Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	course_n	equinoctial_a	zone_n	14	3	13.0170	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57390	The merchants map of commerce wherein the universal manner and matter relating to trade and merchandize are fully treated of, the standard and current coins of most princes and republicks observ'd, the real and imaginary coins of accounts and exchanges express'd, the natural products and artificial commodities and manufactures for transportation declar'd, the weights and measures of all eminent cities and towns of traffick in the universe, collected one into another, and all reduc'd to the meridian of commerce practis'd in the famous city of London / by Lewis Roberts, merchant.	Roberts, Lewes, 1596-1640.; Mun, Thomas, 1571-1641. England's benefit and advantage by foreign-trade.; Marius, John. Advice concerning bills of exchange.	1700 (1700)	Wing R1601_PARTIAL; Wing M608_PARTIAL; ESTC R1436	687,097	516

of Traffick stand in his Road the limits and bounds of Kingdoms the disposition of the Inhabitants the alteration of the Climates the Laws of those several Regions the Commodities that those Countries do afford for Merchandizing the plenty and scarcity thereof and lastly how they are supplied with forein Wares and Merchandizes either by Lands Seas or navigable Rivers and all these besides many other needful lessons may be hence learned and observed which laid up in memory both in the course of his life and traffick may in after-times much profit and advantage him The benefit reaped thereby being thus briefly expressed the thing it self challengeth in the next place to be handled which according to my skill and insight I shall succinctly touch so far as is needful to my present purpose Geography demonstrated Geography in brief then is an Art that doth demonstrate by rules in a flat level or Plano the whole Sea and Earth and the division thereof setting down by a certain method the limits and extents of Countrïes Provinces and Dominions of Princes the situation of Cities Towns Hills Rivers Woods c. The bounds of Seas Capes Islands c. All which is performed and expressed by apt lines numbers and parts of the Heavens and lastly it giveth rules to know the distances of the said places either in leagues or miles from one Country City or place to another all which being also necessary to be known by the Merehant I will in few words declare the same Maps and Cards First then to make the same more evident the ground of this Art is ordinarily demonstrated and best expressed in Maps and Cards which do comprize both the Earth and Waters of which making one entire body the Cosmographers do environ with five Circles the first is the Equinoctial then the two Tropicks and lastly the two Polar Circles thereby dividing the whole which now we call the World into five Zones two whereof are found to be cold two temperate and one extreme hot all which in these our days are found to be habitable contrary to the opinion of some ancient Cosmographers of which Circles and their particular parts divisions demonstrations and descriptions it will not be unproper I should briefly handle as an entrance into this work and for the better understanding of what is to follow hereafter The use of Maps and Cards in general Every Map or Card then for the most part is commonly traced with two sorts of lines or circles that is Meridians and Parallels Meridian the Meridians are either Right or Circular lines passing through both the Poles of the World and are imagined to be drawn right up and down from the head to the foot of the Map and called Meridians because that when the Sun cometh to touch any of those lines it is mid-day to those that dwell under the same Parallel And Parallels are either right or circular lines imagined to be equally distant one from another which do cross the aforesaid Meridians with right Angles and in the very midst of these Universal Maps and Cards are most commonly drawn from head to foot a right line which signifieth not only the first Meridian but also the Axletree of the World Poles Artick and Antartick the upper end of which line is call'd the Pole-Artick or the North-Pole and the nether end is called the Pole-Antartick or the South-Pole Equinoctial and this line is crossed in the very midst betwixt the two Poles with another great circle or rather right line called the Equinoctial because that when the Sun cometh to touch this line or circle the day and night is equal throughout the whole World the one half of which line towards the right hand sheweth the East part and the other half towards the left hand sheweth the West part of the World so as those two lines the first Meridian and the Equinoctial do point out the four Quarters of the World East West North and South from whence the four principal winds do blow between which winds are set down in all general Maps and generally in all Sea-Cards the other division of the winds which as not much pertinent to my present purpose I willingly omit Further It is to be noted that both the Equinoctial and the Meridian Circles or Lines are divided each of them into 360 degrees so as every quarter of them containeth 90 degrees and in the Equinoctial are set down the degrees of Longitude which is the length of the World round about from West to East and from East by West home again The first degree whereof beginneth where the first aforesaid Meridian crosseth the Equinoctial in the very midst of all Universal Maps in general and so proceedeth Eastward unto the number of 180 degrees which is as far as you can go Eastward for from thence by reason of the roundness of the Earth you must needs turn back again Westward until you come to the 360 degrees which is the last degree of Longitude and endeth where the first degree beginneth Moreover In the said first Meridian are set down the degrees of Latitude that is breadth of the World both in Nor hern and Southern for from the Equinoctial to the North-Pole are contained in the aforesaid Meridian 90 degrees and that is called the North Latitude and from the Equinoctial to the South-Pole are contained in the said Meridian other 90 degrees which is called the South Latitude and in most Maps the Equinoctial Line is divided and crossed with 18 Meridians on each side of the first Meridian dividing the Equinoctial into 36 several distances every distance containing 10 degrees and every degree containeth 60 Italian miles of length Circles Artick and Antartick Again betwixt the Equinoctial and each of the Poles are drawn certain Circles or Lines which as I said before are called Parallels of which most commonly it is found that four are pointed with red Ink signifying the four lesser Circles the highest towards the North-Pole is called the Circle-Artick which is 23½ degrees distant from the Pole and the lowest towards the South Pole is call'd the Circle-Antartick which is also distant 23½ degrees from the Pole 2 Tropicks 1 Cancer 2 Capricorn and as touching the other two red Circles the one lying betwixt the Circle-Artick and the Equinoctial it is called the Tropick of Cancer and the other lying betwixt the Equinoctial and the Circle Antartick that is called the Tropick of Capricorn and each of these two Tropicks is distant from the Equinoctial 23 degrees 2. 8. ½ which is the greatest declination of the Sun for betwixt these two Tropicks the Sun continually maketh his course and returneth mounting never higher than the Tropick of Cancer nor descending never lower than the Tropick of Capricorn for which cause some do set down in their Maps betwixt the said two Tropicks an overthwart line signifying the Ecliptick line under which the Sun continually walketh Five

Zones and where placed Furthermore By help of the said four Circles the Earth as I said before is divided into five Zones one hot two temperate and two cold The hot is contained betwixt the two Tropicks in the midst of which the Equinoctial line is placed of the two temperate Zones the one lieth betwixt the Tropick of Cancer and the Circle Artick and the other betwixt the Tropick of Capricorn and the Circle Antartick and of the cold Zones the one lieth betwixt the North Pole and the Circle Artick and the other betwixt the South Pole and the Circle Antartick Moreover besides the four special Parallels there be also divers other Parellels drawn on each of the Equinoctial both Northward and Southward which crossing in certain points the first Meridian marked with degrees do shew the true Latitude of every place and under what Clime or Parallel it is and also how many hours the longest day of any place under every Parallel is beginning to account the same either from the Equinoctial upward towards the North Pole along the first Meridian marked with degrees of Northern Latitude or else from the first Equinoctial downwards towards the South Pole marked with degrees of Southern Latitude The division of the World into four parts Also this World in all common Maps and Cards is divided into four parts Europe Africk Asia and America the bounds whereof will not be amiss here to be observed and how many miles each particular division containeth as well in Longitude as in Latitude according to the opinion of Mercator whom I willingly follow for my director in this point Europe Europe then is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea and on the South with the Mediterranean Sea on the East with the Flood Tanais and on the West with the West Oceane and Europe in measuring with a right line from the farthest part of Ireland on the West unto the Flood Tanais on the East both places having 52 degrees of Latitude Long. 2166 miles hath in Longitude 2166 miles and in measuring with a right line from the farthest part of Morea on the South whose Latitude is 35 degrees unto the North Sea side having 72 degrees of Latitude Lat. 2220 miles hath in Longitude 2220 miles or thereabouts Africa Africa is bounded on the North with the Straight Sea Gibralter and with the Mediterranean Sea and on the South with a Sea which divideth Africa from the South Land not yet to us fully known and on the East with the Red Sea and on the West with the great Atlantick Ocean and in the measuring of Africa with a right line from Gambra on the West unto the Cape de Gardaso on the East both places having 10 degrees of North Latitude Long. 4425 miles hath in Longitude 4425 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 50. degree of the Equinoctiall unto the Mediterranean Sea it hath in North Latitude 32 degrees which multiplied by 60 maketh 1920 miles and in South Latitude measuring with a right line from the 50. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Cape of bona Esperansa it hath 35 degrees which also multiplied by 60 makes 2100 miles Lat. 4020 miles which maketh the whole Latitude of Africa to be 4020 miles or thereabouts Asia Asia is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea and on the South partly with the Red Sea and partly with the other Seas and Gulphs adjoyning thereto on the East with the East India Ocean and the Straight Sea of Anian and on the West with the Flood Tanais and Fens of Meotis with the Cimmerian and Thracian Bosphorus the Euxine and Mediterranean Sea and part of the Arabian Gulph and Asia then in measuring with a right line from the mouth of the Flood Tanais to the Promontory Tamos both places having 50 degrees of Latitude Long. 4284 hath in Longitude 4284 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 150. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Promontory Tabin it hath in North Latitude 75 degrees Latit 4500. which being multiplied by 60 maketh 4500 miles America America is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea and on the South with the Magellanick Sea on the East with the Atlantick Ocean on the West with the West Indian Ocean and the Straights of Anian and in measuring with a right line from the Straights of Anian to the furthest part of Estotiland upon the 64. degree of Latitude hath in Longitude 164 degrees Long. 4264. which maketh 4264 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 270 degree of the Equinoctial unto the North Sea it hath in North Latitude 76 degrees which makes 4560 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 305. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Magellanick Sea it hath in South Latitude 53 degrees Latit 3210. which makes at 60 miles the degree 3210 miles Thus far shall suffice to have spoken in general of the Lines Circles and Divisions of the Universal Maps and Cards found to be made by our Modern Cosmographers That which cometh in the next place to be handled as the more material and useful part belonging to my present work is the knowledge and situation of every Kingdom Region City Mountain Flood and Lake found in this circumference also the knowledge of the Seas together with the Islands Ports Capes Points and Bays which do belong to every one of the aforesaid parts and divisions of the World and that are found therein comprised which principally is manifested and learned by the Longitude and Latitude thereof in it self which teacheth these particulars Latitude how accounted First The very situation of the place Secondly The very distance from one place or City to another Thirdly How one place lieth from another And lastly With what wind you may sail from one Point Cape or City maritime to another in which four things the chief use of Maps are found principally to consist First then The degrees of Latitude or the elevation of the Pole being both one thing is accounted from the Equinoctial to either Pole which is 90 degrees and the degrees of Longitude accounted upon the said Equinoctial from the Isles of Cape Verde towards the East and so round about the Earth till you come to the number of 360 degrees where it is to be noted that the Provinces and Towns situated under one and the same degree of Latitude have at the same time like hours of the day but those that are situated under divers degrees of Longitude do differ in number of hours and that is the cause that when it is in one Town noon-tide it is in another Town distant thence 30 degrees towards the East two a clock in the afternoon and so consequently for every 15 degrees distance it is then found to differ one hour in time Days and nights differ according to the Latitude Also those that dwell under

special Factor resident in Mosambique trading for his account keeping correspondence with other his Factors and sending Merchandize from one place to another for by this means the Kings of Portugal the first Navigators into these parts so far honoured Merchandizing that they held it no disparagement to raise thus some estate the better to perform and accomplish these long and chargeable Navigations and hence it grew that they bringing these Indian Commodities into Europe for their own account did by Commissioners contract with private Merchants for the same in Lisbon and other places Regal Contracts which hence from this Authority were termed Regal Contracts The other Commodities of this Countrey besides Gold in Sand and Ingots are Ambergreese Ebony-wood Ivory Elephants-teeth and many slaves both men and women which hence are carried principally to India as being reputed the strongest Moors in all the East Countreys and are put throughout India to the hardest labour and loathsomest drudgery Coins Measures and Weights in Mosambique and the Coast In order here according to my intended method for the Explanation of the Trade of this place and Countrey I should lay down the Coins current here and their valuation their Measures of length and their Weights used in Merchandizing but because that by the Collection I have made and the Observation that I have noted the Portugals at their first Conquest here brought with them their own Species and Coins as also their own Weights and Measures as a testimony of their Regality and Sovereignty and that the particulars thereof shall be more at large shewed in its due place when I come to handle the Trade of Lisbon from whence the same had its original I shall to avoid needless repetition desire the Reader to be reserred thereunto and so leaving this large Coast with this slender Survey I shall proceed to what doth rest behind of Africa which is better known unto us and wherewith our Nation is more familiarly acquainted CHAP. XXIX Of AEGYPT and the Provinces thereof Aegypt and the Trade thereof AEGYPT on the East is bounded with the Red-Sea on the West with Cyrene on the North with the Mediterranean Sea and on the South with Habasia Nilus This Countrey is watered by the fruitful River Nilus which for the more benefit of the spreading Plains divides it self into seven Channels and begins about the fifteenth of June to rise and swell above his banks and for forty days doth so continue and within forty days again collecteth it self into its own limits all the Towns here are seated on the tops of Hills which during this flood appear to strangers like Islands Intercourse and Commerce being all this time preserved by Boats Skiffs and Lighters instead of Camels and Horses this River is in length 3000 miles and when it is found not to swell it portendeth some fatal accident either to Countrey or Srvereign Alexandria In this Countrey are found these famous Towns for Traffick Alexandria built by Alexander the Great the most eminent Sea Port of all Aegypt and whither before the discovery of the Indies was the Scale of those Commodities which since we find to come thence and then most frequented by the Venetians who had almost the sole Trade of the Commodities of India and Aegypt in their own hands and from them dispersed and transported through Europe and who to this day yet keep a Consul there for the Protection of their Merchants Damiata The next is Damiata seated at the entrance of one of the Channels of Nilus the Command whereof cost much blood in the days of those Wars in the Holy-Land by the Western Christians Suesa The next is Sues a Haven of consequence standing at the North end of the Red-Sea wherein the Great Turk keeps a Station for his Gallies commonly built in Cairo and afterward carried thither by Camels to command his Dominions in those parts Rossetta The next is Rosseta seated on the principal Channel of Nilus and in a triangle from the two above-named Cities of Alexandria and Cairo serving for a Scale for both Cairo The last and most principal is Cairo the chief of this Countrey containing 18000. Streets and each Street being every night locked up and barred which makes the City impregnable of which more hereafter The Trade of Aegypt in times past setled in Alexandria I find some Authors to have left for a remembrance behind them a touch of the Trade of this Countrey in times past practised by the commodiousness of the Red-Seas which entreth into the heart of this Countrey and because that Galuano relateth the beginning continuance and period of this Trade I will briefly follow his words P●ol Philadelphus then 277 years before the Incarnation was the first that gave beginning and set afoot this Navigation bringing the Spices Drugs and Commodities of Arabia and India through the Red-Sea into Aegypt to the Port of Alexandria where the Venetians as then the only famous Merchants of Christendom brought up the same and were the first that this way dispersed it through Europe Africa and Asia Casir in the Red-Sea Casir being then the principal Haven Town in the Red-Sea whence their Voyage to India was set forth and begun and where the same afterward was ended Coptus and from thence by Land these Commodities were conveyed to Coptus a Town now altogether inhabited by Jacobite Christians and so thence down the River Nile to Alexandria in the Mediterranean Sea by which Traffick this City became so rich and eminent that the Custom-house there yielded to Ptol. Aalates 7½ millions of Gold and afterward when the Romans came to be Lords of Aegypt they found it to yield them fifteen millions These last augmented this Trade and sent into India every year by the testimony of Pliny an hundred and twenty Sail of Ships whose Lading was outward bound worth 120000 Crowns and it produced in profit at the return homeward for every Crown a hundred But when the Vandals Lombards Goths and Moors had rent asunder the Roman Empire all Commerce in these parts between these Nations began to cease but when the inconvenience and discommodity thereof was sensibly discerned and perceived it was begun again and set afoot anew by other Princes that coveted this rich Trade And removed to Caffa in the Euxine Sea conveying the Indian Commodities afterward with great difficulty partly by Land and partly by Water to Capha in the Black-Sea as then belonging to the Genoese but this by reason of the long way and dangerous passage being found too tedious and prejudicial Then to Trabesond Sarmachand c. Trade which is ever found to have a secret Genius and hidden course of it self was removed for these and other causes to Trabesond which was then conceived the fittest Mart-Town then Sarmachand in Zagethai had it where the Indian Persian and Turkish Merchants met to barter their Commodities the Turks thence conveying the same

leave no Objection unanswered if it should be said that a Statute comprehending the English as well as the Stranger must needs keep our Mony in the Kingdom What shall we get by this if it hinder the coming in of Mony by the decay of that ample Trade which we enjoyed in the Freedom thereof Is not the Remedy far worse than the Disease Shall we not live more like Irishmen than Englishmen when the King's Revenues our Merchants Mariners Shipping Arts Lands Riches and all decay together with our Trade Yea but say some Men we have better hopes than so for the Intent of the Statute is that as all the Forein Wares which are brought in shall be employed in our Commodities thereby to keep our Mony in the Kingdom So we doubt not but to send out a sufficient Quantity of our own Wares over and above to bring in the Value thereof in ready Mony Although this is absolutely denied by the Reasons afore-written yet now we will grant it because we desire to end the Dispute For if this be true that other Natitions vent more of our Commodites than we consume of theirs in value then I affirm that the over-plus must necessarily return unto us in Treasure without the Use of the Statute which is therefore not only fruitless but hurtful as some other like restrictions are found to be when they are fully discovered CHAP. XI It will not increase our Treasure to enjoyn the Merchant that exporteth Fish Corn or Munition to return all or part of the Value in Mony VIctuals and Munition for War are so precious in a Common-Wealth that either it seemeth necessary to restrain the Exportation altogether or if the Plenty permits it to require the return thereof in so much Treasure which appeareth to be reasonable and without difficulty because Spain and other Countries do willingly part with their Mony for such Wares although in other occasions of Trade they straightly prohibit the Exportation thereof All which I grant to be true yet notwithstanding we must consider that all the Ways and Means which in course of Trade force Treasure into the Kingdom do not therefore make it ours for this can be done only by a Lawful Gain and this Gain is no way to be accomplished but by the Over-ballance of our Trade and this Over-ballance is made less by restrictions Some restrictions hinder Trade Therefore such Restrictions do hinder the Increase of our Treasure The Argument is plain and needs no other Reasons to strengthen it except any Man be so vain to think that Restrictions would not cause the less Wares to be exported But if this likewise should be granted yet to enjoyn the Merchant to bring in Mony for Victuals and Munition carried out will not cause us to have one Peny the more in the Kingdom at the Years end For whatsoever is forced in one way must out again in another way because only so much will remain and abide with us as is Gained and Incorporated into the Estate of the Kingdom by the Over-ballance of the Trade This may be made plain by an example taken from an Englishman who had occasion to buy and consume the Wares of divers of Strangers for the Value of one thousand Pounds he sold them to the said Strangers and presently forced all the Mony from them there remained only four hundred Pounds to the said Englishman for Over-ballance of the Wares bought and sold so the rest which he had received was returned back from whence he forced it And this shall suffice to shew that whatsoever courses we take to force Mony into the Kingdom yet so much only will remain with us as we shall gain by the Ballance of our Trade CHAP. XII The Vndervaluing of our Mony which is delivered or received by Bills of Exchange here or beyond the Seas cannot decrease our Treasure THE Merchants Exchange by Bills is a Means and Practice whereby they that have Mony in one Country may deliver the same to receive that again in another Country at certain Times and Rates agreed upon whereby the Lender and the Borrower are accommodated without transporting of Treasure from State to State These Exchanges thus made between Man and Man are not contracted at the equal value of the Monies according to their respective Weights and Fineness First because he that delivereth his Mony doth respect the Venture of the Debt and the time of Forbearance but that which causeth an under or over-valuing of Monies by Exchange is the Plenty or Scarcity thereof in those Places where the Exchanges are made For Example when here is plenty of Mony to be delivered for Amsterdam then shall our Mony be under-valued in Exchange because they who take up the Mony seeing it so plentifully thrust upon them do thereby make advantage to themselves in taking the same at an undervalue And contrarywise when here is Scarcity of Mony to be delivered for Amsterdam the Deliverer will make the same Advantage by over-valuing our Mony which he delivereth Plenty of Mony makes the Exchange cheap and all other things dear And thus we see that as Plenty or Scarcity of Mony in a Common-wealth doth make all Good things Dear or Cheap so in the Course of Exchange it hath ever a contrary Working wherefore in the next Place it is fit to set down the true Causes of this Effect As Plenty or Scarcity of Mony do make the Price of the Exchange high or low so the Over or Under-ballance of our Trade doth effectually cause the Plenty or Scarcity of Mony And here we must understand that the Ballance of our Trade is either General or Particular The General is when all our yearly Traffick is jointly valued as I have formerly shewed the Particular is when our Trade to Italy France Turky Spain and other Countries are severally considered and by this latter Course we shall perfectly find out the Places where our Mony is under or over-valued in Exchange For although our general Exportations of Wares may be yearly more in value than that which is Imported whereby the difference is made good to us in so much Treasure nevertheless the Particular Trades do work diversly For peradventure the Low-Countries may bring us more in value than we sell them which if it be so then do the Low-Country Merchants not only carry away our Treasure to ballance the Accompt between us but also by this means Mony being plentiful here to be delivered by Exchange What kinds of Plenty or Scarcity of Mony make the Exchange high or low it is therefore undervalued by the Takers as I have before declared and contrary wise if we carry more Wares to Spain and other Places than we consume of theirs then do we bring away their Treasure and likewise in the Merchant's Exchange we over-value our own Mony Yet still there are some who will seem to make this Plain by Demonstration that the Under-valuing of our Mony by Exchange doth carry it out