thinges estraunged from oure bodyes not naturallye in vs engraffed but externally happening and yet nathelesse such as are as apt and ready to disquiet and annoy oure bodyes as those that be naturally planted in vs And these bee Meate and Dryncke wherewyth wee restore all such ouerdrye or ouer moyste substaunce as to the body is requysite And these twayne if they bee eyther immoderately taken or bee corrupte and vnholesome they do engender great stoare of excrements and sondry diseases Next vnto these is the Ayre that compasseth and on eche syde enuyroneth vs which beinge eyther extreemelye hoate or drye or ouermuch moyste or colde causeth enforceth a manifest alteration in the state of the whole body But to come somewhat neere and more aptlye to declare this matter it is to be vnderstanded that the verye beginninges of mans nature and principles of his generation is feminine Bloud Seede generatiue The one as it were of certayne apt conuenient and tractable matter like moyst claye or soft waxe is ready to fashion oute and proportion anye thing that the workemaÌ„ employeth it vnto And the Seede is as it were the workeman himselfe Both these thinges consist and are made of the same generall Elements and conteyne within them the qualityes aboue specifyed but the difference amonge themselues is in the order and measure of their temperameÌ„t For in the seede there is more of fierye and ayrie substance that is to say it is pertaker of aethereal Spirite In the Bloud there is more of watry and earthy albeit in this last the heate is aboue colde and moyst aboue dry For wee maye not say and affirme that Bloud is dry like boanes but to be moist Now is Seede dryer theÌ„ Bloud and yet it is also moyste fluible liquide Thus on both sydes the oryginall of mans generation proceedeth of moyst substaunce yet so that thence is laboured and made other partes of the bodye that be drye as Synewes Veynes Arteryes Bones and Grystles Now that which in the woÌ„be is conceyued and together of those principles fourmed waxing dryer taketh as it were the first lineamentes and proportion of euerye member afterward comming to perfect shape taketh further encrease so groweth to his iuste bignesse and decente quantitye And when it hath raught to his ful growth and bignesse as when the boanes for want of nourishmente are no longer plyable then doth a man ceasse from further growiÌ„g waxeth neither taller nor broader For comely talnesse and length of personage commeth and is caused of the aboundaunce of heate and moysture where the Spyrite is throughlye and fully perfused And if it happen that any eyther old or yong throughe sicknes or some other affect to fal into a cold and dry habite or disposition their bodies become and are leane wrynckled slender illfauoured thinne and lancke and their lymmes weake and crooked It fareth by them muche like as it doth by Horses Oxen or such like beastes that are skanted nipped of their fodder feeding or as it doth by Trees and other greene Herbes that lacke the iuyce of the ground not conueniently watered Therefore a fashioÌ„ that some Scholemasters others that take the charge vpon them to teach and boorde yonge boyes is mee thinckes both lewde vnconscionable who beinge at a playne bargaine and certaine stint of money reasonably agreed vppon betweene theym and the childrens frendes pinche theyr poore pupills and borders by the belly and allowe them meate neyther sufficient nor yet holesome yea not onely beastly sluttishlye nippinglye vse they the seely childreÌ„ but threatninglye enforce them to beare oute the labour of theyr studyes wyth a slender allowance and small pittaunce of vnsauery resty fleshe stinking fish and hoary vinewed bread which thing causeth them to be ill complexioned coloured the shape comlynes and beauty of theyr bodies to degenerate growe out of fashion the quicknes courage lyuelynes and sharpenes of their wit to decay theyr spirits to be dulled al the liuely vertues towardnes of the mynd which before was in them eyther by the benefite of Nature or by the industry of the parentes or finally by the onely special gift of Almighty God to be extinct vtterly quenched insomuch that neyther theyr mynd is enflamed with desire to attein atchieue any worthy atteÌ„pt nether frame they theÌ„selues vnto those thiÌ„gs wheruÌ„to they were inclinable by nature apt towardly As touching the outward case of their body they coÌ„moÌ„ly breake out haue their bodyes pinked ful of scabs by reasoÌ„ of ill humours ouerwhealed engrayled with lothsome blisters blaines byles botches Wherby it commeth to passe that in growth they seldom come to any personable stature to the vse of their ful powers to perfect streÌ„gth firmity of theyr members or to any haÌ„dsom scature or proper coÌ„poâ—â—ioÌ„ of bodily proportion the cause is for that in their tender growyng age being kept vnder by famine and skanted of conuenient meate and drincke theyr natiue moysture which requyreth coÌ„tinual cheerishing mainteynauÌ„ce was skaÌ„ted debarred of his due nourishment coÌ„petent allowance Whereupon the vital iuyce being exhausted speÌ„t they arriue to old age sooner theÌ„ otherwise they should doe are snatched vp by death long before their time Now that affect plight which bringeth the body into a cold dry disposition is called Olde age because it is the cause of corruption decay destruction of all aswell Creatures lyuinge as Plants herbes For death is nothing els but the extinction of nature that is to saye of the naturall Heate naturall Humour In which two things life consisteth to which extinction ende many are brought sooner then they should be either through want and defect of nourishment or throughe vntemperate life as toomuche carnall company with women vnseasonable watchinge heauines of mynde thoughte and manye other causes which hasten old age bring death vnloked for before his time contrarye to the order of age and course of Nature Do we not see many old meÌ„ lusty mery and wel complexioned strong of limmes good footemeÌ„ in their old dayes as fresh actiue as many yong meÌ„ be all which coÌ„meth vpoÌ„ no other cause but that in their youthfull dayes they liued orderly wel and spent not their adolescencie in vnruly riot lechery Againe there be of youngmeÌ„ a great nuÌ„ber weake worne to the bare stumps feeble lame fainte and impoteÌ„t dry as a kixe pale as ashes waÌ„ne colored for that they spent exhausted all the pithe and strength of theyr youth and adolescencye in wanton sensuality disordered riot and immoderate vse of Venerous daliauÌ„ce coÌ„suming therin the very floure and prime of their lusty age For euen as pleasauÌ„t gay March floures in the Springe of the yeare with nipping weather and sharpe Northernelye wynds do fade and
woords wyth one streynable tenor and treatable vniformitie but sometime slowly and dreamingly drawyng them oute and sometime powryng oute by lumpes the same as fast as the tongue can rolle The selfe same thinge which superfluitye and distemperaunce of drincke bringeth vnto the haunters thereof doth the dystillation of Humours and defluxion of Phlegme bryng to them that be troubled with the Catarrhe which beside these is accoÌ„panyed also wyth suÌ„dry other incoÌ„ueniences to euery one of sharpe iudgement wel knowen and easelye perceyued For who so is disposed exactlye to syfte and searche oute the verye markes and tokens of a Cold and moyste Complexion shall finde them throughe abundaunce of that Humour and qualitye to bee sleepie lazye slouthful drowsie heauie lumpish and nothinge quicke at their busynesse as they commonlye bee which mynde nothinge else then gurmandyze and bellycheere and vse seldome exercise Wee see also amonge Beastes Fowles and other Creatures both wyeld tame that such as vse litle or no exercise but lurke still in hoales and Caues and be peÌ„t vp and franked cowpes are neither so holesome neyther so sit for man to eate as others that are greatly exercysed and vse much styrryng Such waxe in deede very fat and grow bigger bodyed I cannot deny but the nourishmente which they geeue to the bodye is somewhat vnholesome and excrementall as amonge fyshes Ecles and other slippery fyshes that lye stil myeringe themselues in mudde vsing no exercise styring or agitation of body And this is the cause why Eeeles being deade contrary to the nature of all other fyshes floate not aboue water by reason that they feede vppon muddie and standing water But that euery man maye throughly and perfectly know the state and coÌ„dition of this Body it must be painted oute in his righte colours and is to be descrybed by his owne proper indications markes and tokens All they therefore that are of this habite if their Constitution be naturall and not accidentallye happeninge are grosse pursie and fatte bodyed their stature not so tall as bigge set and stronglye pitched their skinne soft white and vnhayrie their Muscles and Ueynes not appearing but lying inwardlye insomuch that when occasion serueth to bee lette Bloud the same Ueynes do not apparauntlye shewe oute themselues The hayres of theyr head be eyther whyte or duskie blacke or els of the colour of Barley strawe which will not fall of nor become balde till after a longe time 〈◊〉 but they soone waxe hoarye for wante of heate and imbecillity of the member which is not of ability to excoct the nutriment into the vse and comelynes of Hayres For hoarynesse is as it were a certayne refuse vinewed baggage of Phlegme putrefyed or a fustie dankâ—shnesse vnder the skinne wherof throughe wâ—nte of heate proceedeth hoarynesse and whytenesse of the Hâ—yres Such a lyke hoarie Downe or vinewed mouldynesse wee see to bee in Loaues of Breade and Pyes that bee somewhat longe kepte vnspente and also in Vaultes Arche Roofes Syelynges hoales and Cellers vnder the grounde and other musty fulsome dark fylthy and stinking places Their Pysse and Uryne whyte and verye little or rather nothinge at all ruddie Theyr Excrementes and Ordure thinne and liquide theyr Sleepe verye sounde and longer then health requireth not without stoare of sundry Dreames whereby and not vainly or deceitfully maye bee neerely coniectured and founde oute of what disposition the body is and what Humours therein chiefely reigne For the causes and original beginninges of these thinges proceede oute of the body which althoughe they be referrible to outward causes or to the actioÌ„s and deuyses which the mynde earnestly conceyueth deliberateth and forecasteth in the daye time yet is it easye ynoughe for the learned and skilfull Physition to discusse the meaninges and expounde the euentes thereunto incident For as concerning Dreames by Diuine motion sent into the mynde of man not depending vppon naturall causes none is able to yeld anye certaine interpretation wythout a speciall pryuiledge of Heauenlye inspyration Thus they that be of Cold and moyst ComplexioÌ„ in Dreames imagine and thincke themselues dyuinge ouer head and eares in Water or to be in Bathes Baynes which strayght wayes argueth great stoare of Phlâ—gme to fall out of the head into the nape of their necke Iawes vocall Arterye and Lunges Semblably if they dreame of Hayle Snow Yse storme Rayne it betokeneth abundance of Phlegme sometime thicke and grosse sometime thinne and liquide If a man in his Dreame thincke himselfe to be styfeled and strangled or his voyce stopped taken from him it argueth him to be subiecte and like ynough shortly to be troubled wyth the SquiÌ„zie priuation of speach murre or finallye eyther the Drowsye sicknesse or the Apoplexie In this sort as Galene wytnesseth there was a certayne man which dreamed that one of his Legges was turned into a Stone which man within a whyle after throughe a colde Humoure that fell downe into it was taken wyth the Palsey Now althoughe too scrupulous and curious obseruation of Dreames bee prohibited yet is there no charge geeuen to the contrary but that wee maye lawfullye search out the meaninges of all such as consiste wythin the compasse and reason of thinges naturall the Authour and conseruer whereof is God himselfe so that wee do the same without anye superstitious vanity of Diuination neyther therin fixinge any assured hope and trust neyther terrifyed wyth any feare of the euentes thereof Whensoeuer therefore naturall Dreames do happen wherein be neyther mockeryes nor illusions of mynde for all these are banished put to flight by reposing a firme and constant trust in God they admonishe and put euerye man in remembraunce to looke wel to his health and to amooue and decline all such occasions and inconueniences as may eyther empayre and damnifye health or enforce any perturbatioÌ„s of Dreames For the Imaginations and phantasyes which in Sleepe be offered and seene apparaÌ„tly in Dreames by night when a man is at rest to occurre busye his mynde are caused and styrred by vapours fumes proceeding out of the humours agitation of the Spyrite Animall in some of which Dreames and Imaginations the mynde renueth the memorie and thinketh vppon some busynesse and actions that fall for the daye some plainly signifye the abundaunce of Humours or els some earnest greedy desyre to coÌ„passe somewhat which we would very fayne bring to passe Hereupon they that are thyrstie glut themselues and swill vp drincke abundantly they that be hungry deuoure meate greedily and insaciablye Thus lykewise they whose Genitoryes and priuie partes be swelled with stoare of excrementall Seede and spermatike Humour or in the daye tyme did earnestly fixe their eyes and mynde vppon anye beautifull and fayre yonge Woman do in their Sleepe thinck themselues to enioy their desyred purpose and throughe imaginatiue dealinge wyth her defyle themselues wyth nightlye pollutions For the
THE Touchstone of Complexions Generallye appliable expedient and profitable for all such as be desirous carefull of their bodylye health CONTAYNING MOST easie rules ready tokens where by euery one may perfectly try and throughly know aswell the exacte state habite disposition and constitution of his owne Body outwordly as also the inclinations affections motions desires of his mynd inwardly First written in Latine by Leuine Lemnie and now englished by Thomas Newton Nosce teips um Imprinted at London in Fleetesreete by Thomas Marsh Anno. 1576. †Cum Priuilegio TO THE RIGHT honorable his singuler good Lorde Sir VVilliam Brooke Knighte Baron Cobham and Lorde Warden of the Cinque Portes Thomas Newton his humble Orator wisheth long life encrease of honor vvith prosperous health and eternall felicitye SVndrye tymes right Honorable and my singuler good Lorde debating with my selfe the chiefe causes why Artes and disciplines do in these Alcyon dayes of ours so vniuersallye flourishe althoughe I knowe well ynoughe that sundrye men can coigne sundry reasons and alledge manifolde verdictes and probable argumentes therfore yet in my simple iudgement nothing more effectually whetteth the wittes of the studious nor more lustelye he awaketh the courages of the learned then doth the fauourable furtheraunce and cheereful coūtenaunce of the Prince and Nobility For honor preferment dignity prayse feedeth nourisheth and mainteyneth bothe Artes and vertues and Glorye is a sharpe spurre that vehementlye pricketh forward gallāt heades and pregnaūt natures to attempt worthy enterprises VVe see that thīg to be greedely and as it were with a certayne kinde of Ambition on al handes soughte for and pursued whereunto the Prince and Peeres are studiouslye enclined And therfore the lesse meruail is it though in Royalmes and Countries gouerned by barbarous Princes monstruous Tyrannes learning be vtterlye prouigated and thoughe the Muses taking their flight thence do abandon that soyle where they see thēselues so slenderlye regarded and so churlishlie entertayned As contrarywise where they be reuerenced cherished maynteined had in pryce ther doe they endenizō thēselues settle their dwellings And this surelye my L. do I think to be one or rather an only cause which in this old age later caste of the worlde rayseth vp among vs such a plentiful Haruest of rype and excellent wittes conspicuous in euerye facultie because by speciall Priuiledge frō the Almightie and of his great bountie and gracious goodnesse towardes vs we haue such a godlye vertuous learned Princesse such an honorable State of noble Personages themselues not only in euerye seueral Arte singulerly skilled but also to the professors thereof lyke terrene Gods benigne and bounteous Of whom may bee sayde that whiche though of vnlike persons Cicero reported of Socrates saying that there were further deeper matters to be conceyued and thought of Socrates then in all Plato hys Bookes coulde be purported or fully decyphered VVhose lenities and fauourable inclinations would not neyther ought to bee abused as they are by some to muche with the Patronage of euery friuolous fācy tryflyng toye tending neyther to profitable vse in the cōmon wealth nor to anye auaileable purpose touching publique society VVhereas many of thē if they coulde finde in theyr harts otherwise to tickle their pennes with matters of better importaunce and employe their golden giftes to the aduauncemēt of vertue and commoditye of their Countrye in steede of beinge fine Architectes and contriuers of matters offensiue and scandalous they might eternize themselues like good mēbers and worthy Ornamentes of their Countrey within the Beadrolle of Fame and perpetuitie VVhat opiniō that inuincible Prince Alexander of Macedonie had of all vayne Artes foolish baables phantasticall toyes and curious deuises well appeareth by the rewarde whyche he in presence of his Nobles and Souldiers publiquely gaue vnto a certain dapper fellow one of hys hoaste who partlye vpon a brauery and ostentation of his cunninge but chieflye in hope of some magnificente rewarde did before the Kings presence cast or throw a kind of smal Pulse called a Cichpease through a Needles eye beīg set a pretie distaūce of that manye times without anye missing VVhich vayn trick thriftlesse deuise sauouringe altogether of a little foolish curiositie and nothing at al of any expediēt vse or cōmodity many of the beholders with admiratiō cōmended and deemed right worthye of recompence In fine because the skilfull Squier shoulde not loose the hoped fruicte of that hys practized knacke and notable singularitie the Kinge rewarded him onelye with a Bushell of Cichpeasō A cōdigne guerdon doubtlesse and verye fitte to counteruayle such a peeuishe Practise and vnnecessarie Mataeotechnie A great folly therfore forwardnes is it in mannes nature to bestow such great study payn care cost industry in attayning suche needlesse friuolous tromperies the hauinge whereof nozzeleth the hauer Artist in loytering idlenes breedeth otherwise greate inconuenience in the bodie of the whole common wealth VVhiche deformitie and abuse manye learned Clerkes bewaylinge haue in eche of their seueral professions by wryting and otherwise graphicallye depainted And among many this Author whom I now vppon confidence of the generosity of your noble nature presume to present and exhibite vnto your Lordshippe goinge a neerer way to worcke then many others doth not onely by artificial contēplation wade into the very Gulphe Camaryne of mannes apparaūt wilfulnesse but also rushing into the verye bowles of Nature bewrayeth as with a pensil liuely setteth downe the affections condiciōs plyghtes habites and dispositions of euery seueral Complexion And as one that wel knew himselfe not to bee borne only for himselfe hath franckly frendly and learnedly bequeathed the Talent of his knowledge to a publique and vniuersall commoditye In readinge whereof I am perswaded that none of indifferent iudgemente shall thinke his oyle labour lost neither his time and trauaile mispent at least wyse if it were with like grace in any respect deliuered out in English as he hath done and left it in the Latine But surelye I haue done my beste trusting that others in recompence of my trauail wil not vpō a Splene requite me with their worste neyther miscōstrue my meaning which was in plain tearmes and vulgare phrase to goe as neere to my Authours plotforme as my adle head could well imagine And now being arriued to Land after a prety long voyage and pleasant saylinge in this hys Philosophicall Sea I approach in moste dutifull humility wyth suche Newes and VVares as I haue heard seene read and gotten vnto your Honor whom for many respectes I mistruste not but wyll honorablie daigne to heare mee And now doe I stande at the Barre of curtesie to heare your Lordshippes doome concerning this my temerity The comfortable expectation wherof putteth me in no small hope that all the better sort mooued by your Lordshippes example wil bee the more easie and readie to dispence with my vnmellowed adolescencie As for the
better then the reste And hee namely is to be thoughte and accompted hoate in whom that quality of heate aboundeth excelleth the other that be moderately constituted that is those that be tempered wyth moyst drye Of which state and condition if a man bee disposed throughly to searche oute and marke all the notes and signes he shall by proofe finde that whosoeuer is of that Complexion constitution is of stature comely and of shape and beauty agreeable and consouaÌ„te to manly dignitye of body not grosse sat or corpulent but reasonably faste fleshed For heate dissolueth and dissipateth all fatte things of conler red or if bloude be too hoate and boyling as in them that dwel in hoate regions and parching countryes browne or tawnie For there be in euery bodye accordinge to the condition of the ayre and region sondry degrees of heate and diuers considerations and differeÌ„ces both of this and of the other qualities also The Indians AEthiopians Moores Asians AEgyptians Palestines Arabians Greekes Italians Spanyatds Polonians Muscouites Germaines Frenchmen Duchmen c. are of sondry and different Complexions euerye one in his kinde hath of heate seuerall and sondry differences For euen as fewel and matter combustible for Fier is some hoater and more burning then some other is and as the fier panne or hearth wherein is burnt eyther Seacoales fattie turues of the nature of bitumen the burning lyme of chaulkye clay called Naphtha oyle pitch rosen or finally to speake of wood Oke Hornebeame Larche Byrch Elme Popler Wyllow the fier is vehementer and the hearth is of heate sometime extreme sometime more soft mylde So likewyse in euery maÌ„s body according to the nature of the place and order of lyfe and dyet this heate is encreased or dyminished and this is the very cause that men be of so sondry colours and of hayres so diuers differeÌ„t for in euery hoate CoÌ„plexioned body mixed with moderate humour the skiÌ„ne is rough hayrie the beard fayreand comly but the hayres of the head somwhat differ by reason of heate are of other colour For hayres being generated of a fuliginous grosse excremente of the third concoction become black when as the vapour being aduste by force power of heate the excrement is turned into an exact fuliginousnes Curled and crooked hayres proceede of a drynesse of ComplexioÌ„ caused through immoderate heate or els by reason of the straictnes and narrow issue of the pores where the rootes of the hayres be fastened For then haue they much adoe to peepe vp and finde any right way to appere out whereby it happeneth that they growe crooked curled frysled specially in them in whoÌ„ it so happeneth naturally beiÌ„g not artyficially procured nor by toto superfine curiostly frisled as some nyce dames Prickmedainties which curiously combe bring theyr hayres into a curled fashion and crysped lockes therby the more to set out their beauty to coÌ„mend themselues as they thinck after a more glorious shewe to the beholders Therfore all they that dwel in hoate dry regions haue hayre black of smal growiÌ„g curled crisp and as the Egyptians Spaniardes AEthiopians Moores and all other which in nature and condition ars lyke vnto them For we see many in euery region yea of them that dwell Northwarde towarde the Pole Arctick which if we consider theyr hayres colour coÌ„plexioÌ„ of their whole body seeme rather like foreyners strauÌ„gers then ConÌ„trey borne people So amoÌ„g y NetherlaÌ„ders low DuchmeÌ„ bordering vpon the Sea many be black curle heyred tawnyskiÌ„ned specially they which in SoÌ„mer are much in the heat of the SuÌ„ne vse much labour howbeit this variety of bodyes may be referred to sondry causes as eyther to the nature of the CouÌ„trey RegioÌ„ or to the power facultie of theyr meats nourishmeÌ„t or els finally to the hiddeÌ„ ymaginatioÌ„s of the womaÌ„ or mother Which ymaginations are of so great force efficacie that the things by her in mynd earnestly ymagined in at the very instant time of her coÌ„ceptioÌ„ is deryued into the infant child then begotten For this Sexe being wanton toying stedfastly eying euery thing that is offered to sight it happeneth that the naturall facultie being then in workinge formyng of the child directeth her cogitatioÌ„s inward coÌ„ceiptes y way bringeth vnto the InfaÌ„t an other forein shape forme in nature coÌ„ditioÌ„ altogether vnlike the right pareÌ„ts This euen in oure dayes and of late yeares hath bin by experience found true at what time the Emperour Charles the siâ—t of that name coming out of Spaine into y lowe Countryes arryued there wyth a wel appointed nauy of royal shippes hauing in his coÌ„pany a goodly trayne of noble GeÌ„tlemeÌ„ yeomeÌ„ Many womeÌ„ therabout being theÌ„ great with child through much beholdiÌ„g wel eying those galaÌ„t Spaniards after ix monethes brought theyr Infantes and children hauing eyebrowes and hayres blacke and curled and in all respects coloured like Spaniards And this happened not amonge filthye Corteghians common brothelles whom it might well be thought to haue bin vnderlinges hackeneyes to those hoate natured and lecherous Nation but the same fell so oute also among right honest tryed Matrones whose approued chastitye and vertuous dispositioÌ„s were so irreprooueable that they were not to be once charged wyth the lest suspicion of any such lewednes and yet these affections and impressions in theyr children tooke place accordingly In lyke maner wheÌ„ y Emperour Maximilian who was desceÌ„ded of the house of Austrich had also the gouernment ouer the Low Countreyes the women being much in compaignie and sighte of the Germaynes brought forth theyr Children with yelowe flexen hayres and in eche poynt lyke to Germaynes For they and all other as many as are borne and bred in cold and moyke Countryes haue hayres fine streight and somewhat ruddie and beardes of the colour of brasse for that the heares are neyther adusted by the SuÌ„ne nor yet by any inward heate for hauinge moysture plentifully and issues oute at the poores easye ynough the aboundance of the excrements wherwyth they be nourished maketh the hayres thick and the adustion which causeth the colour to bee blacke it maketh weake Blacke hayre therfore commeth of vapour by heat aduste when the excrement is wrought and turned into an exact fuliginousnes The cause that produceth yellow hayre is when the vapour is not much adust and heated for that which is then impressed in the skinne and seeketh eruption is the feculent excrement of yelow Choler and not of Melancholie But white hayre coÌ„meth of Phlegme and of a humoure cold and moyst Redde hayres as they be meane betweene yelow and whyte so doth the generation of it proceede of a certayne nature meane betweene Phlegme and Choler Now they that dwel in countryes temperate and betweene these haue
and Art of weauing and clothmaking their skilfulnes in shootiÌ„g it is needlesse heere to discourse seing the multitude of Marchaunts exercysinge the traffique and Arte of Marchaundize amonge them and Ambassadours also sense thyther from forraine Princes are able aboundantly to testifie that nothing needeful expediente for mans vse and commoditie lacketh in that most noble Ilande But to fal into my matter againe from wheÌ„ce I haue a little digressed we must be no lesse warie and precise in choise of the Ayre wherein wee liue then of the meate and drincke wherby we be fedde susteyned and nourished Wherefore to defende the bodye from being lightly and easelye attainted with Sicknes or froÌ„ being made subiect and open to Agues it standeth vs vppon to acquaint and accustome our selues to the beste meates and such as encrease or engender no ill iuyce nor corrupt humours the same meates to be taken at due houres and seasonable times and also in good order and moderâ—te quaÌ„tity For as Columella sayth like as it is 〈◊〉 the fielde or ground arable to be weaker then the husbandman that tilleth and breaketh it vp least if the ground be stronger and pâ—euayle the tyller or husband be crushed or ouermaystered â—â—â— likewyse expedient and meete it is that the meate be weaker and vnder the powers and â—â—aystrye of nature both that the stomacke be not ouerâ—loyed and charged wyth superabundance or excesse also for the speedser concoctioÌ„ and better digestion thereof Which thinge is hardly brought to passe 〈◊〉 the stomacke is too muche pampered and 〈◊〉 and the meates either ill and vnholesome 〈…〉 diuers and repugnaunt qualities amonge themselues or finallye when neyther respect order nor meanâ— of 〈◊〉 custome houres age nor 〈◊〉 is obserued These câ—â—cumstances also thincke I good to bee prescribed in the Acte of carnall copulation namely to yong 〈◊〉 folkes who vppon their new maâ—yâ—gâ— wyth vnaciable beastlynesse and frequâ—â—ciâ— of coiture thincke to ouercome and tyre their wyues whereas they yet remayne still vnsatisfyed and the men vtterly spend and soked In diet also and order of lyfe this thing is to bee obserued specially where the body passeth not the bounds of temperaunce and moderation that as neere as is possible nothing be eaten vsed but those things that be lyke or as very agreeable to nature as conuentently may be for to feede vpon contraryes is a thing righte hurtfull and daungerous which thinge in eche seuerall age tyme countrey and custome which altereth a man froÌ„ his owne nature to an other is greatly to be respected wayghed and considered Thus no children requyre moyst nourishmeÌ„t and thinges that be very hoate and dry are not to be prescribed and giuen to them because the same is a hinderaunce to there growth For which cause Plato and Galene do forbidde Children the drinkyng yea theâ—â—stinge of Wyne because the drinkinge thereof setteth their bodyes in heate filleth their heads wythfumes bringeth great annoyaunce to their myndes Yea they be of opinion that for bigge Stryplings of full growth to drincke wyne is not allowable except it be verye sparinglye and litle â—â—e cause it caryeth them headlonge into anger maketh them prompte and readye to pursue â—centious lustes and inordinate affections and also dulleth and troubleth that part of the mynde which is rationall But they that be entryng into maÌ„s state because they then consyste and be in theyr best temperamente requyre such dyer and nourishmente as is holesome and temperate As for example Veale MuttoÌ„ Porke Henne Kydde Egges fine MaÌ„thet bread of the best and cleanest Wheate For Youth and maÌ„s Age because they draw 〈◊〉 ard heate and somwhat to drynesse and for that their bloud waxeth hoate speciallye in SoÌ„mer season it is best to alay and qualefie y same heate wyth thinges that be moderately moyste such as these Buglosse Orrage Mallowes Spinach the herbe Pacience Lactuce Purselane Melons Cucumbers Cheeries Corncile berryes and of these many for hurtinge and annoyinge the stomacke may be boyâ—ed or if we eate theÌ„ raw in Saletts it shal be righte good to myngle put vnto them Rocket Cresses Mynte Watercresses GardeÌ„ Dragon worte which nowe a dayes groweth in a maner in euerye Garden By this meanes shall wee bringe to passe that heate shall not too much preuayle or get the vpperhand by ouermaystring naturall moysture Therefore when a man of a hoate complexion or of an other constitution beginneth to grow into distemperature it shal be expediente for him to alter nature to her contratyes for by thinges lyke are diseases procured and by distemperaunce nourished Therefore at anye time when soeuer thou art disposed to alter y state of thy bodye and to driue away sicknes enioyne to thy selfe a contrarye order of Dret and vsage but yet so that nature bee not in posthaste but leysurely and by litle and â—â—sle translated to an other custome For as it is a wysemans parte sayth â—ullye by litle and litle to wyâ—d oute himself and shyft of those frendships which he greatly lyketh not so likewise an old rooted custome may not be hastely and sodeÌ„ly chauÌ„ged but softly leysurely and discretely For sodaine alteration and chaung bringeth the body into daunger and is very preiudicial to health But this is specially ment of the body for in the state of the mynde there ought to be neither stop nor delay but immediately and oute of hand to abandon and banishe all lewde maners and dishonest enormities Furthermore as in yong men all thinges are to be reduced to the perfection and syne of temperature and euery way to be attempted for the amendement of that which in them is amysse and for framyng of their bodies to a right proportion or agreeablenesse so in Aged persons nothinge ought to be rashly taken in haÌ„d or inconsiderately attempted for that it is a great deale better for that Age still to continue in such thinges as they haue been trayned vp and accustomed vnto yea although they be somewhat butifull then to beginne any newe alteration in their diet and order of lyuing Contrary wyse yong men must striue and assaye to alter and bringe themselues from those things that be nought and hurtfull although they haue ben vsed therto euen since they were children For their strength and powers are wel ynough able to suffer a moderate alteration and because they may lyue a longer while it is to bee hoped that they by chaunginge and framynge themselues to a better custome and order maye receyue therby profite and be otherwyse beneficiall to their countrey But an olde man if he goe aboute to shake from him or to chaunge that order of life which by long vse and domestically hee hath frequented doth but loose all his labour trauayleth therein all in vayne For althoughe he proceede somewhat forward therin and seeme to haue wonne thereby some parte of his desyre yet shal he lacke tyme and space to
plausible delightfull and populer I will depaint and set downe y nature and condition of the Humours that rule and beare sway in mans bodye because they produce and bringe forth their lyke qualities For Bloud is partaker of Hoat and moyste Choler of hoat and Dry Phlegme of Cold and moyste and Melancholie of Cold and dry Therefore that Temperament which is Hoate and moyst may very well be referred to a Sanguine man Hoat and dry to a Cholerique and so forth of the rest but yet so that wee confesse the Complexion and temperament of maÌ„ not to grow or proceede elsewhere then of the Elemental qualities for of theÌ„ haue they theyr names not of y Humours First therefore there be iiii Elements Fyer Ayre Earth Water which of al things made are the original beginnings Next are the Qualities that is to say the myxture of Hoat Cold Mayst and Dry of whoÌ„ proceede the differences of Complexions Last of all the foure Humours whose force and Nature the seede comprehendeth and conteyneth wythin it vnto whom besyde the qualities which are to it in steede of an Instrumente and not of a woorker the chiefe cause next vnder God of the fourmyng and creation of al the parts is truly to be attributed These holesome humours to the conseruation of health and mayntenaunce of lyfe are right necessary and profitable For of them do consist and of them are nourished the entyer parts of all Creatures and for this cause so long as a man lyueth he can neuer want these without great detrimeÌ„t dauÌ„ger of his health Notwythstanding according to the course of time and season of the yere according to the quality of the ayre enclosing vs accordinge to the condition of the place where we dwel and according to the nature of ech age they are encreased or dimynished For Bloud being the best of all the humours and endued with heate and moysture is in his chiefe pryme force in the Spring season namely peculier and proper to lustye flourishinge age which commonly is of a sanguine and ruddie colour which neuerthelesse wanteth not also in the other Natures Phlegme being like vnto water is of nature colde and moyst and taketh his encrease in wynter and engendreth diseases like vnto it selfe Choler beinge of qualitie hoate and drye resembleth tyer hath his most force in Sommer which although in sight and touching it appeare moyst and of colour yelowish like Maluesey yet in operacion power and effect it is hoat of ardent nature Melancholie not vnlike to Earth cold drye encreaseth and taketh force in Autumne this is the dryer and grosser part of bloud and the dreggie refuse thereof All these differences of humours wheÌ„ a veine is opened for it is not all pure bloude that gussheth thereout is plainly of all men to be perceyued First before it be cold it doth shewe and represent to the eye an ayrie fomy Spirit which by and by vanisheth awaye then an exact pure licour of most perfect and excellente ruddynesse y which is pure and right bloude in which there swymmeth Choler and sometime toughe clammye Phlegme sometime liquide and thinne according to the nature condition and state of maÌ„ Last of all if you tourne vp the whole masse or lumpe you shall finde Melancholie altogether of colour blacke And thus euerye humour abundinge in the bodye bewrayeth it selfe by his owne proper colour insomuch that sometime y bloud that issueth out of the veynes liquefyeth and is dissolued into Choler or Phlegme or clottereth thickeneth into MelaÌ„cholie reteyneth either no colour or very litle of bloud And if a man were disposed by taste to haue further knowledge in these humours he maye with his tongue and palate aswell iudge and discerne the relyce and tallage thereof as he doth their colour by his eye For Bloud is sweete in a maner of the relyshe and tast of mylke because it is much like and of kinne vnto it Choler is bitter of the nature of Gall Phlegme vnsauery as water and without all qualitye so longe as it is not rotten nor myxt wyth other humours for then is it eyther salt or sowrishe Melancholie is sharpe eigreâ— tarte These tastes and relyshes there is no maÌ„â—hat perceyueth and feeleth not when as in voanyting perbraking hee casteth vp any of them yea in sweate and euen in the spettle these tastes are manyfestlye descryed perceiued for of these hâ—â—mours they haue participate their powers facultyes and with their qualityes are they endned ¶ Of a Hoate and moyst Complexion and by the way of the disposition and nature of a Sanguine man The ij Chapter HAuing heretofore set downe the descriptioÌ„ of symple Complexions and temperatures which bee so termed for that they consiste of one onely quality bearyng swaye and dominion more theÌ„ any of y rest by course of my purposed work I am next to entreate of them that are compouÌ„d For in the very beginning and first entrauÌ„ce of this worke my promyse and ful intent was to set downe and describe such a Complexion and state of body as was in euery point perfect and absolute and to repulfe keepe away al such harmes and inconueniences as in anye wyse mighte empayre health or brynge the bodye from his good state into worse case and taking I haue therfore thought it good here in this place first to inserte the temperament that is hoat and moyst because it is nâ—ereste and lykest to the best For no state of body sauing onely the best and chiefeste is better or more commendable then this nor any that longer prolongeth life and keepeth backe Didage so that the same consist and be wythin y limittes and compasse of temperatnes that is of hoate and moyst Therfore sithens this state among al that be compound is accoÌ„pted chiefeste wee muste stande vppon the discourse therof the more narowly and precysely and the rather because sundry PhysitioÌ„s make no mo but soure differences grounding their reasons and not altogether painly that it is not possible as Galene wytnessethâ— that any temperature or distemperature can long continue alone and symple For somuch as necessarilye it adopteth and taketh to it an other For y Hoate consumynge wastinge moysture engendreth and bryngeth drynesse Cold consuming wasting nothing after a sorte encreaseth humour Semblably the Dry quality in those ages that a Creature groweth and encreaseth maketh it hoater but when it decreaseth and draweth towarde decay it maketh colde and dryeth the solide partes of the body but the Receyuers and conceptacles of the humours it filleth wyth excrements which thing in Oldmen is plainly to be discerned perceyued who abouÌ„de and are ful of Phlegme spitting spatteringe aâ— theyr mouth with their Noses euer dropping and sneuillye Which thing later Phisitions eueÌ„ of our time as yet obseruing reiecting symple temperatures which notwythstanding may not wel be
to his admonitions or shryncke asyde and refuse the lore of his prescriptions and commaundmeÌ„ts For many being hoodwinked and bewitched wyth the tryfling doctrine and friuolous traditions of mans inuention reiecte and forsake the pure and cleare founteyne that perpetually yeldeth most abouÌ„dant store of the euerlasting water of lyfe and seeke after ryuers that are dryed vp and as Hieremie termeth it digge to themselues Cesternes and broken pitts that can holde no licour or drop of holesome dotryne That worthy constante and throughlye tryed Souldiour Iob bemoaneth his owne case offirming that in the nighte season hee was sore disquieted with troublesom dreames and dreadfull vysions For the nature office of Sleepe being nothinge else then a mitigation of labours a quiet surceassing for the time froÌ„ toyle and a refreshinge of the bodye with the busy cares and dealings of the day before wearied from these cares troubles did not his Sleepe in the nighte disburden and ease him but rather encreased and doubled the same that his minde still remayning terryfied with dreadful dreames and apparitioÌ„s For thus doth he reason with himself and these complaints doth he vtter in that his worthy dialogue or rather Tragicomicall discourse If I thincke to my selfe that my bed dâ— shall comfort mee and mitigate my griefe and that I shal haue some ease and refreshing vppon my Couch then troublest thou me vvith dreames and makest me afrayed throughe visions insomuch that I vvishe for death to come and make an end of al my sorovves As touching the inwarde notes of this complexioned body and his inclination of mynde for a man ought in ech point and respect throughlye to be viewed and considered a hoate and moyste quality incident to bloude produceth in men diuerse natures and accordinge to the more or lesse mixture of other humours frameth in them sondry maners and diuers dispositions They that be meere Sanguine and haue none or very litle Melancholy or Choler mixed therwyth as most neerelye approchinge to the nature and Sense of brute beasts are commonly doltes and fooles or at least not greatly cumbred wyth much witte For sytheÌ„s as Galene sayth sharpnes finenes of wit coÌ„meth of Choler ConstaÌ„cy and stedfastnes of Melancholie Phlegme to the framynge and disposinge of the maners helpeth nothing neyther standeth in anye steede it remayneth then that simplicity and foolishnes proceedeth of Bloud Thus are yong Cattell which in comparyson of the elder ones haue greate stoare of Bloude for the most part as wee see foolishe sotlike and bettleheaded as Kyddes Calues yonge Sheepe Lambes young wyeld Kidds or Roebuckes yong Kyttons and the yonge of all other dumme Creatures besyde and amonge Men the neerer that any one approcheth to the nature of brute Beasts the more lyke vnto them in maners and conditions is hee Which thing any that is but meanely skilled in Natures works may easely iudge and discerne euen by certayne significations of theyr eyes and countenaunce eche of which is as a glasse wherin to behold and whereby to discouer the inward affections of the mynde In many men there is a greate resemblance affynitie in nature wyth other Beastes and the further that these digresse from the puritie of teÌ„perament the lesse sway in them beareth Reason Iudgment Vnderstanding willingnes to doe good Wysedome and discretion to be short they are partakers of all those things that are commoÌ„ to Beasts And thus there bee many which eyther for lack of good educatioÌ„ or through this deprauatioÌ„ of Nature degenerate into Beastes and in all their actioÌ„s in one poynt or other resemble them in conditions Many like Wolues are bloud-suckers extortioners raueners Many like â—â—erce cruell outragious and terrible lyinge in wayte to sheede bloud and hunting theyr brother to death As the PriÌ„ce vvil so sayth the Iudge Lykewyse sayth Ezechiel Iehoakim is become a LyoÌ„ vvhich hath learned to spoyle deuour folk to make vvidovves destroy their houses make their Cities desert Some be as foyinge gesturous and counterfeâ—cting of any thing by ymitacion as Apes Some Forlyke are suttle wylie deceiptfull and crafty to entrappe and catche the innocent at aduauntage And in lyke sorte there be others which resemblyng the nature and conditions of other beastes and degeneratinge from theyr integrity and excellencie humaine eyther degenerate quite into Beasts or at least become much lyke vnto them As for ChildreÌ„ yonge Stryplinges aboute 14. or 15. yeares of age or vnder by reason that theyr bloude is pure and ful of swelling spyrit are still styrring quick nymble actiue wanton vnmodest malapert saucie proude wythoute wit and much giuen to toying and playinge for wee see them as wanton as Calues that is to say in mowyng with theyr mouthes in voyce gesture becks clapping of hands light songes vayne ioyfulnes where there is no cause immoderate myrth disordered fysking Vp downe and vncertayne motion gate all which do signify a shuttle waueryng nature a mynde subiect to great mutability and vncoÌ„stancy procedyng and caused of the boyling of theyr bloude wythin them which boyleth vp as it were seetheth in theyr Vâ—ynes euen as new Wyne Ale or Beere spurgeth and worketh in the Tunne Hereuppon the Netherlanders and Lowe Duchmen haue deuysed certayne prouerbial termes wherewyth they are wonte commonlye to quippe those yonge princockes and lustye gallantes whom they see ouerioyed or toofarre gone in wanton iolity makynge themselues as ridiculous and iestyng stockes to the whole companye Neyther are they incited to these immoderate pleasures through reason or auy well stayed discretion but by impotencie of mynde and wylfull affection digressing and swaruyng from modestye temperaunce and moderacion y lack wherof googleth theyr vnstayed heades and caryeth them into many inordinate pranckes of childishe insolencie They also bewraye theyr owne vnconstancie and vnstayed mynds by much shaking of their heads and continual playing and toying wyth theyr handes and feete insomuch that some accompt them no better then starke mad or persons distract of their right wittes Neyther do they sind themselues occupyed in any earnest matter that is to any good purpose neyther shew they forth eyther in woordes or deedes any piece of wysedome but vndeceÌ„tly for theyr age lasciuiouslye retourne vnto their boyishnes agayne whereas meeter it were in respect of theyr time passed nowe to fall to some thryft and to frame theyr lyfe after the prescription of some good order Hereuppon doe wee vse a Prouerbiall similitude taken of the nature and conditions of yonge Calues which in the Sprynge tyme of the yeare in the greene pastures when theyr bellyes be ful skippe and leape vp and downe wantonlye and toyingly fysking and iumpynge now this waye nowe that waye nowe rounde about one whyle raysing themselues vppon the forefeete an otherwhyle vpon the hynder Leggs whose maners fashyoÌ„s such yoÌ„g youthes as in their daily order of lyfe do imitate
it is right excellent coÌ„fortable now then to smell to such things as yelde a sweete odoriferous sauour namely such as be of nature pearsing calefactiue as LignuÌ„ Aloes Clofegelofres Rosemary flowers Basil Nigella Ambregryce Syuet redde Roses Hony suckle flowers FreÌ„ch spyknard and many other y yelde forth a stronge smel but the seme right pleasaunt comfortable delightfull All these refresh the Spirits wyth their soote sauours wonderfullye comforte the Brayne If a man or woman seeme to outward iudgment in a maner past recouery and be broughte to extreeme obliuion as they be that haue y disease called Lethargus or the drowsye euill it shal be right good for them to annoynt the outsyde of their Nucha and nape of their necks wyth the Oyle of Castor Nigella Euphorbe Costus Rocket and inwardly to take a litle of the confection of Anacardus or els therewyth to rubbe the tongue For is dissolueth Phlegme that is extremelye colde moyst and viscous Insomuch that it restoreth speach to them that be striken wyth the Apoplexie and recureth the staggeringe and stayinge of the tongue bringinge it againe to his righte vse Which thinge maye also be done and broughte to passe wyth Oximel Scillit and Aqua vite wherein a fewe graynes of Rocket haue beene stieped Vnto these helpes in daungerous and desperate discrasies when nothing else will helpe we flee for refuge and succour but in distemperauÌ„ces and grieues that be myelder and not of such extremity others now rehearsed may serue as Syrupe de Stichade Dia Anthos dulcis Aurâ—a Alexandrina Dia castorium Pliris cum Musco Triacle and Mythridatum By experience and daily proofe it is founde true that Agalochus commonly called Lignum Aloes being eyther vsed in perfume or smelled vnto with the Nose hath a marueylous vertue to corroborate the Brayne refresh the Senses insomuch that beinge stamped puluerized and myngled wyth some Cloues and the boane of a Rauens harte and then all mixed with Oyle of Nigella hath such souereigne vertue in strengthening comfortinge y Braine that if the head of a Cocke be therewith annoynted he wil crowe continually without any ceassing ¶ Of the state and disposition of a hoate and dry body with a Discourse of the nature condition maners and inclination of a Cholericke person The v. Chapter FOrsomuch as among the outward things of Nature there is nothing of any longe continuaunce and stability neither that long keepeth it selfe at any certayne state and vigour but all subiect to decay alteration and case worse and worse truly the state of mankinde doth specially and more then anye other suffer sundry alterations and is subiecte to great chaunge and mutability Thus is a Hoate and Moyst Complexion in processe and tract of time brought into a state Hoat and Drye For Heate by litle and litle both slyly and closely wast and consume naturall Humour and bringeth all the body into drynesse which quality for prolongation and lengtheninge of lyfe is the greatest ennemy that can bee For as the flame in a Torche or Taper feedeth vpon the combustible matter thereof and is therewith nourished which being all wasted and consumed the same flame also quencheth and no longer burneth so likewyse natiue heate by little and little weareth away and diminisheth the iuyce moysture wherewith it is nourished and finally bringeth the cause of destruction both to it self and to the whole body beside Nowe that constitution of body which consisteth of a hoate and dry qualitye and thereof hath his name hauinge warme Humour throughe these qualities encreased maketh and constituteth a Cholericke man by reason of the greate stoare of Choler which is in him of which Humour there be two sortes and differences the one natural the other besyde nature Natural Choler is the excrement of bloud concoct bitter in sauour and in colour and effect fyerie When the heate of the Lyuer is moderate then is it yealow and shyninge but when this viscositye is ouermuch enkindled then doth Choler also boyle with heate and is of colour darcke Yelowish like vnto Pruse Bier called in Dutche Iopen Bier or like vnto Oyle or melted Butter when it is burned and with much frying becommeth blackishe of colour whereby it commeth to passe that the colour before Yelowe chaungeth and is turned into a sadde blacke which sometime apparauntly vttereth and sheweth it selfe in the vtter parte of the skinne whensoeuer this Cholerique Humour diffuseth and disperseth it selfe into the same skinne Choler hath in the body two offices for parte of it being mixed wyth the bloud passeth into the Veynes to make the same more conuenientlye to penetrate into euery one of the narow passages to bee conueighed to such members as requyre haue neede of the nourishment of Choler The other part is sente to the bladder of the Gall annexed and tyed to the nether ende of the Lyuer wherein the wonderfull prouidence of Gods Almighty handyworke wel appeareth in y he hath appointed the same Entraile whereunto he hath geeuen an admyrable vertue to attract and helpe digestion to be also a receyuer and Receptorye of superfluous and vnprofitable Humour to th entent no harme or inconuenience should thereby in any wise happen to the other members For Choler is of that nature y yeldeth out a fiery force whose motion as it were a fier brande stirreth vp and inceÌ„seth our minds to hasty moodes and furious rages And for this cause Angre is defined to be a heate and certaine boylinge of the Bloud aboute the Heart wherewith the Braine also beinge excyted by Choler is set in a heate and testines desyrous of reueng whensoeuer any iniury is offered And to the lower parts prouoke and irrite the Guttes and Bowelles to auoyde superfluous excrementes For which purpose Natures prouidence hath deuised and framed sundry passages needeful for y purginge conueighaunce and euacuation of all such superfluous Humours to witte the Kidneyes and the Vryne Pypes the empty or fasting Gutte called Intestinum Ieiunum which through the sowrenes of Choler flowinge into it continuallye dryueth out the Excrements the Bladder Eares and Pores appointed for the auoydaunce and expulsion of sweate And in the most parte of these if obstructions shoulde happen all the whole fylthy masse of noysome Humour is thereby kept within the body and then geeueth violente assaulte to some of the principall partes So when the bagge or Bladder of the Gall or Receptacle of Choler is not able to exonerate it selfe of that baggage drosse and superfluity which it drewe from the Lyuer it emptyeth and casteth it eyther into the Uentricle or els into the holownesse of the Lyuer And thus it commeth to passe that Choler being diffused and spred ouer all the body imperteth both his qualitye and colour to the Bloud Hereof commeth the Iaundice named Morbus Regius for y it requyreth a moste exquisite dict and Princelike fare which