one viz. that which it most respecteth so Baptisme and the Lords Supper are not to be referred to Substance or Action but to Relation because water and the washing therewith are but the materiall things in Baptism the formall being the holy Relation in signing and sealing the Spiritual washing away of sin 8 Lastly things themselves are placed in the Predicaments of themselves and fundamentally Conceits and Names of things but secondarily and so far forth as they represent things and so much of the manner how things are received into the Predicamentall scale or order we passe now to the second viz. The degrees of the order or Predicamentall Series The degrees then of this Order by which things are to be understood in their ranks some are superiour some inferiour to others and these degrees are not unfitly called Predicables A Degree is 1 Direct a a 2 Collateral b b 1 Direct when we ascend or descend forthright that is in a strait and direct line in order as Genus Species Individuum 2 Collateral when the ascent or descent is made in an indirect line and side-long as Difference Again the direct degree is either Primary or Secondary Primary as Genus and Species Secondary as Individual Primary is that which in the Predicamental order is universal or common to many and is Genus and Species Genus Genus is that which hath Species under it that is a general is that which containeth two specials or more under it The common Rules hereof are four 1 The Genus or general is alway of the same Predicament or order of things with it Species or special By which Canon or Rule you may discern any and many false generals as that the body of Christ is not the true Genus or general of the Sacrament of the Lords Supper that water is not the true Genus of Baptism nor an action the Genus of sin nor air of sound that harmony or number is not the Genus of the soul for such be not in one Predicament by this also Metaphors are removed as when the Church is called Noahs Ark or the Spouse the body of Christ these are true but not the true genera or generals for Metaphors shew not what a thing is but what a thing is like to 2 The Genus is never the cause of his Species nor the subject nor the accident and therefore is never predicated or spoken of his Species in the Concrete but alwayes absolutely in the right that is the nominative Case They therefore erre that in the Meteors make water to be the Genus of rain fire the Genus of a Comet air of the wind whereas Meteors are called waterish fiery airy so the cause cannot be the true Genus as when dubitation is said to be the counterpoise of equal reason Anger the boiling of the blood about the heart Death the separating of the soul from body c. In such the causes are placed in stead of generals so also for the subject when we define wind to be the air moved Original sin to be corrupt nature c. 3 The Genus is alwayes and necessarily more large than all the Species of it and is not returned or reciprocated with them 4 The Genus is inseparable from his Species nor can that be the true Genus without which the Species are or may be in any or any where this proves motion cannot be the true Genus of pleasure seeing pleasure may be somewhere where motion is not or ceaseth Genus is twofold Supream Subaltern 1 The highest and most general is so a Genus as it can never be a Species 2 Subaltern Genus is that is successive and by turn that is when it is Genus of them contained under it and Species of that which is above it Also the Genus is either remote and afar off from the Species or 2 Neer and next unto it as the Genera of a man a living Creature is the remote Genus and Animal is the neerest Genus for there are none other so neer man as those two Again the Genus is Perfect a Imperfect b Perfect Genus or a Synonymous general is when his Species all of them take equal part of him as a living creature is the equal and perfect Genus of man and beast for a beast is a living creature no lesse than and equally with a man The Canons and Rules of a perfect Genus are five 1 A perfect Genus hath a Nature not separated but yet distinct from all his Species 2 All that which is in the Genus is equally communicated with the Species so as nothing can be said of the Genus but the same also may and must be said of every species 3 The Genus is in Nature before all his Species and therefore first in that knowledge which is according to Nature 4 The Genus hath necessarily many species as not being able to be conserved in one for every genus is perfected in determination of opposite differences and opposition implyeth plurality so that one genus must of necessity have at the least two species 5 A perfect Genus being put there needs not therefore any determinate or certain species to be put and if one species be denyed the genus is not thereupon denyed There is an Analogy and similitude between a Genus and Matter For first as the matter is more imperfect than the form c. So is the genus more imperfect then the difference or species 2 As the first matter is undetermined to any of his forms so is the genus to any of his differences as the matters have a power unto the opposite forms so hath the generall unto the opposite differences yet neverthelesse there is great discrimination betwixt the genus and the matter and they be not the same An Imperfect Genus is that which is not communicated with his species equally and alike but to one more to another lesse The Rules and Canons of this be three 1 An Imperfect Genus is immediately properly and of it self communicated but with one species with another it is communicated but mediately and secondarily in order to the primary species so this genus thing or ens is an imperfect genus to substance and accident for thing is communicated primarily to substance to accident but secondarily in and by the substance accidents being not so much things Create as Concreate 2 An Imperfect Genus hath not a Nature altogether distinct from its species so a thing naturally is not altogether distinct from substance or accident 3 To put an Imperfect Genus we must needs put some certain species viz. that species by which it agreeth to the other and this species being denyed the genus it self is forthwith denyed And so much for the first Predicable of the first degree to wit the genus The Species Species or the special is an universal thing subjected or subordinate unto the Genus and it is Perfect
a proceeding to infinite for subordination presupposeth order and order resisteth infinitenesse 2 Of causes subordinate the inferiour in causing hangs on the superiour 3 In causes essentially subordinate that which is cause of a cause is the cause of the thing caused This is true only in causes essentially subordinate but false in contingently subordinate for God is not the cause of sin though he be the cause of mans will which causeth sin for will is not oâ— it self and as it is will the cause of sin for then it should sin always but as it hath defect so the nature of the horse is not the cause of halting though it be the cause of motion Causes subordinate be either First a Second b First is that which hath the highest place in the Order of causing and it is either 1 simply first or 2 after a sort 1 Absolutely first is which in no respect is second as onely God 2 After a sort first is that which is first in a certain kind onely as in the moving of living Creatures the soul is the first cause whereon all other causes and effects in such creatures depend The second cause is that which hangeth on the first either Mediate or Immediate Mediate when others do come between it and the last effect It is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cause in power for putting it the last effect is not yet but onely may be And this mediate cause is either Farr off Or neer Far off when many come between it and the last effect as the motion of Heaven is a cause far off of mans walking c. For many other causes come between This pertains not to the first cause God for he is not far from every one Acts. 7. 27. but he walks immediately with every created Agent Neer is when one only comes between it and the effect as the lifting up of vapours unto the clouds is a neer cause of rain for one only comes between even the resolution of the cloud Immediate cause is which produceth the effect by immediate and next force called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Canons hereof be five First The next cause presupposeth all the causes farther off 2 The next cause being granted needs must the effect be granted or taken away when it is taken away For the next cause is the cause in Act and therefore cannot want an effct any more then a father can want a childe So then they greatly erre which strive that the essentiall Proprieties may be taken away the forms of the subjects remaining safe whereas the form of the subject is the next cause of all those properties that are in the subject 3 One effect hath but one next cause though it may have many effects 4 By the next cause Accidents are distinctly and perfectly known 5 The next cause is enquired both by sense and observation and by the Examen of Logick these two Instruments God hath given men to finde out the next causes chiefly of Naturall effects The next cause is either Inward Outward Inward which is essentiall to the subject unto whom it produceth the effect So forms are always next causes of many faculties in subjects as a reasonable soul is the next cause of laughing speaking c. Outward which is without the Essence of that subject to whom it produceth the effect so the next cause of laughter is a moving of the heart and midriâ—â— by some ridiculous object known and this is called outward because it is neither the form nor matter though it be in man Contingently subordinate causes are when the Inferiour hangs not on the superiour of its self and its own Nature As man depends on the Sun and the picture depends on man but because this picture depends not on him as a man or naturall thing but as he is an Artificer onely therefore the picture is subordinate to the Sun contingently So is it for mans will and sin for though sin hang on the will yet because it hangs not on it according to the preferment of nature and as it is will but as it is corrupted therefore are they subordinate contingently Hitherto of a cause by its self now followeth a cause by accident which is either in 1 Naturall or 2 Voluntary Agents First the Naturall Agent That is called a cause by accident which brings not forth the effect of its own Nature but by something that happens to it as an Ague causeth temperance not of its self but by accident for of it self the cause is the will bridling the appetite So knowledge puffeth up The Law causeth wrath for it lighteth on them that cannot keep it 2 In voluntary Agents cause by accident is which brings forth an effect besides the intent and purpose or by ignorance as a man cutting wood his Ax-head flies off and kills his neighbour unawares Thus Judas Pilate and the Jews were causes by accident of Christs Passion and mans Redemption for they never purposed nor thought of such a good effect Hither belongs Fortune which sometime is taken largely for any chance as when a glasse falleth and by fortune is not broken sometime strictly taken Fortune is the cause voluntary by accident of that effect which one knew not meant not nor hoped for as a man digging or plowing the ground findes a bag of gold Thus many things amongst men may be said to be done by fortune or luck not in respect of God the first Cause but in respect of secondary causes The Canons of causes by Accident as well Natural as Voluntary be four 1 One end of the same thing may be a cause both by accident and by its self in a diverse respect as the Gospel by its self is the cause of Conversion by accident the cause of hardening 2 Every effect of a cause by accident is reduced to a cause by its self And thus all chances of Fortune are to be reduced unto God 3 Things that be done by chance or fortune be rare but of causes by themselves many and often 4 Causes by accident are infinite and inordinate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Some make it a kinde of cause Sine qua non 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But it needs not for such causes may be referred to instruments or some other before The matter next followeth which is either Properly so called Improperly so called First properly so called is Principal a Lesse principal b Principal which is onely matter and in no respect compounded Second which so is matter as it is also a materiall compound As a mans body is the matter of a man though it be all compounded of Elements The Canons hereof be two First every second matter depends on the first viz. in a certain Order of Nature 2 Every second matter is necessarily determined in a certain quantity to one onely and certain form So the matter of a man is onely determined to a reasonable soul and cannot
taken from the place of the next efficient cause And it is either Principall c c Lesse Principall d d Principal whose mean is the next principal efficient cause and it is either of the inward cause or Outward Of the Inward whose mean is the next principal efficient Outward whose mean is the outward principal next efficient cause The Canons of both these are two 1. Whereto the next efficient cause is given thereto the effect must needs be given and from what the cause is taken the effect is also 2. A Demonstration of the Inward cause is perfecter then a Demonstration of the Outward cause Examples of Demonstration That which hath the guilt of sin is wretched But all mankind since the fall hath guiltiness therefore it is wretched Whatsoever differeth from the Law and will of God deserveth Gods wrath but every small sin differeth c. therefore it deserveth Gods wrath He that hath satisfied Gods wrath hath perfectly redeemed us Onely Christ hath satisfied c. therefore he hath redeemed us They that are constantly kept of God in the purpose of Election once mode their Salvation is sure But all the faithful are so kept therefore their Salvation is sure Whatsoever hath matter is moveable Every naturall body hath matter therefore Every naturall body is moveable Lesse Principall is whose mean term is a lesse principall efficient cause viz. either Impulsive or first Instrumentall The Canon hereof is Whereto the Impulsive and Instrumentall which is more matching is given thereto also must needs be given the effect and power or faculty unto which the instrument is ordained and contrary from what the instrument is taken from that also the end or effect must needs be taken Thus Demonstration is made that fishes do not breathe because they have no lungs that the wicked eat not Christs body because they have no faith So man is a communicable and sociable creature because he hath speech the Instrument of communion Demonstration of the end is whose mean term is drawn from the place of the finall cause The Canons thereof are two 1. The end being put specially the fitted end needs must the means to the end be put or contrariwise 2. Even as the end is either fitted and principall or lesse principall accordingly the Demonstration is more perfect or imperfect Thus Christ shewed they ought not to buy and sell in the Temple because it was an house of prayer Heresies must be that the approved may be known c. Imperfect Demonstration or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That a thing is whose mean is taken from the place of the effect The Canons hereof are three 1 The effect being put the cause is necessarily put and the effect being taken away so is the cause as it is a cause of that effect So it is shewed that some men are Elect because in time they are called justified and sanctified and contrary that some are not Elect because they are not called c. So Infants are sinners because they die Romans 5. 2. Even as the effect is either principal or lesse principal accordingly is the demonstration more or lesse principal 3. When by the effect it is proved the cause is or not on the contrary also the effect may be shewed by the cause which Reciprocation Logicians call Regresse And thus much of Demonstration Of an Apparent Syllogism or Fallacie Hitherto we have treated of a true Syllogism Now followeth the Apparent which hath a false disposition or matter painted with a shew of a true Whereupon ignorance or naughty disposition is begotten in the mind The Doctrine hereof hath two parts The 1. whereof is the caution of a deprehended Fallacie The 2. is Shewing and loosing of that Fallacie First Of the deprehension or finding out of a Fallacie A Sophism or Fallacie is a deceit either In Form a In Matter b A Fallacie of Form is when men sin against the disposition of a Syllogism violating the Canons either generall or speciall of all the Figures A Fallacy of matter is either In words m In things n A Fallacy of words is either in a word Simple g Compound b A fallacy of a simple word is either Of want of use k Of Ambiguity l A Fallacy of the want of use of a word is either 1. For the darknesse of it 2. For the oldnesse 3. For the Novelty 4. For the impropriety of it These are opened in the first part of Logick Ambiguity of a word is either For the many meanings For the doubtfull forming Ambiguity for many meanings is when a term in a Syllogism is taken in this meaning or in that as That which is begotten beginneth to be The Son of God is begotten therfore beginneth to be Here is ambiguity in the word begetting for the generation that is in the Holy Trinity differeth generally from the generation of the creatures Ambiguity for the forming of a word is either in respect of the 1. Orthography 2. Etymologie 3. Prosodie 1. In respect of the Orthography is when the doubtfulnesse ariseth from the diverse pronouncing of word or writing as If a man pretending to make one his heir should say I will make thee mine hair or to commend one for a full hardy souldier saith He is fool-hardy 2. In respect of the Etymologie doubtfulnesse is which ariseth either of likenesse of ending or confounding one number for another This Fallacy is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. In respect of Proâ—odie doubtfulnesse is which aâ—iâ—eth from wrong pronounciation a long syllable for a short or otherwise A Fallacy of a compound word is which is in a sentence and is called Amphibâ—lie which is a double uncertainty of the meaning in a sentence And it ariseth either 1. Of the construction and distinction 2. Of the phrase 3. Of the Composition and Division 1. Of the construction when the coherence and construction of words is doubtfull 2. Of the phrase when not the construction but the kinde of speech makes uncertainty of sense as Christ went up to Heaven to fill all things Therefore His body is diffused everywhere It is a Fallacy by not understanding the Apostles phrase Fill all things which is meant of the effusion of the Holy Ghost not of the diffusion of his body 3. Of Composition and Division when words are joyned together which should be disjoyned or contrariwise as Two and three are even and odde but five are two and three therefore five are even and odde A Fallacy in things is either 1. About the conclusion or question a 2. About the proof of the concluon on oâ—â—â—â—ing the Mean b About the conclusion is either 1. Asking of many questions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 2. Asking of another question 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. Ignorance of the argument 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1 The Fallacie of many questions is when many questions or conclusions are confounded in one As Were Moses and Aaron and David
and even subject that of a common it may be made proper 3 Because Relation is busied between two Subjects of which one is called the Relate the other the Correlate therefore in explaning of a relation both of them must be assigned 4 The Object then is to be minded about which the accident is occupied and Objects bear rule in qualities and Actions 5 The Principal efficient causes must be found out First the neer and then the neerest causes 6 In Relations the ground or Fundament must be enquired and it differeth not from the neerest cause 7 Then let the end of the accident be shewed which also bears sway chiefly in quality and action 8 But in Relations the Term must be enquired which is the same with the final cause 9 Then give the definition of the accident according to the nature of every predicament assigning besides the Genus the essential terms as the Subject the Object the Efficient cause and the End 10 Often also the Antecedents Connexes Circumstances and Consequences are to be reckoned As when the propounded Theme is an Action or Passion 11 The effects of the proposed accident must be distinctly told 12 A Division must be added either into the Species if the proposed accident be a Genus or into other members fitting to an accident 13 Then shew the things akin thereto or which have some affinity of nature with the proposed theme 14 Let the diversity which is between Themes akin be shewed 15 Let the Opposites or Contraries be added For Example This accidental Theme is to be handled Calling upon God 1 The Name is absolute 2 The Genus in the Predicament of Action is found to be this a religious action 3 The Subject of this Action is a faithfull man 4 The Object First to whom it should be directed is the whole Trinity and the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ reconciled by the Son Secondly The Object of the things to be asked which are Bodily and Spiritual Thirdly The Object for whom is our selves and others 5 The Efficient cause principal is the manner of confidence stirred up by the holy Ghost by the authority and merit of Christ the Mediator Joh. 4. Rom. 6. The outward moving cause 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is Gods commandment and his promise to hear us Joh. 16. Psal. 150. The inward moving cause 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the feeling of our own wants and remembrance of Gods benefits before received The Instrumentall causes are the Form given by Christ Mat. 6. and our members Inward and Outward as heart tongues eyes hands knees c. 6 The end is the obtaining of benefits and thankfull glorifying of God 7 So the whole definition is this Invocation is a Religious action or operation from the motion of faith kindled by the holy Ghost with trust and authority of Christ the Mediatour done by a faithfull man and directed unto God propitious in his Son for the obtaining of good things needfull and for the glorification of Gods holy Name 8 The proper accidents or things requisite are First That it be done in true faith without wavering Jam. 1. Secondly That it be directed to Gods will Thirdly That it be with devout inward Motions and outward gestures if it may be Fourthly That it be not hasty limiting God a time or manner Jsaiah 28. Fifthly That it be conceived with brief words without any redundance of speech 9. The effects are Union with God joy and comfort of mind the obtaining of good things needfull 10. The Circumstances are the place now free Joh. 4. publike or private the time also free at all hours c. 11. The things connexed unto it are purity of life sobriety tentations of the Devil much to be resisted 12. The Division is by circumstance of the place publike or private By the object it is supplication 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Prayer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Intercession 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 13. The things akin unto it are diligent reading of the Scripture Meditation of holy things continual diligence in the works of our calling 14. The contraries are A corrupt conscience an unclean life doubting profaness and contempt blasphemy and execration And thus much of the primary handling of a perfect Theme The Secondary is when the Definition of a Theme is put at the first beginning and afterwards is resolved and explained by parts This way is commonly used of many in an their treatises And though it be good yet is it not so artificial and profitable as the former Now followeth the handling of Imperfect Themes Imperfect Themes are they that are imperfectly placed in the Predicaments and Order of things And they are imperfect either In respect of our understanding Of their own Nature In respect of our understanding onely the nature of the most high God cannot perfectly be treated of explained Of its own nature a Theme Imperfect is five-fold 1 A singular thing 2 A Part. 3 A Concrete 4 A Collective 5 A Privation A Singular thing or Individuum is either Substantial a Accidental b Substantial hath these Canons 1 Among substantial Themes those chiefly come to be handled in use which are called persons 2 The Genus and Species are in secret thought presupposed in singulars 3 The persons name and Etymologie and reason of the giving of it is to be considered 4 Then comes to be considered the efficient cause or beginning and birth of the person with the Circumstances of place and Countrey of time when and then the subjects of this birth his Father and Mother 5 These are to be told the accidents of the person First Pertaining to his body as Stature and Health Secondly to his minde as Wit Judgement Memory Learning Also Moral Vertues Chastity Liberality c. And these may be led along his ages as his childhood youth mans age 6 The effects of the person are to be recited what memorable things he hath done in every age especially in his manhood 7 Let the things which are akin be shewed as they that live in his time his friends and the things wherein the person most delighteth 8 Finally let the diverse things and contrary to the person be rehearsed as Foes Enviers and his death with the cause thereof as the disease or if it were violent by what adversity he perished Then the things connex to his death if any strange signes went before or if he spake any memorable thing at last whereto adde the consequents of his death as his Burial and Funerals A singular accident is which cleaves to a singular substance as either the quality or action or Passion or Relation of it The Canons for handling this Theme are these 1 Let the name be weighed as was in a theme universal 2 Let the Genus and Species of the propounded theme be presupposed 3 The Subject namely the singular substance is to be considered as also the Object about which it is occupied 4 Let the antecedents