is of 63. degrées Northerly The Ile of S. Thomas hath the longitude of 27. degrées and 20. scruples the latitude Southerly of 16. degrées The difference of longitude hath 5. degrées and 40. scruples the difference of latitude is of 79. degrées The halfe difference of the greater latitude applied to the Southerly latitude bringeth foorth that the Parallell is distaunt from the equatoure 47. degrées and 30. scruples in which the difference of longitude must be accompted And to one degrée of it in the rule doe 10. Germaine miles and 7. scruples answere which wrought into the difference of longitude do bring forth 57. Germain miles almost Those multiplied doe make the increase to be 3239. By the difference also of the latitude those multiplied doe bring forth 1404225. Of the quadrants ioyned the roote hath 1189. Germaine miles almost that is the distances sought of the places That the studious and diligent practioners may easter perceiue and perfecter vnderstand these differences of the standing of places let them often accustome theÌ„selues therein that when the longitudes and latitudes of sundry places be offered they then consider whether they differ in the onely longitude or latitude only or in both and what the latitude is of either and into which parte from the Equatour and besides that they learne to expresse the standing of them by proper lines drawne and the places noted If the numbers of the latitudes be alike and the numbers of the longitudes be vnlike then doe the places onely differ in the longitude Therfore by two meridians found and defined lying crosse to them in one Parallel imagine and set the place of the greater longitude in the pointe of the crossing further off that the other in the nearer may be placed vnto the West For the place alwaies whose longitude is lesser then the other is nearer founde to the West and the other is further distant into the East The arke also of the Parallell included betwéene either meridian doth demonstrate the difference of longitude If the numbers of the longitudes shall be alike and the numbers of the latitudes vnlike then is the diuersity of the places in the onely latitude Therefore two Parallels drawn crosse of which the one being higher and the other lower and crossing them by one meridian they doe set the place of the greater latitude in the vppermost point of the crossing and the other in the lowest point If the latitudes be alike as the one Southerly and the other Northerly then the middle arcke of the Merydian being betwéene is equally crossed by the Parallels of the places drawne thwartly by the Arke of the Equatour in such sort that the Equatour is by an equall space distant from either If both the numbers of the longitudes and latitudes shall be vnequall and either place distant into the North from the Equatour therefore in both is there a diuersity Therefore two Meridians being imagined the one Orientall dextre and the other Occidentall synistre and that by so marry Parallels drawne thwartly which crosse the Meridians the one Southerly the other Northerly and that the place whose greater longitude is touched in the lowest and furthest point and the other to be noted right against that is in the vpper and neerest point Or thus contrariwise If one place shall exceed the other both in longitude and latitude and be further standing in the higher pointe of the crossing and thereby more farther distant and the other noted to stand right against and the seates also of the places vnequally touch which declareth and containeth the nighest distance of such places In the same maner is the standing of places descending vnto diuers partes from the Equatour expressed being obserued in such order that if the places of either be alike distaunte from the Equatour the Equatour then is exquisitly standing in the middle of both but if the places happen to bée vnequall then is the Equatour by an vnequall distance placed farther off A third rule IF twoe Citties offered doe differ both in the longitude and latitude séeke first the difference aswell of the longitude as latitude After halfe of the difference of latitudes adde vnto the lesser latitude and with the produce enter the table which in the former examples hath bene taught and practised searching there the miles and minutes aunswering properly to one degrée The miles and minutes found multiply with the degrées of the difference of longitude and the produce multiply in it selfe and you shall obtaine and haue the first quadrate Thirdly multiply the difference of latitude by the 15. Germaine miles and this produce also multiply in it selfe and you shall haue the second quadrate Last ioyne or adde togither these twâ—â— quadrate numbers and of that produced or encreased search out the quadrate roote The quadrate or square rootâ— is the distance of Cities offered An Example of the third rule VVischegarda and Verona do differ both in the longitude and latitude in that the longitude of Vuischegarda is of 41. degrées and 17. minutes the latitude is of 52. degrées and 4. minutes The loÌ„gitude of Verona hath 31. degrées 18. minutes the latitude is of 44. degrées and 49. minutes The difference of the longitudes is of 9. degrées and 59. minutes The difference of the latitudes is of 7. degrées and 15. minutes The halfe of the difference of the latitudes is 3. degrées 37. minutes which halfe added to the lesser latitude that is to Verona which is of 44. degrées add 49. minutes doeth then produce or bring forth 48. degrées 26. minutes This produce or increase is named the middle latitude in that it is distant by equal degrées and minutes from either latitude of Vuischegarda and Verona that is it excéedeth the latitude of Verona by 3. degrées and 37. minutes and Verona doeth excéede Vuischegarda by so
is so much the more increased as by how many degrées either of the Poles are néere to the earth and beeing further distant from the Equatoure is raysed and caried higher which is the cause of many obscure differences which that they may the plainer be expressed and vnderstanded the skillfull practisioners haue deuided Cyrcles in the first mouer by lynes drawn vnto certaine stars or prickes from the Center of the earth and drawn about either by a continuall or dayly motion by which they imagined them to be described That the Circles of the Sphere be some greater some lesser and the number of the Circles HEre it is not to be omitted that one Cyrcle is greater then another by foure meanes First by reason of the magnitude of the celestiall body in which it is imagined to be And of this is the Equinoctiall Cyrcle of the first mouer greater then the Equinoctial Cyrcle of the eight spher in that the first mouer is greatest of all the bodies And although the Equinoctiall of the eight Sphere doth deuide it into two equall halfes yet of the first mouer it is named the greater for that the same includeth all other bodies By the second it is euident that the Equinoctiall Cyrcle is greater by reason of the appearaunce in that the whole is séene aboue the Horizont And by the same reason the Northerly Cyrcle which is named the Arcticke Cyrcle is the greater for that it alwaies appeareth to vs aboue the Horizont By the thirde the Equinoctiall is accompted greater then the other in regarde of the influxiue vertue and for this cause also is the Zodiacke called greater then the others through his greater working into these inferior bodies For that vnder it the sun and all other Planets are drawne And Happarchus writeth that this Cyrcle is the life of all thinges which are in the world c. In that by the ascending of the sun to vs generation is caused and by his falling or going from vs diminishing that is corruption getteth the vpper hand By the fourth is a Cyrcle called greater then the other insomuch as it is one Sphere and thus the equinoctiall is greatest of all the Parallel Cyrcles in the first moouer which is euidently demonstrated by the diameter of the Cyrcle Therefore by the definitions and reasons aboue shewed the equinoctial is the greater Cyrcle described in the vpper face of the first mouer according to each part or the whole of it beeing equally distant from either Pole of the worlde And it is further to bee considered that all the Cyrcles of the Materiall Sphere are imagined to bee in the first mouer which also a materiall Sphere doeth especially represent So that these Cyrcles may also bee imagined in the other Spheres aswell as in the eight Sphere c. And although a man may enter into conference betwéene these Cyrcles and the diameter yet he shall be forced to confesse that they be on such wise vnto the sphere as the Cyrcle is vnto the diameter So that as the diameter deuideth the Cyrcle into two equall partes in that it passeth by the Center of the same euen so doeth euery of the greatest Cyrcles deuide the Sphere into two equal parts because the playne vpper face of it passeth by the Center And by this it may easily bee perceyued that those which are named the lesser Cyrcles of which is a farre greater number than is here set down haue diuers Centers from the Center of the Sphere and yet the playne vpper face of them passeth not by the Center of the same Sphere Of which ensueth that they cannot deuide the sphere into two equall halfes no more then the lyne drawne without the Center into a Cyrcle can deuide the same into two equal halfes And both the greater and lesser of these is mente according to the distance of his Center from the Center of the sphere The inward Cyrcles that be mouable are those which are descrybed in the first moouer and are drawne with it about as is the equinoctiall the Zodiacke the Colures the Tropickes the Polare Cyrcles and others descrybed from the poyntes of the first moouer But the outwarde Cyrcles are they that are as immoueable and not drawn about with the first mouer but abide steady The number of which are these the Meridiane the Horizont the houre Cyrcles the verticiall Cyrcles and Cyrcles of the progressions Further it is to bee noted that many are the Celestiall Cyrcles as is aboue declared whose vse partely vnto Astronomy and partly vnto Astrologie is necessary As the verticiall Cyrcles the Cyrcles of the altitudes the Cyrcles of the celestiall houses The Cyrcles with the which the materiall sphere is descrybed and to bee briefe there are so many celestiall Cyrcles as there may bée poynts ymagined in the first mouer Yet are there but onely ten Cyrcles which are required vnto this sphericall treatise whose names are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Colures the Meridian the Horizont the twoe Tropickes and the twoe Polare Cyrcles The greater Cyrcles are those which haue the same or a like Center with the earth whose playn vpper face doth passe by the Center of the earth so that they deuide the sphere into two equall parts and especially the equinoctiall which for that it is a greater Cyrcle doth cut the spher into two equall halfes so that his playne vpper face passeth by the Center of the earth according to the definition of the greater Cyrcles And by this consequent when the Sun is in the equinoctiall he falleth into the Center of the earth that is hée is in the vpper face which passeth by the Center of the earth And the sun is neuer in such an vpper face but when he is in y e two equinoctial poynts for other wise he runneth without that vpper face For the greater Cyrcles are a like vnto the Sphere as the diameters vnto the Cyrcle in that as the diameter cutteth the Cyrcle in two equall halfes for that it doeth passe by the Center of the same euen so doth the greater Cyrcle deuide the Sphere into twoe equall halfes in that the playne vpper face of the same doth passe by the Center of the sphere But the lesser Cyrcles are those which haue diuerse Centers from the Center of the sphere so that the playne vpper face of them doeth not passe by the Center of the sphere For how much nearer the Center of the same is to the Center of the sphere and somuch the greater is that Cyrcle as the Tropicke But the further it is from the Center euen so much â—he lesser in sight is the Cyrcle as are the Polare circle And here none may suppose that either these or other like cyrcles to be verily in the first moouer but only to be vnderstoode or imagined For the cause of deuiding heauen into certaine spaces and regions through the helpe of which the courses of the Planets are obserued brought vnto a rule Further the
Equinoctiall poynt is then imagined to be drawne aboute with the motion of the first moouer that hath the same Center with the earth at that time by which the playne of the Equatoure is then noted to passe So that this is the cause why Plinie giueth that name to it séeing a like day and night is caused the sun then running vnder the Equatoure throughout the earth as no man of skill maketh doubt of It is named the cyrcle of the high solstice but this commeth to passe by reason of those which dwell vnder the equinoctiall and haue foure solstices as two on hie two below hauing foure shadowes in the yeare and the sun passing twise a yeare by the Zenith right ouer their heads as when the sunne is in the beginning of Aries and Libra And to them also dwelling vnder the Equinoctial are two summers and two winters and the heat is mightiest and strongest when the sun draweth from them into the North or South yet doeth the sun alwaies burne the earth right vnder it causing a burning Zone and not parteth far from their heades So that their winters are not perfectly and simply named winters as with vs which are cold seasons in déede bnt rather with them is a continuall summer yet for that the causes of heate with them are not vnformally and in a like maner alwaies for that the sun doth not approch equally the Zenith of that parte as the same is known to many whereof the heat to them is not vnifourme and a like in burning But sometimes hotter and sometimes slacker and meaner of heate So that when the sun is in the Zenith as in the beginnings of Aries and Libra and that they are in their high solstices then is the heate most vehement with them yet not without the sun this heate can bee called mighty But when as the sun is gone from their Zenith which happeneth in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorne where their low solstices are the heate is then slacker that is lesser burning So that the weaker heate hapning in the lowe solstices may in a manner bée named colde in respecte of the most burning heate hapning in the high solstices yet it hath the nomination of winter although no cold may bée felt What the offices or vtilities of the Equinoctiall are THe causes whie the skilfull practisioners tooke and vsed the Equinoctiall with the offices which they attributed to it and the mani fold vses that it offereth is herein declared 1 It measureth the motion of the first and vppermost Orbe and sheweth the same to bée drawne about by a continuall and equall swiftnesse For that in euery equall houre doe fiftéene of the thrée hundereth and thrée score degrées of the same arise and so many degrées right against set and are hidden vnder the Horizont and that all the thrée hundreth and thrée score degrées in 24. houres are turned about in the appoynted times and in their periods continually agréeing And as the Equatour from the Poles of the worlde about which the first mouer is drawne and is of either side distant by equall spaces nor the Angle which is comprehended fashioneth with the Horizont doth neuer change euen so by the same order and like motion doeth the first heauen or moouer euidently shew it selfe to be caried about For the Equinoctiall measureth and determineth the motion of the first mouer in declaring his reuolution and yeare which yeare of the first moouer is the time of 24. houres equall But by what meanes the auncient astronomers first found that the Equinoctiall is drawne about in so many houres and it is supposed they came to the knowledge thereof by the office of some starre either in the Equinoctiall or placed neare it they perceiued the same as that the Equinoctial from some note marked of them did returne to it in such a certaine space as afore shewed 2 The diuers motions of the Zodiack which hapneth to it through the twart standing or lying as a cannon or rule doth dyrect and point out the beginnings boundes and time with the which each parts or degrées of the Zodiacke arise or doe set and with which they touch these or those quarters of the worlde For all the arckes of the Equatoure are drawne by a certaine and agréeable motion continually The parts of the Zodiacke drawne thwartly the Equatoure doeth not varie or is distant by like spaces from the Poles of the world nor turned about his but the same Poles of the worlde which doe differ by a long space from his and drawn about by a most vnlike motion and nothing at all agréeing in it selfe For that some parts or degrées are caried vp sooner or quicker and others appeare slower and later So that these vseth a more space of time in the rising slower and those other passe vp by a shorter and quicker space But séeing that in the Zodiack the wandring stars or Planets doe wander continually hither and thither and from one side of it to another and that vnto the middle cyrcle of it or ecclipticke line the places of all the fixed stars are referred and applied therefore cannot the times of the rising or setting of the starres bée knowne and noted except they shoulde be guessed and attained by the next arks of the equinoctiall It also declareth the equinoctialles which are caused in those proper dayes in which the sun hapneth to come into the equinoctiall cyrcle For these are caused the sun being in the first degrées of Aries and Libra in that the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall doe crosse each other in those places whereof Manilius thus writeth That these signes Aries and Libra cause a right Throughout the earth a like day and night 3. It defineth and measureth the spaces both of the naturall and artificiall dayes And although the sun which drawne about with the motion of the first moouer and in the proper motion caried forth in the meane time by force into the contrary when as hee causeth the times of the daies and nightes so wel as the differences of the natural daies mooued and runneth in the Zodiacke yet of his motion the day and night spaces cannot bee gatherrd through the diuersity and vnlikenesse of the ascending or arising of diuers parts or degrées of the Zodiacke But seeing the same motion is of all the partes of the Equatoure therefore are the ascentions of the arcks of the Zodiacke caried vp with the ascending of the nighest parts of the Equatour like arising So that both the dayes and houres by the equall motion of these are not founde and distinguished by the vnlike and vnequall motion of them in that these ascentions can be of these two cyrcles The Greekes by no meanes like of the same in that by a stedfast order they do mark the day and night times therefore they parte and deuide them into equall houres which they named times that from the degrées of the Zodiacke they might distinguish them For euerie fiftéene
parts or degrées of the Equatour in his motion and rising aboue the Horizont doe make an houre and euery degrée foure minutes of an equall houre so that the quarters or fiftéene minutes of each degrée doe produce and cause one minute of an houre Also they obserued the ascentions and descentions of the signes in this cyrcle for that in any region or countrie a man may knowe the length of the artificiall day and night by hauing a sphericall instrument and the sun placed in the East Horizont let the note of the Equinoctiall be moued and after the sun being turned into the West Horizont let the note againe of the Equinoctiall be moued into the East Horizont So that the degrées of the Equinoctiall numbred marked with these notes do cause an artificiall day counting alwaies fiftéene degrées of the Equinoctiall for an equall houre To conclude the length of the artificial day known by subtracting the same from 24. houres the quantity of the night remayning shall appeare howe much it is Last the sun being entred into this cyrcle doth rise in the iust East point and setteth full West but in the highest of summer being come to Cancer he riseth Northeast and setteth Northwest at what time the noone-tide is highest But in the shortest time of winter when the sun is come to Capricorne hée contrariwise riseth Southeast and is in the noonetide lowest 4 It distinguisheth the Equinoctials and crosseth the Zodiacke thwartly wrethed and bended to it in two opposite points which when the sun commeth and is in it he causeth like spaces of the day and night and of the same those entraunces of the sunne are named the Equinoctiall points And there are two Equinoctials caused in euery yeare as the one the sun entring the beginning of Aries or the spring poynt of the crossing of the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall in the beginning of the spring which the Latines name the equinoctiall spring and the Gréekes Isemerian earinén And the celestiall point of the same equinoctial the Gréeks name the point of our equinoctiall spring The other equinoctiall is caused when the sun hath his beginning of Libra in the entrance of haruest called the equinoctiall haruest And the celestiall point in which the sun happeneth they name the pointe of our Equinoctiall haruest These points remaine not fixed in one place of heauen but in the going before doe procéede or moue forwarde vnder the eight Orbe and turne before the places of the fixed stars For the point of the equinoctiall spring that in the first yeare of Olimpias folowed the first star of Aries of the eight Sphere 4. degrées and 52. minutes And in the yeare of the death of Alexander one degrée and 58. minutes The same after the beginning of the yéeres of Iulius Cesar followed 4. degrées and 50 minutes And in the yeare of Christes byrth 5. degrées and 16. minutes In Ptholomies time 6. degrées and 40. minutes it went before the same star and in these yeares it went before that star 27. degrées and 35. minutes So that the yearely times of the Equinoctials are come backe from the auncient time and moue before the marked dayes by a long space For that the Equinoctial spring which about the beginning of the yeares of Olimpias hapned in the first or second of Aprill In the beginning of the yeares of Cesar in the 25. day of March. In the time of Christ our Sauiors byrth in the 23. or 24. day of March. In Ptholomies time in the 22. or 23. day of March But in our time it hapneth in the 11. or 12. day of March and in this yeare 1570. it happeneth in the 11. day of March and in the 11. howre before noone on Saturday The Autumnall or haruest Equinoctiall which hapned in Christ our Sauiours time in the 23. or 24. day of september is brought backe and come in this our time vnto the 13. or 14. day of September and in this yeare 1570. shall happen in the 13. day and in the 10. houre and 21. minutes after noone on Wednesday And through this variation of the fixed stars and Equinoctials is caused that the later practitioners haue found an other quantity of the yeare contrary to the auncients For Hipparchus and Ptholomie haue stablished in their time the quantity of the Tropicke yeare to bee of 365. dayes 5. houres 55. minutes and 12. seconds The Alphonsines of 365. dayes 5. houres 55. minutes and 12. seconds Albategnius 365. daies 5. houres 46. minutes and 56. seconds Cardanus of 365. daies 5. houres 48. minutes 41. seconds and 47. thirds And Thebitius hath stablished the starrie yeare to be of 365. dayes 6 houres 9. minutes and 32. seconds which is the space of time in which the sun returneth vnto the same fixed star But the Tropicke yeare is the suns returne after his measuring of the whole Zodiacke vnto the Equinoctiall or soisticiall point So that by the saide pointes changed either in the increasing or comming sooner as hitherto hath béene obserued is the quantity of the yeare found to be in diuerse and sundry wise of the practisioners By it also is learned and knowne which stars and images celestial are toward the North or South from it And by it is the starrieskie deuided into two equall halfes of which the one halfe is toward the North and the other towarde the South So that the denomination so well of the Planets as fixed stars are there by learned whether they bee Southerly or the Northerly An other authour writeth thus of it that it deuideth heauen into two parts of which the one is named Northerly of the seauen stars in the great Beare the other Southerly in that the sun about the South séemeth alwaies to abide with vs in that quarter And if the same may be knowne which stars are named Northerly and which Southerly and when the Planets are named Northerly and when Southerly So that by this reason all the stars and images from it tending toward the North to be Northerly and from it tending toward the South to be Southerly The Northerly images in respect of the Equinoctiall are these THe Bull named in latine Taurus is adorned with 33. stars although an other writer mentioneth but of 32. Of these 5. are in the face and about the eies and in the places where the hornes are described to be are one star a piece which make seauen in number named Hyades in Gréeke and Succullae in Latine in that they stand like to the letter Y. These in the 10. 11. and 12 degrées of Taurus hauing their latitude Southerly of which 4. are of the third bignesse and one brighter then the rest in the Southerly eie named properly Aldebaran of the first bignes and of the nature of Marse The seauen stars on the back of this signe named Pleiades and in Latine Virgiliae but in English the clustring stars in that they stande so neare togither that they can scarcely be numbred yet these more
latitude of the other as the former examples shew in such sort that the degrées of the other and likwise the minutes vnder the minutes After séeke the difference as well of the longitudes and latitudes in this maner subtract the lesser longitude from the greater the remainer is called the difference of the longitudes After deduct the lesser latitude out of the more and the difference of the latitudes shall remaine By the differences of the longitudes and latitudes shall the distance of cities giuen be gathered But in that there is thrée maner difference of places as that there be certaine places which differ in the onely latitude that is vnder one meridiane and yet lie vnder diuers Parallels and certaine that differ in the onely longitude that is vnder one Parallell yet are diuers meridians and certaine that do differ both in the longitude and latitude that is they lie vnder diuers meridians and Parallels thrée rules also of the searching of distances betwéene two places are taught of the Geographers The first rule WHen two cities hauing one longitude are offered but hauing sundry latitudes deducte the lesser out of the more the rest of degrées in that they be the degrées of the great cyrcle multiply by 15. for that 15. Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle and then shall you haue the distance of the cities But if minutes depend to the degrées of difference theÌ„ deuide them by foure the quotient adde to the fore number of the miles For séeing one degrée or 60. minutes do make 15. Germaine miles it ensueth that foure minutes make one Germaine mile c. An Example MAdeburge and Egra agrée only in longitude that is they bee equally distant from the West or from the meridian which is drawne or stretched by the fortunate Iles. For the longitude of either towne is of 29. degrées the latitude of Madeburge is of 52. and 20. minutes the latitude of Egra is of 50. degrées and 5. minutes therefore is Egra more Southerly then Madeburge The difference of the latitudes is 2. degrées 15. minutes that is 33. Germaine miles stith a halfe a quarter of a Germain mile Another TThe longitude of Trydent is of 30. degrées and 30. minutes The longitude of Viteberge is asmuch The latitude of Trydent is of 45. degrées 14. minutes The latitude of Viteberge is of 51. degrées and 50. minutes These now differ in the onely latitude which difference of the latitude is of 6. degrees and 36. minutes that is 99. Germaine miles So much is the distance almost between Trydent and Viteberge Another THe longitude of Thunis is of â—6 degrées and 50. minutes the longitude of Salerne in a maner the same The latitude of Thunis is of 32. degrées and 30. minutes The latitude of Salerne is of 40. degrées and 30. minutes The difference of latitude is of 〈◊〉 degrees 〈◊〉 minutes that is 120. miles And somuch is the distance betwéene Thunis and Salerne Another THe City of Yorke and the Towne of Barwicke agrée in longitude for the longitude of either place is of 17. degrées and no minutes But they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Yorke is of 54. degrées no minutes the latitude of Barwicke is of 56. degrées 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 2. degrées and 50. minutes that is 210. English miles So much in a manner is the distaunce betwéene the City of Yorke and Barwicke Another THe City of London and Northampton in a maner is of like longitude For the longitude of London is of 16. degrées and 30. minutes approued But they differ in latitude in that London hath the latitude of 51. degrées and 34. minutes the latitude of Northampton is of 52. degrées and 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 1. degrée and 16. minutes that is 7â— English miles So much in a maner is the distance betwéene London and Northampton Another THis example differeth both in the longitude and latitude somewhat For the longitude of Colchester is 18. degrées and 30. minutes the longitude of Oxeforde hath 15. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 3. degrees 38 minutes that is 109. English miles The latitude of Colchester hath 51. degrees and 59. minutes The difference of latitude is no degrées and 16. minutes So that 16. English miles is the distaunce betwéene the one and the other after their standing Northward Another CYgnea and Ratisbone agrée in longitude for either is of 29. degrées and 51. minutes but they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Cygnea hath 50. degrées and 46. minutes the latitude of Ratisbone of 48. degrées and 56. minutes The difference of latitude betwéene the one and the other is 1. degrée and 50. minutes which make 27. and a halfe Germaine miles The second rule BEfore the second rule be here taught it behoueth that you know howe many Germaine miles aunswere to each degrée of the parallel passing by the Zenith of Cities offered Here conceiue that not as in the former rule to euery degrée of each parallell but to each degrées onely of the parallell Cyrcle which streacheth and is vnder the Equinoctiall and as principall of all the parallels deuideth the whole earth into twoe equall halues to which are 15. Germaine miles attributed as to a degrée of it Where the other cyrcles as afore written be not of the same bignesse but how much nearer they be to the poles so much the lesser they are and how furder of they be froÌ„ the â—nâ—â—s so much the greater they are Whereof it is manifeâ—e mile aswell the greater as the lesse Cyrcle of the parallels â—â—tes stributed or deuided into 360. degrées and that those degrées according to the distance of those parallels from the poles be greater or lesser For the same cause shall you here finde in the table following how many Germaine miles answere in each eleuations to the degrées of the parallels A Table containing the degrees of the differences of each Paralels from the Equator vnto the proper Pole by whole degrees of the Latitudes conuerted into Myles Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples 1 14 59 19 14 11 37 11 59 55 8 30 73 4 23 2 14 59 20 14 6 38 11 49 56 8 23 74 4 8 3 14 58 21 14 0 39 11 39 57 8 10 75 3 53 4 14 58 22 13 54 40 11 29 58 7 57 76 3 38 5 14 56 23 13 48 41 11 19 59 7 43 77 3 22 6 14 55 24 13 42 42 11 9 60 7 30 78 3 7 7 14 53 25 13 36 43 10 58 61 7 16 79 2 52 8 14 51 26 13 29 44 10 47 62 7 2 80 2 36 9 14 48 27 13 22 45 10 36 63 6 48 81 2 21 10 14 46 28 13 15 46 10 25 64 6 34 82 2 5 11
the daies in the right Sphere and of the vnequalnesse in the thwart or bowing sphere and where the day spaces are encreased and lengthened there the night spaces be lessened and decreased and being otherwise they shew the contrary In the second the Parallels which the verticial points forme when they expresse the boundes of the latitudes of places then are they standing vnder by which their longitudes or distances from the West are accompted In the third the Parallels which either the Planets or the fixed stars describe referred vnto the Equatour do expresse the boundes of their drawings or motions from the equatour The others or rest which applied vnto the ecclipticke described doe shew the bounds of the latitudes and that for how long time they tarry aboue the earth or otherwise hid within the earth and vnder the Horizone doth either shew In the fourth the greatest and chiefest vtilities of the Parallels are that which on the habitable earth the practisioners seuer by such distances as by how much y e greatest artificiall daies are by a quarter of an houre longer increased and extended For they distinguish the habitable earth and that by obseruation into certain necessary spaces and doe iudicate the regular increasings of the daies and what is common to each dwelling vnder those parallels in asmuch as the quantities the increasings and deminishings of the dayes and nightes the risings and settings of the stars the Noonstéede shadowes and the nature of the Winter and Summer but those which are contrary as that there is a difference diuersity of the dwelling places being vnder diuers Parallelles they indéede bee necessary vnto the distribution and description of the clymate Although the number of these cyrcles bee so infinite as is the infinite variety of the stars and verticall points yet are there foure vsually rehearsed in these Elements or introduction that be especially noted and described by peculiar names and for the same cause as séemeth to mée in that they deuide the whole Globe of heauen and earth into fiue Zones and these applied vnto the plaine or flat of the equatour The tropicke of Cancer or summer tropicke The tropicke of Capricorne or winter tropicke The articke or Northerly Pole The antarticke or Southerly Pole Which Circles are called the Tropickes THe Sun according to the former words through the motion of the first mouer is in 24 houres drawn once about and for that hee is caried in the thwart Cyrcle and in the same by his proper motion chāgeth dayly vnto other places of the Zodiacke it must néeds ensue that he describeth in each day a new parallel And those doeth the sun repeat in the partes of the Zodiack which be equidistant from the solsticiall points in such wise that they be in the whole 182. cyrcles And these do they call the cyrcles of the natural daies of which the vttermost and furthest that include the suns way are named the Tropicks which is in English the sun boūds in that the sunne neuer passeth them neither toward the North nor toward the South but after his touching of each he returneth againe The one of these called the tropicke of Cancer and the other the tropicke of Capricorne Why these are called the Tropickes THey are named the Tropicks of the Gréeke word Tropikoi which is in English the turnings againe in that when the Sun is digressed from the Equatoure and come vnto those hee turneth backe againe Also the Tropicke cyrcles touch the Zodiack at the beginnings of Cancer and Capricorne of which the one is called the Tropicke of Cancer and the other of Capricorne the one being Northerly and the other Southerly And as to our dwelling the one is called the summer Circle and the other the Winter So that when the sun toucheth any of these he turneth againe and is carried toward the other As by this example further appeareth where all that season and time from the twelfth day of December vnto the eleuenth day of Iune a manne may perceiue the Sunne euery day arising higher and higher and when he is at the highest ouer our heades that day doth he by his course describe the summer Tropicke from which againe turning the sunne euery day after draweth lower and lower from our verticall pointe vntill he be come againe vnto the lowest In which twelfe day of December not going any further toward the South but being come vnto the beginning of Capricorne he describeth the winter Tropicke The Tropicke of Cancer is a lesser Circle which the sunne describeth at the entring into the beginning therof and is drawne by the daily motion whose plaine or flat passeth not by the center of the earth and it is one of the naturall Circles which is outermost described of the sun toward the North and drawne by the beginning of Cancer And it hath also his name of the standing in that the same is the bound of the sunnes iourney or course toward the North and the nighest comming vnto vs vnto which being brought he turneth backe and directeth his course into the South of which that place is called Trope It is continually distant from the Equatour by the quantity of the suns greatest declination which at this day is of 23. degrées 28. minutes and two fifts almost and it encloseth also the suns way and doth besides with the other 3. Parallels deuide the Zones of heauen and earth Further this is named the cyrcle of the summer solstice by the same reason in that it is drawne by the pointe of the summer solstice And the Northerly Tropicke in that it is the Northerly part of the world And the summer cyrcle for that the Sun in the summer falleth into this cyrcle Also this cyrcle in all the Northerly tract is on this wise that the greater part or portion is aboue the Horizone and the lesser part as to vs vnder the Horizon so that the sunne runing in that cyrcle causeth the longest day of summer And whiles the sun describeth these cyrcles the dayes bee longer then the nightes For the longest day increaseth from minute to minute from houre to houre and from the latitude of one degrée vnto the latitude of 66. degrées and 30. minutes In which the day artificial is of 24. houres and is thereof called a whole day For in the latitudes following and beyonde hee increaseth into many whole daies A like definition hath Proelus where hee writeth that the summer Tropicke is the furthest cyrcle Northwarde that the sun describeth into which when the sun is come he then maketh his summer turne and causeth also at that time the longest day and shortest night of the yeare from which turning backe he goeth againe toward the contrary coast of the world so that of the same Proclus it is called a Tropicke which is in English a returning cyrcle For it is euident to all men that after the sunne beginneth to turne he may in short time after or at the least within 5. dayes
Tropicks all heauen into fiue parts or Regions which they call zones The descriptions names qualities and vtilities of the Zones THe foure lesser cyrcles called Parallels that were afore described doe deuide the whole heauen towarde the Poles into fiue spaces which that heauen might bee compassed aboute with these larger swathes the astronomers of the same called them Zones or otherwise of the Latines Gerdils The Cosmographers by the same imagination applied doe also dispose and distribute the whole Globe of the earth into fiue roomes or spaces lying directly vnder and agréeable in proportion to them in heauen Wherefore a zone after the minde of the Gréekes is a portion tract or space of heauen or earth betwéene the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles being nighest equidistant or contained betwéene the roome equidistaunt and Pole of the world and gyrdeth or compasseth as it were the heauen or earth Or thus a zone is a space of earth like to the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles aboue which the astronomers imagine to run on the vpper face of the sphere And as the whole portion included by the two Tropicks called the burning zone doth compasse heauen as a gyrdle euen so imagine the roome of the earth lying right vnder the Tropicks The zones haue sundry names for of the Gréekes they be called zóne and of the Latines by a borowed word Zona as may appeare by Iulius Firmicus Macrobius Virgilius Ouide and other Latines That heauen or earth is imagined to bee gyrded about with these Martianus nameth them swathes Tully and Macrobius nameth them by the like reason gyrdles Ouide nameth them plagues that is roomes or spaces And how many zones they bee may easily appeare in that the astrologians Geographers Phisitions and Poets do deuide as well the heauen as earth into siue roomes or spaces by the foure Parallels or lesser cyrcles of which there bee two maner of zones the celestiall and the earthlie The celestiall are the cause of the earthly in that the earthly lie directly vnder them And of the zones the celestiall bee they which the astronomers by imagination describe and distribute in the hollow of heauen the earthly be they which lie perpendicularly vnder And both also be temperate and vntemperate zones The celestiall zones in that they haue nothing of the elementary qualities therefore doe they not by heat burne and scorch nor by cold make stiffe nor cause a temperate mixture of qualities or temperatnesse yet are they noted and descerned by the names of the qualities as the earthly zones which being the author of the sun and fountaine both of light and heate and running continually in the middle zone of heauen is diuersly felt according to the maner of the distance Or thus there are no qualities formally attributed to the celestiall zones but to them onely vertually which is on this wise to be vnderstoode as that the celestiall zones of themselues be neither cold hot nor temperate but are so called through the suns declination from the equatour as well into the North as into the South quarter of the world In the which declination is the like matter felte as well in the suns right sending downe of beames as in the thwart proiection of thē on the vpper face of the earth which diuersly changeth the heat 〈◊〉 The scorching or vntemperate middle Zone which through the heat and burning beames the sun there causeth when he is ouer the head or in the Noonestéed place is contained betwéene the boundes of the sunnes iourney which the two Tropicks make and includeth 47. degrées of heauen For the two Tropicks are on either side the equatoure so that it vseth the middle roome in the burning zone from which the sun towarde the North and South neuer declineth aboue 23. degrées and 29. minutes By which appeareth that it is there as hot in the middle of winter as it is in Spaine in the middle of summer and therefore not disagréeing to that which the auncient Cosmographers wrote that the countries lying vnder this space or rather vnder the equatour is vnhabited through the burning heate and of them for this cause named the burning or scorching zone But of later yeares it is found contrary in that at Molucca Good-hope Calicute and Samatra rich drugges and other fine spices haue beene there gotten by the Spantards and Portingals and yéerly haunted by them as at this day the same is throughly known to many which also confesse that the places vnder the Equinoctiall and the rich City Calecute being by the sea coast of Inde standing betwéene the equatour and our Tropicke of Cancer and vnto the other Tropicke South vnder the Burning zone that the places is habitable and peopled although very cumbersome with extremity of heat Also that space on earth containeth 685. Germaine miles or 23500. furlongs Ptholomie and Auicen affirme that the places betwéen the equatour and summer Tropicke is habitable and that many Cities bee there although the sunne in those places through his direct beames and especially vnder the equatour doth by the ouer much heat and continual heat burn and mightily scorch The like doe sundry others affirme which write that those places is conuenient for the life of creatures in that vnder the equatour there bee many waters which although resolued and run through the heate yet doe they breath and send vpward colde vapors which the sun continually maintaineth in drawing vp through his vehement heat and sending down mighty showers of raine which vapors in the night through the suns furthest distance vnder the earth and especially at midnight cause a mighty cold and chilling ayre which the sun after his rising vntill he be somewhat ascended aboue the earth cannot sodainly ouercome and put away that cold impression of the ayre So that the people there inhabiting bee monstrous of forme and haue rude wits wondrous wild and terible conditions like to wilde and furious beasts The countries which lie vnder the Southerly Parallels as those which are described by the Equinoctiall line vnto the summer Tropicke where the sun is drawne and runneth ouer the tops of them there through the aboundance of vapors rayne and night colde is the suns heate repressed mitigated and dulled so that the heades of the Ethiopians or Moores be litle hauing but litle and withered braines their bodies short hauing thicke crisped haire on their heades grosse and dull of senses blacke scorched or burned bodies withred or wrinckled faces crooked of stature being in a maner hot by nature and cruell condicions through the mightinesse of heat in those places And the constitution also of the ayre is there such that al liuing and cresent things on that earth are found and known to agrée with them Further it is to be noted and vnderstood that any there trauailing from the Northerly places the further they goe towarde the South somuch the stronger heat or burning they shalbe annoyed with The two temperate zones be next adioining to the burning zone the
and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles