with_o a_o decency_n to_o the_o country_n and_o court_n wherein_o he_o live_v handsome_a and_o fashionable_a without_o affectation_n which_o he_o shall_v change_v according_a to_o the_o place_n cause_n age_n or_o time_n subsect_v 1._o of_o his_o deportment_n towards_o his_o prince_n what_o we_o have_v already_o speak_v be_v of_o great_a moment_n in_o our_o courtier_n but_o what_o shall_v follow_v will_v be_v of_o far_o great_a and_o the_o more_o accurate_o to_o be_v observe_v because_o we_o see_v many_o err_v therein_o first_o we_o shall_v show_v how_o a_o courtier_n ought_v to_o carry_v himself_o to_o his_o prince_n then_o to_o his_o equal_n therein_o to_o shun_v envy_n as_o much_o as_o possible_a may_v be_v and_o last_o with_o what_o virtue_n he_o shall_v be_v endue_v above_o all_o thing_n i_o admonish_v our_o courtier_n to_o be_v such_o in_o effect_n as_o he_o will_v desire_v to_o seem_v to_o his_o prince_n and_o other_o and_o let_v not_o his_o tongue_n dissent_v from_o his_o heart_n he_o be_v as_o great_a a_o enemy_n to_o i_o say_v homer_n as_o the_o gate_n of_o hell_n who_o speak_v one_o thing_n and_o think_v another_o no_o lie_n grow_v old_a say_v euripides_n and_o as_o the_o love_n of_o man_n to_o a_o paint_a â—â—ore_n can_v be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o with_o the_o first_o heat_n the_o deceit_n appear_v and_o the_o face_n thereby_o become_v more_o ugly_a so_o when_o dissembler_n be_v suspect_v which_o common_o happen_v they_o incur_v the_o hatred_n of_o their_o prince_n and_o other_o real_a pain_n do_v follow_v false_a pleasure_n real_a disgrace_n false_a honour_n and_o real_a destruction_n false_a profit_n to_o omit_v that_o it_o be_v against_o christian-piety_n which_o consist_v whole_o in_o the_o simplicity_n of_o the_o mind_n verum_fw-la hodie_fw-la laus_fw-la est_fw-la non_fw-la ultima_fw-la fingere_fw-la vultum_fw-la et_fw-la simulare_fw-la probe_n nec_fw-la qui_fw-la vel_fw-la fallere_fw-la nescit_fw-la mentirive_v ferret_v sapientis_fw-la nomen_fw-la in_o aula_fw-la dissimulation_n and_o well-feigned_n face_n once_o hateful_a vice_n now_o be_v no_o disgrace_n who_o can_v cheat_v and_o lie_v he_o strive_v in_o vain_a the_o name_n of_o wise_a in_o court_n ever_o to_o obtain_v divis_n 1._o of_o his_o assiduity_n and_o diligence_n have_v lay_v this_o foundation_n i_o say_v that_o assiduity_n and_o diligence_n be_v necessary_o requisite_a in_o our_o courtier_n this_o be_v chief_o to_o be_v regard_v by_o we_o say_v antonius_n in_o cicero_n there_o be_v nothing_o which_o it_o can_v obtain_v for_o whatever_o fall_v under_o our_o charge_n we_o accomplish_v with_o care_n vigilance_n and_o labour_n and_o in_o a_o word_n diligence_n in_o which_o one_o virtue_n all_o the_o rest_n be_v contain_v it_o be_v good_a to_o be_v admire_v in_o what_o we_o have_v by_o fortune_n but_o it_o be_v far_o better_a to_o have_v obtain_v what_o be_v glorious_a and_o honourable_a by_o our_o own_o industry_n for_o the_o former_a happen_v to_o good_a and_o bad_a but_o the_o other_o according_a to_o demosthenes_n to_o none_o but_o generous_a and_o brave_a spirit_n we_o see_v courtier_n ofttimes_o complain_v that_o be_v very_o observant_a of_o their_o prince_n they_o be_v notwithstanding_o in_o little_a favour_n and_o how_o shall_v that_o be_v the_o answer_n be_v easy_a for_o when_o the_o sun_n shine_v on_o divers_a edifice_n those_o seem_v most_o illustrious_a who_o have_v the_o great_a glass-light_n so_o prince_n advance_v such_o courtier_n most_o who_o by_o virtue_n and_o diligence_n be_v the_o most_o fit_a for_o the_o administration_n of_o affair_n by_o diligence_n therefore_o a_o courtier_n will_v obtain_v that_o his_o prince_n make_v frequent_a use_n of_o he_o for_o such_o they_o favour_v more_o than_o other_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n say_v demosthenes_n that_o he_o who_o refuse_v no_o pain_n be_v always_o present_a upon_o every_o occasion_n and_o neglect_v not_o the_o least_o moment_n of_o time_n to_o obtain_v his_o desire_n before_o other_o all_o thing_n fall_v out_o prosperous_o say_v salustium_fw-la say_v cato_n apud_fw-la salustium_fw-la sallust_n by_o watch_v do_v and_o consult_v aright_o but_o when_o you_o addict_v yourself_o to_o laziness_n and_o idleness_n you_o shall_v in_o vain_a implore_v the_o angry_a go_n we_o call_v he_o a_o diligent_a courtier_n who_o seldom_o remove_v his_o thought_n from_o what_o be_v commit_v to_o his_o charge_n who_o make_v it_o his_o only_a care_n that_o his_o prince_n receive_v no_o prejudice_n both_o to_o foresee_v and_o to_o prevent_v danger_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v mean_v who_o spare_v no_o pain_n nor_o danger_n but_o rather_o remain_v as_o upon_o a_o perpetual_a watch_n who_o if_o he_o be_v send_v to_o another_o prince_n observe_v his_o nature_n and_o manner_n his_o strength_n and_o power_n his_o custom_n and_o treasure_n his_o confederate_n and_o ally_n and_o all_o his_o form_n of_o government_n and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o diligence_n of_o our_o courtier_n where_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o least_o affect_a and_o most_o remote_a from_o ostentation_n be_v the_o most_o commendable_a as_o paterculus_n observe_v aright_o in_o piso_n that_o he_o do_v what_o be_v to_o be_v do_v without_o noise_n as_o on_o the_o contrary_a officious_a curiosity_n render_v man_n hateful_a to_o be_v curious_a say_v cicero_n be_v to_o desire_v to_o know_v what_o do_v not_o belong_v unto_o we_o which_o denote_v he_o to_o be_v a_o man_n of_o levity_n or_o little_a sincerity_n divis_n 2._o of_o his_o secrecy_n philiopides_n do_v answer_v king_n lysimachus_n wise_o when_o he_o ask_v what_o he_o shall_v communicate_v to_o he_o any_o thing_n but_o your_o secret_n say_v he_o it_o be_v a_o most_o dangerous_a thing_n to_o know_v the_o secret_n of_o prince_n because_o they_o be_v always_o jealous_a of_o such_o person_n say_v cassiodorus_n therefore_o our_o courtier_n shall_v not_o reveal_v the_o secret_n of_o his_o prince_n to_o any_o but_o especial_o such_o as_o he_o be_v entrust_v with_o the_o persian_n do_v conceal_v the_o secret_n of_o their_o king_n with_o admirable_a sidelity_n no_o fear_n or_o hope_n can_v draw_v one_o syllable_n thereof_o from_o they_o and_o a_o man_n can_v undergo_v great_a affair_n to_o who_o it_o be_v a_o trouble_n to_o hold_v his_o tongue_n say_v curtius_n they_o be_v ridiculous_a who_o out_o of_o a_o ostentative_a vanity_n rejoice_v to_o relate_v what_o be_v do_v every_o day_n in_o the_o cabinet-council_n of_o their_o prince_n that_o thereby_o they_o may_v show_v how_o much_o they_o be_v in_o favour_n with_o he_o a_o certain_a athenian_a do_v invite_v the_o ambassador_n of_o king_n philip_n to_o his_o house_n and_o some_o philosopher_n among_o who_o zeno_n be_v one_o and_o when_o all_o be_v merry_a and_o argue_v much_o upon_o several_a subject_n zeno_n in_o the_o mean_a while_o be_v still_o silent_a which_o the_o ambassador_n perceive_v do_v ask_v he_o what_o they_o shall_v relate_v to_o their_o king_n that_o you_o have_v see_v answer_v zeno_n a_o old_a man_n at_o athens_n who_o know_v how_o to_o be_v silent_a among_o cup_n it_o be_v praise_v worthy_a to_o speak_v well_o but_o it_o deserve_v no_o less_o praise_n to_o know_v when_o to_o be_v silent_a when_o aristotle_n send_v calistines_n his_o scholar_n and_o kinsman_n to_o alexander_n he_o do_v admonish_v he_o to_o speak_v seldom_o and_o prudent_o to_o he_o who_o have_v the_o power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n upon_o his_o tongue_n which_o advice_n reject_v by_o calistines_n be_v the_o cause_n curtius_n cause_n curtius_n of_o his_o destruction_n in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o will_v advise_v our_o courtier_n to_o make_v as_o honourable_a mention_n of_o his_o former_a master_n if_o he_o have_v have_v any_o as_o if_o he_o be_v yet_o alive_a and_o not_o to_o complain_v of_o he_o although_o he_o think_v it_o acceptable_a to_o his_o prince_n otherwise_o he_o shall_v fall_v into_o two_o inconvenience_n the_o one_o the_o prince_n shall_v imagine_v that_o he_o may_v expect_v the_o like_o himself_o through_o process_n of_o time_n the_o other_o he_o will_v think_v it_o the_o courtier_n own_o fault_n that_o he_o be_v not_o in_o great_a favour_n with_o his_o former_a master_n divis_n 3._o of_o his_o love_n and_o affection_n to_o his_o prince_n as_o the_o ray_n can_v be_v separate_v from_o the_o sun_n heat_n from_o fire_n cold_a from_o ice_n nor_o snow_n from_o whiteness_n so_o can_v benevolence_n familiarity_n society_n and_o concord_n be_v separate_v from_o love_n see_v i_o say_v nothing_o do_v more_o gain_v affection_n than_o token_n of_o love_n let_v a_o courtier_n endeavour_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o his_o power_n to_o make_v his_o prince_n understand_v that_o he_o love_v he_o love_n according_a to_o the_o proverb_n beget_v love_n it_o be_v ingratitude_n indeed_o not_o to_o love_v and_o favour_v those_o by_o who_o we_o know_v we_o be_v not_o a_o little_a belove_v
and_o have_v our_o dependence_n i_o will_v have_v sign_n of_o this_o affection_n towards_o our_o prince_n show_v so_o oft_o as_o occasion_n require_v not_o only_o in_o matter_n of_o great_a moment_n as_o to_o suffer_v inconvenience_n or_o lay_v down_o your_o very_a life_n for_o your_o prince_n but_o also_o in_o lesser_a concern_v if_o necessity_n require_v to_o which_o it_o be_v much_o conduce_v to_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o his_o prince_n and_o of_o his_o favourite_n and_o to_o observe_v to_o what_o he_o be_v natural_o incline_v history_n show_v by_o many_o example_n how_o much_o aristotle_n do_v know_v the_o nature_n and_o inclination_n of_o alexander_n and_o tacitus_n say_v that_o sejanus_n know_v exact_o the_o nature_n of_o tiberius_n the_o sign_n of_o love_n be_v these_o to_o honour_n and_o respect_v not_o only_o the_o prince_n himself_o but_o all_o those_o who_o he_o favour_v to_o be_v so_o subservient_fw-fr to_o the_o humour_n of_o his_o master_n to_o shun_v the_o society_n of_o those_o who_o he_o suspect_v provide_v he_o avoid_v flattery_n and_o affectation_n divis_n 4._o of_o flattery_n and_o affectation_n flattery_n be_v the_o sign_n of_o a_o lie_a base_a servile_a spirit_n hateful_a to_o private_a man_n and_o prejudicial_a to_o prince_n who_o it_o in_o infatuate_v and_o bring_v often_o to_o ruin_n therefore_o as_o we_o see_v they_o severe_o punish_v who_o throw_v poison_n into_o public_a spring_n so_o shall_v they_o also_o who_o by_o their_o adulation_n corrupt_v their_o prince_n and_o master_n and_o draw_v he_o from_o the_o study_n of_o equity_n to_o wickedness_n and_o from_o continency_n to_o follow_v his_o lustful_a inclination_n for_o the_o prince_n be_v as_o a_o fountain_n from_o which_o the_o law_n flow_v and_o justice_n be_v require_v in_o he_o example_n of_o virtue_n shall_v be_v find_v from_o he_o aid_n be_v implore_v against_o wicked_a agapediaca_n wicked_a agapediaca_n man_n and_o from_o he_o the_o reward_n of_o virtue_n be_v expect_v the_o other_o which_o our_o courtier_n shall_v shun_v be_v affectation_n which_o though_o not_o so_o odious_a yet_o be_v it_o the_o symptom_n of_o a_o unsolid_a and_o foolish_a spirit_n for_o that_o too_o much_o diligence_n and_o subserviency_n to_o the_o humour_n of_o prince_n carry_v the_o similitude_n of_o adulation_n which_o be_v abominable_a to_o all_o which_o i_o shall_v only_o add_v two_o direction_n the_o one_o be_v that_o see_v prosperous_a gale_n do_v not_o always_o breath_n in_o the_o court_n of_o prince_n we_o shall_v when_o they_o do_v catch_fw-mi hold_v of_o the_o occasion_n the_o other_o be_v when_o you_o resolve_v to_o desire_v any_o thing_n from_o your_o prince_n those_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v require_v which_o he_o can_v bestow_v with_o the_o least_o expense_n subsect_v 2._o of_o his_o deportment_n towards_o his_o equal_n now_o let_v we_o prosecute_v in_o few_o word_n what_o a_o courtier_n shall_v observe_v in_o his_o carriage_n towards_o his_o equal_n and_o first_o let_v he_o shun_v as_o much_o as_o possible_a he_o can_v every_o accident_n by_o which_o he_o may_v incur_v the_o wrath_n of_o his_o companion_n if_o he_o be_v prefer_v by_o his_o prince_n let_v he_o not_o forget_v or_o be_v ashamed_a of_o his_o old_a friend_n if_o honest_a man_n let_v he_o not_o obstinate_o hinder_v the_o profit_n of_o other_o let_v he_o not_o baffle_v his_o friend_n or_o jest_v too_o satirical_o with_o they_o for_o some_o there_o be_v according_a to_o quintilian_n who_o have_v rather_o lose_v a_o friend_n than_o a_o jest_n consider_v always_o diligent_o for_o what_o cause_n in_o what_o company_n against_o who_o and_o what_o be_v speak_v a_o courtier_n shall_v beware_v that_o he_o use_v not_o any_o petulant_a or_o proud_a expression_n not_o befit_v the_o time_n place_n or_o person_n next_o let_v he_o beware_v of_o flatterer_n and_o dissembler_n for_o those_o do_v insinuate_v themselves_o to_o pry_v into_o man_n secret_n that_o upon_o occasion_n they_o may_v obstruct_v their_o design_n and_o it_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o distinguish_v such_o man_n from_o true_a friend_n for_o according_a to_o quintilian_n it_o be_v the_o great_a art_n to_o conceal_v dissimulation_n cunning_o notwithstanding_o if_o our_o courtier_n will_v use_v great_a circumspection_n learn_v to_o know_v himself_o and_o distinguish_v prudent_o his_o true_a friend_n he_o shall_v easy_o detect_v the_o artifice_n of_o dissembler_n who_o therefore_o do_v extol_v hyperbolical_o your_o wit_n virtue_n and_o courtesy_n and_o who_o cover_v your_o vice_n with_o contrary_a virtue_n who_o call_v temerity_n fortitude_n negligence_n clemency_n prodigality_n magnificence_n and_o that_o always_o to_o your_o face_n such_o you_o may_v just_o suspect_v hunc_fw-la quem_fw-la vina_fw-la tibi_fw-la quem_fw-la mensa_fw-la paravit_fw-la amicum_fw-la esse_fw-la putas_fw-la fide_fw-la pectus_fw-la amicitia_fw-la vinum_fw-la amat_fw-la &_o cyathos_fw-la &_o summa_fw-la &_o ostrea_fw-la non_fw-la te_fw-la sublato_fw-la vino_fw-la nullus_fw-la amicus_fw-la erit_fw-la think_v you_o that_o friendship_n always_o will_v endure_v which_o wine_n and_o dainty_n only_o do_v procure_v he_o love_v thy_o treat_n and_o not_o thyself_o therefore_o when_o they_o be_v go_v he_o will_v be_v thy_o friend_n no_o more_o let_v he_o be_v cautious_a therefore_o in_o choose_v a_o friend_n but_o so_o as_o to_o endeavour_v to_o obtain_v the_o love_n of_o all_o which_o he_o shall_v easy_o do_v if_o he_o be_v humane_a liberal_a and_o affable_a to_o they_o sect_n ii_o of_o his_o virtue_n now_o it_o remain_v that_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o virtue_n wherewith_o our_o courtier_n shall_v be_v qualify_v for_o there_o be_v nothing_o which_o allure_v more_o the_o affection_n of_o men._n we_o love_v those_o in_o some_o respect_n say_v tully_n for_o their_o virtue_n who_o we_o have_v never_o so_o much_o as_o see_v who_o do_v not_o hate_v baseness_n avarice_n and_o cruelty_n for_o there_o be_v no_o man_n so_o flagitious_a who_o will_v not_o desire_v to_o have_v come_v to_o what_o he_o have_v obtain_v by_o wickedness_n without_o a_o crime_n for_o the_o baseness_n of_o the_o guilt_n do_v so_o much_o affect_v those_o who_o be_v addict_v to_o vice_n that_o they_o be_v hateful_a to_o themselves_o and_o do_v carry_v their_o punishment_n in_o their_o own_o conscience_n and_o although_o all_o the_o virtue_n shall_v allure_v we_o and_o make_v we_o love_v those_o who_o we_o see_v endue_v therewith_o yet_o some_o be_v more_o become_v according_a to_o the_o several_a quality_n and_o condition_n of_o men._n as_o for_o example_n magnificence_n become_v a_o prince_n but_o not_o a_o plebeian_n subsect_v 1._o of_o his_o fortitude_n first_o fortitude_n be_v require_v in_o our_o courtier_n that_o if_o it_o be_v necessary_a he_o may_v with_o a_o undaunted_a mind_n offer_v himself_o to_o danger_n for_o his_o prince_n his_o country_n and_o himself_o for_o as_o the_o palmtree_n do_v not_o bow_v down_o when_o any_o weight_n hang_v thereon_o but_o of_o its_o own_o accord_n raise_v itself_o up_o against_o its_o burden_n so_o the_o more_o a_o gallant_a spirit_n be_v oppress_v with_o business_n or_o the_o assault_n of_o fortune_n the_o more_o do_v he_o remain_v crect_v and_o undaunted_a as_o pliny_n prudent_o observe_v let_v not_o our_o courtier_n fear_v too_o much_o what_o can_v befall_v he_o let_v he_o suffer_v unfortunate_a accident_n patient_o and_o let_v he_o not_o do_v any_o thing_n with_o a_o timorous_a and_o faint_a heart_n subsect_v 2._o of_o his_o temperance_n but_o pleasure_n be_v the_o mother_n of_o all_o evil_a by_o who_o flattery_n what_o be_v good_a by_o nature_n be_v corrupt_v hence_o tully_n no_o less_o true_o than_o clogant_o who_o be_v lead_v away_o with_o pleasure_n say_v he_o and_o give_v themselves_o to_o the_o allurement_n of_o vice_n and_o dishonest_a desire_n let_v not_o such_o endeavour_n to_o attain_v to_o honour_n nor_o meddle_v with_o the_o commonwealth_n let_v brave_a spirit_n suffer_v pain_n for_o their_o country_n and_o let_v they_o enjoy_v their_o lazy_a idleness_n therefore_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a that_o our_o courtier_n be_v temperate_a temperance_n say_v seneca_n command_v over_o pleasure_n etc._n etc._n xenophanes_n say_v that_o nothing_o bad_a can_v proceed_v from_o that_o man_n who_o have_v study_v and_o embrace_v temperance_n no_o voluptuous_a pleasure_n deceive_v a_o temperate_a man_n he_o keep_v his_o hand_n eye_n and_o heart_n free_a from_o what_o do_v not_o concern_v he_o be_v not_o ensnare_v with_o the_o pleasure_n of_o vice_n live_v spare_o continent_o strict_o and_o sober_o moreover_o this_o virtue_n be_v the_o mother_n of_o good_a health_n as_o on_o the_o contrary_a intemperance_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o sickness_n and_o death_n two_o thing_n say_v cornificius_n to_o herennius_n move_v man_n most_o to_o wickedness_n luxury_n and_o avarice_n whore_n be_v fatal_a pleasure_n fly_v from_o they_o if_o you_o be_v wise_a caius_n gracchus_n upon_o his_o return_n from_o
so_o much_o success_n and_o glory_n be_v think_v to_o have_v proceed_v from_o one_o verse_n of_o homer_n johannes_n bodinus_fw-la in_o method_n hist_o make_v mention_n that_o selimus_n cause_v caesar_n commentary_n to_o be_v translate_v into_o his_o own_o natural_a language_n be_v so_o expert_a in_o his_o manner_n of_o warfare_n that_o in_o a_o short_a time_n he_o join_v a_o great_a part_n of_o africa_n and_o asia_n the_o less_o to_o the_o empire_n of_o his_o predecessor_n valerius_n maximus_n make_v mention_v that_o lucius_n paulus_n have_v not_o rout_v the_o persian_n 6._o lib._n 6._o if_o gallus_n sulpitius_n the_o philosopher_n have_v not_o remove_v that_o fear_n in_o the_o roman_a camp_n proceed_v from_o a_o sudden_a eclipse_n of_o the_o moon_n by_o discourse_v elegant_o of_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o heaven_n and_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o change_n the_o answer_n to_o the_o five_o argument_n be_v easy_a for_o we_o speak_v not_o of_o that_o learning_n which_o consist_v mere_o 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as_o politic_a government_n sect_n i._o show_v the_o people_n incline_v either_o to_o mars_n or_o mercury_n as_o their_o prince_n be_v incline_v thus_o consider_v what_o be_v already_o speak_v it_o will_v not_o be_v difficult_a to_o find_v out_o what_o profession_n be_v the_o better_a but_o now_o learned_a man_n to_o the_o shame_n of_o a_o nation_n do_v vail_n to_o soldier_n give_v they_o a_o tacit_n renunciation_n of_o their_o right_n and_o acquiesce_v in_o the_o vulgar_a opinion_n which_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n ever_o false_a i_o will_v allow_v indeed_o that_o our_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n follow_v the_o war_n for_o the_o safety_n of_o their_o king_n and_o country_n shall_v not_o be_v defraud_v of_o their_o due_a honour_n so_o as_o gownsman_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v not_o wrong_v and_o vilipend_v and_o i_o do_v think_v that_o neither_o party_n shall_v permit_v the_o other_o to_o give_v their_o judgement_n in_o their_o own_o proper_a cause_n which_o i_o shall_v in_o this_o place_n forbear_v also_o to_o do_v and_o only_o say_v that_o man_n be_v stir_v up_o to_o those_o profession_n and_o art_n which_o be_v in_o great_a esteem_n for_o the_o time_n according_a to_o plato_n in_o his_o four_o book_n de_fw-fr republica_n nero_n declaim_v in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n according_a to_o the_o example_n of_o pompey_n the_o great_a and_o augustus_n caesar_n and_o immediate_o there_o be_v such_o abundance_n of_o orator_n and_o the_o study_n of_o eloquence_n so_o flourish_v that_o many_o from_o low_a fortune_n be_v make_v senator_n rheter_fw-la senator_n sueto_fw-la de_fw-fr clara_fw-la rheter_fw-la and_o obtain_v great_a honour_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o charles_n the_o five_o all_o his_o courtier_n do_v learn_v the_o french_a tongue_n because_o the_o emperor_n himself_o delight_v in_o it_o so_o aristotle_n true_o say_v that_o 9_o that_o lib._n 2._o polit._n c._n 9_o the_o inclination_n of_o prince_n be_v example_n to_o his_o subject_n because_o 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who_o do_v not_o envy_n achilles_n for_o