instant falling was found struck in the Thigh and a Shooe-makers Knife in the Wound Thus Drusus as well as others was slain in his Tribuneship The Knights were not wanting to draw advantages against their Enemies out of Drusus his Designs and to find out matter of Calumny and to this effect they perswaded Q. Valerius Tribune of the People to make a Law declaring all such Criminals who openly or underhand favoured the Allies in their design to enter into the Government of the Republick out of hopes soon to expose to their Accusers the Head Men of the City to become the Judges of this crime so odious to all Citizens to destroy their Enemies and make themselves almighty wherefore when the other Tribunes opposed the publication of this Law the Knights all drew their Swords and presenting the points to the Throats of the Opposers made them pass it by force That done they presently suborned Accusers against the most considerable of the Senate Bestia one of the first accused would not come at their Summons but went of himself into exile rather than submit himself to the power of his Enemies Cotta called next to judgment after him appeared but after he had given a brave account of the Employments he had undergone in the Republick and declared against the Knights he left the City without staying for their Sentence Mummius sirnamed the Achaick after having been fooled by his Judges who promised to absolve him was banished to Delos where he ended his days This mischief falling upon the worthiest and best men the People began to be afflicted to see themselves in so short time robbed of the presence of so many great persons and the Allies when they knew of Drusus's Death and the cause of the Banishment of so many illustrious men thought it was no longer time to suffer their Protectors to be so unworthily treated and seeing no other way to succeed in their hopes resolved to revolt against the Roman People and to make War upon them with all their power To this purpose they sent secret Deputations to each other signed an Union and gave reciprocal Hostages of all which they had but late notice in the City now wholly busied in trials and tumults At last when they had advice of it they sent into all corners the properest people they could find out to discover the truth of this news under pretence of doing something else one of which espying a Child of Ascoly in another City whither he had been sent for Hostage advised Servilius thereof who governed as Proconsul in those Quarters from whence we may gather that even from those times the Countries of Italy were distributed to Proconsuls a custom which many ages after the Emperour Adrian revived though not to last long after his death Servilius came forthwith to Ascoly when the Inhabitants happened to celebrate a Solemn Festival where whilst he thought to frighten them with his threats when they perceived the League was discovered they slew him and with him Fonteius his Lieutenant After having begun with them they spared no Roman but put all to the Sword and plundered their Goods Thus they proceeded to an open Revolt and all the Neighbouring People took Arms the Marsians the Pelignians the Vestins and the Marucians who were followed by the Picenians the Ferentins the Hirpins the Pompeians the Venusines the Apulians the Lucanians and the Samnites all Nations long time Enemies to the Roman Name And in short all the people from the River Liris which I believe is at this day called Literva to the bottom of the Adriatick Gulf as well within Land as on the Sea-Coasts Their Deputies going to Rome to complain that the right of Freedom was not granted them though by their assistances and Services they had highly contributed to the increase of the Empire The Senate answered them very roughly that when they were returned to their duty they would hear their Deputations but otherwise they would give them no audience so fallen from all hopes they prepared for War raised Forces and set out a hundred thousand men as well Horse as Foot The Roman Army was not less numerous comprizing those Allies continued faithful to them Sext. Iulius Caesar and P. Rutilius Lapus Consuls commanded for the Romans for this Intestine War was thought so important that they put them both in Commission They began to keep Guards at the Gates for the security of the City and likewise of the Neighbours for since these Novelties were sent on foot they knew not whom to trust There was great likelyhood of division even in the City it self To the Consuls they appointed Lieutenants the greatest men of the Age A. Rabirius Cn. Pompey Father to him gained the Sirname of Great Q. Cepio C. Perpenna C. Marius Valerius Messala A. Sextus Caesar P. Lentulus his Brother T. Didius Licinius Crassus Cornelius Sylla and Marcus Marcellus To each they assigned his Quarter with the authority of Proconsul and from time to time sent them Recruits so dangerous did this War appear as for the Allies besides particular Captains chosen by every City they gave command to T. Afranius P. Ventridius M. Egnatius Q. Popedius C. Papius M. Lamponius C. Iudacilius Hirius Asinius and Vetius Cato who likewise divided the Forces among them and took every one his portion to make Head against the Roman Forces There happened several Defeats on both sides which I will succincty relate Vetius Cato killed two thousand of Sextus Iulius his Men and forced him to shut himself up in Isernia which remained firm to the Roman Alliance with the remainder of his Forces of whom L. Acilius and L. Scipio got thence in Slaves Habit the rest pressed with hunger yielded at discretion Marius Egnatius took Venafra by treason and cut in pieces two Roman Cohorts P. Presenteius encountring Perpenna with ten thousand Men put him to flight with the slaughter of four thousand and taking most of the others Arms who threw them away to hasten their Flight Wherefore the Consul Rutilius took the Command from Perpenna and gave the remainder of his Army to C. Marius M. Lamponius engaging Licinius Crassus killed eight hundred of his men upon the place and pursued the rest fighting as far as Grumentum C. Papius possessed himself of Nola which was delivered up and made offer to two thousand Romans that were there in Garrison to receive them into his Army if they would joyn party with him which they accepted all save the Officers whom he put in prison where they died by Famine The same took Stabia Minterna and Salerna which were a Colony of the Romans and gave employment in his Army to all the Inhabitants of those Towns and likewise to their Slaves after which having spoiled all the Country of Nocera the Neighbouring Cities yielded to him for fear of the spoil and sent him ten thousand Footmen and one thousand Horse which he had demanded of them with which Recruits he
the Palace under pretence to punish them by form of Justice the multitude thinking it a Fiction climbing up on the Roof of the Palace and pulling off the covering never left throwing down Tyles on the Heads of those within till the Quaestor Tribune and Praetor lost their lives having yet on the Habits and Badges of their Magistracy All the rest of their party perished likewise in the same tumult and among others the Tribune who said he was Son to Gracchus on the first day of his Tribuneship No person could any longer promise himself to preserve his liberty there was now only the shadow of a Common-wealth no regard being had to Laws or Dignity or Magistracy since the holy and sacred power of the Tribunes which was established to oppose Riots and Murders and to protect the people was become polluted with the crimes of those which exercised it and violated by the outrages which they received from others After they were thus rid of the Tribunes all the Senate and People of Rome began to demand the repeal of Metellus save only P. Furius whose Father was but a Freed-man who opposed it with boldness and would never be moved from this opposition though Metellus the Son of him banished besought him on his Knees with tears in his Eyes which was the cause that this Son whom all men saw in that condition so worthy of compassion got the Sirname of Pious and that C. Canuleius the Tribune offended at Furius his obstinacy undertook to cause him to be condemned to death by the people and pleaded his accusation so vehemently that without hearing the Accused's defence the incensed multitude tore him in pieces so ordinary it was now grown dayly to commit some new murder in the place designed to do justice at length they agreed to Metellus's return and it is said that when he entred the City the whole day was not sufficient to receive the Complements of those went to meet him at the Gate Thus the stirs made by Apuleius in Rome were the third in order after those Tempests raised under the Tribuneship of the two Gracchi Mean while began the Social War by the conspiracy of all the Nations of Italy which not being foreseen and increasing prodigiously in a short time put some stop to Domestick Seditions by the fresh terrour it brought After it was ended other flames of Division were kindled between the chief Heads of the Common-wealth which were not quenched by making new Laws or raising sudden tumults for they charged each other at the Head of mighty Armies I have especially thought fit to insert this War in this History as well because it took birth from a popular tumult as because it was followed by another Dissention much more pernicious to the Common-wealth than any of the former It began then in this manner Fulvius Flaccus being Consul was the first that ever blew up the desires of Freedom in the minds of the Allies out of hopes to be no longer subject to the Romans but to share with them the Honours and Dignities of the City and because he was obstinate in this proposition the Senate sent him to a certain War where the time of his Consulate being expired he came to demand the Tribuneship and prevailed so that they gave him young Gracchus for his Colleague Both one and the other being slain for making Laws of that kind in favour of the Italians as we have already related the spirits of the Allies were imbittered more and more incensed that they were treated rather like Vassals than Allies and that Fulvius and Gracchus had perished so miserably for declaring themselves their Protectors After them Livius Drusus Tribune of the People of Noble Race upon the request of the Allies promised to pass the Law they desired touching the right of Freedom for it was all they longed for having no other way to become Masters as well as the others to whom now they were but Subjects Mean while the Tribune to gain the favour of the People settled many Colonies in Italy and Sicily in pursuance of an ancient Decree which had till that time lain dormant He undertook likewise to reconcile the Senate and Knights mightily imbroiled about the cognizance of crimes of concussion assigned to the Knights He could not openly restore it to the Senators wherefore he devised this stratagem whereby he thought to content both one and the other The number of the Senators not amounting to above three hundred by reason of all the past Seditions he made a Law ordaining the taking a like number of Knights of the worthiest men to fill up the Senate and that all these together should for the future chuse Judges before whom all that were suspected of Corruption or Concussion should appear to give account of their Actions for that mischief was now so common that men forbore to account it a crime so boundless was impudence grown But this design succeeded quite contrary to his imaginations for the Senators thought it strange that in a moment so many Knights should be mounted with them to the supreme Order who probably seeing themselves raised to a new Dignity would never well accord with the ancient Standers And the Knights who had tasted of profit and power feared and that surely with reason lest by this means all the authority should be restored to the Senate to their detriment Besides it raised a jealousie between the Knights themselves for no man could resolve to yield that to another as more worthy which he thought himself well deserved and most certain it is no one could be preferred but with the Envy and Hate of all the rest But nothing disturbed them more than the Prosecutions which ought to be recomced against those who had suffered themselves to be corrupted by Bribes the practice of which seemed quite abrogated So that though the two Orders were at no good accord among themselves yet they agreed in this point equally to hate Drusus and there were none but the People satisfied with him and that because of the Colonies For the Allies themselves though the Tribune had done all these things with design to serve them had an aversion to the Law of Colonies because if the Lands were not divided the rich men seised them partly by force and partly by cunning framing Intreaguâ—s with their Neigbours to enlarge their own bounds by driving them from their proper Inheritances The contagion of these Disorders had spread it self even to Hetruria and Umbria whose people whom the Consuls had caused to come into the City in appearance to oppose the publication of the Law but indeed to rid themselves of Drusus cryed out publickly that they waited for the Assembly which being come to the Tribunes knowledge he went very seldom abroad in publick but held his ordinary audiences at his House in a kind of a dark Gallery where one Evening as he dismissed the multitude he cryed out he was wounded and at the same
much the more the good Grace of the Citizens he gave them often the Divertisements of Shows and Chases by which he ran in debt every where much beyond what he was worth every day surpassing himself in the Magnificence of his Gifts and the Profuseness of his Largesses At last he brought Matters so about that they gave him the Government of the Gauls as well on this side as beyond the Mountains for five Years with fonr Legions After having obtained it knowing that he must be a long time absent from the City and that Envy has more power than Favour he gave his Daughter in Marriage to Pompey not but that they were already very good Friends but he was fearful left the too great Success of his Arms might stir up Envy even in a Friend Moreover he designed for Consuls the Year following the stoutest of his Faction A. Gabinius one of his greatest Confidents and L. Piso his Father in Law with whom he had lately Allyed himself Cato perpetually crying out that these Marriages tended to a Tyranny and for Tribunes of the People he nominated Vatinius and Clodius Pulcher. This Clodius was infamous for having slipped into the Sacrifices of the good Goddess where none but Women ought to enter in which place he had layed a Blemish upon the Chastity of Caesar's own Wife who yet never expressed any Resentment because this Man was beloved by the People but however he repudiated his Wife there were some who afterwards made him come to a Tryal as a Prophaner of Sacred Things Cicero pleaded his Accusation and Caesar himself was called in as a Witness but he deposed nothing against him On the contrary he advanced him to this Office of Tribune in hate to Cicero who frequently used to blame the Union of these three Men as tending to the Ruin of the Publick Liberty Nor thought he much to pardon one of his Enemies the Affront he had received so he might be revenged of another who had only offended him in suspecting he had an ill Design so much was his Ambition more violent than his Love And yet there is some appearance that Caesar received the first Obligation from Clodius who served him with all his Credit and Interest when he demanded the Government of the Gauls However it were this is what passed in Caesar's Consulate which being expired he went into the Province in Quality of Pro-Consul After his departure from the City Clodius caused Cicero to be called to Judgment for having contrary to Law put to death Cethegus and Lentulus before they were condemned But he bore this Accusation with as much Cowardice as he had shewed Courage in the Noble Action he did for he went through the Streets with his Beard grown his Hair unkembed clad in a sad Colour and begging of every one he met to assist him he was not ashamed to be importunate with People that were utterly unknown to him in so much that having no regard to Decency whilst he would have moved Compassion he made himself ridiculous and that Man who all his life had managed others Affairs with so much Courage suffered himself to fall into the Excess of Fear in his own Cause It is reported the like happened to Demosthenes in Athens and that Orator who had so bravely defended so many accused being accused himself chose rather to fly than to defend himself before the Judges In like manner Cicero seeing that Clodius whom he followed through the Streets in the posture of a Suppliant derided his Prayers and Submissions and reviled him with words lost all hope and resolved to go into a Voluntary Exile whither many of his Friends followed him the Senate having given him Letters of Recommendation to all Kings and Sovereigns where he designed to make his Retreat Whereupon Clodius demolished his Houses as well in the City as the Country and became so fierce and arrogant that he esteemed himself equal to Pompey the most powerful Man of that time in the City Wherefore Pompey made an Agreement with Milo his Colleague a Man of Enterprize to whom he promised the Consulate to serve him against Clodius and obliged him to propose to the People the Return of Cicero believing that being returned he could talk no more of the present Estate of the Commonwealth that he would have in mind the benefit newly received and be always ready to oppose the designs of Clodius Thus Cicero banished by Pompey's means was by the favour of the same Pompey again recalled to his Country about sixteen Months after his departure and his Houses both in City and Country were rebuilt at the Publick Charge When he returned there went such a Concourse to meet him at the Gates that the whole Day was scarce enough for their Complements which happened also to Demosthenes when after his Exile he was received into Athens Mean while Caesar glorious for the great things he had done in Gaul and Brittany as we have said speaking of the Affairs of Gaul and loaden with vast Riches repassed into Cisalpine Gaul that he might a little refresh his Army wearied with continual War As soon as he was arrived there and that he had sent store of Silver to a great many Persons in the City the Officers of the Common-wealth for that Year together with all the other Governors of Provinces and Generals of other Armies came to salute him so that there was sometimes sixscore Rods about his Person There came likewise more than two hundred Senators some to thank him for Favours received some to get Money of him or something else of that kind For now he alone could do all things having so many Forces at his Service and so much Money in his Coffers and besides he was always ready to oblige all the World Pompey and Crassus the Companions of his Power being come as well as others to see him they consulted together about their Affairs and agreed that Pompey and Crassus should take the Consulate and should prolong to Caesar the Government of Gaul for other five Years after which they parted At the time for Election of Consuls Domitius Aenobarbus standing up Competitor with Pompey and the day of Nomination being come they came both before Day to the place where the Assembly is held and after some sharp words fell to blows In the Tumult he that carried the Light before Domitius received a Wound with a Sword upon which all his People fled and he with much hazard escaped to his House Pompey's Robe was also brought home bloody so much danger did they both run in this sudden Broil Crassus and Pompey having obtained the Consulate gave Caesar according to their promise the Government of Gaul for five Years longer and between themselves they divided the Provinces and the Armies Pompey had the Governments of Spain and Africa whither he sent Friends to command in his place and he stayed in the City And Syria with all the Neighbouring Countries remained to Crassus for his
deal with Caesar now pinched with necessity drew together his Forces resolving to engage Pompey whether he would or no but Pompey being now possessed of several good Forts kept close in his Trenches which so much troubled Caesar that he undertook a work almost impossible and scarcely credible which was to inclose all the Forts Pompey had with a Trench drawn from the Sea judging that though his design took not effect he should gain the reputation of a man capable of great things for this Trench must have been twelve hundred Furlongs in length Pompey on his part drew Lines and Trenches directly opposite to Caesar's Works thus one eluded the Enterprises of the other At length there happened a great Fight between them wherein Pompey bravely repulsing Caesar's Men and having put them to flight pursued them to their very Camp Many Colours they took and had taken the Eagle of a Legion if the Standard-bearer who carried it had not thrown it with all his force into the Trenches that he might preserve it for Caesar for the Roman Soldiery have a great respect for their Standards Caesar with other Companies came to the relief of those that fled but so terrified were these too that as soon as they beheld Pompey at a distance though they were near the Camp it was not possible for Caesar to stop them nor to make them go in again nor so much as to hearken to him the Soldiers fled away in disorder without shame without reason or without any thing to oblige them to it Caesar might well run up and down and with reproaches shew them that Pompey was yet a great way off This hindred them not from throwing down their Arms and flying or else standing still silent and immoveable fixing their eyes upon the ground with shame and confusion so great was that panick fear had possesed them There was an Ensign who as his General would have stopped him presented him the point of his Javelin but he was upon the spot punished by the Guards as he deserved Those who escaped into the Camp were so cast down that they kept no Guard at the Gates nor lined the Rampire but the Trenches were left without any to defend them All men believed that Pompey might have thrown himself into the Camp with the Flyers and so have made an end of the War if Labienus for God would have it so had not perswaded him rather to pursue those he had routed then march up to the Trenches him therefore he believed whether it were that he was not in such haste as to make an end of all at once or that seeing the Camp defenceless he feared some Ambuscade or else being victorious scorn'd that little advantage Going therefore to charge those were still abroad he made yet a great Slaughter so that in two Engagements in one day he gained twenty eight Colours and twice lost the opportunity of ruining his Enemy beyond redress And Caesar himself stuck not to say that that day the War had been ended had his Enemy known how to make use of his Victory Pompey after this glorious Success wrote largely of it to the Kings and Commonalties and conceived hopes that in a short time Caesar's Army either oppressed by Famine or terrified with this Disgrace would yield themselves to him especially the Tribunes fearful of being punished for a fault they knew themselves guilty of But they and all the Soldiers touched with Repentance as by Divine Inspiration confessed themselves Criminals and afflicted themselves the more that their General spoke kindly to them and granted them Pardon before they asked it They would not forgive themselves but with a wonderful Change desired as a Punishment of their Fault they might be decimated according to the custom of their Ancestors but he would by no means admit it which encreased their shame the more that they should be guilty of such Cowardize in prejudice of the best Man of the World and who most deserved their Faith and their Services They besought him that at least he would punish the Ensigns who had been the Cause of this Rout for in flying they had only followed their Colours and seeing Caesar could not resolve to do that but with much ado would consent to the Punishment of a few his Moderation begot in the minds of the Soldiers a General Joy They began all with one voice to cry out that he should lead them against the Enemy that by gaining a new Victory they might wipe away their Infamy and in the sight of their General they swore by whole Companies one to the other never to return from the Fight but Victorious Wherefore his Friends advised him to take the Army at their Words and make tryal of them upon this height of Repentance before their Zeal grew cooler But he answered them before all the Multitude that he would chuse a time more proper to shew them the Enemy exhorting them then to remember the good Will they now protested and in private he told his Confidents that it was convenient to let that fear which so late a loss had imprinted be worn a little out of the minds of the Soldiery and by temporizing let the fierceness of his Enemies heightned by their late Victory be likewise a little cooled He confessed withal he had committed a great fault in coming to encamp so near Dyrrachium where Pompey had all things in abundance whereas if he had drawn himself farther off they might have met with equal Difficulties After having discoursed in this manner he came to Apollonia and from thence privately by Night took his March towards Thessaly and on the way coming to a little City called Gomphes that refused to open their Gates he took it by Storm and gave the Plunder to his Soldiers who having long endured Scarcity fed now beyond measure and filled themselves with Wine especially the Almains whose Drunkenness made them ridiculous to all the rest So that here again in all appearance Pompey lost a fair occasion of Victory by not pursuing an Enemy he despised but lying still whilst in seven days March he got into Thessaly and encamped near Pharsalia It is reported there happened at Gomphes a thing very memorable that in an Apothecary's Shop there were found twenty Old Men all People of Quality lying groveling upon the Ground with Caps by them in the posture of Drunken Men dead without any Wound and another sitting in a Chair who acting the Physitian had presented the Cups to the rest After Caesar's Departure Pompey held a Council of his Friends where Affranius Advice was that he should employ the Sea-Forces in which they were the stronger to pursue Caesar now flying and necessitous and to incommode him what they could whilst Pompey with the Land-Army past speedily into Italy which favoured their Party and where the other had no Forces and placing good Garrisons both in Gaul and Spain without stirring from home settle the Seat of the War in
Temple built a publick Hall for the Roman People not to use Traffick in but for the pleading of Causes and to render justice and learn how to render it in like manner as there are many in Persia and by the Goddess side he caused to be set up the Statue of Cleopatra which is to be seen to this day And lastly having taken the number of the people he found them one half less than they were at the beginning of the War so much had the Differences which had happened between these two Men weakened the Common-wealth For himself being made the fourth time Consul he undertook the Expedition of Spain against the young Pompey which was a Remain of the Civil War he had not reason to slight for all those people of Quality that had escaped out of Africa got thither and the Wracks of the Pharsalian and African Defeats were here assembled besides the assistance of the most warlike Nations of Spain and Celtiberia and a great number of Slaves that followed Pompey's Army who having been four years exercised to the War offered to serve him if he would try the fortune of a Battel This was the cause of Pompey's overthrow for that without delay he would go meet Caesar though the old Captains whom the Battels of Pharsalia and Africa had made wiser counselled him to prolong the War being the only means to ruine his Enemy who could not subsist in a Country where he had no conveniencies for Caesar was come in seven and twenty days counting from the day he left the City and with store of Baggage had performed a wonderful Journey Besides his Army never shewed less resolution out of the thoughts possessed them that they were to deal with a multitude of War-like Enemies and whom despair would make attempt any thing which was the reason Caesar made no haste to engage till Pompey provoking him to Battel reproached him with faintheartedness which not able to endure he drew up his Army in Battel before Cordona and that day he likewise gave Venus for his Word as Piety was that of Pompey's When the Armies were going to close Caesar seeing his Men go on but coldly and seem to be afraid invoked all the Gods beseeching them with hands lifted up to Heaven not to let the lustre of so many glorious Actions be darkened in one day and running through the Ranks encouraged his Soldiers taking off his Head-piece that he might be the better known But do what he could he could not raise their Spirits till snatching a Buckler out of a Soldiers hand he said to the Tribunes were about him This shall be the last day of my life and of your engagement to the War And at the same time made furiously towards the Enemy he had scarce advanced ten foot but he had above two hundred Darts thrown at him some of which he avoided by bending his Body and others received on his Buckler when the Tribunes run with emulation to get about him and the whole Army thereupon charging with all their fury they fought all day with divers advantage and at length towards the Evening the Victory fell to Caesar and 't is reported that hereupon he was heard say these words That he had often fought for Victory but that now he had fought for life After the Defeat Pompey's Men flying into Cordona Caesar to prevent their escape thither lest they should rally and renew the Fight caused the place to be invested by the Army where his Soldiers being so tired they could not work in the Circumvallation heaped up together the Bodies and Armour of the slain which they kept piled up with their javelins stuck into the ground and lay all night under that kind of Rampire Next Morning the City was taken Of Pompey's Captains Scapula getting up on a Pile of Wood burnt himself the Heads of Varus Labienus and other persons of Quality were brought to Caesar. As for Pompey he fled from the Battel with a hundred and fifty Horse bending his course towards Cartea where his Fleet lay he entred the Port in a Litter and in the habit of a private Man But seeing the Seamen had likewise lost all hopes he threw himself into a little Boat in which as he was going out to Sea his Foot tangling in the Cordage one of his people going to cut the Rope by mischance cut his Heel so that to cure his wound he was forced to go ashore at a small Village where hearing that Caesar's Horsemen were coming he took his flight through a Country covered with Thorns and Briars which added to his wound so that being tired and sitting down at last under a Tree he was found by those gave him chase and slain generously defending himself his Head was carried to Caesar who caused it to be buried Thus was this War ended by one only Fight contrary to the opinion of all the world Those who escaped from this Defeat went to Pompey's younger Brother sirnamed Sextus but he only made War like a Rover hiding himself and flying from place to place As for Caesar having now put an end to all the Civil Wars he returned to Rome more powerful and glorious than ever any had been before him wherefore all imaginable Honours were done him to gain his favour All the Tribes all the Nations and all the Kingdoms allyed and Friends to the Roman People made Sacrifices Shews and Offerings in every Temple and in every publick place his Statues were every where to be seen set up in divers fashions some adorned with Oaken Crowns as having saved his Country like those wherewith the Citizens formerly honoured those who saved their lives likewise by publick Decree they gave him the Titles of Father of his Country perpetual Dictator Consul for ten years and of Holy and Sacred and it was enacted that he should administer Justice seated on a Throne of Ivory or of Gold that he should wear the Triumphal Robe at Sacrifices that on those days whereon he had gained his principal Victories publick Feasts and Prayers should be made and that every five years the Priests and Vestals should offer up Vows for his safety that those who entred into office should swear not to oppose any of his Orders and in Honour of his Birth-day they changed the name of the Month which they called Quintilis and named it Iuly It was decreed likewise by an Act of the Senate that Temples should be built to him as to a God and among others one in common to him and Clemency where their Statues stood hand in hand Thus by publick Vows they requested his Clemency whose Dominion they stood in aw of some likewise there were who would have called him King but he forbid it with threats signifying his aversion for a name which could not but be unhappy after the execrations fulminated by the Ancients against that Dignity he likewise dismissed from about his person the Pretorian Cohorts of which he had made use during the War
raised Perches Forks and other pieces of Timber against the Walls to serve instead of Ladders others fastned Iron Hooks upon Ropes cast them over the Battlements and when they catched hold climbed up by help of the Rope The Oenandes Neighbours and Enemies to the Xanthians and therefore now serving under Brutus began to scramble up the Rocks and Precipices where the Romans with much pain followed them and though many tumbled back yet some gained the Wall and opened a little Gate before which was a Palisade of very sharp Stakes over which some of the bravest assisted by those already within passed So that now being a considerable number they attempted to break open a great Gate which was not on the inside lined with Bars of Iron to which effect those without laboured likewise The Xanthians were at the same time fighting with those shut up in the Temple of Sarpedon who made a great noise which made those who both within and without were endeavouring to break open the Gate to make one great push for all which effecting their business they about Sun-set entred pell mell into the Town shouting out as loud as they could that those in the Temple might hear them The City being taken the Inhabitants retreated to their Houses where they slew all those they loved best who of themselves came to offer themselves up to death Brutus hearing the cries and groans which this fury caused throughout the City thought the Soldiers had been plundering and by Proclamation forbad it Bnt when he understood the true cause he had compassion of People so fond of their Liberty and sent to offer them Composition but they with Darts and Arrows drove back those that came to speak with them and after having slain all their Domesticks and layd their Bodies upon Piles they set them on fire and then slaying themselves they burnt with the rest Brutus preserved from the flame all the Temples he could and took Prisoners only a few Slaves and about one hundred and fiftyâ— Virgins and Women who had no Men to kill them And this was the third time the Xanthians were destroyed for defence of their Liberty for being being besieged by Harpalus the Median Lieutenant to Cyrus they chose rather to die than yield and their City served them for a common Tomb which Harpalus put not himself to the trouble to hinder And under Alexander the Son of Philip they fell under the like misfortune refusing to submit to that Conqueror of so many Nations From Panthus Brutus went down to Patara which seemed to be the Port of the Xanthians invested the City summoned the Inhabitants to surrender under the penalty of being treated like their Neighbours And the better to perswade them brought before them Prisoners of Xanthus who making a Recital of their Misery exhorted them to be wiser The Patarans making no Answer Brutus gave them the rest of that day to consider of it and retreated The next morning he returned before the place when the Inhabitants cryed out from the Walls that they were ready to follow his Orders and opened to him the Gates Being entred he neither put to death nor banished Person but caused be brought to him all the Publick Mony of the City and commanded likewise every particular person to bring in what he had under the same Penalties and the same Rewards as Cassius after the taking of Rhodes had decreed to the Concealers and Informers which was exercised so punctually that there was not a Concealer save one who was accused by his Slave After this Traytor had shewed to the Centurion that was sent the place where the Mony was hid as they carried away all the Family before Brutus the Master said not a word but his Mother followed crying out to save his life that it was she that had hid it Upon which the Slave without being asked saying that the Mother lyed for that it was her Son himself had hid it Brutus praising the Son's silence and the Mother's affection to her Son sent them away with their Mony without any Punishment but for the Slave that would have destroyed both Master and Mistress he caused him to be hanged At the same time Lentulus sent to Andriac which is a Port of the Myrians broke the Chain which crossed over the Port went up to Mira which was surrendred to him by the Inhabitants and after having taken their Mony as was done at Patara returned to Brutus whither came the Lycian Deputies promising him to serve him and assist him to the utmost of their power He imposed on them a certain Tribute sent back to Xanthus all the Free People gave order to the Lycian People to meet him at Abydos whither having sent his own Ships he marched himself by Land there to wait for Cassius who was to come from Ionia that they might together pass over to Sestos Mean while Murcus who had posted himself about Peloponnesus with design to engage Queen Cleopatra's Fleet if she passed that way understanding that she had been driven by Storms upon the Coasts of Lybia and that some of her Wracks were brought as far as Lacedemon she her self being surprized by Sickness being forced to make her Retreat into Egypt he that he might not lose time and do nothing with so great a number of Ships crossed over to Brundusium where he seized upon the Island that makes a part of the Harbor from whence he hindred the Remainder of the Enemy's from being transported over into Macedon or Provisions to be carried to those were there But Anthony besieged him with those few long Ships he had raising to this purpose Towers upon Rafts of Timber whilst he made his Companies one after another go aboard the Ships of Burthen and taking the opportunity of the Wind off Shore for fear of being surprized in their passage by Murcus Fleet put out to Sea Yet he found that this Seige would prove very painful wherefore he called Caesar to his Assistance who was now fighting with Pompey on the Sicilian Sea for Sicily it self But it is necessary that I say something of this Pompey the youngest of the Children of the great Pompey After that his Brother was killed in Spain Caesar despised him as a young Man unexperienced and incapable of attempting any great matter and indeed he was retreated towards the Ocean at the Head of a few Highway-Men with whom he rambled the Country not known to be Pompey But at last a greater number of Vagabonds joyning with him seeing himself Commander of pretty considerable Forces and declaring himself for Pompey's Son all the Soldiers who had served under his Father or under his Brother and had neither Employ nor certain Residence came to him as to their General Arabion likewise came from Africa after having been expelled his Father's Estates as we have heretofore said The name of Pompey soon spread it self through all Spain the greatest of the Roman Provinces And he shewed himself sometimes in one place
the places to settle my Brother's Legions in their Colonies and to drive out the old Proprietors but it was your invention to throw upon me and the Colonies the cause of the War and an artifice by which gaining the hearts of the Veterans you have got the Victory for being persuaded I was their Enemy they have done all they could against me and you had reason to make use of this policy being in open War with me Now you have got the Victory if you are an Enemy to your Country treat me likewise as an Enemy for I had a design to serve it if I had not been hindred by want of Provision These things I speak yielding my self as I have said freely up to use at your discretion and coming alone to you that you may perceive what thoughts I have heretofore had of you and what I still preserve Thus far touching my self for what concerns my Friends and all the rest of the Army if my advice may not be suspected by you I will give you what shall be for your advantage Let me counsel you not to use them hardly for any difference between us lest being still a Man exposed to the reach of Fortune you make those serve under you backward in hazarding themselves to danger when by your example they shall have learn'd there is no hopes of safety but in Victory But if the counsels of an Enemy are not to be listened to I beseech you not to punish my Friends for my fault or misfortune but rather lay all the Load on me who am the only cause of all that has happened I have on purpose left them behind me for fear lest if I had spoke in their presence it might have looked like an Artifice to gain favour for my self To which Caesar answered The Answer of Caesar to Lucius WHen I saw you Lucius coming to me without a Herald I presently came out of my Trenches to meet you that you being still Master of your self might still be at liberty to resolve say and do what you judged most advantageous for you but since acknowledging your fault you yield to discretion there is no need of a reply to what you impute to me with a great deal of cunning and little truth From the beginning you have had a desire to vanquish me and you now have done it for had you desired to capitulate you had deservedly met with a severe Conquerour but now without any conditions you come to yield up your self your Friends and Army you have taken away all anger taken away all advantage I had over you for I am now to consider not so much what you deserve as what becomes me which I am glad to have the opportunity of doing out of respect to the Gods for my own interest and for your sake Lucius who shall not be deceived in that opinion of me which brought you hither These are near upon the very same words as I found them in the Commentaries of those times In these passages Caesar admired the generous and unshaken mind of Lucius so well biassed with prudence and Lucius the great clemency and expeditious brevity of Caesar and others read in both their Faces the tenure of what they had spoke Lucius presently sent his Tribunes to receive orders from Caesar who brought him the Muster-Rolls of the whole Army according to the custom to this day when a Tribune comes for Orders he presents the General with a Counter-roll of those serve under him After having received Orders they set the Watch as before it being Caesar's pleasure that for that night each Army should lodge in their own Camp on the morrow he offered Sacrifices and Lucius sent him all his Forces in Arms and ready to march upon service As soon as they came in sight of Caesar they saluted him calling him Emperour and that done drew up by Legions the Veterans apart from the new raised Men in a place by him appointed After having performed the Ceremonies of the Sacrifices Caesar seated himself upon a Tribunal with a Wreath of Laurel on his Head which is the Badge of Victory and commanded them all to lay down their Arms then he gave order for the Veterans to draw near that he might terrifie them with reproaches of ingratitude but his mind being known all Caesar's Soldiers whether suborned or moved with affection towards their Fellow Citizens in distress stepped out of their Ranks and advancing towards Lucius's Men who had formerly been their Comrades began to embrace them weeping and emploring Caesar for them continuing their cries and their embraces till such time as the new raised Men being touched with a like compassion the whole place became the object of universal â—orrow wherefore Caesar changing his design having with much difficulty silenced their cries thus spoke to his own Men The Oration of Caesar. YOu have always Fellow Soldiers so behaved your selves to me that you can ask nothing I can deny I believe the new Soldiers may have been forced to serve Lucius but for those there who have so often born Arms with you and with whom you now petition me I would fain ask them what injury I have done them or what they ever requested of me that I refused them or what advantage they could hope from others might oblige them to take up Arms against me against you and against themselves for there is no labour to which I have not exposed my self for settling of the Colonies in which they are to be sharers but take it not amiss if their insolency make me be no further concerned for them But they instantly intreating him not to give over his care of them and renewing their intreaties for their pardon I grant you said he whatever you desire let them be pardoned provided for the future they be of one mind with you Which after they had all promised they with acclamations gave thanks to Caesar who permitted some of his to entertain the others as their Guests and ordered the multitude to encamp apart in the same place where they had first drawn up till such time as he appointed Cities for their Winter Quarters with Commissioners to conduct them After which before he rose from the Tribunal he caused to come to him Lucius and all the persons of Quality with him among whom there were many Senators and Roman Knights all cast down and sorrowful for this sudden and extraordinary change who were no sooner come out of Perugia but a Garrison entred the City when they were come before Caesar he caused Lucius to be set down by him and his Friends and Centurions took charge of the rest after being advertised to treat them honourably but yet to have a care to secure their persons He sent likewise to the People of Perugia who begged pardon from their Walls to come to him without their Senators and he pardoned them but their Senators were all imprisoned and not long after slain except only Lucius Emulus who being at
with Pompey their common Enemy At length Caesar's Men discovered their inclinations to the other that they followed Caesar without having forgot the Virtues of Anthony and that their design was to procure a reconciliation between their Generals to which if Anthony would by no other means be inclined then they must repel force with force all which they went and published even before Anthony's Trenches Whilst these things passed the opportune news was brought of the death of Fulvia who not able to bear her Husband's reproofs was fallen sick with discontent that he was angry with her for he had left her sick and at his departure not vouchsafed to visit her which hastened her end All Men believed her death commodious for both Parties for she was a Woman of a turbulent spirit and who only out of her jealousie of Cleopatra had kindled this War However Anthony seemed much grieved at the accident as believing himself the cause There was one Lucius Cocceius intimately a Friend to both Generals whom the Summer before Caesar had sent with Cecinna as his Envoy to Anthony then in Phaenicia Cecinna forthwith returning he had till now stayed with Anthony Thus Cocceius laying hold on the occasion feigned that he was recalled by Caesar and desired audience to take his leave and Anthony permitting him to depart he trying him farther asked whether he would not write to Caesar having received Letters from him by the same Cocceius to which Anthony replyed What can we now write to one another being Enemies unless it be mutual reproaches besides I then returned him answer by Cecinna the Copies of which you may take if you please To this cavil Cocceius made retort that Caesar was not to be called an Enemy who had so favourably treated Lucius and other Friends of his But me said Anthony he has shut out of Brundusium seised upon my Provinces and Calenus's Army As for his favour shewed only to my Friends that has not so much preserved their Friendship to me as made them my Enemies by his kindness Cocceius hearing him enter upon complaints would no farther move an angry Man but went to Caesar who seeing him and wondred he was returned no sooner Is it said he to him because I saved your Brother's life that you are become my Enemy Câ—cceius answered Is it so you call your Friends Enemies and take away their Provinces and Armies Caesar hereto replyed After Calenus 's death should I have left in the hand of such a young Man Forces of such consequence Anthony being absent Lucius discontent Asinius and Aenobarbus hard by and ready to employ them against us 'T was the same reason made me hasten to get Plancus 's Legions into my hands lest they should have joyned with Pompey as the Horse did who went over into Sicily To which Cocceius made answer that things had been otherwise represented to Anthony yet he did not believe them till as an Enemy he was shut out of Brundusium That was not done by any command of mine replyed Caesar nor could I divine that he was coming to land there or dream that he should come along with Enemies The Inhabitants of Brundusium and the Officers left there in Garrison to oppose the attempts of Aenobarbus did without orders from me shut their Gates against Anthony newly confederated with Pompey our common Enemy and bringing along with him Aenobarbus a Parricide condemned by publick sentence proscribed and who after the Battel of Philippi besieged Brundusium and to this day wastes all the Coasts of the Ionian Sea who burnt my Ships and plunders all Italy To which Cocceius made reply You reserved to one another the liberty to treat with whom you pleased Anthony has no more made peace with any Murderer of your Father than your self he has too great an honour for his memory Aenobarbus was none of the Parricides but condemned by malicious Iudges when not conscious of the conspiracy And if we think him unworthy of favour for being a Friend to Brutus we must have a care lest we make all Men our Enemies The peace was made too with Pompey not with design to quarrel with you but that if you made War upon Anthony he might have him for an Associate and if you did not to reconcile you together as being a Man you can impeach with no crime In this too you are in the fault for had there been no motion of War in Italy they durst not have sent Deputies to Anthony Thereupon Caesar pursuing his complaints said 'T was Manius Fulvia and Lucius made War upon me and Italy and never durst Pompey before with his Forces attempt the Coasts till he was encouraged to it by Anthony Not only encouraged said Cocceius but commanded for I will hide nothing from you he will with his Fleet invade the rest of Italy now destitute as it is of Shipping unless you make peace Whereto Caesar who had not without reflections listened to this discourse of Cocceius said However Pompey has but little to brag of being repulsed from Thuria Hereupon Cocceius havâ—â—g now a full insight of their controversies made mention of Fulvia's death how not enduring her Husband's displeasure she fell sick and her Distemper increasing by a continual melancholy that Anthony was so unkind as not to visit her in her sickness it had hastened her end And now she is dead said he there needs nothing more than that you explain your mutual suspicions to one another Caesar mollified by this discourse of Cocceius made him his Guest for that day who entreated him as the younger to write to Anthony his elder he denyed writing to his Enemy from whence he had received no Letters but complained that his Mother whom he had always so perfectly honoured as his Kinswoman had fleâ— out of Italy as if she could not have commanded him as if he had been her own Son so under this pretence Caesar wrote to Iulia. As Cocceius was going out of the Camp many Centurions discovered to him the mind of the Army who with all the rest told this likewise to Anthony that he might understand what a War he was about to engage himself in if he made not peace with Caesar. Wherefore he advised him to remand Pompey who wasted Italy into Sicily and to send Aenobarbus into some other part till new Leagues were made To this Iulia his Mother joyning her prayers and intreaties there was nothing stood in the way but the shame Anthony feared he should be exposed to if the Peace not succeeding he should again be forced to have recourse to Pompey's assistance but his Mother putting him in hopes confirmed by Cocceius partaker of Caesar's privacies Anthony consented caused Pompey to return to Sicily promising to take care of all matters agreed on between them and sending Aenobarbus Governour into Bithynia which as soon as Caesar's Army knew they chose Deputies to go to both Generals whom they besought to refrain from accusing each other for they were not made
Caesar Lepidus's own Soldiers did not do that they admired Caesar's Virtue and blamed Lepidus's baseness thinking it a high injustice done them to equal the Vanquisher and the Vanquished in the plunder of Mâ—ssina Caesar having notice of their thoughts sent underhand to solicite them by his Agents who gained many especially of those who had served under Pompey for they thought the pardon granted them ineffectual unless Caesar confirmed it Lepidus knew nothing of this Negotiation so that before he perceived any thing Caesar comes unlooked for to his Camp with a strong party of Horse which he left before the Trenches and entred with a slender Train and advancing towards the middle calls all the world to witness that he was forced to make War against his Will The nearest to him having saluted him calling him Emperour all Pompey's Men who were made to the purpose ran to him and begged his pardon To which he answered that he wondered they should ask pardon before they had done what they ought they understood what he meant and presently some took their Colours and carried them to Caesar's Camp whilst the others made up the Tents Lepidus hearing the Tumult comes out of his Tent armed and falls on so that one of Caesar's Esquires being slain and Caesar himself shot with an Arrow in the Corslet though it went not to the quick he got by running to the place where he had left his Horse As he ran some of those who were upon the Guard in one of the Forts at Lepidus's Camp made a mock of him whereon he immediately fell upon that Fort and took it with his Horse Those who commanded in the rest yielded some at the same time others the night following some without being summoned and others after a slight assault made by the Cavalry to serve for a pretence of their Surrender but some there were who bravely stood to it before they would submit for Lepidus continually sent relief to all parts but at last these reliefs deserted him likewise may even those who had an inclination for him at first changed their minds First all those of Pompey's Party who had till then stood firm for him left him by whole Bands and when Lepidus caused others to take Arms to stop them those thus commanded took their Colours and carried them to Caesar's Camp with the others Lepidus threatened intreated stopped the Ensigns and said he would not suffer them to depart till one of the Ensigns telling him plainly that he should suffer it either alive or dead he was so terrifed that he let them go The Horse left him last but before they parted they sent to ask Caesar whether he would have them kill Lepidus whom they acknowledged no longer for General but he would by no means permit it Thus Lepidus seeing himself unexpectedly and in so short a time deserted by so great an Army and fallen from so mighty a Fortune changed Habit and went to Caesar whither all the world run as to a Spectacle Caesar rose up to receive him and would not suffer him to fall on his Knees before him but he sent him to Rome in the same Habit reduced to that of a private Man without any power or quality save that of High Priest So that this Man who had so often been General of Armies had reigned in the Triumvirate made so many Magistrates proscribed so many of his Equals in Dignity returned into the degree of a simple Citizen and spent the rest of his life submitted to authority and to the power of many of those he had proscribed As for Pompey Caesar would not pursue him nor permit it to be done whether he thought it not convenient to follow him into Anthony's Dominion or whether he had a mind to see what Anthony would do for if he did not as he ought he had just occasion to break with him for both pretending to Sovereign Power either had a long time thought that when all other were overcome they should fall upon one another or else as Caesar said afterwards because Pompey was none of his Father's Murderers All the Forces being now joyned together there were five and forty Legions five and twenty thousand Horse thirty seven thousand five hundred light armed Foot six hundred Ships of War and a prodigious number of Merchants Ships all which he sent to their owners He gave likewise to the Soldiers the reward due to them for Victory with promise of greater Liberalities for the future distributed Crowns and other honourable Recompenses to those he thought worthy and pardoned the Officers had served under Pompey This great Prosperity was worthy of Envy and Fortune was not wanting to be jealous of it and to intermix it with trouble for the Army and particularly his own mutinied the Soldiers demanded their Discharge and to have the same Recompenses they had received after the Victory at Philippi whereupon though the service they had done against Pompey seemed not in his opinion comparable to the other yet he promised them to reward them honourably and equal with those now served under Anthony at his return and yet according to Military Discipline he represented to them with some threats the fault they committed against the Laws of War and against the Oath they had sworn to At length seeing that instead of submitting they grew more insolent he forbore threatning lest those who were newly come to his Party should raise some Tumult only he told them he would discharge them with Anthony as soon as he could assuring them in the mean time he would no more employ them in Civil Wars since they by God's Grace were quite extinct but that he would lead them against the Illyrians and other Barbarous Nations who had broke the Peace with them from whom they would all return rich To which they told him plainly that they would serve no longer unless he presently gave them those Rewards and Honours their past labours deserved He answered them that as to the Honours there should be no delay in them for besides the Crowns he had already distributed he had others to bestow among every Legion and to the Centurions and Tribunes Robes of Purple with the Quality of Senator every Man in his Country Whilst he was offering these things and many others fit a Tribune named Ofilius began to cry out that Crowns and Robes were to quiet Children but that must have Soldiers Money and Lands The multitude by their Acclammations signifying they approved this discourse Caesar in a rage went down from the Tribunal but for the Tribune those about him praised him and reviled the others for not joyning with him he told them that he alone was sufficient to defend so just a cause yet these words cost him dear for the next day he disappeared and was never more seen After which accident no particular person durst utter a word but the whole Army went together to demand their Discharge and Caesar for his part did all he could