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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A39792	The history of Russia, or, The government of the Emperour of Muscovia with the manners & fashions of the people of that countrey / by G. Fletcher, sometime fellow of Kings Colledge in Cambridge and employed in the embassie thither.	Fletcher, Giles, 1549?-1611.	1643 (1643)	Wing F1330; ESTC R28633	98,943	288

to be feared being of so opposite and contrarie practice much one to the other This desperate state of things at home maketh the people for the most part to wish for some forein invasion which they suppose to be the onely means to rid them of the heavy yoke of this tyrannous government CHAP. XI Of the Emperours Counsell THe Emperours of Russia give the name of Counsellour to divers of their chief Nobilitie rather for honours sake then for any use they make of them about their matters of state These are called Boiarens without any addition and may be called Counsellours at large For they are seldome or never called to any publick consulearion They which are of his speciall and privie Counsell indeed whom he useth dayly and ordinarily for all publick matters pertaining to the State have the addition of Dumnoy and are named Dumnoy boiaren or Lords of the Counsell their office or sitting Boar●●ua dumna Their names at this present are these in their order First Knez Feoder Joanowich Methisloskey 2. Knez Jean Michailowich Glinskoy 3. Knez Vasi●ee Juanowich Silskoy Scopin These three are accounted to be of greater birth then wisdome taken in as may seem for that end rather to furnish the place with their honours and presence then with their advise or counsell 4. Knez Vasilie Juanowich Suskey thought to be more wise then the other of his name 5. Knez Feauer Michailowich 6. Knez Micheta Romanowich Trowbetskoy 7. Knez Timophey Romanowich Trowbetskoy 8. Knez Andriew Gregoriwich Curakine 9. Knez Demetrie Juanowich Forestine 10. Knez Feoder Juanowich Forestine 11. Bodan Juanowich Sabarove 12. Knez Juan Vasilowich 13. Knez Feoder Demetriwich Shestinove 14. Knez Feoder Michailowich Troyconiove 15. Juan Buterlyney 16. Demetrie Juanowich Godonoe 17. Borris Federowich Godonoe brother to the Empresse 18. Stephan Vasilowich Godonoe 19. Gregorie Vasilowich Godonoe 20. Juan Vasilowich Godonoe 21. Feoder Sheremitove 22. Andrew Petrowich Cleshenina 23. Ignatie Petrowich Tatislove 24. Romain Michailowich Peva 25. Demenshoy Juanowich Cheremissen 26 Romain Vasilowich Alferiove 27. Andrew Shalcalove 28. Vasily Shalcalove 29. Eleazar Wellusgin 30. Drezheen Penteleove 31. Zapon Abramove The foure last of these are called Dumnoy Dyakey or Lord Secretaries These are all of the Emperours privy counsell though but few of them are called to any consultation for that all matters are advised determined upon by Borris Federowich Godonoe brother to the Empresse with some five or six more whom it pleaseth him to call If they come they are rather to hear then to give counsel do so demean themselves The matters occurrent which are of state done within the Realm are informed them at their sittings by the Lords of the foure Chetfirds or Tetrarchies whereof mention is made in the chapter concerning the Government of their Provinces who bring in all such letters as they receive from the Dukes Dyacks Captains other officers of the Cities Castles pertaining to their severall quarter or Chetfird with other advertisements and inform the Counsell of them The like is done by the chief officer of every severall office of Record who may come into the Counsell chamber and inform them as occasion incident to his office doth require Besides matters of State they consider of many private causes informed by way of supplication in very great numbers Whereof some they entertain and determine as the cause or means can procure favour Some they send to the offices whereto they pertain by common course of Law Their ordinarie dayes for their sitting are mondayes wednesdayes and fridayes Their time of meeting is commonly seven a clock in the morning If there be any extraordinary occasion that requireth consultation on some other day they have warning by the Clerk of the counsell called Dorosey Bushew who receiveth order from the Koserad or high Constable of the realm to call them together at the time appointed CHAP. XII Of the Emperours customes and other revenues FOr the receiving of customes and other rents belonging to the Crown there are appointed divers under-officers which deliver over the same into the head-treasurie The first is the office of Dwoertsova or Steward of the houshold The second is the office of the Chetfirds which I comprehend under one though it be divided into foure severall parts as was said before The third is called Bulsha prech●de on the great income As touching the first which is the office of the Steward it receiveth all the rents of the Emperours inheritance or Crown land which they call Vochin The Vochin or Crown land containeth in it 36. towns with the territories or hundreds belonging unto them Whereof the chief that yield the greatest rents are these Alexandrisca Corelska Otser Slobodey Danielska Moisaiskoy Chara Sametzka Strararouse Bransove c. The inhabitants or tenants of these and the other towns pay some rentmoney some other rent-duties called Obrokey as certain chetfirds or measures of grain wheat rie barley 〈◊〉 c. or of other victuall as Oxen Sheep Swannes Geese Hares Hen●es wild Fowl Fish Hay Wood Honie c. Some are bound to ●ow for the Emperours provision certain akers of ground and to make the corn readie for his use having for it an allowance of certain alters of ground for their own proper use This provision for the houshold specially of grain served in by the Tenants is a great deal more then is spent in his house or in other allowance served out in liverie or for the Emperours honour called Schalovaney for which use there is bestowed very much both in grain and other victuall This surplus of provision is sold by the Steward to the best hand and runneth into the Emperours treasurie In the time of Juan Vasilowich father to this Emperour who kept a more Princely and bountifull house then the Emperour now doth this overplus of grain and other incomes into the Stewards office yielded to his treasurie not past 60. thousand rubbels yearly but riseth now by good husbanding of the Steward Gregory Vasilowich Godonoe to 230 thousand rubbels a year And this by the means of the Empresse her kindred specially Borris Federowich Godonoe that account it all their own that runs into the Emperours treasure Much of this surplusage that riseth out of the rent-provision is employed to the paiment of the wages of his hou●…ld officers which are very many attending at home and purveying abroad The second office of receit called the Chetfirds being divided into foure severall parts as before was said hath foure head-officers which besides the ordering and government of the shires contained within their severall Chetfirds have this also as a part of their office to receive the Tagla Podat belonging to the Emperour that riseth out of the foure Chetfirds or Quarters The Tagla is a yearly rent or imposition raised upon every Wite or measure of grain that groweth within the land gathered by sworn men and brought into the office The Wite containeth sixtie Chetfirds Every Chetfird is

to do The great oppression over the poore Commons maketh them to have no courage in following their trades for that the more they have the more danger they are in not onely of their goods but of their lives also And if they have any thing they conceal it all they can sometimes conveying it into Monasteries sometimes hiding it under the ground and in woods as men are wont to do where they are in fear of forein invasion in so much that many times you shall see them afraid to be known to any Boiaren or Gentleman of such commodities as they have to sell. I have seen them sometimes when they have laid open their commodities for a liking as their principall furres and such like to look still behind them and towards every doore as men in some fear that looked to be set upon and surprised by some enemie Whereof asking the cause I found it to be this That they have doubted left some Nobleman or Sinaboiarskey of the Emperour had been in companie and so laid a train for them to prey upon their commodities perforce This maketh the people though otherwise hardened to bear any toil to give themselves much to idlenesse and drinking as passing for no more then from hand to mouth And hereof it cometh that the commodities of Russia as was said before as wax tallow hides flax hemp c. grow and go abroad in farre lesse plentie then they were wont to do because the people being oppressed and spoiled of their gettings are discouraged from their labours Yet this one thing is much to be noted that in all this oppression there were three brethren Merchants of late that traded together with one stock in common that were found to be worth 300000. rubbels in money besides lands cattels and other commodities Which may partly be imputed to their dwellings farre off from the eye of the Court viz. in Wichida a 1000. miles from Mosko and more The same are said by those that knew them to have set on work all the year long ten thousand men in making of salt carriages by cart and boat hewing of wood and such like besides 5000. bondslaves at the least to inhabite and till their land They had also their physitions surgeons apothecaries and all manner of artificers of Doutcees and others belonging unto them They are said to have paid to the Emperour for custome to the summe of 23000. rubbels a year for which cause they were suffered to enjoy their trade besides the maintaining of certain garrisons on the borders of Siberia which were near unto them Wherein the Emperour was content to use their purse till such time as they had got ground in Siberia and made it habitable by burning and cutting down woods from Wichida to Perm above a 1000. verse and then took it all away from them perforce But this in the end being envied and disdained as a matter not standing with their pollicie to have any so great specially a Mousick the Emperour began first to pull from them by pieces sometimes 20000 rubbels at a time sometime more till in the end their sons that now are are well eased of their stock and have but small part of their fathers substance the rest being drawn all into the Emperours treasurie Their names were Jacove Gregorie and Simon the sonnes of Onyka For the qualitie of their people otherwise though there seemeth to be in them some aptnesse to receive any art as appeareth by the naturall wits in the men and very children yet they excell in no kind of common art much lesse in any learning or literall kind of knowledge which they are kept from of purpose as they are also from all militarie practise that they may be fitter for the servile condition wherein now they are and have neither reason nor valour to attempt innovation For this purpose also they are kept from travelling that they may learn nothing nor see the fashions of other Countreys abroad You shall seldome see a Russe a traveller except he be with some Ambassadour or that he make a scape out of his Countrey Which hardly he can do by reason of the borders that are watched so narrowly and the punishment for any such attempt which is death if he be taken and all his goods confiscate Onely they learn to write and to reade and that very few of them Neither do they suffer any stranger willingly to come into their realm out of any civill Countrey for the same cause further then necessitie of uttering their commodities and taking in of forein doth enforce them to do And therefore this year 1589. they consulted about the removing of all Merchants strangers to the border towns to abide and have their residencie there and to be more wary in admitting other strangers hereafter into the Inland parts of the realm for fear of infection with better manners and qualities then they have of their own For the same purpose also they are kept within the bounds of their degree by the laws of their countrey so that the sonne of a Mousick artificer or husbandman is ever a Mousick artificer c. and hath no means to aspire any higher except having learned to write and read he attain to the preferment of a Priest or Dyack Their language is all one with the Slavonian which is thought to have been derived from the Russe tongue rather then the Russe from the Slavonian For the people called Sclavi are known to have had their beginning out of Sarmatia and to have termed themselves of their conquest Sclavos that is famous or glorious of the word Sclava which in the Russe and Slavonian tongue signifieth as much as Glory or Fame Though afterwards being subdued and trod upon by divers nations the Italians their neighbours have turned the word to a contrary signification and term every servant or peasant by the name of Sclave as did the Romanes by the Getes and Syrians for the same reason The Russe character or letter is no other then the Greek somewhat distorted Concerning their trades diet apparrell and such like it is to be noted in a severall chapter of their private behaviour This order that bindeth every man to keep his ranck and severall degree wherein his forefathers lived before him is more meet to keep the Subjects in a servile subjection and so apt for this and the like Common-wealths then to advance any virtue or to breed any rare or excellent qualitie in Nobilitie or Commons as having no further reward nor preferment whereunto they may bend their endeavours and employ themselves to advance their estate but rather procuring more danger to themselves the more they excell in any noble or principall qualitie CHAP. XIV Of their publick Justice and manner of proceeding in civill and criminall matters THeir courts of civill justice for matters of contract and other of like sort are of three kinds the one being subject unto the other by way of appeal The lowest Court that seems to