your trauell conteining in it most profitable frutes by the whiche the publique welth might be releued and also your assigned office discharged I am certeinly assured that you wil obiect vnto me how that you shall suffer the reprehensioÌ„ of many in alleging vnto you that you are worthy rather of contumelie and reproche then fame and renowme for your exercise and labor Because that euery laÌ„dleper vagabonde therby shal be made an artist I put the case that many should inueye these allegations against you wil you therfore be discouraged neither wold you fearing their rude iudgement proffit your natiue countrey Let me neuer see such causes I beseche you being of no force moue you to faint for if they alledge any suche thing against you as you suppose it will at the length as when it commeth to the eares of the wise redounde vnto their owne reproche They can not for mere shame and impudencie saie that you in the publishing of your booke will make euery priuate person an artiste specially when as herein thei incurre mendacitie and falsifiyng the truthe then the whiche vice nothing can be more detestable and worthy of ignominie For the most part of men doe know specially those whiche are wise and discrete that you haue not taken vpon you this translation into the vulgar tongue to the ende euery man therby might be made an artiste whiche thing could not be brought to passe if that you ment the desolation of the arte but that you do it only for this ende and purpose that the tyrons and diligent studentes of the noble art might haue some knowledge to lede them as it weare by a light vnto more perfection Therfore if you mynde the profit of your countrey lette not suche allegations dismay your enterprise but publishe it with spede For the soner it appeareth the soner our brethren whiche are but yet contending to obtein the knowlege of chirurgerie our noble art shal haue therof profit vtilitie And though one of those ignoraÌ„t Idiotes whiche seke not to profit their countrey but alledge suche cauilations as are before mentioned doe contemne both it and you also yet will a hundred other for one of those both contemne them in their bestiall despite and commende you in your good indeuoures whiche tendeth I doubt not to nothing els but the profit of the common wealth Furthermore in publishing of your boke you shall purchase the fauor and beneuolence of many men and specially of suche as trauell in the knowledge of our arte also you shal be counted herein not only a profitable member of the publique welth but also a diligeÌ„t imitator of your predicessors whiche did translate out of other toÌ„gues our famous art into their owne proper languages that to diligent studentes the art might be made manifest Of this sort of men many I could resite but for breuitie I will name but one or two as for example Galen that famous artist translated our art out of many tongues as the Scithian Persian Aegiptian and other more into his own natiue tongue only to th ende that the studeÌ„ts might the more easily gette the profit of the same AuiceÌ„ also that excellent Arabian prince hauing a like regarde vnto his countrey collected both out of Hippocrates and Galens workes the effecte of our art and translated it into his mother tongue that the knowledge of it might remaine vnto his posteritie And doubte you not as these men for their great paines taken of loue to their countrey in the furtherance of this our art haue had and euer shal haue memoriall renowme but that you intending none other shal obteine the same Aspire therfore and take breth vnto you let no vayne and friuolus opinion ouercomme you for I see no cause wherfore you shoulde exâ—ruciate your selfe Euery wyse man wyll accepte your indeuours excepte those whiche neyther mynde theyr office neither the vtilitie of the publique wealth euery good maÌ„ will embrase and with great gladnes reuolue ouer your boke as sone as it is published and wil at the first sight of your good trauell haue you in more estimacion then euer they had And why because you set forth the most famous and excellent arte of medicine then the whiche as I suppose there can be none more profitable and specially vnto all men as well emperours kinges as other menne of lower estats For thoughe other artes dooe profit and are moste fit for a common welth yet for all that the profit of this all men doe knowe to be more vberius For without it pleasures were but painful riches vnprofitable company annoyance strengthe febelnes bewtie lothsumnes senses dispersed and finally all thinges in the worlde weare vnpleasant wherfore lest tediousnes may take place in this my writing vnto you I will here sease to trouble you any further loking shortly for the publishing of your workes Fare you well at my house in London the .14 daye of May. Anno. 1565. To the louyng Readers IF they whiche haue illustrated The noble arte of medicine Haue had vnto them ministred Both mortall prayses and diuine Then shall not Halle that frutfull tree Haue lyke rewarde and gratefull thankes As those that haue of suche been free whiche hath vncouered ignorance O Chirons let me neuer knowe suche famous men as by their payne Haue opened the buddes that blovve vvante fame their vvell deserued gaine You knovve not vvhat fertilitie Henceforth may vnto you redounde Ne vvhat impes of chirurgeri By him may spring vvithin your grounde Therfore be not in prayses slovve You chirons that by him may haue In those your gardens knovvledge grovve vvherby you may the greued saue For vvhy by your encouragment This tree may moe svvete blossomes bloome And vvhere it hath you one out sent Sondrie may spring and that right soone Consider vvhat by courage grovves And vvhat frutes to men it doth bring No hart I thinke can vvell suppose vvhat gaine alvvayes by it doth spring But seing that your minde I see And also your intent and fact To incourage this odorous tree My penne here shall his rase detract I. H. To the louing Readers greting in our eternall Lorde the author of all knowledge AS ofte as I consider the diligent care of the quncient authors to be perfect and exquisite in their arte not only in their own handy worke whyle they were lyuing on this earth but also to put the same in writing to the behoue of all that should come after I can not a litle marueyle at the stubberne disdainfull ignorance of many in this our wretched age wherin the noble arte of Chirurgerie is as it were falne into ruyne For where as in tyme paste there were fewe Chirurgiens they very cunning learned and experâ—â—â—s wherby thei were accepted as precious iewels or honorable treasures of the common weale Ther are nowe many and the moste parte ignorant wherby they are founde rather hurtfull then profitable yea very caterpyllers to the
proper eyes Notwithstanding if hereafter it shal seme good to my frendes that I Iâ—erate this worke with augmentations I wyll surely not refuse to doe whatsoeuer shal be thought profitable to the coÌ„mon weale and commodious to the studentes in this arte Wherin I desire the studious readers not to iudge of me that I trust euer the more to mine owne iudgementes because I haue so boldly done this thyng but rather that as I affirme all that I alledge by authoritie so woulde I gladly be taught where I make any fault of those the are my betters For I esteme not my head so good neither thynke I it so cleare and voyde of error that I should in this worke be so exquisite as to satisfie all men in their variable iudgementes but verily thynkyng my self faynt of perfection desiryng in my harte that the faultes of this my worke may cause some man of charitie to sette forthe a more excellent worke to dashe this out of name and countenance so that I myghte therby be instructed of that whiche I longe moste for earnestly desire and thirste to learne If this my simple worke may geue that occasion at the leste I shal hartely reioyce therin for though I be vnperfect yet if myne vnperfectnes may be a cause of perfection bothe vnto my selfe and other it were as I suppose a good chaÌ„ce For as the diuines interprete the vnbelefe of Thomas was a great helpe to the faythe of vs all that come after for because of his vnfaythfulnes Christe shewed hym selfe his precious woundes also after his resurection whiche caused not only Thomas to beleue vnfaynedly but vs all to be put out of doubt acertayned of the glorious resurection of our mercie seate Christ Jesus Whom I moste hartely beseche to kepe you moste gentle Readers that wytsafe me your good wyll and fauourable reporte And to sende both vnto you and me through the shyning beames of his eternall grace A bryght cleare and frutefull vnderstandyng of that whiche we moste earnestly couet to learne Amen ⸫ ¶ The fyrst treatyse OF ANATOMIE VVHICHE brieflye sheweth the natures numbers and names of all the symple members with the diuersyties of their vses and vtilities whether they bene Spermatike or Sanguyne and conteyneth xiiii Chapiters The Argumente of the fyrst treatyse FOr as muche as no man is perfecte in the composition of anye thynge that is ignorant in the symple partes therof it is necessarie that I declare fyrste the knowlege that I haue collected of experience and oute of good Authors concernynge the symple members of man ne his bodie before that I speake of the anatomye in general These are called symple members or consimiliares Bones Gristles Lygaments Synewes Chordes Muscles Panicles Arteryes Ueynes Fleshe Fatte and the Skynne besyde the heares and the nayles Which althoughe some haue called members are not members in dede but rather the superfluities of meÌ„bers As I intende to declare in this worke thorowe the permission of God for whose helpe and grace it is nedefull that I praye that in these .iii. lytle treatyces I dissente not from the truthe Of the bones The fyrst Chapter WHerfore after the example of good buylders who begynne at the foundation ascendyng vpwardes I will begyn at the bones whiche are the foundations wheron all other members are supported and borne and so procede outwarde in order to the reste The doctryne of bones obserued in anatomye is called of Galen Osteologia and Osteotome The whole frame whereof beyng dryed and reserued to anatomye is cauled Sccletos in Latine Cadauer assiccatum and vulgarlye Sicca anatome The bones then called in Greke Ostea and in Latyn Ossa are symple members similare spermatyke colde and drye of complexion insensible and inflexible that is withoute felynge and not able to be bowed Of bones there are manye and diuers in mans bodie aswell concernyng they re number as theire forme or figure and that because of the nede or necessitie of their dyuers variable offices whiche they haue in the bodie their connexions and ioyninges together being also diuers haue dyuers names accordingly Whiche ioynynges are deuyded Fyrste into .ii. speciall sorres The fyrst is called in Greke Arthrosis and in Latyn Articulatio whiche is the moste open and euident maner of Joyning The seconde whiche the Grekes calle Symphisin is named in Latyn Vnio naturalis and in Englyshe a naturall vnion whiche is a more hydde and obscure ioyninge The fyrst maner called articulation is also farther deuided fyrste into two sortes as a priuie or hydde connexion such as are sene in the bones of the sculle called in Greke Synarthrosis and in Latine Coarticulatie and a plaine conspieuous maner as in the armes and hyppes called in Greke Diarthrosis and in Latyne Dearticulatio This dearticulation is farther of the Grekes deuyded into .iii. maners as Enarthrosis Arthrodiâ— and Gyngâ—ismos Enarthrosis is when the large holownes of one bone receyueth the fullnes of an others eminence as in the hippes Arthrodia is when the shalowe holowneâ— of one is moderatlye aperynge vpwarde the headde of the other depressed downe into it as ye se betwene the spondilles and the rybbes Gynglismos is when they so Joyne as it semeth they enter mutuallye one in to an other as the spondylles one to an other also the shoulder the cubyte and the mydle Joyntes of the fyngers Coarticulation is also triplie deuided as Sutura Comphosis Hormonia â–ª Sutura is when bones ioyne lyke a seame Sewed in moste euident conspicuous maner whiche in the heade maye diuerslie be sene Comphosis is when bones are infixed one to an other as are the tethe in the iaw bones Harmonia called also Comssura is a ioyning by a simple line with out indeÌ„tinges as in the Chin the Share some bones of the heade But note here that chirurgiens coÌ„monlie call al seames in the head comissures which comon maner I also haue obserued in my generall anatomie lest that otherwise I should of the moste part of readers not be vnderstanded The second speciall maner called Symphysis hath also .ii. differeÌ„ces as in soft bones which excrescentlie or musheruÌ„ like ioyne simplie together in harde bones which by somwhat coÌ„ming betwene are so by nature vnited coÌ„ioyned that thei cleaue together this later maner is of iii. sorts called of the Grekes Synchondrosis Synneurosis Syssarcolis Synchondrosis is when grystles beneficially enter betwene theÌ„ as in the wrest diuers other partes Synneurosis is wher sinewes helpingly go betwene the bones Syssarcolis so called of Galen is when by the helpe of flesh goyng betwene bones are ioyned together And as bones haue variable names according to their places formes offices likewise their ioyninges so haue their partes formably also As the sclender processes or forthe goynges of bones are called in Latyn Ceruices colla
perfectlye digest to thine owne vse anye thinge in them except thou be able to ioyne by comparison that which thou haste sene in other mennes workes before thine eies and in the practise of thine owne handes wyth that whiche thou findest wrytten in olde authors for lyttle profit swetenesse or vnderstandinge shall one gette of authores except he see the same also put in practise Therfore when thou haste sene proued by cunning masters the whych thou haste red thou arte truelye learned in thine arte and therfore apte to worke and vse experience thy selfe And this regarde to experience in learninge made Socrates say that lerning ought not to be wrytten in bokes but rather in mennes mindes For this excellent Philosopher well perceiued that the committinge of cunnyng to wrytten bookes made men to neglect the practise and experience of their wittes by meanes whereof they became vncunninge Galen also hathe frendly admonished vs that we ought nor if we will be perfectlye cunninge to trust onlye to doctrine wrytten in bokes but rather oure propre eyes which are to be trusted aboue all other authores ye before Hippocrates and Galen For wythout the eyes consent saith Socrates the eares oughte not to be trusted for the eares are subiectes and often deceiued but the eyes are iudges bothe true and certaine As I woulde therfore that all Chirurgiens shoulde be learned so woulde I haue no man thinke him selfe lerned otherwise then chiefly by experieÌ„ce for learning in chirurgery coÌ„sisteth not in speculation only nor in practise only but in speculation well practised by experience Therfore when we saye that a chirurgien muste firste be learned and then worke It is not ment that any man by the reading of a booke or bokes onlye may learne how to worke for truelye that hathe caused so many deseiuinge abusers as there are at this daye Good chirurgien therfore haue a regard to these things euen as thou wilte answer for the same at the dredful day when the eternall Lord and almighty master shall call for accompt of eche mannes talent whether they haue gained therwith accordinge to his will or whether they haue abused or vainlye hid the same Furthermore these thinges considered obserued it is expedient chiefly before all thinges that thou haue Goddes feare alwaies before thine eies that thou leade a vertuous life and as nere as God shal geue thee grace vnsported to the world doing iust vertuous dedes abhorring abstaining from all viciousnesse Let wicked pride be farre from thy hart and rather with all humility confesse that thou canst doe nothing of thy selfe as thou canste not in deede but through the grace and mercifull fauoure of God Likewise auoide enuye and wicked wrathe be neyther wrathfull nor enuyous that an other man of thyne Arte hathe better successe then thy selfe but rather endeuoure thy self in the feare and seruice of God to learne to doe better and to excede others For to a diligente and willynge minde there is nothing to harde ne impossible Let charitye surmounte couetise so that it haue no place in thy harte otherwise then it shall be requisite for thee to liue like a man of science with a decent and honest maintenance of necessaryes Let no slouthe cause thee to neglecte thy cures wherof thou haste takeÌ„ charge least through thy negligence they pearishe and their bloud call for vengance on thee at the handes of God In anye wise be thou no lechoure but adorne thy life wyth honest chaste and sober manners for that vncleane and filthye vice is muche to be abhorred in a Chirurgyen consideringe the secretes of manye honest folkes that to hys charge and cure muste be committed Lastlye and aboue all these beware of dronkennesse a vyce that was neuer more vsed then it is of manye at thys tyme. For when hathe this vile reporte or rather reproche gone of so manye as it dothe at this daye he is a good chirurgyen in the forenone O abhomination of all other in a chirurgien to be detested But how vnmete suche are to be chirurgiens I haue touched more at large in my preface Let vertue therfore I saye be thy guide let hir be bothe thy rule and compasse wherby to frame all thy doinges And consider that chirurgerye is aâ— arte to heale dyseases whyche is a vertuous exercise ye a gifte of Goddes spiryte as saythe S. Paule and therfore can neuer be well vsed of vicious personnes althoughe they haue neuer so much lerninge For vice and vertue can neuer accorde but alwayes one is expelled by the other for two contraries can neuer agree in one subiecte Consider also howe by vertuous and holye lyfe and by faithfull prayer the very angelles at Goddes appoyntment haue descended from heauen to aid and helpe men in theâ—e nede teachinge them remedies for diuers griefes as holye Raphaell was sent to Tobye And as thou mayste reade in the .xxxviii. chapiter of Jesus the sonne of Sirache wher he treatinge of the Phisitien saythe The houre maye come that the sycke maye be healed throughe them when they praye vnto the Lorde that he maye recouer and get health to lyue longer Loe here mayste thou see that thy duety is to praye vnto God for thy pacient and for helpe and grace to heale him Praye therefore faithfully vnto God serue hym deuoutlye call rightlye vpon his holy name day and night wyth an holye abstinence as scripture teacheth not omyttinge dedes of almes the frutes of perfecte faythe Moreouer be not ingrate nor vnthankefull vnto God when he sendeth good successe to thy businesse good lucke to thy handes and graunteth thee thy hartes desyre For vnthankfulnesse many times is the cause that our prayers are not heard Praise God therfore for his benefites pray faithfullye to hym in all thy streightes of nede and this doinge be sure that God will prosper all thy wayes and geue good successe to all thy workes Take here therefore an example of prayer whiche thou mayste vse I trust to the glorye of God A prayer necessarye to be sayde of all Chirurgiens O Almightye eternall impassible and incomprehensible Lorde God whiche haste created all thinges of nothinge and man out of the slime of the earthe settinge him in paradyse to liue euer in felicitye from whiche he most disobedientlye fell into this worlde of infyrmities Whiche infirmities yet neuerthelesse thou haste of thy greate mercye so pityed that for the helpe and curaâ—ion of them thou haste by thy speciall grace geuen vertue vnto trees herbes rootes beastes foules fishes wormes stones and metalles And in fyne hast left nothing among all that thou haste made wythout a propre vertue for man his vtilitye and helpe in tyme of neede and haste also moste graciouslye geuen knowledge vnto men for to vse and minister thy creatures to the helpe of their griefes Graunte vnto me moste mercifull God that as I truely beleue and faithfully trust that all healthe and vertue commeth from thee I maye so knowe and
A most excellent and LEARNED VVOORKE OF CHIrurgerie called Chirurgia parua Lanfranci Lanfranke of Mylayne his briefe reduced from dyuers translations to our vulgar or vsual frase and now first published in the Englyshe prynte by Iohn Halle Chirurgien Who hath thervnto necessarily annexed A Table as wel of the names of diseases and simples with their vertues as also of all other termes of the arte opened Uery profitable for the better vnderstanding of the same or other like workes And in the ende a compendious worke of Anatomie more vtile and profitable then any here tofore in the Englyshe tongue publyshed AN HISTORIALL EXPOSTVLATION also against the beastly abusers both of Chyrurgerie and Phisicke in our tyme With a goodly doctrine and instruction necessary to be marked and folowed of all true Chirurgiēs All these faithfully gathered and diligently set forth by the sayde Iohn Halle Imprinted at London in Flete streate nyghe unto saint Dunstones churche by Thomas Marshe AN. 1565. I. H. anno aetatis suae 35 R. M. Corporis effigies quam vides graphice pictam Hauli est sic pictor fingere tibi velit At modo si quaeris vultum dignoscere verum Hos lege hij vere explicuere animum The bookes verdict AS some delighte moste to beholde Eche newe deuyse and guyse So some in workes of fathers olde Their studies exercise Perusing with All diligence Bokes written long before Wherin they learne experience To heale both sicke and sore Whiche I alowe in dede and worde In those that vnderstande For otherwyse it is a sworde Put in a mad mans hande Let Idiotes and betles blynde Therfore lay me aparte Leste contrarie myne authors mynde They rudly me peruerte For as he bée doth honie take From euery goodly flowre And spyders of the same doe make Uenim that wyll deuoure So all that learned men and wyse To good purpose can vse The rude that knowledge doe despise Will euer more abuse Wherfore all those that vse me right I shall increase their fame And vyle abusers all my mighte Shall be to doe them shame VNTO THE VVORSHIPFVL the maisters VVardens and consequently to all the whole company and brotherhod of Chirurgiens of London Iohn Halle one of the leste of them sendeth hartie and louynge salutation SYthe the almightie Creator of all thinges of his mercifull goodnes only for loue that he had to mankynd who fell by disobedience out of Paradise into miserie hath created medicine out of the earth for man his vtilitie and helpe in the tyme of his sicknes as the wyse man sayeth Eccl. 38. And hath ordeined ministers of the same medicine by a true and perfect order of arte deuided nowe into two partes as the phisicien for inwarde infirmities and the chirurgien or handeworker for outwarde griefes It shoulde seme vnto me that they which despise the sayde arte despise God his gracious giftes euen as they whiche professe either part therof abusing the same abuse God his mercifull benefites And for as muche as suche despisers and abusers are as well offenders to God as a detrimente to his creatures It should seme a thing not vaine or voyde of profite to reprehende and warne men of suche vices specially where they are so frequented that some by feling and some by vnderstanding and seyng daily crie out with greuous clamores of the incommodious successe of suche wicked factes First the despisers therof oftetymes as we se suffer them selues thorough hate that they beare to these excellēt partes and the ministers therof by negligence to runne to extreame desolation and therfore many times worthily perishe as a iuste rewarde for their contempte of God his ordeined remedies And yet truly I can not but confesse that the abusers of those thinges are the chiefe cause of these so great euels and mischiefes for the experience of their wicked doynges and the ouerthwarte successe of the same causeth the ignorant to be at defiāce with that whiche was made for their owne helpe and succoure so that they often perishe because they feare to seke remedy they are so often beaten with the painfull rodde of hatefull abusers And alas where as there is one in Englande almoste throughout al the realme that is indede a true minister of this arte there are tenne abhominable abusers of the same VVhere as there is one Chirurgien that was apprentice to his arte or one phisicien ▪ that hath trauayled in the true studie and exercise of phisique There are tenne that are presumptious smearers smaterers or abusers of the same yea Smythes Cutlers Carters Coblars Copers Coriars lether Carpenters and a great rable of women VVhich as the moste excellent Galen feared to happen forsake their handiecraftes and for filthy lucre abuse phisick and chirurgerie The cause wherof the sayde Galen wysely reciteth for he sayeth if these sciences had no coligance with other nedefull learninges that those inconueniences would therof ensue I would to God therfore my dere maisters and brethrē that there might no fault be found in vs cōcerning these thinges For truly if we weare such men of science as we ought to be those false abusers would be more fearful to medle as they doe For what a shame were it that suche an abuser in talkinge with a chirurgien in dede shall apere more perfecte in the knowledge of the anatomie and the natures of simples or the complexion of man his bodie then he that hath ben apprentice to his arte Surely me thinketh this were a great occasion not only to cause these abusers more to presume but I feare me also that suche thinges haue bene the cause that suche abusers haue ben defended of those whiche of righte shoulde haue subdued them Heare me my maisters and brethren is ther any philosopher so ignorant in philosophie that he wanteth knowledge to defende that whiche he doth professe against his contrary doth he worthily beare the name of a Platoniste that is ignorant in Plato his workes or is he worthy the name of a Musiciā that hath learned to singe or plaie a fewe songes vpon an instrument without the knowledge of the principles and rules of musicke I am sure ye will answere no. If this be true in dede as I thinke none can denie Howe can we for shame call our selues Chirurgiens if we be not able to defende the same arte to the confutation of the abusers therof And I suppose verely that Galen would not haue thought hym self a true Phisicien if he had not bene able to confute the error of Thessalus and the empirickes of his time that falsly abused the excellēt arte of medicine wherof Chirurgerie is the most aunciēt and worthy part as Cornelius Celsus witnesseth what so euer in the abusiue deuision is otherwyse pretended Seyng therfore that it lyeth not in vs to extincte put downe to silence or subuerte these abusers woulde God that we myght at the leaste throughe our excellentie cause them as they are to seme execrable So that therby
Dislocation or breakynge of bones DislocatioÌ„ called Laxatio is the remouynge of the bone out of hys naturall plaâ—e Knowe therefore that almighty God whose name be euerlastinglye glorified and praised hath made manye bones in the bodye of manne for diuers necessarye worâ—kes and operatyons Wherby necessarilye one member in the body of manne moueth wythoute another Knowe therefore that the coniunction of one bone with another is in a. x. maners One maner is by way of insertion of one wyth another like as two sawes were ioyned together the tethe of the one saw fillinge the voidnesse of the other as doe sometymes caruers of tables and as the bones of the head do ioyn which are .vi.b. An other maner is the appodiation or congregation that is to say the gatheryng together of one bone to another as doe the .vii. bones of the breste The thirde manner is the fixion of one bone into another as are the tethe into the Jawe bones The fourthe maner is the coniunction of one bone wyth another by ligamentes goynge betwene As in the ioynte of the shoulder bone with the adâ—utorio and so in all other ioyntes For in that ioyntes is made a coniunction of one bone wyth another by the mediation of a harde bodye insensible and flexible whiche passynge oute of the extremitye of the one bone entereth into the other bindinge the bones together But yet the flexibilitye thereof obeyeth to the lacertes that moue the member so that the member maye be bowed as it is accordante to the same to doe hys conueniente and proper office And as for all other maners of coniunctions of bones there is in them no naturall nor voluntarye mouinges Therfore Dislocations be onlye made in ioyntes Notwithstandynge certaine openinges remouinges dissâ—uerings or departings maye other while be made in the coniunctions of other bones Seinge then that dislocatioÌ„ is made only in ioyntes â–ª Firste ioyne thou bone wyth bene as they were at theyr naturalle begiÌ„nnyng And when thou haste so done take a greate linen cloth and wete it in a medicine made de Farina Cicerum Vel Volatica Farin Tritici disteperata cum 〈◊〉 and binde it wyth gentle bondes holdinge the place stedfaste in hys ioynte And doe not as manye doe now a daâ—es in the time of reduction for they foment the member with warme water whych is moste hurtfulle For thereby the meÌ„ber is effâ—blished rarified prepared to receyue superfluityes namely apostemation But it thou feare peynes â–ª anoynte the place cum Oleo Rosato calido But if thou weare not wyth him at the beginnynge and that it hathe nowe remayned certain dayes displaced and that so the place be growne to hardnesse the humores also ceasynge their naturalle course Then that the member maye be the better restored it is good that thou fomente the place not wyth whotte water onlye but cum Aqua Calida decoctionis Chamaemeli Fenograeci Seminis Lini Malâ—â—e Bisimaluae that by these thinges the place maye be the better restored Annotations vppon thys Chapiter a. Wheras Lanfraneus heare speaketh of â— maners of loyninges describeth but. iiii reade for thy larger conteÌ„tation the first chapyter of my firste treatise of Anatomye where thou shalt learne as wel the names as the formes or all manner of ioyninges of bones b. Because here also he nameth the .vi. bones of the heade to proue thys maner of coÌ„nexion of bones thou maâ—ste not gather therof that all those .vi. bones are so ioyned together for that weare false As by readynge the thirde chapiter in the firste parte of the thirde trâ—â—tite â–ª of my Anotamye thou mayste perceaue Of a Fracture Chapi ii IF anye bone be broken fyrst reduce hym into his place and then wete a lynnen clothe in Oleo Rosato and laye it aboute the member And then lay ouer and about that an other clothe wete in the forsaide medicyne wrytten in the Chapiter of Dislocation And vppon that clothe laye smalle boulsters of towe wete in Albumâ—â—e oui and ouer that towe binde splintes wyth cordes And see that the splintes be made accordinge to the figure and quantitye of the member bindinge it so that it remoue not least the remouynge of the member hinder the restoration lettinge it not to be opened vntill the .x. daye excepte one of these .iii. thynges folowing constreigne thee to open it That is to wete muche payne caused throughe harde bindynge or by the course of humores gatheryng to an aposteme or great Itch. If paine and ache or the fluxe of humores be the cause vnbinde it and anoynte the place cum Oleo Rosato and lette hym bloude on the contrary syde And restreigne the patientes diete taryinge so till the fluxe of humores be ceased and then binde it vp agayn But if Itche be the cause then vnbinde it and washe it wyth warme water then binde it vp agayne Lettyng it so continue till it be consounded I wyll also wryte amonge other consolidatiue medicynes in the antidotarye a medicine that is beste in Fractures and in Dislocations But note thys that in euerye worcke of Chirurgerye it is nedefulle and necessarie that then indeuoure thy selfe to worke aboue and beyond that whiche thou findest wrytten in bokes and especiallye in Algebra For euerye science that dependeth vpon workyng by the hand is muche fortified by experiment and practise An Annotation vpon the. ii Chapiter of the thirde parte ‡ Baâ—â—e Viscose are the woordes of Lanfranke aboute the whiche I was somewhat troubled for Baâ—â—e is a worde out of vse amonge the learned and therfore not to a fewe of them vnknowne Howe be it I thinkinge because Lanfrancus was of Milayne that it myghte perhappes be some Italian worde thoughte good to conferre the same with some learned Italians of whome I receiued thys interpretacion Baâ—â—e say they is the drâ—uling spitlle of suckynge children And therefore haue I englished Baâ—â—e Viscose slimy spittle whyche thoughe I thoughte I myghte safely so doe yeâ— doe I willinglye abide the censures of the learned ¶ The fifthe parte of thys woorke ensueth conteining .viii. Chapiters and treateth of the diseases of the eyes Of the Composition of the eyes and the diseases of the same The fyrste Chapiter THERE is no disease in anye officialle member of the body so hardly knowne of the Chirurgien as are the diseases of the eyes And that for the subtiltye of artes composition in them For the eye is meruailouslye composed of .iii. humores and .vii. coates Whiche all doe serue to the composition therof and are bodies moste subtille and to syghte as it weare incomprehensible but by vnderstandinge they are verye well comprehended wyth also their composition and vtilities Unto the eies thus noblye composed doe come certeine veynes bringinge to them theyr nurishment and also arteries bringinge life vnto them bothe so smalle and fyne that they are to the sight almoste insensible And from the firste coniugation
the Grekes name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 heateth either soÌ„what beyoÌ„d that secoÌ„d degre or within the third drieth either in the ende of the first degre or in the beginninge of the second And therfore being boiled in Oyle it deuideth asswageth paine causeth sleape digesteth raw humores Antimonium CAlled also Stibium and Stiâ—â—i is a veyne of earth fouÌ„d in siluer mines like in colour vnto leade but it differeth from leade whiche wil melt not be pouldered AntimoniuÌ„ wil be pouldered but rather wil it burn theÌ„ melt otherwise theÌ„ by a certein art then not easily as lead wil. It hath saith Galen with his desiccatiue facultye beinge vnwashed a mighty adstriction which by washing is made wel nere vtterly wythout biting it is necessarily vsed with medicines for the eies for his vertues therin obteined to he called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it openeth the eyes Anthrax ALthough many haue ignoraÌ„tly deuided AnthraceÌ„ from Carbunculo as though they were sondry and seueral tumores it is moste euident that it is one thinge that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the same in greke wherof Carbunculus is that name in Latyne â–ª and signifyeth a burnyng cole whyche thys tumore dothe verye muche resemble in the augmentation bothe in colour and nature hauing also in the declination a blacke crustons eschare made by aduâ—â—ion representinge a quenched cole whiche euidentlye sheweth howe excessyue heat ioyned for the moste part wyth venemous matter is cause of this tumore Yet is it notwythstandynge deuided into kyndes wherof the greatest and most dangerous sort appeareth commonlye in the time of Pestilente infection and consysteth as saythe Galen of melancholye aduste The other sort beinge not so fearfulle and comminge at other tymes is made of whotte boylinge or burned bloude â–ª whiche semeth to be made or turned into Melancholy or as he sayth in an other place of whotte bloude turned by adustion into the nature of Melancholye And surelye thus is Lanfrancus and other wryters of his time to be vnderstanded when they speake of Anthrax or Carbunculus for so shall they in the reste agree wyth Galen and other aunciente wryters Apium Palustre Risus Haemorrhoidum APium is of diuers kindes But where Apium is founde in Receptes or otherwyse wythoute anye other addition in the name it is onlye mente of Persly thoughe Smalache haue abusiuelye bene vsed for it And for the better vnderstaÌ„ding of Apium hys kindes take this note 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium Hortense Persley or gardin persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium Syluestre Wylde Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium MoÌ„tanum uel Montapium Mountaine Perslye 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium Palustre Paludapium Siue Apium Rusticum Smalache Marche or Marshe Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium AquaticuÌ„ Water Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ApiuÌ„ Saxatile uel SaxeuÌ„ SaxapiuÌ„ aut Petrapium Stone Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium equinum Equapium siue Olus atrum Alexanders or greate Persley 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Apium sepis uel Apium sepiculare Hedge Persley And whersoeuer thou fyndest anye kinde of Apium disagreinge whether in sense or InterpretatioÌ„ to this order holde it for false As for Apium Haemorrhoidum and Apium Risus It is but an abuse and confusion to recken them emonge the kindes of Apium amonge whome either in forme or faculties they can haue no place But are kyndes of Ranunculus called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in English Crowfote and Frogmarche wherof also ther are very manye kindes and all of whotte and blistering property wherof loke more in Flâ—nula Apium saythe Galen is so whotte Vt Vrinam menses câ—eat It breaketh wynde but that dothe the sede more then the herbe and is to the mouthe of the stomacke moste acceptable The seade of Oreoselinum and Hipposelinum are of lyke vertues but Oreoselinum is the stronger hitherto Galen Apium is whotte in the seconde degre and dry in the middes of the thirde Apostema AS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoc est Spatium siue interuallum whyche signifyeth distance or space is the same whyche the Latines caule Abscessum of Abscedo And Galen calleth it Particularum diductionem and are certayne dispositions wherin suche bodyes as before touched together are nowe distante and seuered one from an other Wherof saythe Galen there must nedes be made a void space contening some substance eyther flatuous or moyste or compound of bothe Whiche if it hange or tarye longe therin receiueth diuers alterations Wherof the greater is vsuallye called Apostema and the lesse Pustula So is for Exitura in LaÌ„franke and others of that age and also of a Auicenna to be vnderstaÌ„ded Tumor suppuratus that is a suppurate aposteme or riped tumore But of these I nede here make the lesse declaration for so muche as master Gale hathe so worthilye and moste exquisitly in his Institution of a Chirurgien opened these thinges at large Where thou maist bothe in thys many other maters be right sufficiently satisfied Aqua WAter is of temperament cold contrarye to fier and of all other thinges saithe Galen the moistest and that as it is vtterly without qualities as wythoute taste without sauor and moste cleare so is it moste pure And as it beÌ„deth from this so receiueth it qualities to heat or coole according to the thinges therwith mixed Aristolochia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is of .iii. kindes as Dioscorides saith obteineth that name of the precious helpe that women receiue therby in their hard labours of children which doctor Turner hathe therfore moste aptly called in English Birthworte The first is called Aristolochia rotunda The second Aristolochia longa The thirde Clematitis bisyde these Plinius addeth a fourthe kinde called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Apothecaries haue of longe time erred in sellinge Holoworte for Aristolochia rotunda but some of late haue in the selues reformed this euel doe sel the true thing But surely many women midwiues do erre muche more greuously in my iudgment who plaÌ„t in their gardens vse in womens laboures Bistorta in the stead of Aristolochia calling it Astrologia whyche is of a coolynge and verye astringente nature therfore causeth rather retention theÌ„ expulsion I aduertise all good women therfore that are willynge to helpe them selues and others to seke for the true thynge whiche they maye be sure to obteine by the aduise of some learned Phisicien or experte Chirurgien at the trusty Apothecaries hand It groweth plentiouslye in Italye and Aristolochia longa or at the leasre Clematitis groweth nowe in diuerse gardens in Englande as in London in a garden of master Holande late Chirurgien to the Quenes highnesse of whome I had rotes whiche growe nowe in my gardeÌ„ at Maidstone Of Aristolochia and
uiuum uel ignis non exexpers is taken out of the veyne without any boylyng The other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est igne incoctum that is boiled sulfur The best Sulfur uiuum ought by Dioscorides to be fattye greene not stony but bright and shyninge lyke the glowe worme Euery Sulfur sayeth Galen hath drawyng power is whotte of temperament of nature discussiue also swiftly concoctiue and of so subtile essens that it layde to resisteth the peryls of many venemous woundes and is a medicine approued to heale scabbes leprosies scuruines itche Syncope 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est animi deliquium uel praeseps uirium lapsus that is the defecte of the mynde or a sodeine slyding away of the strengthe of the body and commonly called swoundynge and is caused dyuersly Somtyme of euel sharpe iuyce or of raw humores about the mouth of the stomache of vnmesurable bledyng swetyng fluxe of the belly great peyne vehemēt mouing immoderate watche or emptines of teror also and feare and of suche lyke perturbations of the mynde and conuersation in stynkyng ayre Whose sygnes are rare and obscure pulse coldnes of the extreme partes sweat of the face the skynne of the same losynge his bewtie and almoste a resolution of the whole body which must be cured as variably as the causes efficient are dyuerse Howe be it the paroxisme presente is after the mynde of the learned led by reason and knowledge Thus to be succurred First throw into his face violently rose water with vineger or cold fountayne water wherby the astonied spirites maye be reuyued And that in Sommer a burnynge feuer or the cause whotte The extreame partes ought also in eruptions to be bounde And rubbe the legges if the eruption issue aboue the armes if beneathe But principally and with spede are the nosethrilles and the mouthe to be stopped and as some wyll also the eares That the ayer alreddy drawne in and passinge into the inwarde partes and by and by is ready to issue out So made whotte by often mouyng to fro may goe agayne vnto the harte that by heatyng the same the spirites may be quickned and reuiued And then forthwith is it expedient to reuocate the mynde with thynges odoriferous For nothyng by the testimony of Hypocrates lib. de alimento doth sooner call againe the spirites c. By the whiche and by bowyng moderatly the body I haue often brought again euen such as all men presente haue thought dead And thus much because Lanfranke appointeth thē to be reuiued by the noyses of Trūpettes tympanies Which if they were necessary yet are they instrumētes at so sodeine exigentes to vnredy to call the person loude by his owne name Whiche truly I iudge as vayne and rydiculous or worse as the strokes and buffettes that the rude multitude vse For if it be as by the authoritie of Galen aboue and as we see it is the defecte of the mynde a losse of strengthe and a generall depriuation of sense what can the eares doe more by hearyng then the eyes by seyng Or rather howe can the eares heare more then the eyes see or the handes and other partes of the boby feele But this notwithstanding I denie it not but that the sodeyne noyse of trumpettes or drummes may in the tymes of great incisions and suche like daungerous enterpryses both reteyne and quicken so the spirites not yet loste that swoundyng may therby be euited wherof also I haue had the experience Synochus THose feuers sayeth Galen that haue one only accession or fitte continuyng from the beginnynge to the ende and that many daies are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est continentes seu continuae whose cause efficient is yelowe choler and is of nature double The one hauyng a manifest putrefaction and is therfore called Synochus putrida and the other vtterly without the same called Synochus non putrida whych is a kynde of diarie feuer and are of Lanfranke and dyuers other for distinction sake called Synochae And because the remission of the fitte is wonte to chance by the transpiration or breathyng out of feruent humores for they neuer breathe out at all in vehement stipations A fytte of many dayes must nedes be made When in suche feuers there is no occasion that may rayse the begynnynge of an other accession It persisteth a feuer both of many daies and of one accession without the inuasion of an other neyther referryng quotidian tertian nor quartan For as much therfor as of these twoo a feuer may be maynteyned both that all the vapor may not passe out and that the same may heate whatsoeuer it toucheth There must nedes be three differences of Synochus For some continue from the begynnyng to the ende of one greatnes and are called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est eodem uigore permanentes Others doe augmente and still adde to somwhat called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi incrementum suscipientes And some deminishe by litle and litle whiche they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est decrescentes Tamar indus ΟΞυφονὶξ is called in Latin Syluestris palma that is the wylde or sower Date tree whose fruite is called of the Arabians Tamar indus and maye bee called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi fructus uel dactilus palmae acetosae uel syluestris Whiche last hath not withstanding some learned aduersaries But their opinion semeth moste false that thynke Tamar indum and Myrobalanon to be all one for Tamar Indus hath a curnell or stone whiche Myrabolani haue not They are sayth Mesues sharpe or sower dates like saith Syluius vnto the sede of Cassia and the fruytes of the wild Indian date tree A medicine excellent and hurtlesse Of the olde aunciēt writers eyther vnknowne or vnder these names vnmensioned colde and drie in the seconde degree After Auerois in the thirde By the whiche reason it represseth the sharpnes of humores purgeth choler and mitigateth the feruoure therof and also of the bloude healeth the iaundies and sharpe continuall feuers It stayeth vomiting quencheth thyrste and euery burnyng of the lyuer and stomache But to colde stomaches it must not be geuē alone The beste Tamar Indi should be freshe fatty syncere and tender in taste sharpe swete of colour blackyshe and shynynge myxed with heares as it weare with certeyne rootes Terebinthina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Resma terebinthina is the liquide gūme of the tree Terebinthus among the Greekes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and sometyme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The leaues and flowres wherof are drye and bynde and heate in the secōde degree Terebinthin sayth Galen is preferred amōg other gummes hauyng a certeyne adstriction but not so manifest as hath Mastiche But it hath a certein bytternes wherby it digesteth and scoureth
neruus est aut partibus uicinus aut iis counitus That there is no mouyng neyther payne felte but where there is a sinewe eyther nighe the partes greued or conioyned with them Of the Chorde or Tendon The .v. Chapi THe fyfthe are the Chordes or Tendons called in Greke Tenonta in Latyne Tendines that beare the name of symple members Official and spermatike but they are compounde of Lygamentes and toughe synewes and therefore are they stronge and towghe colde and drye of complexion meane betwene harde and softe or as Galen sayth so much harder then the synewe as it is softer then the Ligament sensible flexible And ther are certayne causes to be consydered why the chordes were compounde as I sayde of synewes and ligamentes together The fyrst is that the synewes beyng altogether sensitiue suffice not alone to susteyn the great labour and trauayle that the tendon necessarylie doth suffer wherefore beyng compounde with the insensyble ligament there is made a temperature betwene sensible insensible that so the mouing may neither be paiÌ„ful nor vtterly without feling And by reason of the synewie substance of the chordes they haue motyue vertue accordynge to the appetyte or will of the soule or desyre of the mynde Moreouer I fynde that these chordes or tendons growe out of the fleshy muscles and that for good consyderation great skyll for on these muscles haue the chordes a restyng place after their great trauayle And these fleshie muscles are clothed with a thin skyn or panicle whiche panicle serueth as well to kepe the fleshe of the muscle in due forme as also that the sayd muscles should moue alone accordyng to the wyll without the disturbance of the partes adiacent or next them And I vnderstande that this musculous fleshe hathe within it manye smalle fybers or thredes of a synewie substance wherein there is noted to be wyll and those thredes come to the composition of the tendons And three properties is to bee noted in the will of these aforesayde muscles that is to saye length wherein is conteyned the vertue attractiue bredthe wherein is the vertue expulsyue and ouerth wartues in whiche is the vertue retentyue and at the endes of those muscles these fybers or thredes gather themselues together agayne and make an other muscle and so haue they their generalle procedynges thorow oute all the bodie Iohannes de Vigo aleagyng Auicen numbereth the muscles to be 531. but here I omytte to declare the profe of the sayde number by resiting them particulerlie accordynge to their places trustynge that this is sufficieÌ„t in this briefe treatyce The muscle is called in Latine Musculus a mure that is of a mouse and therefore in Greke also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for as a mouse is biggest in the myddest smallest at bothe endes so is a muscle And it is lykewyse called a lacerte of the lytle beaste named a Lyzarde and in Latyne Lacertus Thus in thys .v. chapiter I haue shewed aswell the nature aud makynge of the muscles as of the choâ—de or tendon The description of the mnscles by order of anatomye do the Grecians calle Miotomen Of the Pannicles The vi Chapiter Of the Arterie or Pulse The .vii Chapiter SEuenthlye the Artery or Pulse called bothe in Greke and Latine Arteria and in olde Englishe the Wosen whose dissection also the grecians call Arteriotomen is a member symple and spermatike sinewye and holow hauinge his beginnyng at the heart and it bryngeth from the same spirite and life vnto all the members of the body and it is of complexioÌ„ cold and dry And euery artery hath two coates excepte onlye Arteria Venosa called in Englyshe the veÌ„nalle artery because he hathe but one coate as hathe the veyn whose office only is being implanted in the lunges to conuey freshe ayer alwayes to the heart That the great heate of the hearte caused by hys continualle motion maye therby be refrigerate cooled mitigated by entring that least ventricle therof euen as the arteriallâ— veyne called Vena arteriosa which comming as some affirme from the bothome of the hearte on the ryghte syde beareth bloude and spirite from the hart to the lunges to quycken and nourish them And hereis to be noted a notable error or ouersyght in 〈◊〉 booke of Anatomye whereas this arterialle veyne is acounted all one wyth Arteria magna â–ª and allo the offyces bothe of the venalle arterye and the arterialle veyne are applied to the venalle arterye only All the other arteries haue eche of them two coates that the spirit of life in them conteyned maye the better and more certainlye be preserued from hurte outewardlye and also that the sayd liuelye spiryte maye be the better reteyned wythin that it passe not oute before hys tyme tyll all the extreme partes haue it minystred vnto them Where as if it were preuented before it came at them there woulde folowe mortyfication of the members for the arteriall spiryte is more subtyll and pearceth soner vnto the quickenynge of the members then doothe the venalle or nutrimentalle bloude Therefore one coate would not suffyce to carye it to those extreme partes but that it woulde be preuented and wasted by the way before it come to theÌ„ Wherof woulde folowe the incommodities before resited Of the Veyne The .viii. Chapiter EIghtlye the veine named in Latin Vena 〈◊〉 as some wyll because bloude commeth therby to all partes of the body in Greeke Phlebion and the dyssectyon of them Phlebotome is a symple member as is the artery colde and drye of complexion and Spermatyke but as the arterye hathe hys beginnynge from the hearte so hathe the veyne his beginnynge from the lyuer and it bryngeth from thence nutrityue bloude vnto all the members of the bodye to nourishe them wyth And I vnderstande as well by experyence as by that whiche I reade that there is no more difference betwene the veyne and the arterye but that one hauynge two coates and commynge from the hearte is the vessell of vitall and spirituall bloude and the other hauynge but one coate commynge from the lyuer is the vessell of nutritiue bloud And thys is generally in all veines except only the arteriall veynâ— whych as in the seuenth Chapiter I sayd procedeth immediatlye from the hearte And amonge all the veines there are two moste pryncipalle from whyche the braunches of all the reast procede that is to saye Vena porta and Vena Coele whiche some calle Vena Caua â—r Magna and these two haue their beginnings in the lyuer I fynde â—n Regiâ—ine sanitatis salerni the number of veines in mannes bodye to be three hundreth thre score and fyue wyth these woordes Ex tricentenis decies 〈…〉 But I thyncke thys number to be mente of â—â—tayâ—e notable veynes whyche by order of Anatomye maye be made open to the senses and not
scratch the bodye when it itcheth wherby muche noyous and fylthys humores are the better auoided For the skin wherof we laste spake beynge full of pores or smalle holes ordeyned of nature to expel such moistures and vapores as are noifull to the body hathe often times the saide pores opilated or stopped throughe the which stopping not only itche but diuers other euels happen to the members Wherfore the clawing or scratchinge of the nayles is in suche case vtyle and profitable for as muche as the sayde scratchynge is a meane to open the pores And the heares are also necessary for diuers vses the fyrste is it defendeth the brayne from to muche heate or to muche cold and from other incommodities Also it maketh the figure or forme of the face the more comelye and decentr and by the heare of the face man and womaÌ„ differ much by the colour of the hear we know the complexion of the brain and the other principal members Grosse vapores also and â—umosities in places nedefull are by the heares the more easilye expelled as experience proueth the swette and grosse vapores come soner forth where there is muche heare growynge then where there is lytle heare perceiued or sene Of the difference betwene the symple members and the compounde Cha. xiii IT is mere nowe sythe I haue called these members symple that I shewe wherefore I call them so and to shewe the difference betwene those that are symple and them that are not symple For howe maye they be called symple if there be not also compounde members wherby the symple maye be knowne as eche thynge is knowen by his contrarye I saye that the symple members are two wayes to be knowne from those that are compound by two notable dyfferences Firste a symple member if it he deuided in neuer so manye partes the least parte beareth the name of the whole as thoughe it were the whole thynge As for example the least parte of a bone is called bone the leaste parte of a synewe is synewe and the leaste parte of the fleshe is fleshe and so forthe oâ— all the reaste that are called symple For Totum similare praedicatur de suis partibus For the whyche cause as I sayde in the begynninge they are also called in greke Homocomres in latin Similiaria or coÌ„similaria membra that is to saye lyke for the leaste part is like it selfe in the whole Contrariwise it is nor so of the compound members For if a pece of a hand an arme a legge a foote a face or a heade be seperated from the whole it can not beare the name of the whole thinge from whyche it is separate therfore are they not called CoÌ„similaria as are the symple members but rather Dissimilaria and in Greke Anomocomeres that is to saye vnlyke because a parte of them beinge separated from the whole is not lyke but vnlyke it selfe in the whole for I can not call a pere of a hand a hand nor a pece of a heade a heade c. Secondlye the compounde members are so called because they are composed together of dyuers of those that are called symple As for example my hande is a compounde member for it is composed of bones gristels pannicles ligamentes muscles cortes synewes arteryes veynes fatte and skyn c. Contrariwyse the symple members wherof we haue spoken in all this lytell treatise as a bone a gristle c. are alone symple of them selues wythoute anye other to be named in them And thus haue I proued sufficientlye the difference betwene the symple members and those that are compounde And haue shewed howe that euerye member that is called compounde hathe hys composition of dyuers of them that are called symple Of the difference betwene the Spermatike and the Sanguine members The .xiiii. Chapter ANd nowe also since I haue called some of those symple members spermatike and other some sanguyne I thincke it good also that I shewe you howe I vnderstande for what cause they are so called I saye therfore that spermatike members are so called because they haue theyr bredynge and beginning of spermatike matter And are once ingendred and made by the sperme or seede of the parentes and neuer after For the which cause we saye in chirurgerye that spermatike members neuer receyue true regeneration nor true consolidation when anye solution of continuitye as a wounde vlcer Fistule c. happeneth in them But are fayne an other way to be holpen through the greate prouidence of nature whyche as I sayde before leaueth nothynge destitute of succoure in necessitye for a certeyne substance resemblynge fleshe called therfore Poros Sarcodes or as Lanfranke termeth it Caro Poroides is gathered together fulfyllinge the place and seruinge in the stede of that whiche was loste or separate And this is the helpe of spermatike members whiche of complexion are cold and drye wantinge all other matter of perfection wherby they myghte be truelye consolidate or regenerate But contrariwise the Sanguine members so named because their bredynge and beginning is of bloude called in Greke Haema and Phlegmos are daily regenerate and made in the bodye Because their sayde firste matter whych is bloude is euermore renewed and made agayn in the body So that when suche solution of continuitye as is sayde before happeneth in them there is made againe perfecte restauration or true consolidation For bloude theyâ— verye substance and fyrste matter is euer redye at hande to make perfecte agayne the same thynge so wasted or separated And truelye thys seemeth to me a necessarye thinge for the chirurgien to knew that when he seeth a wounde or anye disease in the members that maketh solution of vnitye that is to say that separateth that whyche before was whole and grewe together he maye Prognosticate and iudge truelye whether there maye be made true consolidation or not For suche true and certeine Prognostication bringeth the Chirurgien to estimation and worshippe And thus I vnderstande the difference betwene the spermatike and the Sanguine members and what vtilitye it bringeth to the Chirurgien to haue the true knowledge of them The Conclusion PEraduenture it will nowe be thoughte meete that I shoulde have defined what a member is For why shoulde suche wordes be multiplyed wythout perfecte knowledge vppon what grounde they are spoken I saye therfore by the authoritye of Galen in the firste boke of the vse of partes A member is a body that is not wholy separate nor wholye conioyned to an other And after Auicenn in the plurall number Members are bodies that are ingendred of the firste commixtion of humores And finallye I fynde â–ª that in the Anatomye there ought .ix. thynges to be soughte for the furtherance of knowledge that is to wite the composition the complexion the substance the quantitye the number the figure the operatioÌ„ the vtility or vse of members and what diseases maye
other bone is somewhat greater and longer stretchynge from the nether parte that is from the lyttle fynger to the elbowe and lyeth vppon the â—ther wyth a little bearinge out like a birdes bill in length to the adiutorye whyche bunche or knobbe maketh the forme of the elbowe when it is bowed â–ª whyche was made that this fasteninge wyth the ende of the adiutorye wyth the rowle or pulley thereof in the holowe cuppe shoulde be the more strong And that it shoulde not be dislocate or vnioynted wyth anye small occasion Therefore is the vpper focile supported vpon the heade of the adiutorye And thys place is bounde wyth stronge insensible bondes that by that meanes the situations of the bones maye be stronge and that they maye abide when a man lifteth burdeÌ„s and that the arme goe not backwarde nor outward And there the nether focill or maior bone of the cubitte aboute thys passynge oute hathe his shape or forme somwhat bowing Then nexte after the elbowe are the .ii. focilles aforsayde The vpper most wherof is called in Greke Cercis in Latin Radius and Focile minus The nethermoste Pechis in Latine Vlna Cubitus and focile Maius whiche are knit together endlonge by the meanes of ligamentes goinge betwene And the lesse bone goeth into the greater beinge made bothe as one And they are ioyned with the compaxion of bones in the wrest called Carpus or Brachiale which is made together of the .viii. bones called Rasseta foure of them beinge ordained wythoute the hande to the endes of the two focilles the other .iiii. be knit and bound together with the bones of the holowness of the hand called Ossa metacarpii And these bones haue no marowe in them because of their thicke and harde substance But the focilles haue marow in them for the cause before tolde in the bone called Adiutorium And allthoughe it shewe not in the lesse focill so manifestlye as it doth in the greater or maior bone yet in the lesse focill is a certeine holownesse in which is found moistnesse in the maner of marow which serueth there in the stead of marowe And after these bones Rasseta are constitute the bones of the palmes of the hands called Ostea metacarpiâ— .i. Postâ—rachialia Palma uel manus pectus whiche are foure in noumber and are ioyned closelye together per synarthrosim wyth the forsayde bones Rasseta And they are ioyntlye knit together at the other end wyth the bones of the .iiii. fingers and not wyth the bones of the thumbe For the fyrste great bone of the thumbe is knitte to the ende of the vpper focill in the ioynte and is therby made more stronge in mouynge then the other four and also by that meanes it is the more semelye and comely ioyned So of the palme together wyth the fyngers is made vp the hande called Manus in greke Cheir. In euerye finger wherof are thre bones called Digiti or Ossa digitorum saue in the Thumbe whiche hath but it so that in the fingers the thuÌ„be of eche haÌ„d are .xiiii. bones Wherfore wyth the bones Rasseta which are eyght in number besyde the bones Sesaminat all the bones of the arme from the shoulder to the endes of the fyngers are in nuÌ„ber .xxx. Upon these bones and ligamentes hithervnto descrybed are ordeined synewes which come from the .vi. and .vii payre of synewes of Nucha in the neck and from the fyrst of Metaphrenum Of which synewes being coÌ„pound mixed with ligamentes and intermedling of fleshe are made muscles or brawnes whiche moue the shoulders the adiutorye the elbowe and the arme In the ende of these muscles come oute Chordes whereby the fyngers are moued the lower members Of whiche muscles there is one greate and manifest in the middest of the adiutorye so that some parte of him is wythin and some parte wythout from the whyche are departed the Chordes or tendones that moue the arme after diuers partes And in the arme is an other open and manifest muscle beinge without the arme and bespredeth the arme about from whiche departeth diuers tendones whiche moue the fingers inwarde and outwarde as nede requireth The .iii. Chapiter ¶ Of the veines of the arme with their beginninges procedynges and howe incision is to be done in the arme and hande AFter these muscles are ordeined veines open priuy which serue to Phlebotomy of the whiche there be .vi. in number Wherof the firste is departed froÌ„ the veine vnder the arme hole or from the veines shewed in the arme holes â–ª which passeth by the shoulder is therfore called Humeralis in the nether parte or syde of the arme going to the vpper part of the elbow and there it is called Cephalica For he procedeth of the veine of which the one part goeth vp to the braine nurisheth those partes and the other part nourisheth the members of the armes by reason wherof he is so called And secondlye from Cephalica there procedeth a branche whiche apeareth betwene the thombe and the forefinger and there it is called Cephalica ocularis Thirdlye from this shoulder veine commeth forth a great conspicuous braunche beneathe the boughte of the arme in the insyde and from thence passeth slopewise ouer the small of the arme and there is called Funis brachii spreading from thence wyth diuers braunches to and on the backe of the hande From the arme hole in the inside commeth the fourthe veine seruinge to Phlebotomy whiche goeth by the inner syde of the adiutorye vnto the elbowe and apeareth in the nether side of the boughte of the arme and is called Basilica or Hepatica which procedeth towarde the hand by the lower focille and then there departeth from him a braunche whiche lyeth in the backe of the hande betwene the lyttle fynger and the nexte adioyninge and there is called of diuers men by diuers names as Saluatella or Plenatica wyth suche other and it is the .v veine of Phlebotomye Sixtlye in the middest of the boughte of the arme there appeareth an other veine whyche is made of .ii. branches conioyned together in one whereof the one springeth of Vena Cephalica the other commeth from Vena Basilica Thys veyne is called Vena Purpurea or Nigra Communis also Mediana and of some Cardiaca and commonlye with eche of these veynes preuilye or apertlye there is accompanied an arterye Also the muscles of these places are made of sinewy fibers with mixinge of fleshe and sinewye pannicles procedinge styll after the lengthe Of veines arteries and of feelynge synewes is made the vtter skin wherby it is nurished and made sensyble And as well the veiâ—â— â–ª whereby it is nourished and the arteries wherby it haâ—â—â—â—se as the sinewes wherby it hathe felinge and mouinge procede in the arme all accordinge to the lengthe These haue we made open and plain to the vnderstandinge because
is called also Anasarca Sarcites and commonly Hyposarca looke there Lilium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Latine Lilium atque Rosa iunonis wherof Dioscorides Lib. 3. mencioned two kyndes as Album and Croceum The leaues rootes of the white lilyes for that chiefly is vsed in medicine doe drye digeste and moderatly scoure away and therfore Cum oleo rosato are good for burnynges of fyre The floures therof consiste of a mixed temperament as of a substance partly subtil partly earthy partly watery and that temperate Wherof it foloweth the oyle made of them to bee of digestinge and mollifiyng facultie without byting and therfore is moste conuenient for the hardnesses of mother inflammations of the coddes and apostemes Linum FLaxe whiche is named in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as well as the seade therof called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est semen lini is of temperament whotte in the firste degree and meane betweene drye and moyste obteininge the same faculties that Fenigreke hath and is in meate flatuous yet doth it scatter and deuide and with boyled hony mollyfieth bothe inwardly and outwardly harde inflammations and beyng rawe taketh away the frecles and litle swellynges of the face Their brothe leadeth out excrementes and profiteth as well against the gnawyng of the guttes as also against inflammations and other diseases of the mother Lithargyrus DIoscorides in his fifte boke and .62 Chapiter treating of Lithargyros noteth three kyndes therof One to be made of a certeine leady sande in the fornaces an other of siluer and the thyrde of leade We of a common opinion also recken three sortes as of leade siluer of golde which two laste are indede both one thing though we haue of a long tyme by reason of the name though Lithargyrum aureū to come onely of golde For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is by common consent interpreted Spuma argenti and commeth thus as out of Brasauolus and Matthiolus I haue gathered When the finers of metalles hauing taken a masse of siluer out of his owne veyne woulde trie it from the metalles myxed therwith whiche are lead and brasse They put it into a certeyn fornace being first wrapped in plates of lead or into muche lead already melted in the fornace or meltyng pitte whiche is prepared of ashes after their maner On the whiche beinge melted together ryseth a certeyne spume whiche is gathered together with an Iron instrument and is called Spuma argenti And the same if the greater store of brasse therin doe geue vnto it a goulden coloure is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and vulgarly in Latin by the imitation of the greke Lithargyrum aurcum and that only for the coloure and yet is it not to be doubted but that of goulde there ryseth also a Spume in the triyng whiche I thynke may moste worthily be called Lithargyrum auri An other friuolous varietie of opinions there is about the sole or symple namyng of the same for the common opinion is that Lithargyrum so wrytten in receptes without any other addition of difference ough to be taken for litarge of lead Platearius woulde haue it taken for the litarge of goulde but the ancient and true interpretation is aboue shewed Lithargyros dryeth by the wytnesse of Galen moste moderatly consistynge in a certeyne measure bothe of qualities and faculties yet dothe it meanly bynde and scoure and is by ryght as a meane amonge other metalles And therfore vse we it as the matter or substance of others none otherwyse then wexe among thynges lyquide It healeth gaulynges or chafinges and beynge broken with wyne auayleth againste vlcers that are for their moisture harde to heale and that without gnawynge if it bee washed Lumbrici Looke at Vermes terrestres Lupinus CAlled in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a kynde of pulse described of maister Turner at large who calleth it figge bene whose immesurable bitternes sheweth it to be whotte and drye and hath vertue digestiue and scowryng away Beyng watered before they lose their bytternesse and may be eaten but they are of grosse nuryshement They kyll worines eyther layde to or eaten they purge also the lyuer and the splene and drawe out Menses foetum cum myrrha melle The meale of Lupines boyled in vineger Cum posca aut oxymelite digesteth blewe hurtes wennes and scrofules and mondyfieth scabbes scalles of the head and all maligne vlcers without mordication and purgeth the skynne of frecles spottes and blewe markes And thus muche of Lupinus Satiua for there is also Syluestris whiche I haue growynge in my garden at Maydstone whose vertues are lyke the former but they doe all these thynges more strongly Lycium IS the Juice of a thorny tree growyng chiefly in Capadocia and Lycia of three cubites heyght made by boylynge the infusion of the rootes and braunches therof to the thycknes of hony called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of Theophrastus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est Buxus asininus which we may call an asse boxe tree hauynge leaues lyke the bore tree with a lyght faste and bitter frute like pepper a pale coloured rynde not vnlyke to washed Lycium and many croked rootes Lycium that liquide medicine sayeth Galen digesteth and dryeth in the seconde degree heateth moderatly and consisteth of dyuers substances as one of thinne partes whotte and digestynge an other earthlye and colde Wherof it hath not a little adstriction and is vsed to the blewe markes of bruses to the inflāmations of the mouthe and fundamēt to exulcerations teters rottennes froward and stubbern vlcers to chafinges to sanious runnynge eares and to nayle wheles and putteth from the eyes the dulnes of syghte It is conuenient both in drynke and Clisters for the fluxe of the belly and Dysenteria and is geuen for the coughe and spitting of bloud And thus farre of the true thing For the Lycium that is now vsed and sold of the Apothecaries is of the learned iudged conterfeite deceiuable for that it is not apte to burne neyther yeldeth a redde spume when it is quenched as Lycium shoulde And where Lycium should be blacke without and redde within It is blacke both without and within An other kinde of Lycium also doth Dioscorides mentiō called Lycium Indicum made of a plant called Lonchitis which Dodonaeus affirmeth to be solde of the Apothecaries vnder the name of Sanguinis draconis for the which looke vnder the same title Malua 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so called of the Grecians of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est mollire because it mollifieth the belly and Varro contēdeth also it to be called Maluam quasi moluam for the cause aboue sayde is of Dioscorides and Galen deuided into two kyndes namely Hortensis for it is planted and groweth in gardines and Syluestris so called not because it groweth in wooddes or roughe places but wildly of it selfe in laye and
vntilled groundes And so of a great number moe Hereof there are two kyndes whervnto some doe also reken Althaea or Malua uiscus called of Aetius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherof vnder Althaea Malua agrestis sayeth Galen hath some digestinge and lyght mollifiyng facultie But Hortensis is apter to be eateÌ„ and frendly to the belly but yet hurtfull to the stomache and howe muche the more it hath of watery moysture so muche the weaker are the vertues therof So is the sede also so muche the stronger as it is dryer but Althaea dothe of all other digeste moste effectuously Of temperamente he sayeth it is whotte whiche the Arabians seme to deny Malowes sayth Dioscorides both healeth the stynging of bees and waspes and withstandeth the same and is good for the griefes of the mother the guttes and the bladder and beyng drunke in tyme is a remedy against al venims Malum punicum THe poÌ„granate is the frute of trée called in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Malus punica seu granata and is of twoo sortes as Satiua and Syluestris whose flowres seuerally and their faculties are touched vnder Balaustium A thyrd kynde also there is that kepeth a meane betwene the wylde and the tame of whose temperameÌ„tes Galenus lib. 8. De symp med fac sayeth thus in effecte Euery pomgranate hath some adstringent facultie but that surmounteth not in all for among them that are sharpe some are more swete then sowre and by the reason of those their chiefe qualities eyther the one or the other is vsed for beste Their graynes are of a driyng and byndyng iuice so are also their flowers and ryndes of them altogether may medicines be made very proffitable for the stomache Which in Li. 2. De com med secundum loca he affirmeth hym selfe to haue vsed to the griefes of the nose called Ozaena Polypus And in his boke De attenuante uictus ratione he disprayseth the pomgranates of Pontus as also he doth al other harde and pontike frutes But others sayeth he ye may moderatly vse for they are profitable to them that are greued with Cardialgia lib. 2. De alimentorum facultatibus Malum Appuls are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Mala as the apple tree is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Malus and are generally of two kyndes Hortense Syluestre wherof somwhat at Agresta other wise infinite and of dyuers natures as are also their leaues and ryndes The appuls that are adstringente haue a colde and earthy iuice and doe coole inflammations of heate and moysture The sharpe ones are bothe colde and subtyl and incysiue of meane temperamente are the swete ones whiche doe inclyne to heate as those that are watery and without taste doe bende to coldenes Of these vsed according to their qualities may the distemperatures of the stomache be cured as with the meanly sharpe and with very tarte appuls you may roborate the lose feynte stomache glewe together woundes and repercusse the fluxe of great inflammations but suche as are more watery doe put awaye lesse inflammations that doe but nowe begynne They are generally of harde digestion and ill iuice but may bee geuen after meate to suche as lacke apetyte and concocte slowly to suche also as are vexed with womyting Diarrhoea and Dysenteria Wherunto very tarte appulles are moste commodious Manna MAnna so called of the Arabians is sayeth Mesues the dewe of a vapor lyfted vp and concocted in a temperate and fertille ayre fallyng in the twye lyghte tymes sayeth Matthiolus through plesant aspectes vpon certeyne plantes and stones wherof there are twoo differences That whiche falleth vpon stones is coagulated round lyke droppes or sedes whiche oughte to bee newe swete whytyshe or at least a citrinyshe colour That whiche falleth on plantes bothe taketh of them some qualitie and hath myxed therwith some of their leaues and floures though not muche wherof that whiche is newe and whytyshe is beste Of this doubtlesse dyd Galen wryte In Lib. 3. De alimentis where he sayeth that in the mounte Libanus men vse yearly to spreade skynnes on the grounde and after they beate the trees gathering vp that whche falleth and fille pottes with the hony whiche they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoc est mel roscidum mel 〈◊〉 Though Auerois Cordubensis affirme â—ot without the opinion of dyuers great clerkes of late dayes Manna to haue ben vnknowne to Galen and it to haue comde in vse synce his tyme because in dede in all Galens workes there is no mention therof vnder that name Who mente by Manna and also Dioscorides with other olde Grecians a farre other thing as hereafter will apeare But Mesues procedynge sayeth that it somwhat excedeth the meane in heate scouteth and smotheth the throte the breste and the stomache purgeth choier gentilly and quencheth thyrste and mixed wyth strong medicines it bettereth their actioÌ„s And thus much of Manna Arabum who call it also Thereniabin uel Recentium named also Manna Orientalis for Manna Graecorum called also Manna Thuris are certeyne fragmentes taken out of pure frankincense whiche Galen calleth the drosse of the same affirming it to be of the same nature how be it somewhat more adstringent by reason of the frankincense ryndes that are somwhat myngled therwith wherof also at Thus. somwhat more Mandragora 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith Fuchsius a Circe because it is thought to worke amorous affectes of Pythagoras Anthropomorphos of the humane forme that the roote semeth somwhat to represent About the whiche the dotyng folly of some and the guylfull knauery of others haue Fuchsius and maister doctor Turner our countreyman rightwell detected Hereof after Dioscorides there are twoo kyndes as the male called Mandragoras mas uel Candida and also Mandragoras morion whyche is with vs not verye rare And the female called Mandragoras foemina uel nigra and of the lykenes that it hath with the leaues of Letuce 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vnknowne to vs as yet It cooleth by the testimonie of Galen in the thyrde excesse though saith he in the appuls ther is not a little heate and moisture whiche therfore prouoke depe sleapes The rynde of the roote doth bothe coole and drye The leaues of mandrage are profitable as sayeth Dioscordies for the inflammations and other affectes of the eyes caused of vlcers in them or in other partes howe so euer and mete to deuide euery harde tumore It is of suche mollifiynge vertues that Iuory as some thynke beyng boyled with the roote therof may be made softe and apte to be wrought Massacunia MAssacunia for so fynde I it wrytten in the prynted latin copy and interpreted the fylinge or scarpynge of earthen pottes glased is written of Almanzoar who for Albula