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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	day_n	time_n	year_n	3,093	5	4.9048	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60282	Natural philosophy improven by new experiments touching the mercurial weather-glass, the hygroscope, eclipsis, conjunctions of Saturn and Jupiter, by new experiments, touching the pressure of fluids, the diving-bell, and all the curiosities thereof : to which is added some new observations, and experiments, lately made of several kinds : together with a true relation of an evil spirit, which troubled a mans family for many days : lastly, there is a large discourse anent coal, coal-sinks, dipps, risings, and streeks of coal, levels running of mines, gaes, dykes, damps, and wild-fire / by G.S.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.	1683 (1683)	Wing S3855; ESTC R15622	205,371	320

is fixed in the very Zodiack and in the 13 degree of Cancer and is the very navel of the following Twine The Star A is Castor The Star B is Pollux The star D is fixed in the forefoot of the following Twine From this place he moved with a retrograde motion till he came to the 5 of Cancer about the 20 of February 1670 and from that time became Direct in his motion and so upon the 27 of March 1670 at 9 a clock he was in a right line with Canis minor and the brightest Star in Auriga and was in a right line with the eastmost shoulder of Orion and Castor in Gemini or with that Star when South-west that 's highest and West-most OBSERVATION III. IT is written in the History of the Royal Society that such a member of it whose name I have forgotten hath found out among many other curious inventions this namely a way for knowing the motion of the Sun in seconds of time but is not pleased to reveal the manner how Because such a device may be usefull in Astronomy and likewise for adjusting the Pendulum Clock I shall therefore briefly shew the manner and way how such a thing may be done as I have tried it my self I took an Optick Tub about 12 foot long only with two Convex-glasses in it and did so place it in a dark room by putting the one end in which was the Object-glass without the window and keeping the other within that I caused the beams of the Sun shine thorow it which were received upon a white wall four or five foot from the Tub. This image which was perfectly round and splendid did move alongst the wall very quickly so that in a minut of time it did advance seven inches and a half which will be the eight part of an inch in a second a motion very sensible Now this beam that came thorow the Tub and lighted upon the wall would not have moved one inch in a minut if it had wanted the two Glasses for as they magnify and seem to bring nearer the Object so they quicken the motion of it In a word by what proportion the Object is made more by that same proportion is the motion quickned 'T is to be observed that the longer the Tub be the motion is the swifter for as the longest Tub doth ordinarily most magnify the object so doth it most quicken the motion Next the farther distant the white wall is from the end of the Tub the larger is the image and contrariwise the nearer it be it is the less Thirdly the farther the wall be from the end of the Tub the circumference of the image is the more confused and the nearer it be it is the more distinct Fourthly the darker the room be it is so much the better Lastly this trial may be made with ordinary Prospects of a foot two foot or three foot long which will really do the thing but not so sensibly unless the glasses be very good As to the use of this device in Astronomy I shall not say much But shall only mention what it may serve for in order to the Pendulum Clock For this cause let a man choise a convenient room with a window to the South wherein this Tub may be so fixed that it may ly just or very near to the true meridian and may move vertically upon an axil-tree because of the Suns declination every day Then at a certain distance from the end of it fix and settle a large board of timber smooth and well plained and well whited for receiving the image In the middle of this board draw a circle with Charcoal equal in diameter to the circle of the image Now this being done you will find that assoon as the west side of the Sun begins to come near to the Meridian the image begins to appear upon the board like the segment of a circle and grows larger and larger till it become perfectly round Now in the very instant of time wherein the image and the circle are united set the wheels of your Clock a going from the hour minut and second of XII To morrow or 3 or 4 dayes after when you desire to make an examination wait on about 12 a clock when the Sun is coming to the Meridian and you will find what the difference is If the Clock go slow observe assoon as the image is united with the circle which you will perceive in a second of time the variation that 's to say how many seconds interveens between that second wherein the union fell and that second that closes XII hours in the Clock If it go fast observe how many seconds passes from that second that ends XII hours and that wherein the image of the Sun is united with the circle which if you do you will know exactly what the difference is even to a second But without this you will find great difficulty to know the variation in 15 or 20 seconds especially in a common Dial. But here you will see distinctly the image of the Sun move every second of time the eighth part or the sixth part or the fourth part of an inch according to the length of your Tub and goodness of your glasses 'T is to be observed that in adjusting the Pendulum Clock respect must be had to the table of Equation of dayes commonly known in Astronomy For if this be not it is impossible to make it go right and that because all the natural dayes of the year are not equal among themselves that 's to say the time that 's spent by the Suns motion from the Meridian this day to the same Meridian the next day is not equal but is more or less than the time spent betwixt Meridian and Meridian a third or fourth day after For instance the Sun this day being 11 of Iuly comes sooner to the Meridian by three seconds of time than he came yesterday Within 9 or 10 dayes suppose the 22 of Iuly he will be longer in coming to the Meridian by 4 seconds than upon the 21. This difference I grant in short time is not sensible yet once in the year it will amount to more than half an hour This inequality of dayes arises from two-two-causes First from the Suns eccentricity whereby he moves slowlier in one part of the Zodiack than in another for in Summer when he is furthest from the Earth he goes slowlier back in the Ecliptick than in Winter when he is nearer to it The second cause which is truly the far greater is this because in the diurnal motion of the Sun equal parts of the Aequator does not answer to equal parts of the Zodiack Hence it followes that if the natural dayes be not equal among themselves the hours must be unequal also but this is not considerable By help of such a Tub placed in a dark room it is easie when the Sun is under Eclipse to enumerat distinctly the digits eclipsed Likewise if you take

down by degrees The cause of this Phenomenon is not cold as some might judge but the strong Bensil of the Air within the Ark that so presseth upon the surface of the stagnant Water that it drives it up If you take with you a Weather-Glass hermetically sealled no such thing will follow because the outward Pressure is keeped off 'T is not then cold that 's the cause but weight By the way take notice that all common Weather-Glases are fallacious and deceitful because the motion of the Water in them is not only caused by heat but by the weight of the Air which sometimes is more and sometimes less as frequently I have observed and as hath been observed by others This difference is found by the alteration of the altitude of the Mercurial cylinder in the Baroscope which is more and less as the Pressure of the Air changeth In fair weather and before it comes the Mercury creeps up In foul and rainy weather and a pretty while before it fall out it creeps down Because in fair weather the weight of the Air is more than in rainy and dirty weather December 13. 1669. I found the altitude 29 inches and nine ten parts of an inch at this time the heavens were covered with dry and thick clouds and no rain followed March 26. 1670. I found the altitude no more than 27 inches and nine ten parts at which time there was a strong Wind with rain Between these two termes of altitude I have found the Mercury move near a twelve moneth 'T is a most sure prognosticator for if after rain you find the Mercury creep up in the morning you may be sure all the day following will be fair notwithstanding that the heavens threateneth otherwayes If after fair weather the Mercury subside and fall down a little you may be sure of rain within a short time though no appearance be in the present It falls down likewise when winds do blow What the true cause is why there is such an alteration in the Pressure of the Air before foul weather and fair and in the time of it it is not easie to determine But we proceed Trial likewise might be made by firing a great piece of Ordnance above whether the report would be heard below the Water or not This would determine the question whether Water be a fit medium for conveying sound as Air is Item whether or not the Sea water be fresher at the bottom than near the top which is affirmed by some Item whether sounds be as distinct in such a small portion of Air as they are above This might be tried with a Bell of a Watch. If need were a little chamber Bell might be hung within the Ark and a small chord might pass up from it through the cover whereby the persons above might by so many tingles speak such and such words to the Diver I have demonstrated before that though there were a little narrow hole made in the cover above yet neither Air would go out nor Water come in If a man were curious he might have a window not only in the sides but in the roof above covered with a piece of pure thin Glass thorow which he might look up after he is down two or three fathom and see whether there appeared any alteration in the dimensions of the body of Sun or not or seemed nearer We now come to infer some Hydrostatical conclusions as from former Experiments We see then first that in Water there is a pressure namely from the strong Bensil of the Air within the Ark that groweth stronger and stronger as the Water groweth deeper and deeper We see next that the pressure of the VVater hath an increment because the further down the Ark goeth the Air is the more bended Thirdly two Fluids cannot be contiguous one to another unless both of them be under the same degree of pressure because the Air of the Ark and the Water that creepeth up within the mouth of it are perpetually under the same degree of power and force whatever the deepness be Fourthly that in Fluids the pressure is uniform because the Air of the Ark and the Water without press most equally one against the other Fifthly the more that the Air is bended it is the more difficult to bend it and consequently that the diminution of the quantity is according to unequal proportion Sixthly that when the Ark is down 34 foot the Bensil of the Air is doubled and tripled when it s down 68 foot because the pressure of 34 foot of VVater is as much as the whole pressure that 's from the Atmosphere If it be enquired how much weight rests upon the palm of a mans hand when the Ark is down about 68 foot I answer the pressure of the Water upon a mans hand at that deepness with the pressure of the Air above will be equivalent to the weight of a pillar of Mercury 87 inches high and three inches thick which will exceed in real weight 200 pound If so much rest upon the palm how much must rest upon the rest of the parts of the body Let us suppose then the quantity of the palm to be found in a mans skin 200 times then must he suffer as much pressure and actually support as much burden as will amount to 40000 pound weight Seventhly our bodies may be under a huge pressure and yet that burden not perceptible as is evident from the Diver who findeth little or no weight while he is under the Water Or if there be any Pressure found it 's not comparable to that which really is Eighthly when a man is 14 or 15 fathom down at every inspiration and expiration his breast and belly must lift up the weight of 1800 pound because if the whole burden be 40000 the weight that rests upon the breast and belly will be about 1800. Ninthly that between every inspiration and expiration there happens a perfect counterpoise namely by the Air that goeth into the lungs and the outward Air of the Ark for if the Pressure of the one were more than the Pressure of the other there could be no motion of the lungs Tenthly when a man draweth his breath the Air cometh not in by suction but by pulsion For this cause though the VVind-pipe were stopped yet a man might live by having a hole in his side going into the lungs Lastly that there is no such thing as suction properly and therefore the motion of all Fluid bodies is caused by Pressure and weight The motion of the blood then thorow the heart is driven and not sucted Infants properly do not suck but have the milk squeezed into their mouth 'T is evident from the sucking-glass that some women use for milking their own breasts for by help of this the Air that guardeth the head of the Pap is removed and so the Air that presseth the parts about and without squeezes out the milk Fig. 25 Pag. 179 EXPERIMENT XIX Figure 26. THis Figure

Poet. Acvent● velut agmine f●cto Qua data por●●●unt terras turbine per●●●nt Incubuere mari to●●mque a sell●us im●s Una Eu●u●que No●●sque en●nt cre●erque procel●●a Africus vasto● volvunt ad littora fluctus Tempect●●●ine more ●urit ton●●●●que tren●seunt Ardua terra●um ●●●pique littora circum Winds at his mutinous ●ands Force their own way and thunder through the strands They take the Sea Eurus and Notus raves And stormy Africus from deepest c●ves When Temp●storage and Joves great Cannons rea● The Mountains quake the Plains and every Shoar The first Rule is the further up the Metal goes the Weather inclines to be the Fairer and the further it falls down it inclines to be the Fouler Secondly When it is heighest Fair Weather is universal when it is lowest Foul Weather is universal Thirdly 'T is not so much Fair or Foul Weather actually which influences the Quick-silver as it is the disposition and inclination of the Weather to be Fair or Foul. Note That N. E. and E. Winds even with Ra●n do raise the Mercury and keep it up sometimes beyond ordinary And as it shews the nature of the Weather so it foretells which is the great excellency of it sometimes a day sometimes two sometimes three or four before any change of Weather come The Metal rises and falls quickly when Fair or Foul Weather is nigh at hand It doth not so much foretel Winds as it is actually influenced by them when they blow in causing the Metal subside and fall down 'T is said that the Ladies and Gentle-women at London do Apparel themselves in the Morning by the Weather-Glass Whatever be in this 't is certain that when a Man riseth in the Morning he may know infallibly what sort of Weather will fall out ere Night It is not possible to make it unerring unless it be mounted and set up by a skilful Hand which few or none can do The inclosed Weather-Glasses are Ten Dallers the open ones Thirty Shillings which are as true None from Abroad are so accurately made Neither any such are sold at so easie a rate They may be transported and carried to any part of the Country and there set up by my Directions The Explanation of the Hygroscope THis second is a curious Invention which I call the Hygroscope The The name is made up of two Greek words Hygros Wet and Scopeo to view or consider because we know by it the several degrees of moisture and dryness in the Air. It is mean to look upon being but the Awin and Beard of a Grain of Oats It is Twisted and Twined by Nature as the Lute String or a Silk Cord is twined by Art It is secured within a round Box whose inside is divided into 24. equal parts There is affixed to the top of it a small slender Glass-Index which goes about with the Awin as it is altered with the moisture or dryness of the Air. The motion is direct or right about following the course of the Sun with moisture and retrograde or left about with dryness It is likewise stationary or standing when the Air is setled as to wetness or dryness It is of all of all things in the Universe so far as I know most affected and sensible of humidity and s●●city Many curious Philosophical Questions do arise from its several Operations which would trouble Oedipus himself to resolve I have found the Index from Wet Air in extremity to Dry Air in extremity make six Revolutions For this cause I have contrived a little Broad with six Circles upon it or rather Spirals divided equally into 24. parts as the inside of the Box is by the help of which a Man may trace the motion of it all the Year over most easily whether it be Direct or Retrograde You will find these advantages by it Wet Air in extremity Dry Air in extremity Air equally moist and dry Wet Air Dry Air. It discovers the least difference of Air between one Room and another It is much influenced with Winds from the North especially in Frost which make it Retrograde and with Winds from the South which make it Direct and move right about In a Years time it makes several Revolutions The motion is most sensible for sometimes in one Night it will alter 90. Degrees o● the fourth part of a Circle It not only shews the present temperament of the Air which is a great advantage but foretels Nay which is admirable I have found it sometimes foretel Fair Weather when it was actually Raining It keeps a correspondence with the Weather-Glass There is great difficulty to know what Revolution it is under from Wet Air in extremity or from Dry Air in extremity for fixing the Brass-Pin in its own proper Circle The Husk or Hool of the Mouse-Pea as we call it or the Wild Vetch will make a Hygroscope but it is somewhat dull and slow and goes not so oft about yet very sensible of the Wetness and Dryness of the Air. When the Index of the Hygroscope is altered by the Weather it keeps not a continued motion but sometimes moves backward and sometimes forward yet at length perfects its course right about in so many Months and returns again in so many Among the many difficulties which occur this is one What is the reason why the Awin goes alwayes right about with Moisture and left about with Dryness To say that it is so ordered by Nature is ridiculous The same difficulty we find in the Shells of Snails whose Screw and Spiral line goes right about with the Sun and in the Shells of Sea-Snails commonly called Buckies Some affirm that upon the South of the Line the Shells of these Creatures are screwed left about which is worthy of observation 'T is easie to give the reason why a Lute String turns about such a way with Moisture because while it was twined by the Artist the Wheel or Spindle went such a way about wherewith he twisted it But who can say the like of the Awin seing the great Artist is GOD and Nature whose working and manner of working is unknown to us 〈◊〉 be asked What way goes about the Hool of the Wild Vetch I answer which is a notable Speculation The one Hool goes right about with the Sun by Moisture as the Awin doth and consequently left about with Dryness But the other goes right about with Dryness and left about with Moisture contrary to the motion of its fellow Hool This is seen sensibly by holding them nigh the Fire The same holds true in the two Hools of the Right Pea-cod I suppose that the Hools of Brom-seed may do the like Another Experiment I made with the Hygroscope in placing it within the Receiver of the Air-pump At the very first Exsuction of the Air the Index moved left about most sensibly and by the several Exsuctions which were made one after another it advanced half a Circle about It had been easie to have made it