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cause_n day_n great_a know_v 2,521 5 3.4978 3 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A00142 A historie contayning the vvarres, treaties, marriages, and other occurrents betweene England and Scotland from King William the Conqueror, vntill the happy vnion of them both in our gratious King Iames. With a briefe declaration of the first inhabitants of this island: and what seuerall nations haue sithence settled them-selues therein one after an other Ayscu, Edward. 1607 (1607) STC 1014; ESTC S100373 186,325 406

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the_o earl_n of_o hertford_n sir_n john_n dudley_n lord_n lisle_n high_a admiral_n of_o england_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o shrewsbury_n accompany_v with_o the_o lord_n cobham_n clinton_n coniers_n sturton_n the_o lord_n william_n howard_n with_o many_o valiant_a knight_n and_o gentleman_n the_o whole_a navy_n consist_v of_o two_o hundred_o ship_n and_o in_o they_o some_o ten_o thousand_o man_n of_o war_n loase_v from_o newcastle_n and_o enter_v the_o scottish_a sea_n between_o the_o two_o land_n the_o basse_fw-fr and_o the_o may_v the_o next_o day_n they_o pass_v up_o the_o firthe_n be_v the_o four_o of_o maye_n land_v the_o whole_a army_n at_o new-haven_n two_o mile_n above_o leith_n the_o lord_n admiral_n lead_v the_o forward_n the_o lord_n lieutenant_n the_o main_a battle_n &_o the_o earl_n of_o shrewesburie_n the_o rearward_n the_o lord_n governor_n be_v then_o at_o edenbrough_n accompany_v with_o the_o cardinal_n the_o earl_n of_o huntley_n arguile_n bothwel_n and_o other_o with_o 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intelligence_n of_o the_o scotish_n king_n inclination_n to_o revolt_v be_v then_o return_v into_o scotland_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v sound_v out_o the_o truth_n he_o require_v his_o aid_n and_o assistance_n in_o his_o intend_a war_n with_o france_n where-unto_a he_o receive_v so_o doubtful_a a_o answer_n as_o that_o he_o be_v thereby_o bring_v into_o more_o distrust_n with_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o therefore_o send_v again_o into_o scotland_n he_o require_v to_o have_v the_o custody_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o berwicke_n edenbrugh_n and_o rockesbrugh_n deliver_v unto_o he_o for_o the_o better_a assurance_n of_o his_o loyalty_n during_o the_o continuance_n of_o the_o war_n with_o france_n hereunto_a the_o lord_n of_o scotland_n take_v upon_o they_o to_o answer_v for_o their_o king_n will_v not_o yet_o open_o oppose_v himself_o that_o they_o be_v freeman_n bear_v and_o therefore_o will_v never_o yield_v to_o that_o servitude_n where-unto_a their_o king_n have_v unaduised_o 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purpose_v forthwith_o to_o invade_v that_o realm_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n thereby_o to_o conceal_v his_o resolution_n he_o send_v a_o solemn_a ambassage_n thither_o summon_v king_n john_n to_o make_v his_o appearance_n at_o newcastle_n within_o certain_a day_n there_o to_o show_v cause_n why_o contrary_a to_o his_o faithful_a promise_n he_o have_v enter_v into_o league_n with_o his_o enemy_n the_o french_a king_n of_o who_o he_o can_v not_o receive_v so_o much_o good_a as_o he_o be_v likely_a to_o sustain_v harm_n thereby_o from_o he_o and_o further_o that_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o serve_v two_o master_n of_o so_o contrary_a disposition_n without_o offence_n to_o the_o one_o or_o other_o but_o king_n john_n hold_v himself_o much_o injure_v by_o king_n edward_n return_v unto_o he_o letter_n of_o complaint_n which_o be_v all_o the_o answer_n he_o will_v afford_v he_o the_o army_n be_v assemble_v and_o king_n edward_n therewith_o approach_v work_n castle_n seven_o earl_n of_o scotland_n namely_o bouchan_n ment_v stratherne_n lennox_n ro●_n athol_n and_o marre_n with_o john_n cumin_n the_o master_n of_o badenaw_n have_v gather_v together_o five_o hundred_o horseman_n and_o ten_o thousand_o footman_n in_o amandale_n on_o monday_n in_o easter_n week_n enter_v into_o england_n on_o that_o side_n and_o pass_v towards_o carlisle_n put_v all_o to_o fire_n and_o sword_n that_o stand_v in_o their_o way_n but_o the_o town_n be_v so_o well_o defend_v as_o that_o they_o give_v over_o the_o siege_n on_o thursday_n follow_v and_o return_v again_o into_o scotland_n the_o same_o day_n king_n edward_n with_o his_o army_n pass_v over_o the_o river_n tweed_n and_o summon_v berwick_n offer_v peace_n upon_o certain_a condition_n which_o be_v refuse_v he_o approach_v and_o lodge_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o caldestrenie_n his_o army_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o horse_n and_o thirty_o thousand_o footman_n he_o have_v appoint_v certain_a ship_n to_o the_o number_n of_o four_o and_o twenty_o to_o scour_v the_o coast_n thereabouts_o to_o cut_v off_o access_n to_o the_o town_n by_o sea_n who_o upon_o some_o sign_n give_v they_o from_o the_o army_n place_v on_o a_o plain_a in_o battle_n array_n within_o their_o view_n enter_v the_o haven_n and_o offer_v to_o land_n be_v assail_v by_o the_o townsman_n while_o the_o fray_n continue_v not_o without_o some_o more_o loss_n on_o the_o english_a party_n the_o king_n with_o his_o army_n have_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n pass_v over_o a_o ditch_n cast_v upon_o purpose_n to_o have_v hinder_v his_o approach_n on_o that_o side_n enter_v the_o town_n without_o lose_v any_o man_n of_o name_n save_v only_a sir_n richard_n cornwall_n but_o the_o scotish_n writer_n report_v otherwise_o of_o this_o exploit_n that_o the_o king_n despair_v to_o take_v the_o town_n by_o force_n devise_v what_o may_v be_v wrought_v by_o policy_n and_o therefore_o feign_v to_o depart_v raise_v the_o siege_n cause_v a_o rumour_n to_o be_v spread_v by_o certain_a scot_n his_o adherent_n in_o heart_n that_o king_n john_n be_v at_o hand_n withal_o his_o power_n to_o relieve_v the_o town_n this_o news_n be_v bring_v to_o berwicke_n by_o such_o in_o who_o they_o repose_v trust_v forthwith_o the_o gallant_n and_o they_o of_o the_o best_a account_n set_v open_a the_o gate_n issue_v out_o to_o meet_v their_o king_n king_n edward_n watch_v the_o expect_a advantage_n get_v between_o they_o and_o home_o and_o so_o enter_v without_o any_o great_a resistance_n howsoever_o it_o be_v bring_v to_o pass_v it_o seem_v by_o the_o exceed_a great_a number_n of_o scot_n then_o slay_v and_o the_o small_a loss_n or_o none_o at_o all_o of_o englishman_n that_o there_o be_v some_o cunning_n use_v in_o the_o take_n of_o the_o town_n for_o at_o the_o least_o seven_o thousand_o of_o they_o be_v thereat_o slay_v be_v the_o very_a choice_n man_n of_o all_o lothian_n and_o fife_n this_o happen_v on_o the_o thirty_o of_o march_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1296._o the_o king_n remain_v there_o fifteen_o day_n in_o which_o time_n he_o fortify_v the_o town_n with_o a_o ditch_n cast_v about_o it_o fourscore_o foot_n deep_a and_o as_o much_o over_o while_o he_o stay_v here_o he_o receive_v letter_n from_o king_n john_n wherein_o he_o again_o complain_v of_o sundry_a wrong_n offer_v unto_o he_o in_o regard_n whereof_o he_o renounce_v all_o such_o homage_n and_o fealty_n by_o he_o and_o his_o subject_n to_o be_v any_o more_o acknowledge_v due_a unto_o he_o the_o king_n have_v hear_v the_o letter_n read_v command_v his_o chancellor_n to_o enroll_v it_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o scotish_n army_n whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v before_o divide_v itself_o into_o two_o several_a company_n the_o one_o part_n under_o the_o lead_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o buquhan_n enter_v by_o cumberland_n the_o other_o by_o riddesdaile_n burn_v the_o village_n &_o put_v all_o to_o sword_n they_o meet_v withal_o in_o most_o furious_a manner_n and_o 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april_n at_o the_o king_n of_o england_n come_n thither_o the_o castle_n be_v forthwith_o surrender_v unto_o he_o wherein_o be_v take_v prisoner_n the_o earl_n of_o monteith_n cassills_n and_o ros_n six_o baron_n namely_o john_n cumin_n the_o young_a william_n sincler_n richard_n siward_z the_o elder_a john_n fitz-geffrey_a alexander_n de_fw-fr mortaigne_a edmond_n cumin_n of_o kilbird_n beside_o thirty_o knight_n and_o above_o that_o number_n of_o lairde_n and_o chief_a gentleman_n all_o these_o be_v send_v into_o england_n &_o bestow_v in_o place_n of_o safe_a keep_n from_o hence_o the_o king_n march_v unto_o the_o castle_n of_o roxbrough_n which_o incontinentlie_o yield_v itself_o the_o live_v save_v of_o all_o within_o the_o same_o among_o who_o the_o lord_n steward_n of_o scotland_n be_v the_o principal_a man_n after_o this_o the_o king_n besiege_v the_o strong_a castle_n of_o edenbrugh_n which_o after_o fifteen_o day_n
earl_n he_o give_v earldom_n to_o baron_n barony_n and_o to_o other_o according_a to_o their_o degree_n about_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o next_o year_n he_o return_v to_o london_n he_o be_v no_o soon_o out_o off_o scotland_n with_o his_o army_n but_o present_o there_o be_v a_o new_a viceroy_n set_v up_o one_o of_o the_o cumine_v who_o begin_v to_o raise_v new_a stir_n there_o among_o some_o other_o they_o take_v the_o castle_n of_o strivel_a but_o understand_v that_o king_n edward_n be_v gather_v new_a force_n wherewith_o to_o enter_v into_o scotland_n again_o they_o begin_v to_o consult_v what_o be_v best_a to_o be_v do_v not_o only_o for_o the_o prevent_n of_o his_o present_a approach_n but_o especial_o for_o the_o recovery_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o be_v now_o in_o great_a danger_n by_o conquest_n to_o be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o engl_n in_o the_o end_n they_o resolve_v with_o all_o speed_n to_o procure_v a_o abstinence_n from_o war_n to_o the_o intent_n that_o in_o the_o mean_a season_n the_o may_v labour_v pope_n boniface_n to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o scotland_n thereby_o to_o avoid_v &_o shake_v off_o all_o manner_n of_o subjection_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n for_o the_o pope_n have_v late_o before_o so_o far_o prevail_v already_o with_o king_n edward_n as_o that_o at_o his_o entreaty_n john_n balliol_n be_v commit_v to_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o cambray_n who_o undertake_v in_o the_o pope_n behalf_n that_o his_o liberty_n shall_v not_o prejudice_n the_o quiet_a estate_n of_o either_o nation_n engl_n or_o scotland_n according_a to_o this_o their_o resolution_n the_o lord_n of_o scotland_n procure_v philip_n de_fw-fr valois_n the_o french_a king_n to_o effect_v this_o their_o desire_a truce_n which_o be_v grant_v for_o eleven_o month_n to_o whitsuntide_n follow_v be_v the_o more_o easy_o compass_v by_o he_o by_o reason_n king_n edward_n have_v late_o before_o marry_v his_o sister_n hereupon_o for_o this_o time_n the_o army_n be_v dissolve_v be_v even_o ready_a to_o have_v enter_v into_o scotland_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o scotish_n lord_n send_v ambassador_n to_o rome_n present_v to_o the_o pope_n a_o grievous_a complaint_n of_o the_o proceed_n of_o king_n edward_n that_o he_o be_v full_o bend_v to_o make_v a_o conquest_n of_o their_o country_n unless_o it_o will_v please_v his_o holiness_n by_o the_o virtue_n of_o his_o prerogative_n in_o such_o case_n to_o compound_v &_o order_v all_o difference_n as_o well_o among_o themselves_o as_o also_o between_o the_o king_n of_o engl_n and_o they_o at_o his_o will_n and_o pleasure_n whereunto_o they_o will_v willing_o submit_v themselves_o the_o pope_n give_v ear_n to_o their_o petition_n hope_v to_o gain_v something_o by_o the_o bargain_n for_o with_o he_o no_o penny_n no_o pater_fw-la noster_fw-la and_o first_o he_o begin_v to_o quarrel_v with_o king_n edward_n because_o he_o will_v not_o at_o his_o entreaty_n restore_v unto_o edward_n balliol_n those_o land_n in_o england_n which_o descend_v upon_o he_o by_o the_o death_n of_o john_n balliol_n his_o father_n now_o late_o decease_a then_o he_o forbid_v he_o from_o thenceforth_a to_o make_v war_n with_o the_o scot_n because_o they_o have_v submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o sea_n apostolical_a in_o who_o power_n it_o now_o only_o rest_v to_o dispose_v of_o their_o kingdom_n as_o seem_v best_a to_o the_o same_o and_o by_o way_n of_o prevention_n he_o further_o declare_v that_o all_o such_o homage_n &_o fealty_n as_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n in_o former_a time_n have_v do_v to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n be_v only_o for_o tividale_n penreth_n and_o such_o other_o land_n as_o they_o hold_v within_o england_n and_o not_o for_o the_o realm_n of_o scotland_n as_o he_o will_v have_v it_o last_o whereas_o the_o king_n of_o scotland_n have_v sometime_o serve_v the_o king_n of_o england_n in_o their_o war_n both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o and_o have_v be_v sundry_a time_n present_v at_o their_o coronation_n all_o this_o proceed_v of_o their_o voluntary_a accord_n and_o especial_a favour_n towards_o they_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o nearness_n in_o blood_n and_o not_o as_o he_o take_v it_o of_o any_o duty_n bind_v they_o thereto_o king_n edward_n in_o his_o answer_n hereunto_o prove_v by_o evident_a reason_n that_o the_o right_n of_o superiority_n and_o command_n over_o the_o realm_n of_o scotland_n do_v justly_o belong_v unto_o he_o and_o that_o the_o allegation_n make_v to_o the_o contrary_n be_v vain_a and_o frivolous_a beside_o the_o king_n letter_n the_o nobility_n also_o of_o the_o realm_n be_v now_o assemble_v in_o parliament_n at_o lincoln_n join_v in_o the_o frame_n of_o a_o other_o letter_n answer_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o three_o estate_n unto_o that_o point_n of_o the_o pope_n pretend_v right_a to_o intermeddle_v in_o the_o cause_n between_o the_o king_n their_o master_n and_o the_o 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with_o some_o eight_o thousand_o
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this_o accord_n between_o the_o three_o nation_n france_n england_n and_o scotland_n which_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o april_n in_o the_o year_n that_o follow_v 1550._o be_v in_o every_o point_n execute_v according_o the_o next_o month_n all_o the_o stranger_n make_v return_v homeward_o two_o year_n well_o near_o after_o their_o first_o arrival_n into_o scotland_n and_o thus_o end_v for_o this_o time_n the_o hot_a war_n between_o these_o two_o neighbour_n nation_n which_o have_v continue_v now_o for_o the_o space_n of_o 7._o year_n together_o to_o the_o exceed_a great_a impoverishment_n of_o that_o kingdom_n &_o effusion_n of_o blood_n on_o both_o side_n for_o above_o fifty_o year_n after_o there_o be_v not_o any_o like_a hostility_n between_o they_o for_o all_o that_o pass_v betwixt_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o realm_n until_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o 5._o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n mary_n of_o england_n who_o succeed_v that_o peerless_a prince_n of_o most_o famous_a memory_n king_n edward_n the_o 6._o on_o the_o sixth_o day_n of_o july_n in_o the_o year_n 1553_o the_o same_o be_v rather_o to_o be_v account_v a_o light_a breach_n of_o the_o peace_n then_o open_a war_n on_o either_o side_n neither_o be_v the_o broil_n between_o they_o in_o those_o two_o last_o year_n of_o her_o reign_n of_o any_o great_a reckon_n which_o grow_v by_o occasion_n of_o the_o war_n make_v by_o king_n philip_n her_o husband_n of_o the_o french_a king_n for_o he_o thereupon_o solicit_v the_o queen_n regent_n of_o scotland_n who_o about_o two_o year_n before_o obtain_v that_o dignity_n while_o the_o commissioner_n of_o both_o these_o nation_n be_v busy_a at_o carliel_n about_o the_o renew_v of_o the_o league_n to_o invade_v this_o realm_n she_o be_v willing_a to_o gratify_v her_o confederate_n when_o the_o commissioner_n have_v break_v up_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n without_o any_o conclusion_n assemble_v a_o great_a army_n wherewith_o come_v to_o kellsoe_o in_o the_o month_n of_o october_n 1557._o she_o together_o with_o mounseur_fw-fr doisell_n and_o other_o frenchman_n begin_v to_o persuade_v the_o scot_n to_o invade_v the_o realm_n the_o scottish_a nobility_n to_o the_o end_n they_o will_v seem_v somewhat_o to_o yield_v to_o her_o request_n pass_v with_o the_o army_n over_o the_o river_n of_o tweed_n besiege_a work_n castell_n whereat_o lie_v for_o the_o space_n of_o 2._o or_o 3._o day_n and_o then_o hear_v of_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o westmoreland_n lieutenant_n of_o the_o north_n after_o some_o consultation_n upon_o this_o point_n the_o scottish_a lord_n conclude_v that_o for_o so_o much_o as_o the_o englishman_n have_v give_v they_o no_o just_a cause_n of_o quarrel_n especial_o in_o so_o high_a a_o degree_n and_o measure_n of_o revenge_n that_o the_o queen_n regent_n have_v draw_v they_o thither_o for_o the_o pleasure_n only_o of_o the_o french_a king_n and_o the_o reputation_n of_o monsieur_n doisell_n his_o agent_n who_o in_o the_o manage_n of_o this_o affair_n have_v carry_v himself_o very_o lofty_o therefore_o i_o say_v they_o conclude_v to_o break_v up_o the_o siege_n and_o to_o return_v homeward_o and_o so_o this_o much_o ado_n produce_v nothing_o the_o queen_n and_o her_o monsieur_n take_v the_o matter_n very_o greevouslie_o account_v themselves_o much_o disgrace_v here-with_a but_o because_o there_o be_v no_o remedy_n for_o the_o present_a time_n they_o resolve_v to_o bear_v it_o as_o patient_o as_o they_o can_v hope_v a_o time_n will_v come_v that_o shall_v make_v they_o of_o more_o authority_n among_o they_o to_o this_o end_n they_o labour_v to_o hasten_v the_o marriage_n of_o the_o young_a queen_n now_o come_v to_o ripe_a age_n for_o there-by_a all_o thing_n shall_v then_o pass_v without_o controlment_n at_o the_o will_n and_o appointment_n of_o france_n the_o queen_n regent_n return_v home-ward_n left_a mounseur_fw-fr doisell_n with_o the_o french_a force_n at_o haymouth_n where_o late_o before_o he_o have_v raise_v a_o fortification_n to_o counter-garrison_n the_o englishman_n in_o berwicke_n diverse_a foot-band_n also_o of_o scottishman_n be_v wage_v by_o the_o french_a king_n to_o lie_v at_o kelso_n roxbrough_n and_o other_o such_o place_n on_o the_o scottish_a march_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o country_n and_o the_o annoyance_n of_o the_o englishman_n as_o occasion_v serve_v among_o many_o other_o road_n and_o adventure_n which_o pass_v this_o winter_n between_o the_o one_o nation_n &_o the_o other_o with_o variable_a success_n on_o both_o side_n that_o between_o the_o earl_n of_o northumberland_n and_o sir_n andrew_n car_n be_v of_o most_o reckon_v wherein_o after_o doubtful_a victory_n a_o long_a time_n at_o length_n the_o english_a prevail_v the_o scottish_a captain_n and_o diverse_a other_o be_v take_v prisoner_n sir_n john_n foster_n at_o this_o service_n bear_v himself_o very_o valiant_o for_o beside_o that_o his_o horse_n be_v slay_v under_o he_o he_o receive_v two_o dangerous_a wound_n the_o one_o through_o his_o neck_n the_o other_o on_o his_o thigh_n on_o the_o four_o and_o twentieth_o day_n of_o april_n the_o year_n next_o follow_v viz._n 1558._o the_o marriage_n of_o francis_n the_o dolphin_n with_o queen_n mary_n of_o scotland_n be_v solemnize_v at_o paris_n with_o great_a triumph_n and_o rejoice_v which_o afterward_o bring_v that_o flourish_a kingdom_n into_o danger_n of_o a_o utter_a subversion_n for_o her_o uncle_n especial_o francis_n duke_n of_o guise_n and_o the_o cardinal_n of_o lorraigne_a his_o brother_n by_o reason_n of_o this_o marriage_n bear_v themselves_o so_o lofty_o and_o so_o eager_o strive_v thereby_o to_o advance_v their_o house_n that_o they_o turn_v france_n up_o &_o down_o rule_v all_o thing_n at_o their_o own_o will_n and_o pleasure_n the_o summer_n follow_v sundry_a out-road_n pass_v between_o the_o borderer_n on_o both_o side_n but_o with_o more_o loss_n to_o the_o scot_n then_o to_o england_n for_o beside_o 2._o chief_a leader_n of_o their_o footman_n the_o lord_n keith_n son_n to_o the_o earl_n martial_n and_o patrick_n l._n grace_n be_v in_o those_o broil_n take_v prisoner_n but_o on_o the_o english_a party_n captain_n edrington_n only_o some_o service_n by_o sea_n also_o be_v perform_v by_o the_o englishman_n for_o sir_n john_n clere_n be_v send_v with_o certain_a ship_n of_o war_n to_o the_o coast_n of_o scotland_n come_v to_o the_o isle_n of_o orkney_n and_o have_v land_v some_o part_n of_o his_o company_n such_o a_o tempest_n do_v sudden_o arise_v that_o perforce_o he_o be_v drive_v back_o to_o the_o main_a sea_n where_o strive_v a_o long_a time_n in_o vain_a to_o recover_v the_o island_n again_o he_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v they_o behind_o he_o who_o be_v thereby_o all_o slay_v and_o take_v prisoner_n by_o the_o islander_n but_o the_o earl_n of_o sussex_n join_v with_o sir_n thomas_n cotton_n and_o sowthwick_n his_o vide-admiral_n have_v better_a success_n in_o kniter_n the_o isle_n of_o arraign_v and_o cumber_v where_o they_o make_v great_a spoil_n and_o have_v do_v much_o more_o thereabout_a if_o by_o outrageous_a storm_n and_o tempest_n they_o have_v not_o be_v hinder_v of_o all_o the_o english_a gentleman_n that_o serve_v these_o last_o two_o year_n with_o charge_n i_o know_v but_o one_o live_v at_o this_o day_n namely_o thomas_n marckham_n common_o call_v blacke-marckham_a who_o lead_v the_o band_n of_o footman_n of_o sir_n john_n marckham_n his_o father_n as_o for_o the_o war_n maintain_v in_o scotland_n since_o the_o happy_a reign_n of_o our_o late_a sovereign_a lady_n and_o queen_n the_o most_o renown_a and_o famous_a elizabeth_n who_o to_o the_o exceed_a great_a comfort_n of_o all_o the_o true_a christian_n of_o this_o whole_a island_n succeed_v her_o decease_a sister_n on_o the_o seaventeenth_o day_n of_o november_n in_o the_o year_n before_o name_v the_o same_o be_v from_o time_n to_o time_n always_o under-taken_a