Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	concern_v	sun_n	zone_n	32	3	12.8762	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A03576	The vse of both the globes, celestiall, and terrestriall most plainely deliuered in forme of a dialogue. Containing most pleasant, and profitable conclusions for the mariner, and generally for all those, that are addicted to these kinde of mathematicall instrumentes. VVritten by T. Hood mathematicall lecturer in the citie of London, sometime fellow of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge.	Hood, Thomas, fl. 1582-1598.	1592 (1592)	STC 13698; ESTC S106231	107,894	188

Is there any excellent thing to be gathered by the meridian altitude of the Sunne or starre M. Yea for it bringeth vs to the eleuation of the pole for considering that each seuerall eleuation of the pole hath a seuerall and peculiar eleuation of the Sunne or starres therefore by it wee may knowe the eleuation of the pole If the eleuation of the Sunne or starres be equall to the complement of their declination then are wee iust vnder the equator and bothe the poles are in the horizon If the eleuation be equall to their declination then are wee iust vnder the pole The other eleuations of the pole are found by addition or subduction ●n this manner If the Sunne or starre decline toward the pole eleuated the declination being subducted from the meridian altitude leaueth the heigth of the equator which is alwayes the complement of the eleuation of the pole therefore if you take the heigth of the equator from 90. you haue the eleuation of the pole If the Sunne or starre decline from the pole eleuated their declination added to the meridian altitude geueth the heigth of the equator and consequently the heigth of the pole P. But what if the Sunne or starre haue no declination M. Then is this a generall rule that the Sunne o● starre is then in the equator and therefore the Meridian altitude expresseth the height of the equator which being subducted from 90 geueth the pole Thus much concerning the meridian altitude of the Sunne or Starr● The intermeridian altitude is the distance of the Sunne or Starre from the Horizon when they are in some other place of heauen and not in the meridian This altitude is either antemeridian or postmeridian The antemeridian altitude is the distance of the Sunne or Starre from the Horizon at any time before noone the post meridian altitude is the distance of the Sunne or Starr● from the Horizon after noone And for so much as th● Sunne or Starre by their proper motion make but sma● difference in their place so that it cannot sensibly be perceaued in the after noone a that they haue moue frō that place wherin they were in the forenoone therfore we say that the antemeridian postmeridian altitude of the Sunne or Starres is all one this being supposed that they bee equally distant from the meridian 〈◊〉 searching out the antemeridian or postmeridian altitude of the Sunne or Starres the rule is all one with that generall rule which I gaue you before so that the Sunne o● Starre be supposed to be in any place aboue the Horizon bet weene it and the Meridan P. But put case that I did not suppose the Sunne or Starre to bee in any place may not I finde out b● the Globe their certaine and true altitude which the haue in heauen M. This you must vnderstand that some thinges ar● found out immediatly some things mediatly by certain meanes If the Sunne shine hee will bewray his own height by the helpe of the sphericall gnomon but the height of the starres cannot so bee found out for they require the knowledge of the houre or some other such like thing as you shall perceaue hereafter P. Tell me then how shall I finde the height of the Sunne by the sphericall gnomon M. Rectify your Globe perfectly in the open aire where the Sunne shineth so that it may stand precisely North and South and that the Horizon be leuel and the pole raised as it is conuenient set your spherical gnomō vpon the place of the sunne on the East or West side of the globe acording as the time requireth and turne the globe to and fro vntill the gnomō geue no shadow thē if you fasten the globe that it moue not bring the quadrant of altitude ouer the place of the sunne the degrees therof intercepted between the place of the sunne the Horizon wil expres the true height of the sunne Thus much concerning the altitude of the sun or starres P. Now teach me how I may know how long they continue aboue the Horizon M. Here you must note this that for so much as the sunne is the efficient cause of the day therefore to know how long he continueth aboue the horizon is to know the length of the day which is found in seuerall manners First thus Bring the degree which the sunne possesseth to the East side of the horizon then rectify the index setting if vpon 12. a clock in the houre circle Turn the globe about vntill the said degree come to the West side of the Horizon the hours which the index runneth ouer expresse the continuance of the sunne aboue the Horizon in like maner may you finde how long any starre continueth aboue the Horizon The second way to finde out the continuance of the Sunne or starre aboue the Horizon is by the difference of ascension taken twise P. Why doe you take the difference of ascension M. This you shall perceaue by the Globe that in a right Sphere there is no point of heauen which doth not rise and set within the space of 12. houres so that the day is neuer longer than 12. houres neither doth any starre continue aboue the Horizon longer than that time But in an oblique Sphere if the Sunne or starres be not in the equinoctiall the day is either longer or shorter than 12. houres If the Sunne or starres decline toward the pole eleuated their continuance is longer if from that pole their continuance is shorter aboue the horizon than 12. houres by the difference of ascension twise taken as I finde before P. But why take you this difference twise M. The one declareth how much the Sunne or any Starre ariseth sooner or later in an oblique than it doth in a right Sphere the other telleth how much sooner or later it setteth and thereupon wee frame our rule thus if the difference of ascension of the Sunne or starre declining toward the pole eleuated be twise taken and added to 180. degrees the totall summe conuerted into houres and partes of houres as occasion offereth shall declare the continuance of them aboue the ground Againe if the difference of ascension of the Sunne or starre declining from the pole eleuated be twise taken and subducted from 180. degrees the remainder conuerted into houres c. declareth their continuance aboue the ground P. The length of the day being found what may be inferred thereupon M. Many things both pleasant and profitable in Astronomie as the eleuation of the pole If the day be continuallie but 12. houres long then are wee precisely vnder the equator If the day be 6. moneths long then are wee directlie vnder the pole The other eleuations are found out thus Diuide the length of the day into two equall partes and conuert the houres into degrees as if the day be 16. houres long the halfe thereof is 8. houres which containe 120. d. From the head of Aries count these degrees in the equator to the West

〈◊〉 winter because the ayre is more purged the starres do ●ine very forceably whereupon it cōmeth to passe that our sight may be deceaued in them and causeth vs to ●hinke that wee perceaue more starres than indeede wee wee doe where as wee doe not see more starres but onely certaine appearances of them procured by their vehement brightnes and twinckling and by the wauering of the ayre Let this also be an other reason the nearer the Sunne is to the ground the more lightsome is the ayre aboue it the more lightsome the ayre is the fewe● Starres are seene therefore considering that in Summer the depression of the Sunne is but litle and in winter great whereby the ayre in the night time in Summer is more lightened than in winter herevpon it commeth to passe that the starres seeme fewer in Summer than in winter P. Thus much for the number of the starres wha● is their Magnitude M. Their Magnitude is a certaine quantitie wherby the starres differ one frō an other The seuerall Magnitudes obserued in the starres are sixe vnto the which are adioyned certaine other which are called of the Latines Nebulosae Obscurae cloudie and obscure o● darke starres All there Magnitudes are expressed in the Globe with seuerall formes set downe before the nose o● the Greater Beare so that hauing an eye to those forme● you may easily learne what Magnitude any starre hath that is placed in the Globe P. How many starres are there of each seuerall Magnitude M. There are 15. of the first Magnitude of the second 45. of the third 208. of the fourth 474. of the fift 217. of the sixt 49. The cloudie starres are 5. the obscure 9. But you must still remēber this that in this account those starres are not cōtained which are inscribed in the Globe according to the report of the Portugals yet their seuerall Magnitudes may be knowne by their forme P. So I suppose but yet these which you haue now counted make but 1022. you reckoned before 1025. M. It is true but you must note this that com●ōly in rehearsing the number of the starres the Astro●omers omit those which are in the haire of Berenice if ●hey be added the whole number is 1025. P. Of what bignesse may the starres be M. Some of them are 107. some 90. some 72. times ●igger than the earth But of this matter I haue written ●argely in my Booke concerning the vse of the Celestiall Globe in Plano wherein you may satisfie your selfe cōcerning their quantitie P. The nexte thing to be spoken of touching the ●tarres is their qualitie what haue you to deliuer concerning that M. This worde qualitie hath a very large signification and may be applied almost to what soeuer is not of ●he substance of the Starres But I will speake onely of ●heir twinckling and figure P. What is the cause why the starres do twinckle M. The continuall motion of the aire in which ●here are two motions to be considered the one is pro●●er to the aire which is vpward in a right line the other is vnproper receaued from the Heauens For as the Heauen is caried about in the space of 24. houres so doth it ●ead with it what soeuer is moueable within it whereby ●t commeth to passe that the forme of the Starres appea●ing in it is greatly distracted so that it seemeth to vs to ●●ast forth sparkles which we call the twinckling thereof This may easily be confirmed by the water which running on swiftly causeth the Starres which are by reflexiō●eene in it to twinckle much more than they doe in the aire by reason that it is a grosser bodie and the motio● thereof is to vs more sensible than the motiō of the aire P. If the motion of the aire be the cause of th● twinckling of the Starres why should not the Plane●● twinckle as well as they M. The reason why the Planets do not twinckle i● their nearenesse vnto vs whereby it commeth to pass● that their beame is lesser troubled and distorted P. Doth the twinckling of the Starres signifie any thing M. It doth signifie the motion of the ayre generallie but if it bee more than vsuall it signifieth winde Thus much concerning that matter now followeth the figure of the Starres The figure is eyther common o● peculiar The common figure considered in euery one is the roundenesse for this wee holde that the figure of euerie Starre is rounde and not three or foure square of this there are sundrie argumentes First our sence which iudgeth the Starres to be rounde agayne the most noble bodie as I saide before requireth the most noble forme the most excellent bodies are the heauenly bodies therefore they craue a rounde figure for that of all other is counted most excellent To conclude the Moone geueth vs a most certaine argument of this roundenesse for she doth not onely appeare so at the full but at all other times shee receaueth her light circularly from the Sunne P. Yet that is not alwayes so for in the firste quarter and the thirde her light is parted with a right line M. The reason of that is yeelded by the Maisters of Perspectiue who truely affirme that euery great circle in Sphericall bodie standing full before our sight ●●emeth to be a right line This therefore shall serue for 〈◊〉 confirmation of the common figure belonging to euery Starre which is their roundenesse The peculiar fig●re is that which is considered but in some and is call●d a Constellation P. What is a Constellation M. A Constellation is a certaine number of starres r●presenting by there place order after a certaine sort the forme of some naturall or artificiall thing It is otherwise called an Asterisme forme or figure P. Are all the stars inclosed within these cōstellatiōs M. You may easily see by the Globe they are not there are 108. exēpted by the ancient Astronomers which the called informes vnformed yet of later time 6. of thē●●ue beene reduced into the figure of Antinous and ●●ree into the haire of Berenice P. Why were the starres brought into cōstellatiōs M. For instructions sake things cannot be taught ●ithout names to giue a name to euery one had beene both troublesome for the Maister and for the Scholler ●●oublesome for the Maister to deuise troublesome for the Scholler to remēber As the merchant therefore ca●eth all his billes of one kinde into one boxe out of ●●at boxe can fetch them as occasion serueth euen so the ●stronomers haue reduced many starres into one Con●●llation that thereby they may tell the better where to ●●eke them and being founde how to expresse them P. Why did they bring them into these figures and into none other M. There be 3. seuerall reasons which induced thē●ereunto First these figures expresse some propertie of the Starres as those of the Ramme to be hote drie so● so is the Ramme Andromeda chained betokeneth imprisonment The head of Medusa cut of signifieth th● losse of that member

I runne South about 60. leagues sometimes South Southwest as many leagues then South and by East 100. leagues then after that Southwest I know not how farre but I finde my selfe to bee in four degrees of latitude South ward How shall I obserue this course vpon the Globe M. If you were perfect in that which I haue taught you you would not make a doubt of this but for so much as you are but yet a nouice herein I will exempli●ie the matter vnto you that by this one example you may gather what you haue to doe in the rest The example shall be that which you haue propounded supposing the place from whence wee set sayle to be the Southermost side of cape de verde at that place where the tenth ●●eridian or circle of longitude toucheth the land First Therefore in that meridian I count 60. leagues which are degrees where I make a mark whereby I find my selfe ●o be in 11. degrees of latitude and vnder the same messdian from thence you ranne according to your suppo●tion 60. leagues from the marke which I made in the 〈◊〉 circle of longitude I draw with a blacke leade an ob●ture parallell which shall cut the Rhombe of South ●outh west in that Rhombe I account 60. leagues which ●●e three degrees as I did before and from thence pre●ntly toward the Cape I draw a parallell to the equator ●●en taking with my compasses the 6o leagues noted in ●e Rhombe of South Southwest I set the one foote of ●y compasses in the marke made in the 10. circle of lon●tude stretch the other foote westward to the paral●● which was last drawen and there make a marke Here I finde my selfe to be almost in the eight degree of latitude and from the place of my departure a little more than sixe score leagues and from the meridian thirtie leagues Afterward you suppose your course to be South and by East an hundred leagues continuing the last parallell vnto that Rhombe I count in it an hundred leagues making a marke therein as I did before and frō it also drawing a parallell line toward the cape then my compasse being extended to an hundred leagues I set the one foot in the marke made in the former parallell and turne the other Eastwards according to my direction vntill I touch this last parallel which was described there also I make a pricke your last course was Southwest you know not how farre but you found your selfe to be in foure degrees of South latitude I bring the meridian to the rhombe of Southwest and there make a note vnder the fourth degree of latitude and from thence I draw another parallell toward the Cape then taking as much of the Rhombe of Southwest as was contained between these parallell lines I set the one foote of my compasse in the marke which was last made and extend the other foote to the last parallell making a marke therein which is the place of my being and thereby I gather that I am fallen to the Southward of the line foure degrees am distant from cape verde 390. leagues and from the meridian from whence I departed 140. Thus much concerning the vse of the rhombes described vpō the terrestrial globe There remaine now Philoma a thes none of the circles of the Globe to be spoken of but the lesser circles onely which are the limites of the siue Zones whereof mention was made in the ende of the celestial Globe The vse of the which circles in the terrestriall Globe is no more than this to signify what inhabitants of the earth doe dwell in euerie Zone and who they bee which feele that distemperature or temperature of heate and cold Whereby you may perceaue how great●y they erred which though the temperate Zones onely to be habitable and the other by meanes of their extre●mitie of heate and cold to be vnhabited P. Concerning the qualities of the 5. Zones I would gladly be resolued in those questions first whether each part of the burning Zone be of a like heate and if they be not which is the hottest Secondly whether the other Zones bee of a likely condition or if they bee not which exceedeth one another in their qualities M. I will willingly satiffy your desire and that so much the rather because some of the argumentes vsed in deciding those questions may be expressed on the globe You must here note what be the efficient causes effectes are counted 3. First the heat is caused by the perpendicu●tity Secondly the long abroad Thirdly the neerenes of the Sunne The cold therefore must be effected by the obliquitie by the ●mall abode and by the elongation of ●he sunne This also standeth with reason that where here are most causes there must be the greatest heate or old Let vs therefore examin them in the Zones begin●ing first with the burning Zone For so much as the bur●ing Zone is contained within the Tropickes so many ●herefore as inhabit that Zone must of necessity haue the ●unne perpendicular vnto them so that in that respect shey are all equall though in the other causes they disare●e The abode of the Sunne is lesser vnder the Equa●●r than vnder the tropickes for the day is but of 12. houres vnder the equator but vnder the tropickes it 〈◊〉 13. ½ And somewhat more Moreouer the Sunne comming toward the Equator and depatting from it declineth almost in one moneth so much as he doth in moneths neere to the tropickes Last of all the Sunne comming toward the equator keepeth on his course 〈◊〉 rectly not comming that way agayne till halfe a yea● be past but comming toward the tropickes as he h●teth the earth mightily by his slow ascending so doth encrease the heart by his slow descending and his so dait returne The heate therefore neare vnto the tropickes greater than vnder the equator P. Then which is the hotter of the two tropickes M. Then tropicke of Capricorne for it hath not o●ly the Sunne perpndicular and continuing a long ti●● aboue the horizon as the other tropicke hath But 〈◊〉 hereafter you your selfe will confesse according as y●● goe one forwarde in these studies Hereupon the cond question may bee resolued that of the two ●●zones the antarcticke is the colder and in the tem●rate zones the winter is colder to the Southward th● to the Northward for albeit hee bee oblique to th● both and continue a like time aboue ether of their 〈◊〉 rizons yet for so much as in Winter hee is neer●● them that dwell in the Northren zones than to th●● that dwell in the Southern zones they therefore h●● the warmer Winter and consequently the colder Su●mer Hauing now answered your questions it maineth Philomathes to aduise you to acquaint y●● selfe throughly with your globe not onely that you 〈◊〉 be readie to perform those conclusions which you 〈◊〉 learned but also that you may know and distinguish the seuerall partes of the world with the chiefe Kingdomes Cities Capes neckes of land Seas Streightes and Riuers throughout the whole world for it wil be vnto you a great disgrace especially in this our trauelling age not ●o be cunning in these thinges which cunning you may ●asily attaine vnto if you doe but furnish your studie with the Globes and now and then as your leasure ser●eth looke vpon them P. I will doe mine indeuor especially because as I ●ue a good hope of the profite that may ensue so I find ●●e pleasuce to be exceeding great And to you sit for the ●ines which you haue taken in furthwering my study I al thinke my selfe greatly beholding so longe as I liue M. That is my desire Philomathes to make ●●ng students to be beholding vnto me if so be here●er you shall stand in need of my helpe ether through getfulnes or hardnes of that which I haue taught you if you will repaire to my poore lodging in Abchurch lane you shall find me ready to doe you what pleasure I can And so farewell FINIS