from_o the_o middle_n and_o send_v forth_o ray_n it_o signify_v a_o moist_a and_o windy_a season_n 3._o if_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v pale_a in_o his_o set_n but_o if_o it_o be_v red_a the_o air_n will_v be_v quiet_a and_o serene_a the_o next_o day_n 4._o if_o the_o sun_n be_v pale_a set_v in_o black_a cloud_n it_o signify_v a_o northwind_n 5._o if_o that_o the_o moon_n be_v red_a like_o unto_o gold_n it_o be_v deem_v a_o certain_a sign_n of_o a_o wind_n according_a to_o the_o verse_n pallida_fw-la luna_fw-la pluit_fw-la rubicunda_fw-la fiat_fw-la alba_fw-la serenat_fw-la 6._o a_o circle_n about_o the_o moon_n 7._o if_o that_o the_o northern-horn_n or_o corner_n of_o the_o moon_n appear_v more_o extend_v a_o northwind_n be_v approach_v 8._o if_o that_o the_o southern_a a_o southwind_n be_v at_o hand_n 9_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o the_o more_o note_a star_n as_o of_o the_o bear_n orion_n and_o especial_o the_o goat_n with_o the_o sun_n 10._o if_o the_o small_a star_n in_o 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yet_o such_o as_o be_v more_o thick_a and_o less_o attenuate_v but_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n there_o be_v no_o wind_n for_o the_o most_o part_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n by_o reason_n of_o which_o ray_n be_v very_o seldom_o see_v at_o that_o season_n viz._n because_o that_o the_o sun_n overmuch_o attenuate_v the_o exhalation_n and_o do_v not_o permit_v they_o so_o to_o conjoin_v or_o meet_v in_o such_o a_o quantity_n as_o be_v require_v to_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o wind_n which_o cause_n be_v not_o general_a or_o always_o true_a and_o neither_o be_v it_o general_o true_a that_o in_o the_o heat_n of_o summer_n there_o be_v no_o wind_n for_o here_o we_o be_v only_o to_o understand_v it_o concern_v that_o which_o oftentimes_o happen_v but_o in_o the_o sharp_a winter_n the_o wind_n be_v more_o rare_a and_o that_o by_o reason_n that_o both_o few_o vapour_n be_v raise_v from_o the_o earth_n and_o those_o also_o that_o be_v elevate_v be_v either_o condense_a into_o cloud_n 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north_n wind_n yet_o because_o that_o this_o wind_n be_v not_o so_o continual_a and_o certain_a therefore_o mariner_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o call_v it_o a_o motion_n neither_o be_v it_o a_o easy_a matter_n to_o render_v a_o cause_n of_o this_o wind_n in_o these_o month_n unless_o you_o will_v refer_v it_o to_o copious_a thick_a vapour_n or_o to_o a_o continnual_a pressure_n make_v from_o thick_a cloud_n but_o those_o that_o have_v winter_v in_o nova_n zembla_n testify_v that_o there_o be_v a_o most_o frequent_a north_n wind_v all_o the_o time_n of_o the_o winter_n where_o this_o effect_n can_v be_v ascribe_v unto_o the_o sun_n rarify_n the_o air_n see_v that_o he_o lie_v obscure_v under_o the_o horizon_n yet_o i_o suppose_v that_o in_o general_a the_o cause_n may_v proceed_v from_o the_o dissolve_v of_o snow_n or_o gross_a vapour_n or_o cloud_n collect_v in_o the_o winter_n in_o the_o northern_a and_o southern_a place_n especial_o on_o the_o mountain_n which_o i_o be_o induce_v to_o 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again_o opposite_a four_o day_n of_o the_o year_n in_o two_o of_o which_o the_o sun_n shall_v obtain_v a_o middle_a distance_n from_o the_o place_n give_v if_o therefore_o the_o place_n give_v be_v north_n take_v two_o of_o those_o four_o day_n whereof_o one_o happen_v between_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n this_o shall_v be_v the_o entrance_n of_o the_o spring_n the_o other_o between_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n this_o shall_v be_v the_o entrance_n of_o autumn_n but_o if_o the_o place_n give_v be_v south_n from_o those_o four_o day_n you_o must_v take_v the_o day_n between_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o september_n for_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o spring_n and_o for_o the_o begin_n of_o autumn_n that_o which_o happen_v between_o the_o 21_o of_o march_n and_o the_o 21_o of_o june_n the_o beginning_n of_o winter_n shall_v be_v the_o 21_o of_o june_n if_o the_o place_n be_v south_n but_o if_o north_n the_o 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the_o earth_n towards_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o universe_n unless_o this_o centre_n be_v in_o the_o earth_n three_o the_o centre_n be_v the_o ignobl_a place_n and_o the_o earth_n also_o be_v the_o vile_a part_n of_o this_o universe_n therefore_o it_o shall_v have_v the_o centre_n thereof_o four_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v without_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n and_o motion_n of_o the_o star_n than_o the_o star_n and_o constellation_n will_v be_v see_v in_o some_o season_n of_o the_o year_n and_o some_o day_n big_a than_o in_o other_o five_o neither_o will_v the_o middle_a part_n of_o heaven_n always_o be_v conspicuous_a as_o taurus_n rise_v the_o scorpion_n shall_v set_v etc._n etc._n six_o neither_o will_v there_o be_v equinox_n seven_o neither_o the_o moon_n rise_v eclipse_v will_v the_o sun_n set_v etc._n etc._n eight_o neither_o will_v the_o number_n of_o miles_n in_o the_o earth_n equal_o answer_v every_o degree_n in_o heaven_n copernican_n the_o aforesaid_a reason_n of_o 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vicine_fw-la place_n be_v to_o be_v find_v whereby_o it_o may_v come_v unto_o those_o northern_a region_n see_v that_o therefore_o this_o flux_n be_v perpetual_a neither_o do_v the_o water_n come_v by_o a_o manifest_a way_n unto_o those_o region_n whence_o the_o flux_n be_v make_v therefore_o it_o seem_v necessary_a to_o conclude_v that_o the_o water_n come_v through_o subterraneous_a passage_n unto_o those_o northern_a region_n and_o so_o there_o to_o be_v effuse_v from_o the_o hole_n of_o the_o channel_n as_o from_o a_o spring_n and_o that_o the_o water_n move_v hence_o towards_o the_o south_n there_o fall_v in_o another_o cause_n take_v from_o the_o former_a for_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v more_o heavy_a than_o that_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a abundance_n of_o salt_n as_o we_o have_v prove_v in_o the_o eight_o and_o twelve_o proposition_n therefore_o the_o water_n or_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n do_v 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ocean_n be_v find_v concern_v which_o see_v the_o follow_a chapter_n 3._o it_o seem_v not_o absurd_a but_o rather_o most_o true_a that_o all_o the_o fountain_n of_o river_n take_v together_o disburthen_v themselves_o into_o the_o ocean_n be_v the_o very_a fountain_n of_o the_o ocean_n for_o see_v that_o in_o perpetual_a progress_n of_o time_n so_o great_a a_o abundance_n of_o water_n flow_v from_o they_o into_o the_o ocean_n questionless_a the_o water_n come_v from_o the_o ocean_n to_o the_o very_a spring_n and_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n partly_o through_o the_o subterranean_a passage_n and_o partly_o by_o ra_n 4._o it_o may_v seem_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o fountain_n of_o the_o ocean_n may_v be_v in_o the_o very_a channel_n because_o that_o in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ocean_n in_o some_o part_n sweet_a or_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v which_o can_v not_o be_v but_o by_o some_o fountain_n flow_v in_o the_o bottom_n linschaten_a relate_v that_o in_o ormus_n fresh_a water_n be_v draw_v by_o divers_a in_o the_o ocean_n at_o the_o depth_n of_o four_o or_o five_o orgya_n and_o the_o like_a fountain_n be_v find_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o bays_n unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o few_o such_o spring_n have_v yet_o be_v find_v which_o suffice_v not_o the_o vast_a ocean_n neither_o do_v we_o dispute_v concern_v these_o fountain_n as_o we_o have_v say_v before_o hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o in_o some_o sort_n it_o be_v true_a and_o we_o may_v well_o say_v that_o the_o ocean_n have_v spring_n but_o not_o in_o that_o sense_n that_o we_o be_v wont_v to_o speak_v concern_v the_o spring_n of_o river_n and_o in_o which_o we_o will_v have_v our_o proposition_n to_o be_v take_v hence_o also_o it_o be_v manifest_v what_o we_o ought_v to_o think_v concern_v that_o question_n viz._n whether_o the_o sea_n be_v always_o one_o and_o the_o same_o and_o perpetual_o so_o remain_v or_o whether_o it_o be_v another_o thing_n who_o part_n be_v perpetual_o consume_v and_o generate_v again_o proposition_n viii_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o water_n proceed_v from_o the_o particle_n of_o salt_n which_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o but_o whence_o they_o may_v exist_v or_o be_v so_o augment_v be_v the_o doubt_n sea-water_n of_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea-water_n experlence_n prove_v the_o first_o member_n of_o the_o proposition_n by_o which_o it_o be_v common_o know_v that_o salt_n be_v make_v of_o sea-water_n by_o decoction_n of_o the_o water_n or_o by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fervour_n of_o the_o fire_n in_o germany_n and_o other_o place_n the_o water_n be_v separate_v by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o fire_n in_o france_n the_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n perform_v the_o same_o the_o ocean_n be_v let_v into_o certain_a trench_n make_v in_o which_o in_o the_o space_n of_o some_o month_n the_o water_n be_v exhale_v by_o the_o force_n of_o the_o sun_n make_v of_o salt_n and_o of_o what_o make_v concrete_v and_o hard_a salt_n be_v find_v on_o the_o shore_n of_o many_o region_n as_o of_o england_n and_o other_o part_n plenty_n of_o bay-salt_n be_v find_v the_o sea-water_n continual_o overflow_a those_o shore_n leave_v daily_o some_o particle_n or_o humour_n from_o which_o the_o water_n exhale_v and_o concrete_a salt_n be_v leave_v who_o blackness_n be_v take_v away_o by_o boil_v although_o it_o be_v wash_v away_o and_o dissolve_v from_o many_o coast_n by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o it_o be_v not_o find_v on_o all_o coast_n see_v therefore_o that_o this_o experiment_n be_v common_a aristotle_n have_v small_a reason_n to_o allege_v a_o false_a experiment_n concern_v a_o waxen_a vessel_n let_v down_o into_o the_o sea_n hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o proximate_a cause_n of_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea-water_n or_o the_o true_a subject_n of_o this_o saltness_n be_v the_o saline_n particle_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o that_o water_n therefore_o the_o aristotelian_o with_o their_o master_n speak_v improper_o and_o obscured_o without_o cause_n when_o they_o defend_v and_o say_v that_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea_n proceed_v from_o the_o adustion_n of_o the_o sea_n cause_v by_o the_o sun_n or_o from_o the_o adust_a particle_n but_o of_o this_o more_o anon_o the_o chief_a difficulty_n and_o controversy_n be_v concern_v the_o other_o member_n of_o the_o proposition_n whence_o these_o salt_n particle_n of_o the_o ocean_n exist_v aristotle_n suppose_v that_o dry_a exhalation_n or_o fume_n all_o which_o he_o say_v be_v of_o a_o adust_a and_o saline_n nature_n elevate_v from_o the_o earth_n be_v mix_v with_o humid_a vapour_n and_o when_o that_o these_o have_v meet_v together_o in_o rain_n they_o fall_v with_o these_o into_o the_o sea_n and_o that_o thence_o proceed_v the_o saltness_n and_o salt_n particle_n in_o the_o sea_n 7._o see_v aristotle_n lib._n 2._o chap._n 7._o and_o on_o this_o account_n he_o seem_v to_o defend_v this_o opinion_n because_o that_o from_o thence_o he_o may_v render_v a_o reason_n why_o the_o sea_n be_v always_o salt_n but_o other_o peripatetic_n will_v have_v it_o and_o so_o do_v endeavour_v to_o draw_v aristotle_n to_o their_o part_n that_o this_o saltness_n be_v in_o the_o sea_n itself_o by_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v perpetual_o scorch_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n a_o sign_n of_o which_o be_v that_o the_o water_n be_v find_v by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o deep_a or_o remote_a from_o the_o superficies_n for_o in_o the_o superficies_n we_o discover_v it_o to_o be_v most_o salt_n both_o these_o opinion_n be_v obstruct_v with_o great_a difficulty_n and_o absurdity_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v wonderful_a that_o the_o mind_n of_o philosopher_n and_o learned_a man_n can_v acquiesce_v in_o they_o first_o the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n be_v thus_o obstruct_a that_o salt-rain_n shall_v be_v find_v in_o the_o ocean_n which_o never_o yet_o be_v find_v to_o be_v void_a of_o all_o taste_n of_o salt_n second_o the_o sea_n shall_v be_v less_o salt_n when_o it_o rain_v not_o for_o a_o long_a time_n the_o contrary_a of_o which_o yet_o be_v find_v the_o other_o opinion_n have_v these_o difficulty_n 1._o it_o be_v false_a that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v find_v the_o less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v nigh_o to_o the_o bottom_n for_o there_o be_v few_o place_n viz._n in_o those_o bottom_n where_o spring_n of_o fresh_a water_n do_v flow_v 2._o experience_n testify_v that_o fresh_a water_n although_o long_o expose_v to_o the_o sun_n or_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n yet_o do_v not_o become_v salt_n this_o objection_n scaliger_n endeavour_v to_o avoid_v by_o a_o overnice_a subtlety_n for_o he_o say_v that_o this_o happen_v in_o these_o observation_n by_o reason_n of_o
the_o exiguity_n of_o the_o water_n which_o do_v not_o grow_v thick_a but_o resolve_v for_o although_o you_o take_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o water_n and_o that_o you_o provoke_v with_o a_o light_n and_o gentle_a fire_n that_o the_o resolution_n may_v be_v impede_v yet_o the_o water_n acquire_v no_o salt_n taste_v 3._o lake_n and_o marsh_n though_o heat_v by_o the_o sun_n yet_o wax_v not_o salt_n this_o objection_n also_o scaliger_n endeavour_v to_o avoid_v say_v that_o this_o happen_v by_o the_o succession_n of_o fresh_a water_n and_o the_o same_o be_v find_v in_o those_o stand_a pool_n and_o lake_n which_o only_o proceed_v from_o rain_n or_o snow_n dissolve_v where_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o that_o refuge_n of_o succession_n for_o those_o lake_n be_v rather_o dry_v when_o that_o it_o rain_v not_o for_o a_o long_a space_n than_o turn_v into_o salt_n or_o render_v salt_n therefore_o reject_v those_o false_a opinion_n concern_v the_o cause_n and_o original_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o ocean_n let_v we_o lay_v hold_n of_o one_o of_o the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n with_o little_a or_o no_o difficulty_n in_o it_o viz._n 1._o that_o these_o particle_n be_v coeternal_a with_o the_o very_a ocean_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v no_o more_o dispute_v concern_v their_o original_n than_o concern_v the_o original_n of_o the_o ocean_n itself_o the_o earth_n yea_o and_o of_o the_o original_n and_o generation_n of_o the_o world_n 2._o if_o that_o this_o opinion_n be_v less_o complacent_fw-la we_o may_v make_v choice_n of_o another_o viz._n that_o these_o salt_n particle_n be_v here_o and_o there_o pull_v from_o the_o earth_n and_o so_o dissolve_v into_o water_n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o there_o be_v many_o saline_a mountain_n or_o rock_n in_o the_o bosom_n of_o the_o sea_n rock_n isle_n of_o ormus_n a_o salt_n rock_n the_o whole_a isle_n of_o ormus_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o white_a and_o hard_a salt_n of_o which_o they_o make_v the_o wall_n of_o their_o house_n and_o therefore_o no_o fountain_n of_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v in_o that_o isle_n and_o none_o can_v be_v ignorant_a how_o that_o many_o mine_n of_o salt_n be_v find_v on_o the_o land_n and_o we_o have_v relate_v concern_v some_o in_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n but_o we_o need_v not_o particular_n let_v we_o consider_v the_o whole_a earth_n it_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n have_v much_o salt_n in_o it_o the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o salt_n for_o it_o have_v its_o consistency_n from_o salt_n for_o the_o chemical_a philosopher_n do_v right_o prove_v that_o the_o consistency_n and_o compaction_n of_o every_o thing_n proceed_v from_o salt_n and_o experience_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o assertion_n for_o if_o that_o you_o take_v a_o hard_a piece_n of_o earth_n and_o burn_v it_o to_o ash_n much_o salt_n will_v be_v find_v in_o it_o nothing_o can_v be_v allege_v against_o this_o opinion_n that_o be_v of_o any_o value_n and_o be_v not_o easy_o refute_v for_o some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o those_o salt_n part_n of_o the_o earth_n shall_v perpetual_o suffice_v and_o shall_v not_o at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o be_v consume_v by_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o continual_o take_v away_o some_o part_n of_o they_o unto_o this_o i_o answer_v that_o the_o salt_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o consume_v in_o so_o great_a abundance_n that_o it_o shall_v stand_v in_o need_n of_o much_o instauration_n and_o if_o that_o any_o be_v consume_v yet_o notwithstanding_o that_o be_v lay_v up_o in_o another_o place_n see_v that_o it_o be_v not_o remove_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n proposition_n ix_o whether_o that_o water_n be_v the_o fresh_a in_o the_o ocean_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v nigh_a the_o bottom_n and_o why_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n fresh_a water_n be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n sea_n of_o the_o freshness_n of_o water_n in_o the_o sea_n unto_o the_o first_o i_o answer_v that_o experience_n do_v not_o testify_v concern_v that_o sweetness_n but_o in_o some_o place_n of_o which_o the_o other_o question_n speak_v that_o in_o these_o place_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v fountain_n of_o fresh_a water_n i_o have_v sufficient_o say_v for_o it_o can_v natural_o be_v that_o the_o more_o salt-water_n shall_v exist_v above_o water_n less_o salt_n see_v that_o that_o be_v more_o heavy_a those_o place_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v to_o spring_v at_o the_o bottom_n may_v be_v collect_v by_o those_o that_o be_v studious_a from_o the_o writer_n of_o geography_n proposition_n x._o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n become_v less_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n and_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o more_o salt_n by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o near_o the_o aequator_fw-la or_o torrid_a zone_n although_o this_o may_v be_v understand_v of_o most_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n yet_o the_o proposition_n admit_v of_o some_o exception_n the_o cause_n of_o this_o inequality_n in_o saltness_n be_v sixfold_a place_n the_o cause_n of_o the_o inequality_n of_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o different_a place_n 1._o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n lift_v up_o more_o vapour_n from_o the_o ocean_n into_o the_o cloud_n than_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n which_o be_v the_o vapour_n of_o freshwater_n because_o that_o the_o particle_n of_o salt_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o gravity_n be_v not_o so_o easy_o lift_v up_o see_v therefore_o that_o from_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o where_o the_o place_n be_v more_o near_o the_o torrid_a zone_n so_o much_o the_o vapour_n be_v separate_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o water_n that_o be_v lest_o be_v find_v more_o salt_n there_o than_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n where_o there_o be_v not_o so_o much_o freshwater_n separate_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o weak_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n cause_n the_o second_o cause_n 2._o the_o second_o cause_n be_v the_o heat_n or_o cold_a of_o the_o water_n for_o the_o same_o numerical_a water_n or_o salt_n meat_n as_o also_o pickle_a meat_n sauce_n and_o the_o like_a afford_v a_o more_o sensible_a saltness_n to_o the_o taste_n when_o they_o be_v eat_v hot_a than_o when_o cold_a for_o the_o heat_n or_o particle_n of_o the_o fire_n do_v move_v and_o render_v the_o particle_n of_o the_o salt_n contain_v in_o such_o meat_n more_o acute_a and_o separate_v they_o from_o the_o admixture_n whence_o they_o bite_v and_o prick_v the_o tongue_n more_o sharp_o now_o because_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v the_o more_o hot_a by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v nigh_a the_o aequator_fw-la or_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o every_o day_n and_o contrariwise_o the_o more_o cold_a by_o how_o much_o it_o be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o water_n though_o they_o shall_v contain_v the_o same_o quantity_n of_o salt_n yet_o they_o must_v seem_v and_o appear_v so_o much_o the_o salt_a to_o the_o taste_n by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v near_o to_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o they_o have_v less_o sensible_a salt_n cause_n the_o 3d_o cause_n 3._o the_o three_o cause_n be_v the_o more_o or_o less_o quantity_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o diverse_a part_n of_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o ocean_n for_o as_o we_o find_v in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o there_o be_v not_o pit_n of_o salt_n in_o they_o all_o neither_o where_o they_o be_v find_v be_v there_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o salt_n must_v be_v hold_v concern_v the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o sea_n wash_v or_o cover_v that_o be_v the_o channel_n or_o the_o shore_n where_o there_o be_v therefore_o most_o quantity_n of_o salt_n or_o mineral_n in_o the_o bottom_n or_o shore_n of_o the_o ocean_n there_o the_o water_n be_v more_o salt_n because_o that_o it_o be_v impregnate_v with_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n so_o the_o isle_n of_o ormus_n consist_v all_o of_o salt_n therefore_o the_o adjacent_a ocean_n have_v very_a salt_n water_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v great_a plenty_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o channel_n and_o shore_n of_o the_o ocean_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o more_o saline_a mine_n than_o in_o the_o north_n be_v very_o doubtful_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o want_n of_o observation_n yet_o it_o seem_v probable_a unto_o some_o that_o there_o be_v great_a quantity_n of_o salt_n in_o those_o place_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n by_o which_o the_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o terrestrial_a and_o
many_o place_n but_o in_o some_o in_o great_a quantity_n than_o in_o other_o malabar_n serpent_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o malabar_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o malabar_n and_o at_o cambaja_n serpent_n be_v discover_v on_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n this_o be_v a_o sign_n to_o seaman_n that_o they_o be_v near_o to_o those_o region_n about_o four_o mile_n from_o new_a spain_n many_o root_n bulrush_n and_o leave_n like_v unto_o figleaf_n float_n on_o the_o water_n which_o they_o eat_v and_o be_v in_o taste_n like_o unto_o colewort_n in_o the_o description_n of_o the_o first_o navigation_n of_o the_o dutch_a unto_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n we_o read_v that_o on_o the_o 12_o of_o january_n in_o anno_fw-la 1599_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n not_o far_o from_o the_o silver-river_n or_o rio_n de_fw-fr laplata_fw-la in_o brasil_n appear_v of_o a_o red_a and_o bloody_a colour_n but_o be_v draw_v up_o in_o a_o bucket_n or_o the_o like_a when_o that_o they_o have_v more_o thorough_o view_v it_o they_o find_v that_o a_o innumerable_a multitude_n of_o worm_n of_o a_o red_a colour_n be_v contain_v in_o that_o water_n and_o be_v take_v up_o in_o the_o hand_n they_o leap_v like_a unto_o flea_n and_o these_o seaman_n call_v sea-flea_n and_o they_o be_v suppose_v to_o come_v from_o a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o small_a crab_n which_o be_v find_v on_o the_o south_n continent_n fill_v the_o sea_n here_o be_v no_o place_n to_o treat_v of_o the_o animal_n of_o which_o there_o be_v various_a kind_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o sea_n proposition_n xvii_o why_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o night_n season_n seem_v to_o glitter_v especial_o if_o that_o the_o wave_n be_v raise_v the_o more_o vehement_o by_o the_o wind_n shine_v the_o sea_n in_o the_o night_n seem_v to_o glitter_v or_o shine_v this_o question_n require_v the_o knowledge_n of_o that_o difficulty_n concern_v the_o cause_n of_o colour_n divers_a be_v the_o resolution_n of_o philosopher_n concern_v they_o but_o as_o for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o propose_a phenomenon_n or_o question_n that_o opinion_n seem_v the_o most_o commodious_a which_o show_v how_o colour_n do_v exist_v or_o rather_o appear_v from_o a_o certain_a and_o various_a motion_n but_o we_o leave_v the_o accurate_a explication_n of_o the_o same_o to_o naturalist_n proposition_n xviii_o the_o ocean_n or_o rather_o all_o water_n cast_v out_o terrestrial_a body_n on_o the_o shore_n especial_o in_o the_o full_a moon_n shore_n terrestrial_a body_n be_v cast_v out_o of_o the_o ocean_n on_o the_o shore_n it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o render_v a_o account_n of_o this_o property_n which_o experience_n sufficient_o testify_v for_o water_n be_v never_o without_o some_o motion_n which_o if_o it_o be_v swift_a and_o towards_o one_o quarter_n it_o carry_v terrestrial_a body_n with_o it_o until_o it_o meet_v with_o the_o shore_n where_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o cease_v vigour_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n those_o terrestrial_a body_n be_v lay_v down_o but_o in_o the_o ocean_n the_o wave_n be_v carry_v hither_o and_o thither_o by_o these_o the_o terrestrial_a body_n be_v carry_v after_o the_o same_o mode_n and_o because_o that_o all_o wave_n tend_v to_o some_o coast_n of_o land_n therefore_o all_o terrestrial_a body_n be_v carry_v towards_o the_o shore_n in_o the_o full_a moon_n be_v the_o great_a motion_n of_o the_o ocean_n therefore_o vain_a be_v their_o opinion_n who_o believe_v the_o ocean_n to_o be_v a_o animal_n and_o to_o have_v sense_n by_o which_o it_o purge_v itself_o from_o all_o dregs_o terrestrial_a body_n but_o here_o the_o cause_n be_v sufficient_o manifest_a chap._n fourteen_o of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o general_n and_o in_o particular_a of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n proposition_n i._o water_n have_v no_o natural_a motion_n except_o one_o by_o which_o it_o move_v from_o a_o more_o high_a place_n unto_o these_o that_o be_v more_o low_a but_o if_o the_o vicine_fw-la place_n or_o body_n be_v equal_a or_o of_o a_o great_a altitude_n than_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n than_o the_o water_n natural_o rest_v that_o be_v it_o be_v not_o move_v except_o that_o it_o be_v compel_v by_o a_o violent_a cause_n one_o water_n have_v no_o natural_a motion_n except_o one_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n be_v manifest_a from_o vulgar_a experience_n for_o if_o that_o a_o vessel_n contain_v water_n be_v move_v the_o water_n so_o long_o fluctuate_v in_o it_o until_o no_o part_n be_v high_a than_o the_o other_o that_o be_v until_o they_o compose_v a_o spherical_a figure_n or_o superficies_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o thirteen_o chapter_n for_o although_o this_o motion_n have_v a_o violent_a cause_n viz._n the_o motion_n of_o the_o air_n about_o the_o earth_n yet_o because_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a question_n concern_v this_o cause_n and_o it_o be_v so_o manifest_a in_o the_o water_n that_o it_o seem_v not_o to_o come_v unto_o it_o from_o a_o external_a cause_n so_o for_o to_o distinguish_v this_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n from_o other_o motion_n we_o term_v it_o natural_a now_o this_o motion_n be_v unto_o that_o quarter_n unto_o which_o the_o place_n more_o depress_v be_v situate_v proposition_n ii_o when_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v move_v the_o whole_a ocean_n be_v move_v or_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o it_o be_v also_o move_v but_o by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o that_o every_o one_o be_v near_a the_o part_n move_v for_o because_o that_o if_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v move_v it_o do_v necessary_o change_v place_n and_o therefore_o this_o place_n be_v more_o low_a than_o the_o place_n of_o the_o vicine_fw-la water_n this_o near_a water_n shall_v be_v move_v into_o this_o place_n and_o the_o vicine_fw-la water_n of_o that_o into_o the_o place_n of_o that_o and_o so_o forward_o in_o the_o other_o part_n but_o there_o be_v lesser_a motion_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o more_o remote_a part_n proposition_n iii_o to_o observe_v the_o quarter_n into_o which_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v move_v tend_v tend_v the_o quarter_n into_o which_o the_o sea_n that_o be_v move_v tend_v choose_v a_o time_n if_o you_o can_v when_o no_o violent_a wind_n blow_v and_o cast_v into_o the_o water_n a_o body_n almost_o of_o the_o same_o gravity_n with_o the_o water_n let_v the_o place_n be_v observe_v where_o it_o be_v cast_v in_o to_o wit_n let_v the_o boat_n remain_v there_o immovable_a then_o when_o that_o this_o body_n be_v carry_v by_o the_o sea_n a_o moderate_a space_n from_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v cast_v in_o then_o let_v another_o boat_n be_v place_v of_o that_o and_o let_v the_o quarter_n be_v observe_v into_o which_o the_o situation_n of_o this_o second_o boat_n verge_v from_o the_o former_a for_o this_o also_o shall_v be_v the_o quarter_n in_o which_o we_o say_v that_o the_o sea_n at_o that_o time_n be_v move_v proposition_n iu._n the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v either_o direct_a or_o a_o vortex_n or_o a_o concussion_n i_o call_v that_o direct_v which_o tend_v unto_o some_o quarter_n a_o vortex_n when_o the_o water_n move_v into_o a_o round_a and_o be_v in_o some_o part_n reject_v a_o concussion_n when_o it_o tremble_v but_o lay_v aside_o the_o two_o latter_a unto_o the_o end_n of_o the_o chapter_n we_o shall_v treat_v of_o the_o direct_a motion_n and_o therefore_o we_o shall_v call_v this_o by_o a_o general_a term_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n proposition_n v._o of_o the_o motion_n which_o we_o find_v in_o the_o sea_n some_o be_v general_a some_o proper_a and_o singular_a other_o some_o contingent_a sea_n general_n proper_a and_o singular_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n i_o call_v that_o general_n which_o be_v find_v almost_o in_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o that_o at_o all_o time_n i_o call_v those_o proper_a and_o special_a motion_n by_o which_o only_a some_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v move_v and_o they_o be_v twofold_a perpetual_a and_o anniversary_n the_o former_a be_v those_o which_o persist_v without_o mutation_n or_o cessation_n the_o other_o which_o be_v find_v at_o certain_a month_n or_o day_n of_o the_o year_n in_o some_o certain_a sea_n i_o call_v those_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n contingent_a which_o without_o any_o certain_a order_n sometime_o do_v cease_v and_o other_o some_o begin_v such_o be_v infinite_a proposition_n vi_o wind_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o contingent_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n force_v the_o sea_n to_o a_o quarter_n opposite_a to_o the_o wind_n neither_o be_v the_o sea_n ever_o free_a from_o such_o motion_n sea_n wind_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n for_o see_v that_o the_o air_n touch_v the_o sea_n and_o the_o wind_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o strong_a commotion_n of_o
the_o air_n and_o a_o pressure_n towards_o the_o earth_n therefore_o the_o air_n be_v force_v to_o the_o sea_n endeavour_v to_o drive_v it_o from_o its_o place_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v fluid_a and_o not_o able_a to_o resist_v the_o force_a air_n therefore_o it_o be_v move_v from_o its_o place_n towards_o the_o place_n of_o the_o opposite_a quarter_n and_o force_v another_o water_n and_o this_o another_o and_o so_o on_o now_o see_v that_o there_o be_v always_o some_o wind_n in_o the_o air_n sometime_o in_o this_o place_n and_o sometime_o in_o that_o and_o sometime_o diverse_a in_o divers_a place_n at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n thence_o it_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v certain_a contingent_a motion_n always_o in_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v more_o discernible_a in_o the_o part_n near_o the_o wind_n and_o therefore_o the_o rather_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o sea_n do_v most_o easy_o receive_v a_o impression_n because_o it_o be_v fluid_a proposition_n vii_o the_o general_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v twofold_a one_o continual_o from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n the_o other_o compose_v of_o two_o contrary_a motion_n which_o be_v term_v the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o which_o the_o sea_n at_o certain_a hour_n flow_v to_o the_o shore_n and_o in_o certain_a other_o flow_v back_o again_o we_o shall_v first_o treat_v of_o the_o first_o twofold_a the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n twofold_a that_o the_o sea_n move_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n continual_o be_v chief_o prove_v from_o the_o motion_n of_o that_o sea_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n between_o the_o tropic_n for_o because_o the_o motion_n be_v more_o strong_a hence_o it_o be_v less_o hinder_v by_o other_o motion_n this_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v manifest_o find_v by_o those_o that_o sail_n from_o india_n to_o madagascar_n and_o africa_n also_o in_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n between_o new_a spain_n china_n and_o the_o moluccoe_n also_o in_o the_o ocean_n between_o africa_n and_o brasil_n so_o through_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n the_o sea_n be_v carry_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n with_o a_o vehement_a motion_n so_o through_o the_o streights_n manillan_n through_o channel_n between_o the_o isle_n maldives_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n carry_v ship_n from_o the_o east_n the_o sea_n glide_v impetuous_o between_o cuba_n and_o jucatan_n into_o the_o gulf_n of_o mexico_n and_o flow_v out_o into_o cuba_n and_o florida_n at_o the_o gulf_n of_o paria_fw-la there_o be_v a_o violent_a influx_n so_o that_o that_o gulf_n be_v term_v os_fw-la draconis_fw-la the_o dragon_n mouth_n famous_a also_o be_v the_o flux_n at_o the_o land_n of_o canada_n from_o the_o tartarian_a ocean_n the_o sea_n move_v through_o the_o strait_n of_o nova_n zembla_n and_o waigat_n strait_n which_o be_v prove_v both_o from_o the_o very_a motion_n itself_o and_o also_o from_o the_o abundance_n of_o ice_n which_o the_o tartarian_a ocean_n cast_v up_o at_o the_o strait_n of_o zembla_n and_o at_o the_o northern_a shore_n of_o america_n in_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n the_o motion_n be_v towards_o the_o straight_a anian_a also_o from_o japan_n the_o sea_n be_v move_v towards_o china_n so_o in_o the_o straight_a manillan_n the_o motion_n be_v from_o east_n to_o west_n so_o also_o in_o the_o straight_a java_n and_o when_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n be_v move_v towards_o the_o coast_n of_o america_n the_o contrary_a be_v find_v in_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n for_o this_o be_v move_v from_o the_o shore_n which_o be_v the_o most_o conspicuous_a at_o cabo_n dez_fw-fr correntes_fw-la between_o panama_n and_o lima._n proposition_n viii_o the_o wind_n oftentimes_o change_v the_o general_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n especial_o those_o fix_a wind_n which_o we_o shall_v show_v to_o be_v term_v motion_n in_o the_o xxi_o chap._n wind_n the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n ofttimes_o change_v by_o the_o wind_n for_o because_o that_o most_o of_o these_o do_v blow_n from_o the_o south_n and_o north_n or_o from_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o these_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o sea_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o general_a motion_n tend_v towards_o the_o west_n it_o move_v towards_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o the_o west_n viz._n northwest_n or_o south-west_n yea_o the_o general_a wind_n when_o that_o it_o seldom_o blow_v from_o the_o east_n but_o most_o common_o from_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o the_o east_n change_v this_o general_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n much_o more_o do_v the_o north_n wind_n in_o the_o northern_a sea_n where_o the_o general_a motion_n be_v little_a discernible_a in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n proposition_n ix_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o general_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n be_v uncertain_a west_n the_o opinion_n of_o aristotle_n and_o copernicus_n concern_v the_o general_a motion_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o east_n to_o west_n the_o aristotelian_o suppose_v although_o it_o be_v unknown_a unto_o aristotle_n and_o his_o follower_n and_o indeed_o to_o all_o the_o european_a philosopher_n before_o the_o navigation_n of_o the_o portugal_n through_o the_o ocean_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n that_o it_o be_v cause_v by_o the_o prime_a motion_n of_o the_o heaven_n which_o be_v not_o only_o common_a to_o all_o the_o star_n but_o also_o to_o the_o air_n in_o part_n and_o to_o the_o ocean_n by_o which_o all_o be_v carry_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n but_o some_o that_o follow_v copernicus_n as_o kepler_n although_o they_o also_o acknowledge_v the_o moon_n also_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o motion_n yet_o they_o determine_v that_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v not_o a_o little_a contribute_v unto_o this_o motion_n viz._n they_o suppose_v that_o the_o water_n see_v that_o it_o be_v not_o continuous_a but_o only_o contiguous_a unto_o the_o earth_n can_v follow_v the_o circumrotation_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o resist_v it_o towards_o the_o west_n whilst_o the_o earth_n withdraw_v itself_o towards_o the_o east_n and_o therefore_o that_o the_o sea_n move_v not_o from_o one_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n unto_o another_o but_o that_o the_o earth_n leave_v part_n of_o the_o water_n one_o after_o another_o othersome_a who_o be_v not_o please_v neither_o with_o the_o solution_n of_o aristotle_n nor_o copernicus_n have_v recourse_n unto_o the_o moon_n will_v have_v she_o to_o be_v empress_n of_o the_o water_n and_o that_o she_o lead_v about_o with_o she_o and_o draw_v the_o ocean_n from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n if_o it_o be_v demand_v how_o they_o reply_n there_o be_v a_o occult_a faculty_n influence_n sympathy_n vicinity_n to_o the_o earth_n and_o such_o like_a indeed_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o the_o moon_n be_v the_o causer_n of_o this_o motion_n by_o reason_n that_o in_o the_o new_a and_o full_a moon_n this_o motion_n be_v more_o violent_a than_o in_o the_o quarter_n where_o the_o motion_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v very_o little_a the_o most_o acute_a cartesius_n have_v explain_v a_o mathematical_a mode_n by_o which_o the_o moon_n cause_v both_o this_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n and_o air_n for_o he_o suppose_v according_a to_o his_o general_a hypothesis_n that_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o atom_n do_v move_v round_o about_o the_o earth_n by_o which_o the_o space_n even_o unto_o the_o moon_n be_v fill_v without_o any_o vacuum_n which_o space_n he_o call_v the_o vortex_n of_o the_o earth_n viz._n let_v the_o earth_n be_v fegh_n the_o water_n 2143_o the_o air_n 6587._o the_o vortex_n of_o the_o earth_n b_o a_o d_o c_o the_o moon_n b._n therefore_o say_v he_o if_o that_o there_o be_v no_o moon_n in_o the_o vortex_n b_o a_o d_o c_o the_o particle_n of_o its_o vortex_n will_v be_v turn_v round_o about_o the_o centre_n t_o but_o because_o that_o the_o moon_n be_v in_o it_o therefore_o the_o space_n through_o which_o the_o celestial_a matter_n flow_v between_o b_o and_o t_o be_v render_v more_o angust_n and_o thence_o it_o follow_v that_o the_o celestial_a matter_n flow_v there_o more_o quick_a between_o b_o and_o t_n and_o therefore_o more_o press_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o air_n in_o 6_o and_o also_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o water_n in_o 2._o then_o if_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o in_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o vortex_n b_o d_o and_o see_v that_o both_o the_o body_n of_o the_o air_n and_o water_n be_v fluid_a and_o easy_o pliant_a to_o this_o pression_n it_o must_v not_o be_v so_o high_a above_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n f_o as_o if_o the_o moon_n be_v without_o the_o diameter_n b_o d._n and_o on_o the_o contrary_n must_v be_v more_o high_a towards_o e._n but_o whilst_o that_o the_o earth_n be_v carry_v from_o e_o through_o f_o towards_o g_z or_o from_o the_o
horizon_n but_o oblique_a yet_o it_o be_v not_o general_a that_o the_o wind_n proceed_v in_o a_o perpendicular_a way_n to_o the_o horizon_n because_o that_o oftentimes_o in_o the_o air_n transverse_a blast_n be_v find_v so_o we_o see_v that_o smoak_n come_v forth_o of_o a_o chimney_n be_v not_o carry_v by_o the_o wind_n towards_o one_o quarter_n but_o part_n of_o it_o be_v carry_v unto_o other_o quarter_n proposition_n xii_o why_o the_o wind_n blow_v by_o a_o interrupt_a force_n so_o that_o sometime_o they_o cease_v and_o other_o some_o as_o it_o be_v with_o redouble_a strength_n they_o return_v with_o the_o great_a importunity_n and_o why_o that_o they_o seem_v more_o continual_o to_o blow_v on_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o it_o be_v discover_v less_o calm_a force_n the_o wind_n 〈◊〉_d blow_n by_o a_o interrupt_a force_n i_o suppose_v the_o reason_n to_o be_v that_o the_o cause_n that_o move_v or_o stir_v up_o the_o wind_n continue_v not_o always_o but_o that_o some_o space_n be_v require_v unto_o the_o collection_n of_o such_o a_o quantity_n which_o by_o such_o a_o vehemency_n may_v break_v through_o the_o air_n and_o therefore_o because_o that_o exhalation_n be_v more_o continual_a in_o the_o air_n and_o the_o motion_n be_v less_o impede_v there_o the_o calm_a in_o the_o ocean_n be_v less_o discover_v although_o that_o it_o be_v not_o whole_o remove_v proposition_n xiii_o why_o no_o wind_n blow_v perpendicular_o from_o the_o air_n unto_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n concern_v this_o question_n meteor_n see_v aristotle_n lib._n 2._o chap._n 9_o of_o meteor_n aristotle_n in_o his_o second_o book_n chap._n 9_o of_o meteor_n treat_v very_o absurd_o so_o that_o the_o peripatetic_n be_v not_o agree_v concern_v his_o opinion_n neither_o shall_v i_o in_o this_o place_n relate_v their_o sentiment_n the_o cause_n seem_v easy_o to_o be_v explain_v viz._n that_o the_o air_n be_v thrust_v downward_o towards_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n can_v break_v through_o this_o way_n by_o reason_n that_o other_o vapour_n be_v expel_v or_o bear_v upward_o and_o therefore_o the_o overmuch_a resistance_n of_o the_o air_n which_o be_v direct_o situate_v under_o the_o air_n move_v cause_v the_o protrusion_n to_o be_v make_v to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o place_n in_o which_o the_o violence_n begin_v which_o be_v therefore_o the_o more_o probable_a see_v that_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o wind_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n more_o light_a than_o that_o air_n and_o that_o be_v more_o rarify_v than_o that_o which_o be_v more_o near_o unto_o the_o earth_n proposition_n fourteen_o why_o westerly-wind_n be_v less_o frequent_a than_o easterly-wind_n 10._o see_v proposition_n 10._o the_o cause_n of_o this_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o ten_o proposition_n where_o we_o have_v make_v the_o sun_n to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o wind_n who_o so_o rarifi_v the_o air_n proceed_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n and_o therefore_o the_o air_n be_v more_o thrust_v towards_o the_o west_n therefore_o that_o this_o general_a cause_n may_v be_v impede_v of_o necessity_n very_o many_o exhalation_n must_v consist_v in_o the_o western_a quarter_n which_o do_v happen_v less_o frequent_o proposition_n xv._o why_o the_o northern_a and_o eastern-wind_n be_v more_o impetuous_a and_o stormy_a and_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o southern_a and_o western_a more_o relax_v and_o weak_a western_a the_o northern_a and_o eastern_a wind_n more_o stormy_a than_o the_o southern_a and_o western_a the_o cause_n be_v by_o reason_n that_o the_o northern_a air_n be_v more_o thick_a by_o reason_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o southern_a in_o our_o zone_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a dissipation_n cause_v by_o the_o sun_n and_o heat_n be_v more_o rarify_v now_o by_o how_o much_o the_o air_n be_v more_o rarify_v by_o so_o much_o the_o lesser_a be_v it_o carry_v with_o a_o impetuous_a force_n yet_o you_o must_v know_v that_o the_o south-wind_n be_v cold_a dry_a and_o violent_a in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n or_o the_o arctic_a zone_n oppose_v to_o we_o no_o less_o than_o the_o northern-wind_n be_v unto_o we_o but_o the_o eastern-wind_n be_v more_o rigid_a or_o more_o intense_a for_o another_o cause_n viz._n because_o that_o it_o arise_v for_o the_o most_o part_n from_o the_o refraction_n of_o the_o air_n make_v by_o the_o sun_n which_o be_v continual_o carry_v from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n the_o air_n also_o be_v thrust_v forward_o with_o the_o great_a violence_n from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n but_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o other_o cause_n may_v accede_v that_o may_v either_o help_v or_o obstruct_v that_o violence_n proposition_n xvi_o why_o the_o southern_o and_o westernly-wind_n be_v find_v more_o hot_a than_o the_o eastern_o and_o northern_o which_o have_v a_o wonderful_a power_n of_o cause_v cold_a in_o respect_n of_o they_o western_o the_o southern_a and_o western_a wind_n be_v find_v more_o hot_a than_o the_o eastern_o and_o western_o so_o this_o question_n be_v wont_v vulgar_o to_o be_v propound_v yet_o we_o must_v know_v that_o in_o must_v not_o general_o be_v understand_v of_o all_o place_n but_o only_o concern_v the_o place_n of_o our_o zone_n for_o in_o the_o other_o temperate_a zone_n situate_v towards_o the_o south_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o contrary_a hold_v true_a because_o that_o in_o these_o place_n the_o northern-wind_n be_v hot_a or_o warm_a and_o the_o southren_n be_v find_v more_o cold_a and_o so_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o cause_n require_v for_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o southwind_n be_v discover_v more_o warm_a to_o we_o and_o the_o north_n more_o cold_a proceed_v hence_o viz._n that_o the_o south-wind_n come_v from_o a_o quarter_n and_o place_n more_o near_o unto_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o way_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o northern_a place_n more_o remote_a from_o that_o way_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o be_v from_o more_o cold_a place_n but_o the_o contrary_n be_v find_v in_o place_n situate_v towards_o the_o antarctic_a pole_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la because_o that_o the_o northern-wind_n approach_v to_o they_o from_o the_o way_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o southern_a from_o the_o place_n more_o near_o the_o pole_n but_o as_o concern_v the_o eastern_a and_o western-wind_n i_o must_v answer_v otherwise_o neither_o do_v that_o diversity_n of_o the_o place_n of_o our_o zone_n and_o that_o of_o the_o opposite_a here_o take_v place_n therefore_o first_o it_o be_v say_v in_o the_o precede_a proposition_n that_o the_o western-wind_n be_v less_o frequent_a in_o all_o place_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o which_o the_o occidental_a wind_n be_v discover_v more_o warm_a viz._n because_o that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n they_o blow_v in_o the_o night_n and_o after_o the_o set_n of_o the_o sun_n where_o the_o air_n that_o be_v thrust_v forward_o towards_o our_o place_n be_v more_o calid_a or_o less_o frigid_a than_o the_o air_n of_o our_o place_n which_o be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o west_n than_o that_o which_o lie_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o our_o place_n there_o be_v also_o another_o cause_n which_o also_o be_v of_o force_n in_o the_o difference_n between_o the_o northern_a and_o southern-wind_n viz._n that_o the_o western-wind_n blow_v with_o less_o violence_n and_o not_o so_o intense_a but_o with_o some_o relaxation_n now_o it_o be_v know_v that_o any_o air_n or_o wind_n be_v discover_v so_o much_o the_o more_o cold_a by_o how_o much_o it_o blow_v with_o the_o great_a or_o more_o intense_a force_n although_o in_o truth_n it_o be_v no_o hot_a or_o cold_a which_o be_v evident_a by_o our_o expiration_n which_o we_o can_v exhale_v either_o cold_a or_o hot_a proposition_n xvii_o why_o mariner_n from_o the_o sight_n of_o a_o cloud_n especial_o such_o a_o one_o that_o be_v of_o a_o pale_a or_o duskish_a colour_n predict_v a_o wind_n from_o that_o quarter_n also_o to_o declare_v the_o other_o sign_n of_o future_a wind_n quarter_n mariner_n from_o the_o sight_n of_o a_o cloud_n predict_v a_o wind_n from_o that_o quarter_n a_o twofold_a reason_n may_v be_v render_v for_o either_o cloud_n of_o that_o colour_n do_v show_v that_o by_o and_o by_o they_o shall_v be_v dissipate_v and_o dissolve_v into_o blast_n or_o else_o the_o cloud_n sink_v by_o their_o own_o weight_n and_o segregated_a from_o other_o cloud_n press_v down_o the_o air_n beneath_o they_o and_o so_o cause_v it_o to_o blow_v concern_v the_o peculiar_a cloud_n term_v by_o the_o dutch_a the_o bulls-eye_n see_v the_o follow_a chapter_n 1._o the_o sun_n appear_v spot_v in_o his_o rise_n and_o lie_v obscure_v under_o a_o pale_a or_o black_a cloud_n foretell_v either_o shower_n or_o wind_n 2._o if_o that_o the_o sun_n at_o his_o rise_n appear_v concave_a so_o that_o it_o shine_v
distance_n from_o the_o place_n assume_v the_o spring_n when_o he_o go_v from_o a_o point_n of_o moderate_a distance_n towards_o the_o very_a vertex_fw-la of_o the_o pole_n or_o to_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o be_v vertical_a to_o the_o place_n or_o to_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o place_n the_o summer_n where_o the_o sun_n go_v from_o this_o other_o point_n of_o middle_a distance_n to_o a_o point_n of_o great_a distance_n that_o be_v the_o first_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n or_o cancer_n 2._o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la itself_o the_o sun_n no_o day_n of_o the_o year_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n more_o or_o less_o hour_n than_o twelve_o and_o so_o many_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n in_o other_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n one_o hour_n or_o a_o hour_n and_o a_o half_a at_o the_o most_o viz._n in_o the_o extreme_a place_n of_o this_o zone_n about_o the_o tropic_n of_o cancer_n and_o capricorn_n when_o the_o day_n be_v at_o the_o long_a the_o sun_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n twelve_o hour_n and_o in_o the_o short_a day_n about_o eleven_o hour_n and_o in_o the_o intermedial_a day_n that_o time_n of_o the_o stay_n of_o the_o sum_n above_o and_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n do_v not_o much_o differ_v from_o twelve_o hour_n and_o therefore_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o night_n be_v not_o without_o cold_a and_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o day_n continue_v not_o long_o about_o the_o eveningtide_n 3._o in_o the_o night_n time_n the_o sun_n be_v profound_o depress_v beneath_o the_o horizon_n for_o that_o he_o illustrate_v the_o air_n with_o none_o of_o his_o ray_n nay_o not_o reflex_n this_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o most_o dark_a night_n be_v there_o and_o the_o cold_a of_o the_o night_n be_v augment_v the_o air_n be_v condense_v and_o contract_v itself_o and_o be_v cold_a it_o descend_v towards_o the_o earth_n by_o its_o own_o ponderosity_n moreover_o in_o a_o very_a short_a time_n about_o the_o space_n of_o half_a a_o hour_n before_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o after_o his_o set_n those_o place_n have_v the_o light_n and_o heat_n of_o the_o twilight_n 4_o the_o moon_n almost_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o sun_n ascend_v direct_o from_o the_o horizon_n towards_o the_o meridian_n of_o those_o place_n yet_o a_o little_a more_o oblique_o because_o it_o depart_v from_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o therefore_o towards_o the_o torrid_a zone_n about_o five_o degree_n and_o it_o remain_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o sun_n a_o little_a above_o twelve_o hour_n above_o the_o horizon_n and_o be_v depress_v beneath_o it_o almost_o so_o many_o hour_n and_o that_o profound_o as_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o sun_n therefore_o with_o her_o direct_a ray_n or_o those_o near_a to_o the_o perpendicular_a she_o will_v augment_v the_o warmness_n of_o the_o night_n especial_o when_o she_o be_v vertical_a to_o any_o place_n and_o diminish_v it_o by_o her_o recess_n but_o by_o reason_n of_o her_o short_a stay_n above_o the_o horizon_n the_o effect_n of_o it_o be_v little_o discern_v in_o any_o place_n except_o when_o it_o be_v vertical_a to_o it_o 5._o all_o the_o star_n arise_v and_o set_v in_o place_n nigh_o the_o aequator_fw-la but_o those_o star_n which_o be_v near_o the_o pole_n in_o place_n more_o remote_a from_o the_o aequator_fw-la do_v not_o arise_v and_o those_o be_v but_o very_o few_o and_o therefore_o they_o can_v cause_v little_a heat_n and_o light_n and_o that_o also_o insensible_a in_o the_o air._n 6._o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n as_o in_o india_n and_o its_o isle_n in_o the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n and_o in_o mexico_n the_o earth_n be_v sulphureous_a which_o send_v forth_o more_o calid_a vapour_n whence_o it_o communicate_v a_o certain_a heat_n to_o the_o air_n and_o a_o peculiar_a property_n in_o some_o place_n it_o be_v sandy_a as_o in_o the_o north_n part_n of_o africa_n lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n in_o part_n of_o lybia_n and_o the_o land_n of_o the_o negro_n in_o many_o place_n of_o arabia_n in_o peru_n and_o in_o the_o place_n between_o peru_n and_o brazilia_n whence_o in_o these_o place_n a_o very_a great_a heat_n be_v raise_v by_o the_o sun_n because_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o sand_n do_v very_o long_o retain_v the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o soon_o communicate_v the_o same_o to_o the_o vicine_fw-la air._n in_o other_o place_n the_o river_n be_v many_o and_o in_o those_o sandy_a one_o few_o there_o be_v many_o in_o abyssine_n in_o guiney_n congo_n india_n and_o in_o brazilia_n hence_o humid_a vapour_n be_v raise_v which_o do_v very_o much_o blunt_v the_o force_n of_o the_o sun_n ray_n and_o render_v his_o heat_n more_o tolerable_a 7._o the_o most_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n have_v the_o sea_n adjacent_a as_o india_n and_o its_o isle_n the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n guiney_n brazilia_n peru_n mexico_n some_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v mediterranean_n as_o the_o more_o inward_a africa_n the_o region_n between_o peru_n and_o brazilia_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o in_o those_o place_n the_o heat_n and_o drought_n be_v great_a and_o in_o some_o or_o most_o of_o they_o the_o air_n be_v more_o moist_a and_o less_o fervent_a than_o can_v be_v cause_v by_o the_o sun_n except_o other_o cause_n happen_v 8._o most_o of_o the_o region_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n see_v that_o they_o be_v almost_o encompass_v by_o the_o sea_n have_v in_o the_o middle_a place_n more_o or_o lesser_a ridge_n of_o exceed_v high_a mountain_n as_o india_n and_o its_o isle_n the_o tongue_n of_o africa_n and_o peru_n these_o row_n of_o mountain_n do_v very_o much_o vary_v the_o light_n heat_n and_o ray_n of_o those_o place_n somewhere_o they_o hinder_v the_o oriental_a ray_n of_o the_o sun_n otherwhere_o the_o occidental_a moreover_o the_o humid_a vapour_n condense_v in_o the_o air_n be_v move_v to_o the_o vertices_fw-la of_o these_o mountain_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o twenty_o chapter_n whence_o rain_n and_o cloud_n proceed_v by_o which_o the_o heat_n and_o light_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v very_o much_o obstruct_v and_o the_o celestial_a cause_n of_o the_o season_n be_v disturb_v there_o be_v few_o of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n which_o want_v those_o ridge_n as_o the_o inward_a africa_n mexico_n and_o the_o like_a 9_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o wind_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v various_a and_o notable_a for_o a_o general_a wind_n blow_v from_o the_o side_n plagas_fw-la of_o the_o east_n or_o from_o the_o east_n continual_o towards_o the_o west_n refrigerate_v the_o maritime_a place_n which_o regard_v the_o east_n as_o brazilia_n the_o oriental_a coast_n of_o africa_n but_o not_o so_o to_o those_o towards_o the_o west_n as_o guiney_n congo_n angola_n and_o the_o coast_n of_o peru._n some_o wind_n be_v appropriate_v as_o the_o south_n in_o peru_n which_o wind_n dispel_v vapour_n towards_o the_o plaga_fw-la in_o which_o they_o blow_v some_o be_v fix_v wind_n of_o which_o we_o have_v large_o treat_v in_o the_o one_o and_o twenty_o chapter_n now_o these_o wind_n do_v very_o much_o disturb_v the_o celestial_a cause_n of_o the_o season_n for_o they_o be_v almost_o as_o equal_o constant_a and_o observe_v order_n as_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o heaven_n itself_o they_o bring_v down_o the_o air_n compel_v the_o vapour_n towards_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o by_o other_o mode_n alter_v the_o season_n ten_o anniversary_n rain_n be_v in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o take_v away_o the_o celestial_a cause_n see_v that_o they_o be_v as_o equal_o constant_a as_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n itself_o for_o those_o err_v who_o suppose_v that_o this_o our_o sublunary_a orb_n observe_v all_o with_o inconstancy_n and_o without_o order_n and_o that_o the_o celestial_a only_o have_v a_o constant_a motion_n see_v that_o the_o cause_n hitherto_o speak_v of_o be_v so_o various_a to_o be_v able_a to_o cause_v the_o heat_n and_o the_o property_n of_o the_o season_n and_o in_o one_o place_n some_o be_v from_o other_o cause_n in_o another_o other_o be_v of_o force_n or_o concur_v in_o divers_a season_n of_o the_o year_n or_o mutual_o impede_fw-la one_o another_o hence_o we_o discover_v why_o the_o cause_n and_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v so_o various_a proposition_n xi_o how_o the_o spring_n summer_n autumn_n and_o winter_n terrestrial_a do_v behave_v themselves_o and_o in_o what_o month_n of_o the_o year_n they_o commence_v in_o the_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o season_n in_o place_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n we_o have_v say_v before_o and_o especial_o in_o the_o second_o proposition_n that_o
the_o air_n than_o it_o will_v do_v without_o this_o refraction_n we_o shall_v anon_o allege_v a_o example_n of_o the_o appearancy_n of_o the_o sun_n proceed_v from_o refraction_n 4._o the_o full_a moon_n and_o near_o the_o full_a remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o many_o day_n when_o the_o sun_n be_v depress_v beneath_o it_o viz._n for_o so_o many_o more_o day_n by_o how_o much_o that_o place_n be_v more_o near_o the_o pole_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o so_o high_o elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n as_o to_o cause_v any_o warmness_n but_o the_o full_a moon_n in_o those_o month_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o a_o whole_a revolution_n the_o full_a moon_n be_v never_o above_o the_o horizon_n horizon_n the_o planet_n not_o always_o the_o same_o above_o horizon_n 5._o the_o fix_a star_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o always_o above_o the_o horizon_n but_o not_o the_o planet_n for_o saturn_n remain_v 15_o year_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n near_o the_o pole_n and_z 15_o beneath_o the_o same_o jupiter_n 6_o year_n beneath_o and_o 6_o above_o the_o same_o horizon_n mars_n 1_o year_n venus_n and_o mercury_n about_o half_a a_o year_n from_o this_o cause_n it_o be_v likely_a that_o there_o be_v great_a diversity_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o air_n and_o season_n in_o divers_a year_n 6._o the_o land_n in_o most_o place_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v stony_a rocky_a and_o as_o hard_o as_o flint_n in_o few_o place_n chalky_a sulphureous_a and_o fat_a in_o these_o place_n there_o be_v a_o moderate_a fertility_n in_o the_o other_o a_o sterility_n 7._o those_o region_n be_v encompass_v with_o the_o sea_n but_o for_o the_o mediterranean_a we_o as_o yet_o have_v no_o certain_a account_n 8._o some_o of_o the_o region_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n have_v mountain_n of_o a_o moderate_a height_n but_o most_o want_v they_o run_v on_o a_o plain_a for_o a_o long_a space_n 9_o the_o cold_a wind_n there_o frequent_o blow_v from_o the_o polary_n plaga_fw-la seldom_o the_o east_n wind_n and_o least_o of_o all_o the_o west_n in_o the_o cold_a arctic_a plaga_fw-la the_o north_n wind_n rage_n in_o the_o antarctic_a the_o south_n 10._o cloud_n and_o rain_n frequent_o perplex_v these_o region_n from_o these_o cause_n it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o collect_v what_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o season_n in_o these_o region_n be_v for_o in_o the_o winter_n time_n when_o the_o sun_n rise_v not_o for_o whole_a day_n it_o can_v otherwise_o be_v but_o that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n thick_a cloud_n frost_n and_o cold_a must_v render_v the_o land_n uninhabitable_a they_o be_v not_o altogether_o deprive_v of_o light_n for_o that_o time_n for_o the_o moon_n be_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o a_o long_a time_n give_v light_a and_o the_o twilight_n be_v daily_o afford_v from_o the_o sun_n to_o the_o vicine_fw-la horizon_n but_o the_o snow_n the_o stick_n close_o about_o the_o earth_n which_o can_v be_v discuss_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o therefore_o hinder_v the_o aspect_n of_o remote_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o fertility_n but_o all_o barren_a and_o uncultivated_a for_o that_o which_o some_o suppose_v by_o how_o much_o any_o region_n be_v near_a to_o the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o less_o it_o feel_v the_o intenseness_n of_o the_o cold_a and_o the_o field_n be_v find_v more_o fertile_a seem_v not_o probable_a to_o i_o when_o neither_o in_o nova_n zembla_n which_o be_v distant_a 16_o degree_n from_o the_o pole_n nor_o in_o spitzbirga_n which_o be_v only_o 8_o degree_n distant_a such_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v find_v but_o a_o roughness_n and_o hardness_n and_o almost_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o summer_n snow_n or_o at_o least_o shower_n and_o very_o cold_a wind_n neither_o be_v their_o opinion_n help_v by_o one_o example_n observe_v by_o mariner_n in_o a_o certain_a region_n 9_o degree_n distant_a from_o the_o pole_n which_o most_o man_n suppose_v to_o be_v groenland_n for_o in_o this_o green_a grass_n be_v find_v and_o a_o air_n more_o warm_a than_o in_o nova_n zembla_n as_o be_v most_o certain_a the_o only_a animal_n peculiar_a to_o these_o northern_a region_n venison_n rhinoceros_n a_o kind_n of_o venison_n be_v the_o rhinoceros_n and_o this_o in_o the_o space_n of_o a_o month_n become_v exceed_o fat_a by_o feed_v on_o this_o grass_n nevertheless_o see_v that_o as_o yet_o not_o many_o region_n be_v hitherto_o find_v of_o this_o temperature_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n it_o be_v not_o expedient_a for_o we_o from_o this_o single_a example_n to_o make_v a_o general_a conjecture_n especial_o see_v that_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o peculiar_a constitution_n be_v manifest_a for_o that_o land_n be_v full_a of_o marsh_n and_o sedgey_a and_o the_o grass_n by_o which_o the_o rhinoceros_n or_o dear_a be_v tender_v so_o fat_a be_v not_o a_o kind_n of_o terrestrial_a grass_n but_o sedge_n and_o osier_n but_o other_o herb_n be_v not_o there_o find_v or_o any_o tree_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v gather_v that_o that_o land_n contain_v some_o fat_a and_o sulphureous_a substance_n which_o be_v mix_v which_o the_o water_n produce_v such_o a_o oil_n and_o fatten_v sedge_n but_o that_o the_o like_a earth_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o be_v observe_v but_o rather_o the_o contrary_n therefore_o in_o the_o winter_n in_o these_o place_n be_v little_a light_n but_o a_o incredible_a and_o great_a violence_n of_o cold_a snow_n shower_n and_o polary_a wind_n and_o this_o winter_n begin_v in_o the_o northern_a frigid_a zone_n when_o the_o sun_n first_o enter_v capricorn_n although_o also_o the_o autumn_n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o libra_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o capricorn_n be_v little_o different_a from_o this_o violent_a winter_n the_o spring_n indeed_o be_v less_o infest_a with_o this_o violence_n of_o the_o air_n yet_o it_o be_v without_o snow_n shower_n and_o cold_a polary_a wind_n yet_o the_o increase_n of_o heat_n in_o the_o day_n or_o rather_o the_o decrease_n of_o cold_a be_v discover_v at_o that_o time_n viz._n the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o aries_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o cancer_n and_o in_o this_o vernal_a season_n or_o in_o the_o latter_a day_n of_o it_o the_o sun_n continue_v above_o the_o horizon_n in_o entire_a revolution_n and_o therefore_o then_o there_o be_v discover_v a_o moderate_a heat_n which_o yet_o be_v not_o of_o that_o force_n as_o to_o melt_v and_o dissolve_v the_o snow_n of_o all_o those_o place_n into_o water_n much_o less_o be_v it_o able_a to_o melt_v the_o ice_n whence_o mariner_n report_v that_o here_o be_v to_o be_v find_v snow_n and_o ice_n of_o a_o perpetual_a duration_n then_o the_o summer_n shall_v be_v from_o the_o go_n of_o the_o sun_n from_o the_o 1_o degree_n of_o cancer_n to_o the_o 1_o of_o libra_n in_o the_o first_o part_n of_o which_o the_o sun_n yet_o remain_v for_o whole_a day_n above_o the_o horizon_n and_o augment_v the_o heat_n by_o some_o accession_n so_o that_o june_n july_n and_o august_n be_v month_n of_o a_o tolerable_a air._n in_o some_o place_n among_o the_o mountain_n the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v intense_a but_o the_o shower_n and_o cloud_n do_v much_o hinder_v this_o benignity_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o especial_o the_o most_o sharp_a northern_a wind_n unto_o which_o sometime_o snow_n be_v adjoin_v so_o that_o no_o fruit_n or_o corn_n can_v here_o arrive_v to_o any_o maturity_n except_o in_o some_o place_n near_o the_o arctic_a circle_n chap._n xxvii_o of_o the_o shadow_n which_o the_o body_n erect_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o illuminate_v by_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v and_o of_o the_o division_n of_o the_o earth_n arise_v from_o thence_o see_v that_o the_o shadow_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o the_o illuminate_v body_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v cast_v be_v carry_v into_o divers_a place_n and_o fall_v on_o the_o sense_n have_v much_o variety_n hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o man_n who_o be_v ignorant_a of_o this_o cause_n be_v strike_v with_o a_o admiration_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o earth_n divide_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o it_o be_v into_o three_o sort_n which_o division_n must_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o to_o its_o superficies_n so_o that_o they_o term_v some_o amphiscij_fw-la other_o heteroscij_fw-la and_o the_o rest_n periscij_fw-la the_o explication_n of_o which_o term_n see_v that_o they_o contain_v but_o small_a learning_n we_o shall_v say_v somewhat_o also_o concern_v shadow_n which_o although_o they_o do_v not_o pertain_v to_o geography_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o near_a affinity_n they_o may_v be_v propose_v in_o this_o chapter_n shadow_n of_o
mark_n with_o a_o chalk_n then_o let_v the_o shank_n apply_v to_o the_o quarter_n be_v move_v until_o the_o other_o note_a point_n of_o the_o shank_n apply_v to_o the_o quarter_n fall_v in_o on_o the_o parallel_n of_o the_o observe_v latitude_n for_o the_o point_n of_o the_o fall_n in_o be_v the_o place_n seek_v viz._n the_o place_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o if_o that_o there_o be_v no_o parallel_n of_o latitude_n observe_v on_o the_o map_n let_v the_o degree_n intercept_v between_o this_o latitude_n and_o the_o vicine_fw-la parallel_n be_v take_v by_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o compass_n on_o the_o lateral_a line_n and_o let_v the_o rule_n in_o the_o line_n of_o the_o quarter_n and_o one_o foot_n of_o the_o compass_n be_v move_v together_o in_o this_o parallel_n until_o the_o other_o foot_n of_o the_o compass_n and_o the_o note_a shank_n do_v meet_v the_o point_n of_o the_o meeting_n show_v the_o place_n of_o the_o ship_n seamen_n use_v two_o pair_n of_o compass_n if_o that_o you_o will_v determine_v more_o accurate_o by_o the_o calculation_n of_o the_o place_n demand_v on_o the_o map_n or_o earth_n itself_o the_o problem_n be_v this_o the_o latitude_n and_o longitude_n of_o one_o place_n be_v give_v and_o the_o quarter_n in_o which_o the_o navigation_n be_v appoint_v to_o another_o place_n and_o the_o latitude_n of_o this_o place_n give_v to_o find_v his_o longitude_n for_o the_o latitude_n and_o longitude_n give_v be_v the_o place_n itself_o 3._o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o voyage_n perform_v from_o one_o know_v place_n to_o another_o unknown_a be_v observe_v and_o the_o latitude_n of_o this_o other_o be_v observe_v to_o find_v this_o other_o on_o the_o map_n let_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o voyage_n perform_v be_v take_v by_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o compass_n from_o the_o opposite_a scale_n then_o if_o a_o parallel_n through_o the_o degree_n of_o latitude_n be_v observe_v on_o the_o map_n let_v one_o foot_n of_o the_o compass_n be_v place_v on_o the_o note_a place_n the_o other_o foot_n on_o this_o parallel_n this_o point_n shall_v be_v the_o place_n demand_v but_o if_o the_o parallel_n pass_v not_o through_o the_o degree_n of_o latitude_n let_v one_o shank_n of_o the_o rule_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o vicine_fw-la parallel_n on_o the_o other_o shank_n let_v the_o degree_n of_o latitude_n be_v note_v and_o let_v the_o rule_n be_v move_v until_o the_o other_o foot_n of_o the_o compass_n touch_v the_o note_a point_n of_o the_o rule_n the_o place_n of_o the_o map_n subject_n to_o the_o point_n in_o this_o situation_n shall_v be_v the_o seek_v for_o place_n of_o the_o ship_n if_o that_o a_o more_o accurate_a invention_n be_v require_v by_o calculation_n the_o problem_n shall_v be_v this_o the_o latitude_n and_o longitude_n of_o one_o place_n be_v give_v and_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o other_o on_o the_o line_n of_o navigation_n and_o the_o latitude_n of_o this_o to_o find_v out_o the_o latitude_n of_o this_o other_o for_o this_o be_v 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the_o same_o be_v put_v into_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o ship_n to_o be_v move_v and_o to_o describe_v its_o rhombe_n for_o they_o seldom_o use_v the_o sign_n take_v from_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o apparent_a rise_n and_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n which_o they_o compute_v these_o sign_n may_v be_v corrupt_v by_o divers_a cause_n so_o that_o they_o may_v deceive_v in_o show_v the_o rhombe_n or_o quarter_n 1._o if_o that_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o magnetic_a needle_n be_v uncertain_a in_o that_o place_n and_o therefore_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o compass_n do_v not_o show_v the_o true_a quarter_n 2._o if_o that_o the_o sea_n in_o that_o place_n have_v a_o flux_n to_o a_o certain_a place_n for_o it_o will_v carry_v the_o ship_n from_o the_o true_a rhombe_n although_o the_o ship_n be_v direct_v unto_o the_o same_o quarter_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v the_o frequent_a cause_n of_o this_o error_n and_o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n a_o general_a motion_n be_v 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give_v time_n from_o the_o give_v place_n etc._n the_o cast_v up_o the_o voyage_n make_v upon_o the_o rhombe_n etc._n etc._n pilot_n conjecture_v the_o same_o 1._o when_o they_o observe_v or_o know_v by_o experience_n what_o course_n a_o ship_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v with_o such_o a_o wind._n 2._o if_o that_o they_o have_v sail_v in_o the_o same_o meridian_n or_o vicine_fw-la line_n with_o any_o wind_n and_o have_v observe_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o motion_n and_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n in_o the_o follow_a time_n for_o the_o difference_n of_o latitude_n turn_v into_o mile_n show_v the_o course_n make_v for_o so_o long_a a_o space_n of_o time_n and_o such_o a_o wind._n whence_o for_o the_o time_n give_v and_o such_o a_o wind_n continue_v the_o course_n make_v be_v collect_v 3._o with_o more_o industry_n they_o measure_v the_o course_n perform_v by_o a_o boat_n and_o string_n one_o end_n of_o which_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o boat_n and_o the_o other_o with_o the_o globe_n be_v in_o the_o ship_n for_o the_o ship_n remain_v immovable_a sail_v be_v permit_v to_o the_o boat_n until_o it_o be_v remove_v 10_o or_o 12_o orgyas_n of_o the_o string_n and_o the_o time_n elapse_v between_o be_v observe_v and_o from_o this_o for_o any_o time_n of_o the_o perform_v course_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v find_v out_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o perform_v sail_v of_o the_o ship_n be_v corrupt_v and_o render_v uncertain_a by_o divers_a way_n yea_o be_v uncertain_a of_o themselves_o see_v they_o be_v mere_a conjecture_n 1._o oftentimes_o the_o ship_n make_v lesser_a or_o great_a way_n than_o the_o conjecture_n afford_v viz._n because_o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o sea_n the_o flux_n be_v
therefore_o a_o round_a spherical_a figure_n be_v to_o be_v assign_v to_o the_o earth_n because_o all_o the_o appearance_n as_o well_o celestial_a as_o the_o divers_a elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n the_o divers_a altitude_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o that_o day_n in_o divers_a country_n the_o reason_n of_o the_o shadow_n the_o difference_n and_o increase_n of_o the_o long_a day_n towards_o the_o pole_n time_n of_o the_o rise_n and_o set_v of_o the_o star_n etc._n etc._n as_o terrestrial_a as_o the_o direction_n of_o navigation_n the_o appear_v and_o hide_v of_o tower_n and_o mountain_n the_o distance_n of_o place_n the_o port_n coast_n wind_n etc._n etc._n be_v most_o commodious_o declare_v by_o that_o round_a or_o spherical_a form_n or_o figure_n neither_o can_v another_o figure_n be_v devise_v which_o can_v perform_v that_o as_o it_o be_v manifest_a by_o the_o consideration_n of_o divers_a figure_n and_o form_n of_o body_n and_o our_o artificial_a terrestrial_a globe_n so_o just_o 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concern_v this_o matter_n and_o therefore_o i_o have_v think_v that_o it_o will_v not_o prove_v ungrateful_a to_o the_o student_n of_o geometry_n if_o i_o shall_v full_o relate_v here_o the_o history_n of_o this_o dimension_n diogenes_n laertius_n praise_v anaximander_n the_o milesian_n the_o scholar_n of_o thales_n thales_n anaximander_n the_o milesian_n the_o scholar_n of_o thales_n that_o beside_o other_o astronomical_a invention_n he_o first_o of_o all_o other_o describe_v the_o circuit_n or_o perimeter_n of_o both_o land_n and_o sea_n but_o anaximander_n live_v about_o the_o year_n 550_o before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n the_o mathematician_n of_o succeed_a age_n seem_v to_o have_v follow_v his_o dimension_n even_o until_o eratosthenes_n aristotle_n aristotle_n because_o author_n make_v mention_n of_o none_o other_o and_o therefore_o i_o judge_v that_o to_o be_v the_o magnitude_n assign_v by_o anaximander_n which_o aristotle_n have_v note_v in_o the_o end_n of_o his_o second_o book_n de_fw-fr coelo_fw-la say_v the_o mathematician_n also_o which_o endeavour_n to_o measure_v out_o the_o magnitude_n of_o the_o world_n report_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v bound_v in_o and_o gird_v with_o four_o hundred_o stadiums_n by_o this_o perimeter_n it_o be_v no_o difficult_a matter_n to_o assign_v the_o half_a diameter_n of_o the_o earth_n according_a to_o anaximander_n but_o because_o we_o can_v find_v nothing_o note_v concern_v anaximander_n invention_n beside_o that_o one_o place_n of_o diogenes_n laertius_n eratosthenes_n eratosthenes_n his_o and_o eratosthenes_n his_o diligence_n be_v obscure_v who_o next_o after_o anaximander_n undertake_v this_o business_n with_o great_a applause_n of_o all_o man_n he_o live_v about_o two_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n and_o as_o he_o be_v most_o conversant_a in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o mathematics_n and_o dimension_n so_o he_o be_v esteem_v most_o accurate_o to_o have_v perfect_v gâ—eodaesia_n or_o survey_v and_o this_o glory_n be_v principal_o ascribe_v to_o he_o but_o he_o discover_v and_o deliver_v earth_n the_o circuit_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o perimeter_n or_o circuit_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v two_o hundred_o fifty_o thousand_o stadiums_n or_o furlong_n but_o other_o two_o hundred_o fifty_o two_o thousand_o which_o pliny_n report_v to_o make_v up_o three_o hundred_o fifteen_o thousand_o roman_a mile_n every_o one_o of_o which_o be_v think_v to_o be_v a_o thousand_o pace_n eratosthenes_n have_v write_v three_o book_n of_o geography_n eratosthenes_n eratosthenes_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o injury_n of_o time_n be_v now_o not_o to_o be_v find_v strabo_n strabo_n strabo_n the_o famous_a geographer_n relate_v the_o content_n and_o argument_n of_o each_o book_n cleomedes_n cleomedes_n and_o cleomedes_n have_v note_v up_o his_o manner_n which_o eratosthenes_n use_v for_o the_o discovery_n of_o the_o circuit_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o what_o can_v be_v want_v we_o will_v hereafter_o declare_v for_o indeed_o eratosthenes_n his_o measure_v forth_o the_o earth_n be_v by_o many_o mathematician_n especial_o hipparchus_n a_o hundred_o year_n after_o eratosthenes_n judge_v to_o swerve_v from_o the_o truth_n although_o there_o be_v nothing_o write_v touch_v eratosthenes_n his_o dimension_n or_o measure_v forth_o the_o earth_n but_o that_o he_o add_v twenty_o five_o thousand_o stadium_n to_o the_o perimeter_n possidonius_fw-la possidonius_fw-la but_o posidonius_n be_v not_o only_o a_o most_o know_a astronomer_n and_o practioner_n but_o also_o in_o every_o part_n of_o philosophy_n most_o expert_a do_v next_o after_o eratosthenes_n enter_v upon_o this_o doctrine_n a_o little_a before_o the_o birth_n of_o christ_n to_o wit_n in_o the_o time_n of_o cicero_n and_o pompey_n this_o man_n by_o his_o dimension_n find_v the_o circumference_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v two_o hundred_o forty_o thousand_o stadium_n cleomedes_n cleomedes_n as_o cleomedes_n have_v note_v but_o 180000_o stadium_n strabo_n strabo_n as_o strabo_n have_v deliver_v whereby_o arise_v a_o great_a doubt_n concern_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o difference_n between_o cleomedes_n and_o strabo_n his_o allowance_n see_v this_o of_o strabo_n be_v the_o true_a although_o utter_v in_o a_o few_o word_n but_o cleomedes_n his_o assignation_n of_o the_o same_o be_v far_o from_o truth_n although_o he_o read_v and_o expound_v posidonius_n his_o geodesie_n to_o many_o concern_v his_o size_n or_o manner_n we_o will_v speak_v hereafter_o but_o the_o dimension_n of_o eratosthenes_n be_v use_v as_o yet_o of_o many_o even_o to_o ptolomy_n time_n the_o year_n 144_o after_o christ_n who_o use_v a_o perimeter_n of_o 180000_o stadium_n and_o affirm_v it_o to_o be_v more_o agreeable_a to_o truth_n insomuch_o that_o this_o very_a invention_n be_v by_o theon_n ascribe_v to_o he_o theon_n theon_n it_o be_v gather_v that_o marinus_n a_o famous_a geographer_n marinus_n marinus_n and_o by_o who_o write_n ptolemy_n be_v much_o aid_v do_v attempt_v something_o in_o this_o business_n as_o appear_v by_o his_o geographical_a write_n of_o the_o same_o ptolemy_n after_o these_o time_n when_o as_o the_o study_n and_o prosecution_n of_o the_o science_n by_o little_a and_o little_o vanish_v away_o in_o greece_n nothing_o be_v do_v in_o this_o business_n neither_o do_v the_o roman_n undertake_v any_o thing_n herein_o but_o the_o arabian_n and_o sarazon_n have_v obtain_v the_o empire_n or_o glory_n of_o other_o art_n from_o the_o grecian_n to_o themselves_o so_o likewise_o they_o leave_v not_o this_o part_n of_o the_o mathematics_n untouched_a forasmuch_o as_o snellius_n relate_v out_o of_o abelfedea_n a_o arabian_a geographer_n who_o flourish_v about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 1300_o and_o who_o write_n be_v print_v at_o rome_n about_o the_o 800_o year_n of_o the_o christian_a account_n flourish_v maimon_n ring_n of_o arabia_n studious_a in_o geography_n in_o who_o day_n it_o flourish_v maimon_n king_n of_o the_o arabian_n or_o the_o calife_n of_o babylon_n be_v studious_a in_o the_o mathematics_n forasmuch_o as_o he_o
be_v convey_v into_o the_o german_a ocean_n and_o hence_o into_o various_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o when_o that_o they_o have_v perfect_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o channel_n land_n the_o water_n of_o the_o german_a ocean_n high_o than_o the_o land_n they_o be_v compel_v to_o desist_v by_o reason_n that_o at_o length_n they_o find_v by_o observation_n that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o german_a ocean_n be_v high_a than_o the_o land_n of_o leyden_n and_o the_o shore_n of_o this_o ocean_n therefore_o the_o german_a ocean_n be_v high_a than_o the_o belgic_a bay_n but_o we_o must_v esteem_v otherwise_o of_o those_o bay_n which_o flow_v between_o the_o land_n not_o by_o a_o oblong_a but_o by_o a_o broad_a tract_n as_o the_o bay_n or_o gulf_n of_o mexico_n bengala_n and_o other_o that_o these_o be_v of_o the_o same_o altitude_n with_o the_o ocean_n from_o which_o they_o be_v separate_v by_o no_o strait_a passage_n be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v of_o although_o i_o be_o not_o ignorant_a that_o the_o spaniard_n former_o do_v question_v this_o latter_a viz._n whether_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n be_v high_a than_o the_o bay_n of_o mexico_n when_o they_o consult_v of_o dig_v through_o the_o american_n isthmus_n or_o that_o of_o panama_n that_o they_o may_v have_v a_o free_a and_o convenient_a passage_n from_o the_o bay_n of_o mexico_n to_o peru_n china_n and_o the_o indian_a isle_n viz._n the_o spaniard_n fear_v least_o the_o english_a dutch_a and_o other_o nation_n shall_v use_v this_o straight_a and_o stop_v the_o mouth_n of_o it_o and_o so_o invade_v peru._n wherefore_o to_o conclude_v it_o seem_v that_o we_o must_v determine_v that_o all_o the_o part_n and_o broad_a bay_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v all_o of_o the_o same_o altitude_n as_o the_o first_o proposition_n prove_v i._o see_v proposit_n i._o but_o that_o the_o long_a gulf_n or_o bay_n especial_o those_o let_v in_o through_o a_o angust_n channel_n or_o streight_n be_v somewhat_o more_o low_a chief_o in_o the_o extreme_a part_n concern_v which_o yet_o i_o can_v wish_v that_o more_o diligent_a observation_n be_v make_v viz._n these_o be_v the_o doubt_n 1._o whether_o the_o indian_a atlantic_a and_o pacifick_n ocean_n be_v of_o the_o same_o altitude_n or_o whether_o the_o indian_a or_o pacifick_n be_v high_a than_o the_o atlantic_a 2._o whether_o the_o northern_a ocean_n proper_o so_o call_v viz._n that_o which_o be_v near_o to_o the_o pole_n or_o in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n be_v high_o than_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n 3._o whether_o the_o red_a sea_n be_v high_a than_o the_o mediterranean_a 4._o whether_o the_o pacifick_n be_v high_o than_o the_o gulf_n of_o mexico_n 5._o whether_o the_o baltic_a ocean_n be_v equal_o as_o high_a as_o the_o atlantic_a the_o same_o shall_v be_v observe_v concern_v hudsons_n bay_n streights_n of_o magellan_n and_o such_o other_o concern_v the_o euxine_a sea_n we_o shall_v treat_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n the_o continual_a flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o other_o flux_n altogether_o cause_v the_o divers_a altitude_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o in_o the_o same_o part_n in_o a_o diverse_a time_n and_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n but_o these_o be_v external_a cause_n and_o we_o at_o present_a only_o consider_v the_o natural_a constitution_n of_o the_o water_n moreover_o they_o do_v not_o so_o vary_v the_o altitude_n in_o the_o ocean_n itself_o as_o it_o appear_v at_o the_o shore_n corollary_n therefore_o we_o can_v assent_v to_o papyrius_n fabianus_n and_o cleomedes_n which_o make_v the_o great_a altitude_n of_o the_o ocean_n to_o be_v fifteen_o stadia_n half_o a_o german_a mile_n except_o we_o must_v take_v their_o opinion_n concern_v the_o profundity_n and_o so_o altitude_n be_v ill_o place_v there_o for_o profundity_n proposition_n vi_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o ocean_n in_o most_o part_n may_v be_v sound_v by_o the_o load_n or_o plummet_n there_o be_v very_o few_o place_n who_o bottom_n have_v not_o be_v yet_o find_v out_o sound_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o most_o place_n may_v be_v sound_v the_o profundity_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v various_a according_a to_o the_o more_o or_o less_o depression_n of_o the_o channel_n it_o be_v find_v 1_o 80_o of_o a_o mile_n 1_o 20_o ¼_n ½_n in_o very_o few_o place_n about_o a_o german_a mile_n where_o they_o have_v not_o line_n enough_o to_o sound_v the_o depth_n albeit_o here_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o it_o be_v not_o terminate_v at_o any_o vast_a distance_n but_o yet_o we_o deny_v not_o but_o that_o in_o the_o profound_a channel_n there_o be_v as_o it_o be_v some_o hollowness_n the_o profundity_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v far_o lesser_a in_o the_o sinus_n or_o bays_n than_o in_o the_o ocean_n which_o channel_n be_v less_o profound_a or_o hollow_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o land_n as_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o ocean_n be_v less_o deep_a at_o the_o shore_n than_o in_o place_n more_o remote_a from_o the_o 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space_n whilst_o a_o plumet_n of_o note_a weight_n descend_v to_o the_o profundity_n of_o the_o sea_n then_o you_o must_v apply_v a_o cork_n or_o alder-pith_n to_o the_o plumet_n or_o a_o blown-up_a bladder_n so_o that_o this_o may_v present_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o lead_n when_o that_o the_o lead_n have_v hit_v the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o so_o a_o application_n be_v make_v the_o lead_n must_v be_v let_v down_o again_o to_o the_o bottom_n and_o the_o time_n must_v be_v note_v until_o the_o cork_n return_v to_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o this_o observation_n if_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o the_o observation_n make_v in_o another_o place_n they_o suppose_v that_o the_o profundity_n of_o the_o ocean_n may_v be_v find_v by_o the_o use_n of_o some_o canon_n but_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o rule_n and_o the_o fallacy_n of_o the_o observation_n and_o the_o so_o great_a brevity_n of_o time_n be_v such_o that_o i_o think_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o 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equal_a to_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o mediterranean_a place_n above_o the_o shore_n viz._n as_o much_o as_o these_o be_v elevate_v and_o be_v extant_a above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o shore_n so_o much_o be_v the_o channel_n of_o the_o sea_n depress_v beneath_o it_o or_o as_o much_o as_o the_o earth_n rise_v from_o the_o shore_n towards_o the_o mediterranean_a place_n so_o much_o by_o degree_n more_o and_o more_o be_v it_o depress_v even_o unto_o the_o place_n of_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n where_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v the_o great_a depth_n the_o profundity_n be_v change_v sometime_o in_o this_o sometime_o in_o that_o part_n for_o divers_a reason_n 1._o by_o reason_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n 2._o with_o the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o the_o moon_n 3._o from_o
salt_n but_o this_o be_v a_o deceitful_a sign_n cause_n the_o four_o cause_n 4._o the_o four_o cause_n of_o the_o unequal_a saltness_n be_v the_o frequency_n or_o scarcity_n of_o rains_n unto_o which_o we_o may_v add_v snow_n and_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n snow_n and_o rain_n be_v frequent_a in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n they_o be_v less_o frequent_a in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o year_n and_o in_o othersome_a they_o be_v almost_o continual_a and_o therefore_o in_o these_o place_n in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o so_o salt_n on_o the_o shore_n and_o have_v less_o salt_n in_o it_o than_o in_o the_o dry_a month_n yea_o in_o many_o region_n of_o the_o coast_n of_o malabar_n the_o ocean_n be_v fresh_a in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o abundance_n of_o water_n that_o flow_v from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n gatis_n and_o fall_v into_o the_o sea_n for_o this_o very_a reason_n in_o divers_a season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o same_o ocean_n be_v of_o a_o various_a saltness_n yet_o because_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n the_o rain_n and_o snow_n be_v continual_a throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n therefore_o this_o sea_n be_v less_o salt_n than_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n cause_n the_o 5_o cause_n 5._o the_o five_o cause_n be_v the_o dissimilary_a solution_n or_o unequal_a faculty_n of_o the_o water_n to_o dissolve_v this_o salt_n and_o unite_v it_o to_o its_o self_n for_o hot_a water_n soon_o unit_v salt_n unto_o itself_o then_o cold_a water_n although_o therefore_o in_o the_o northern_a place_n of_o the_o ocean_n the_o shore_n and_o channel_n of_o the_o same_o contain_v more_o or_o the_o like_a quantity_n of_o salt_n that_o those_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n do_v yet_o because_o the_o water_n be_v there_o more_o cold_a it_o be_v not_o so_o able_a to_o dissolve_v and_o unite_v the_o salt_n to_o itself_o so_o subtle_o we_o the_o water_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n which_o be_v more_o hot_a cause_n the_o 6_o cause_n 6._o the_o six_o cause_n be_v the_o exoneration_n of_o many_o and_o great_a river_n into_o the_o sea_n but_o this_o cause_n only_o take_v place_n in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n that_o be_v vicine_fw-la to_o the_o shore_n but_o be_v not_o discover_v in_o the_o remote_a part_n so_o mariner_n affirm_v that_o the_o ocean_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o brasilia_n where_o the_o silver-river_n disburthen_v itself_o lose_v it_o saltness_n and_o afford_v fresh_a water_n fifteen_o mile_n distant_a from_o the_o shore_n the_o same_o be_v observe_v of_o the_o african_a ocean_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o congi_n where_o the_o river_n zaire_n exonerate_v itself_o and_o of_o many_o more_o river_n unto_o these_o add_v run_v fountain_n in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o ocean_n these_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o seem_v to_o concur_v to_o the_o variety_n and_o diversity_n of_o saltness_n in_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n from_o which_o the_o saltness_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o sea_n may_v be_v explain_v from_o whence_o also_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o give_v a_o account_n why_o the_o water_n of_o the_o german_a and_o northern_a ocean_n be_v less_o apt_a to_o separate_v salt_n from_o itself_o by_o coction_n than_o the_o water_n of_o the_o spanish_a ocean_n the_o canary_n isle_n and_o that_o of_o cape_n verd_fw-mi whence_o the_o dutch_a fetch_v salt_n in_o great_a abundance_n and_o transport_v it_o into_o the_o northern_a region_n viz._n this_o ocean_n be_v more_o near_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o receive_v water_n from_o the_o ocean_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o other_o be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o frigid_a zone_n yet_o i_o can_v deny_v the_o constitution_n of_o the_o channel_n themselves_o to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o saline_a the_o sea-water_n at_o guinee_n in_o the_o ethiopic_a ocean_n afford_v salt_n at_o one_o coction_n as_o white_a as_o snow_n such_o as_o neither_o the_o spanish_a ocean_n nor_o any_o other_o in_o europe_n do_v produce_v at_o one_o coction_n or_o boil_a proposition_n xi_o why_o rain-water_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v find_v sweet_a but_o the_o water_n which_o we_o separate_v from_o the_o marine_a or_o salt-water_n either_o by_o decoction_n or_o distillation_n be_v yet_o notwithstanding_o find_v salt_n when_o yet_o the_o rain-water_n proceed_v from_o the_o vapour_n exhale_v from_o the_o sea_n salt-water_n freshwater_n abstract_v from_o salt-water_n the_o learned_a chemist_n or_o true_a naturalist_n have_v hitherto_o labour_v in_o vain_a that_o they_o may_v find_v out_o a_o art_n by_o which_o they_o may_v distil_v and_o abstract_n fresh_a water_n from_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n which_o will_v be_v of_o great_a advantage_n but_o as_o yet_o their_o labour_n have_v prove_v fruitless_a for_o although_o as_o well_o in_o the_o decoction_n as_o distillation_n salt_n may_v be_v leave_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n yet_o the_o water_n separate_v by_o decoction_n as_o well_o as_o distillation_n be_v yet_o find_v salt_n and_o not_o fit_a for_o man_n to_o drink_v which_o seem_v wonderful_a unto_o those_o that_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o cause_n yet_o chemistry_n that_o be_v true_a philosophy_n have_v teach_v the_o reason_n for_o by_o the_o benefit_n of_o this_o we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_a salt_n in_o body_n or_o two_o kind_n of_o salt_n which_o although_o they_o agree_v in_o taste_n yet_o they_o much_o differ_v in_o other_o quality_n one_o of_o these_o artist_n term_v fix_v the_o other_o volatile_a salt_n the_o fix_a salt_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o gravity_n be_v not_o elevate_v in_o distillation_n but_o remain_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n but_o the_o volatile_a salt_n be_v full_a of_o spirit_n and_o indeed_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o most_o subtle_a spirit_n that_o be_v elevate_v by_o a_o very_a light_a fire_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o distillation_n ascend_v with_o the_o fresh_a water_n and_o be_v more_o firm_o unite_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o subtlety_n of_o the_o atom_n neither_o be_v this_o volatile_a salt_n find_v only_o with_o fix_a salt_n in_o sea-water_n but_o almost_o in_o all_o body_n as_o chemistry_n prove_v by_o experience_n but_o in_o some_o in_o a_o great_a and_o in_o othersome_a in_o a_o lesser_a quantity_n in_o a_o great_a quantity_n in_o sharp_a taste_v herb_n in_o a_o lesser_a in_o oily_a herb_n therefore_o difficulty_n consist_v in_o the_o separation_n of_o this_o salt_n spirit_n or_o volatile_a salt_n from_o the_o water_n but_o why_o the_o pluvial_a water_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v no_o less_o fresh_a than_o on_o the_o land_n see_v that_o yet_o it_o be_v generate_v by_o abstraction_n of_o the_o exhalation_n of_o the_o ocean_n cause_v by_o the_o fervour_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o from_o some_o subterraneous_a fire_n which_o evaporation_n do_v little_o differ_v from_o distillation_n the_o cause_n seem_v to_o be_v fourfold_o 1._o a_o slow_a operation_n by_o which_o the_o tenuous_a part_n be_v only_o elevate_v from_o the_o ocean_n which_o although_o it_o contain_v a_o saline_a volatile_a spirit_n yet_o it_o have_v it_o in_o less_o quantity_n than_o if_o that_o this_o exhalation_n be_v cause_v by_o a_o more_o forcible_a heat_n 2._o the_o long_a way_n that_o this_o vapour_n pass_v through_o before_o that_o it_o arrive_v unto_o that_o region_n of_o the_o air_n where_o it_o be_v condensated_a into_o rain_n in_o passage_n it_o be_v possible_a that_o the_o saline_a spirit_n be_v by_o degree_n separate_v from_o the_o watery_a particle_n 3._o the_o admixture_n of_o other_o watery_a particle_n exist_v in_o the_o air_n 4._o a_o refrigeration_n coition_n and_o condensation_n of_o the_o vapour_n for_o these_o exhalation_n exhale_v from_o the_o ocean_n by_o degree_n be_v more_o and_o more_o refrigerated_a and_o be_v conjoin_v with_o other_o obvious_a and_o admix_v vapour_n they_o condense_a into_o a_o more_o thick_a vapour_n or_o cloud_n in_o this_o refrigeration_n and_o condensation_n or_o coition_n of_o the_o saline_a spirit_n with_o the_o fiery_a particle_n they_o fly_v into_o the_o more_o exalt_a part_n of_o the_o air._n now_o why_o the_o same_o be_v not_o perform_v in_o distillation_n where_o the_o vapour_n exalt_v be_v also_o condense_v the_o cause_n be_v 1._o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o small_a passage_n the_o saline_a spirit_n be_v as_o yet_o over_o strait_o conjoin_v to_o the_o watery_a particle_n 2._o that_o the_o vapour_n restrain_v in_o the_o vessel_n admit_v not_o a_o free_a passage_n to_o the_o evolant_fw-la spirit_n proposition_n xii_o sea-water_n be_v more_o ponderous_a than_o fresh_a water_n and_o the_o water_n of_o one_o sea_n be_v more_o heavy_a than_o another_o water_n sea_n water_n more_o heavy_a than_o fresh_a water_n the_o cause_n be_v manifest_a from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v
apprehend_v it_o from_o his_o word_n neither_o do_v i_o see_v how_o it_o can_v follow_v from_o his_o hypothesis_n it_o be_v probable_a that_o the_o sun_n and_o general_a wind_n do_v very_o much_o contribute_v to_o this_o intumescency_n of_o the_o water_n and_o see_v that_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o aequinoctial_o do_v incumb_fw-la on_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n therefore_o either_o he_o or_o the_o wind_n cause_n that_o the_o sea_n than_o swell_v more_o than_o at_o another_o time_n but_o as_o concern_v the_o solstice_n we_o must_v say_v in_o a_o contrary_a mode_n or_o that_o the_o same_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o great_a intumescency_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o aequinoctial_o either_o of_o the_o spring_n or_o autumn_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o more_o frequent_a rain_n wind_n and_o inundadion_n in_o those_o season_n proposition_n fourteen_o in_o some_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n gulf_n and_o shore_n great_a be_v the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o influx_n and_o deflux_n in_o other_o some_o it_o be_v very_o small_a in_o some_o not_o discernible_a and_o so_o there_o be_v no_o flux_n and_o reflux_n or_o intumescency_n and_o detumescency_n ocean_n the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o the_o water_n in_o several_a part_n of_o the_o ocean_n those_o place_n receive_v great_a augmentation_n and_o decrease_n 1._o that_o be_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n between_o the_o tropic_n for_o then_o the_o moon_n press_v for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v there_o carry_v round_o 2._o in_o place_n that_o be_v direct_o extend_v from_o east_n to_o west_n or_o nigh_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n 3._o in_o those_o gulf_n that_o be_v long_a and_o less_o broad_a the_o augmentation_n be_v the_o more_o sensible_a 4._o in_o those_o place_n in_o which_o few_o island_n or_o procurrent_n adjoyn_v to_o the_o earth_n cambaja_n the_o great_a flux_n and_o deflux_n in_o the_o straight_a of_o cambaja_n the_o great_a flux_n and_o deflux_n hitherto_o observe_v be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o straight_a of_o cambaja_n in_o one_o of_o the_o inlet_n of_o the_o river_n indus_n and_o it_o have_v strike_v many_o with_o admiration_n for_o the_o water_n recede_v to_o a_o high_a distance_n and_o that_o very_o speedy_o whence_o not_o without_o reason_n the_o river_n indus_n or_o the_o gulf_n of_o cambaja_n be_v think_v to_o be_v that_o unto_o which_o when_o that_o alexander_n the_o great_a come_v and_o endeavour_v to_o pass_v his_o army_n over_o as_o it_o be_v there_o relate_v the_o water_n present_o go_v back_o and_o leave_v his_o ship_n a_o ground_n hence_o he_o go_v no_o far_o but_o judge_v that_o the_o god_n have_v here_o fix_v the_o bound_n of_o his_o expedition_n with_o a_o prohibition_n of_o proceed_v any_o far_o the_o cause_n be_v the_o small_a or_o narrow_a and_o deep_a depression_n of_o the_o channel_n but_o yet_o it_o be_v probable_a there_o be_v some_o other_o cause_n damman_n fluv_n and_o reflux_n at_o damman_n at_o the_o city_n damman_n in_o india_n not_o far_o from_o surat_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o water_n by_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v vary_v at_o two_o and_o a_o half_a orygas_n and_o the_o sea_n depart_v from_o the_o shore_n the_o space_n of_o half_a a_o mile_n in_o the_o gulf_n of_o cambaja_n the_o flux_n augment_v the_o altitude_n five_o orgyas_n other_o say_v seven_o which_o unusual_a augmentation_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o loss_n of_o many_o ship_n by_o unexperienced_a mariner_n for_o the_o water_n fall_v they_o have_v be_v split_v on_o the_o rock_n red-sea_n no_o constant_a time_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o the_o red-sea_n in_o the_o gulf_n and_o shore_n of_o the_o strait_n of_o magellan_n no_o constant_a time_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v observe_v for_o sometime_o the_o water_n flow_v and_o reflow_v in_o three_o hour_n othersome_a in_o twelve_o hour_n which_o inconstancy_n be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o violent_a irruption_n of_o the_o ocean_n into_o that_o straight_a and_o from_o the_o various_a agitation_n of_o the_o wind_n about_o malacca_n also_o at_o the_o straight_a of_o sunda_n a_o notable_a flux_n and_o deflux_n be_v observe_v in_o the_o arabian_a gulf_n or_o red_a sea_n some_o of_o the_o ancient_n have_v write_v that_o there_o be_v so_o great_a a_o reflux_n as_o scaliger_n write_v that_o moses_n and_o the_o israelite_n pass_v over_o without_o any_o miracle_n but_o it_o be_v false_a because_o the_o reflux_n be_v not_o there_o so_o great_a as_o to_o leave_v the_o channel_n dry_a on_o the_o coast_n of_o china_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v very_o sensible_a as_o also_o at_o the_o isle_n of_o japan_n at_o panama_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o america_n lie_v at_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n the_o sea_n be_v very_o much_o exalt_v panama_n the_o sea_n at_o the_o flux_n much_o exalt_v at_o panama_n and_o by_o and_o by_o depress_v again_o in_o the_o full_a moon_n the_o flux_n be_v so_o much_o augment_v that_o water_n enter_v into_o the_o house_n of_o the_o city_n yea_o in_o almost_o all_o the_o shore_n of_o the_o south_n sea_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o water_n be_v wonderful_o augment_v and_o diminish_v so_o that_o in_o the_o reflux_n the_o decrease_n be_v sensible_a for_o two_o mile_n in_o the_o gulf_n of_o bengala_n at_o the_o shore_n of_o sâ—am_n the_o flux_n augment_v the_o altitude_n ten_o foot_n sea_n the_o flux_n not_o perceivable_a in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n but_o in_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n which_o flow_v in_o through_o the_o strait_n of_o gibraltar_n from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n the_o flux_n be_v not_o perceivable_a because_o the_o situation_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o quarter_n into_o which_o the_o sea_n be_v move_v and_o therefore_o the_o water_n of_o it_o be_v little_o augment_v by_o the_o flux_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o discernible_a unless_o in_o the_o gulf_n of_o venice_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o long_a extension_n and_o small_a latitude_n show_v the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n when_o in_o the_o other_o part_n of_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o notable_a latitude_n that_o little_a augmentation_n and_o decrease_n be_v not_o discover_v whence_o this_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v unknown_a to_o the_o grecian_n as_o also_o to_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o time_n of_o scipio_n africanus_n and_o the_o grecian_n as_o well_v as_o the_o roman_n account_v it_o as_o miraculous_a what_o sometime_o they_o discover_v in_o other_o place_n as_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o expedition_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o of_o scipio_n in_o the_o expugnation_n of_o carthage_n but_o in_o the_o time_n of_o cicero_n it_o be_v know_v to_o the_o roman_n yet_o some_o observe_v it_o a_o little_a at_o massilia_n also_o at_o certain_a coast_n of_o barbary_n it_o be_v note_v enough_o out_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n not_o yet_o find_v out_o in_o the_o baltic_a ocean_n as_o also_o in_o the_o whole_a northern_a sea_n beyond_o england_n towards_o norway_n and_o greenland_n the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o yet_o find_v out_o as_o neither_o in_o the_o north_n coast_n of_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n but_o the_o cause_n be_v not_o yet_o sufficient_o know_v unless_o you_o will_v say_v that_o those_o sea_n be_v remote_a from_o the_o course_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o also_o that_o they_o be_v extend_v from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n and_o north_n moreover_o that_o many_o isle_n and_o procurrency_n of_o land_n do_v hinder_v these_o three_o must_v be_v conjoin_v to_o impede_fw-la the_o flux_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o these_o place_n proposition_n xv._o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v a_o violent_a motion_n viz._n a_o impulse_n but_o the_o reflux_n be_v a_o natural_a motion_n of_o the_o water_n for_o the_o flux_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o pression_n of_o the_o moon_n or_o matter_n between_o the_o moon_n and_o the_o earth_n or_o also_o because_o that_o the_o sea_n do_v not_o remain_v in_o that_o situation_n which_o be_v receive_v in_o the_o flux_n this_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o it_o be_v a_o violent_a motion_n but_o in_o the_o reflux_n the_o sea_n be_v move_v from_o a_o more_o high_a place_n to_o a_o more_o depress_a place_n which_o be_v the_o natural_a motion_n of_o water_n lemma_n the_o place_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v give_v in_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o the_o latitude_n and_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n from_o a_o ephemerides_n or_o by_o supputation_n or_o astronomical_a observation_n to_o find_v on_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n the_o place_n unto_o which_o the_o moon_n at_o the_o hour_n give_v be_v vertical_a also_o to_o exhibit_v all_o those_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n unto_o
which_o the_o moon_n will_v be_v vertical_a that_o day_n viz._n one_o after_o another_o 19_o see_v proposition_n 13._o in_o chap._n 19_o the_o use_n of_o this_o problem_n be_v great_a yea_o very_a necessary_a in_o the_o doctrine_n concern_v the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n the_o mode_n of_o perform_v of_o the_o same_o you_o shall_v find_v in_o the_o nineteenth_o chapter_n and_o the_o thirteen_o proposition_n for_o there_o it_o be_v more_o convenient_o explain_v yet_o the_o explication_n of_o that_o proposition_n may_v be_v anticipate_v and_o demonstrate_v to_o the_o studious_a in_o this_o chapter_n proposition_n xvi_o in_o those_o place_n of_o the_o sea_n to_o which_o the_o moon_n be_v vertical_a the_o flux_n and_o deflux_n be_v great_a except_o that_o there_o be_v other_o impediment_n which_o we_o have_v reckon_v up_o in_o the_o fourteen_o proposition_n and_o by_o how_o much_o the_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o place_n by_o so_o much_o the_o flux_n and_o deflux_n be_v lesser_a other_o thing_n be_v equal_a for_o because_o in_o that_o place_n the_o pressure_n be_v great_a and_o the_o tumour_n of_o the_o water_n great_a which_o be_v more_o vicine_fw-la to_o the_o moon_n press_v and_o the_o celestial_a matter_n thence_o follow_v that_o that_o the_o proposition_n intimate_v the_o objection_n concern_v some_o other_o place_n in_o the_o comparison_n of_o which_o the_o contrary_a be_v find_v be_v to_o be_v excuse_v by_o the_o admixtion_n of_o other_o cause_n proposition_n xvii_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n be_v unconstant_a in_o every_o place_n and_o divers_a on_o several_a day_n and_o by_o so_o much_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a by_o how_o much_o the_o moon_n be_v more_o remote_a or_o near_o unto_o that_o place_n ecliptic_a the_o moon_n every_o day_n change_v her_o place_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a for_o the_o moon_n every_o day_n change_v her_o place_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o so_o on_o other_o day_n be_v vertical_a to_o other_o place_n and_o by_o consequence_n be_v more_o remote_a from_o any_o place_n or_o more_o near_o which_o be_v observe_v we_o conclude_v from_o the_o precede_a proposition_n that_o there_o be_v a_o divers_a quantity_n of_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o place_n on_o divers_a day_n whether_o that_o the_o diversity_n be_v sensible_a or_o insensible_a proposition_n xviii_o the_o great_a intumescency_n of_o water_n in_o any_o place_n and_o term_v of_o the_o flux_n aught_o to_o be_v when_o that_o the_o moon_n do_v occupy_v the_o meridian_n of_o the_o place_n but_o in_o many_o place_n it_o be_v find_v to_o be_v in_o another_o situation_n of_o the_o moon_n for_o than_o be_v the_o moon_n most_o nigh_o to_o any_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n when_o that_o it_o be_v in_o the_o meridian_n of_o that_o place_n because_o that_o the_o hypotenusa_fw-la of_o a_o right_a angle_a triangle_n be_v low_a than_o the_o cathetus_n whence_o it_o be_v infer_v by_o the_o xvi_o proposition_n that_o when_o the_o moon_n be_v in_o the_o meridian_n 16._o see_v proposition_n 16._o there_o ought_v to_o be_v the_o great_a intumescency_n and_o altitude_n of_o water_n and_o immediate_o a_o decrease_n to_o succeed_v but_o when_o the_o moon_n be_v in_o the_o low_a of_o the_o meridian_n than_o the_o narrow_a of_o the_o vortex_n of_o the_o earth_n opposite_a to_o it_o in_o the_o upper_a meridian_n and_o therefore_o do_v effect_v the_o same_o as_o if_o that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o moon_n be_v present_a but_o here_o arise_v a_o great_a difficulty_n for_o there_o be_v many_o place_n and_o coast_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o which_o we_o find_v that_o the_o term_n of_o the_o flux_n be_v not_o when_o that_o the_o moon_n come_v to_o the_o meridian_n as_o the_o philosopher_n hold_v before_o this_o age_n but_o soon_o or_o late_a viz._n when_o that_o the_o moon_n come_v to_o a_o certain_a quarter_n not_o cardinal_n and_o this_o quarter_n be_v not_o constant_o observe_v but_o in_o new_a and_o full_a moon_n for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o great_a intumescency_n be_v and_o the_o begin_n of_o a_o detumescency_n before_o the_o moon_n come_v to_o this_o quarter_n or_o vertical_a circle_n so_o at_o london_n the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o high_a when_o the_o moon_n come_v to_o the_o quarter_n which_o be_v between_o the_o south_n and_o west_n or_o north_n and_o east_n that_o be_v to_o the_o south_n west_n or_o north_n east_n quarter_n at_o the_o coast_n of_o china_n in_o the_o port_n of_o the_o city_n maccau_n portugal_n the_o great_a flux_n at_o the_o coast_n of_o china_n observe_v by_o a_o portugal_n a_o certain_a portugal_n mariner_n observe_v the_o time_n of_o the_o great_a intumescency_n by_o this_o mode_n the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v 22_o degree_n 20_o minute_n in_o the_o year_n 1584._o on_o the_o 19_o of_o september_n the_o moon_n be_v at_o full_a than_o the_o intumescency_n or_o altitude_n of_o the_o high_a water_n be_v observe_v in_o the_o morning_n at_o ½_n or_o ¼_n of_o a_o hour_n past_o 8._o therefore_o then_o the_o moon_n be_v remove_v from_o the_o meridian_n 3_o ¼_n hour_n whence_o the_o quarter_n or_o vertical_a circle_n in_o which_o the_o moon_n at_o that_o moment_n of_o time_n be_v be_v find_v according_a to_o the_o problem_n of_o the_o 30_o chapter_n anno_fw-la 1585._o on_o the_o 16_o of_o february_n in_o the_o full_a moon_n the_o great_a height_n of_o water_n be_v observe_v at_o half_a a_o hour_n past_o a_o eleven_o a_o clock_n at_o noon_n place_n certain_a observation_n take_v by_o a_o dutch_a mariner_n of_o the_o flux_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o many_o place_n a_o certain_a dutch_a mariner_n on_o the_o day_n of_o the_o new_a and_o full_a moon_n note_v the_o hour_n of_o divers_a place_n for_o the_o term_n or_o intumescency_n of_o the_o flux_n from_o which_o i_o have_v extract_v these_o at_o the_o twelve_o hour_n on_o the_o day_n of_o the_o new_a and_o full_a moon_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o flanders_n at_o enchusen_n in_o holland_n at_o horn_n at_o embden_n in_o east_n freezland_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o elve_n at_o eider_n at_o the_o isle_n of_o jutland_n and_o at_o dover_n at_o england_n at_o 45_o minute_n past_o 12_o at_o flushing_n in_o zealand_n half_o a_o hour_n after_o one_o a_o clock_n at_o the_o occidental_a coast_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n at_o calis_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n of_o thames_n at_o the_o shore_n of_o zealand_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o scald_v in_o mosa_n and_o at_o gore_v a_o quarter_n after_o two_o before_o the_o mouth_n of_o scald_v and_o the_o mouth_n of_o mosa_n at_o three_o a_o clock_n at_o amsterdam_n rotterdam_n dort_n in_o holland_n at_o newcastle_n in_o england_n at_o arment_n in_o flanders_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n of_o bordeaux_n in_o the_o south_n coast_n of_o britain_n gallocia_n gascoyn_n biscay_n portugal_n and_o spain_n and_o on_o the_o western_a coast_n of_o ireland_n even_o to_o hitland_n a_o quarter_n after_o four_o in_o the_o evening_n at_o rouen_n in_o france_n between_o mosa_n and_o rochel_n in_o the_o river_n of_o bordeaux_n in_o the_o bay_n of_o the_o spanish_a portugal_n and_o gallecian_a coast_n in_o the_o south_n coast_n of_o britain_n in_o france_n gascoyn_n and_o on_o the_o western_a coast_n of_o ireland_n half_n a_o hour_n past_o four_o from_o the_o texel_n at_o the_o south_n coast_n of_o ireland_n a_o quarter_n past_o five_o in_o all_o the_o port_n of_o the_o southern_a coast_n of_o ireland_n at_o plymouth_n in_o england_n and_o other_o southern_a place_n of_o it_o even_o to_o the_o coast_n of_o wales_n at_o six_o in_o the_o evening_n and_o morning_n before_o hamburgh_n in_o the_o elbe_n before_o bremen_n the_o texel_n antwerp_n in_o the_o channel_n between_o england_n and_o brabant_n without_o sorlis_n a_o quarter_n before_o seven_o in_o the_o evening_n between_o fawick_n and_o vaelmuya_n in_o the_o channel_n even_o to_o bristol_n before_o st._n nicholas_n and_o podessembe_n even_o to_o waymouth_n and_o hartepole_n at_o half_a a_o hour_n past_o seven_o in_o the_o haven_n at_o the_o texel_n at_o kilduyna_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o channel_n nigh_o plymouth_n and_o in_o the_o sea_n even_o to_o the_o promontory_n of_o the_o lizard_n a_o quarter_n past_o eight_o in_o the_o evening_n nigh_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n in_o the_o channel_n even_o to_o bevesier_n without_o the_o fly_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o holland_n at_o nine_o before_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n ems_n in_o freezland_n before_o the_o fly_n before_o the_o coast_n of_o freezland_n at_o the_o eastern_a coast_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n at_o half_a a_o hour_n past_o ten_o before_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n thames_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o normandy_n and_o picardy_n and_o at_o a_o quarter_n
term_v arm_n which_o proceed_v from_o a_o river_n divaricate_v into_o two_o channel_n 7._o a_o fountain_n or_o spring_n be_v water_n bubble_v and_o flow_v forward_o from_o a_o certain_a place_n of_o the_o earth_n 8._o a_o well_o be_v when_o the_o water_n bubble_v up_o but_o flow_v not_o forward_o proposition_n ii_o torrent_n and_o rivulet_n may_v sometime_o proceed_v from_o a_o quantity_n of_o rain_n and_o dissolve_v snow_n proceed_v from_o whence_o torrent_n and_o rivulet_n do_v proceed_v for_o in_o the_o mountainous_a or_o more_o elevate_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v find_v many_o cavity_n small_a lake_n and_o stand_v pool_n now_o if_o that_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o water_n flow_v into_o these_o from_o the_o fall_v of_o rain_n or_o snow_n that_o they_o can_v well_o contain_v they_o they_o overflow_v and_o run_v down_o on_o the_o more_o depress_a place_n and_o because_o that_o on_o every_o year_n this_o happen_v it_o make_v a_o channel_n for_o itself_o but_o sometime_o torrent_n do_v flow_v without_o any_o channel_n from_o this_o cause_n viz._n rains_n and_o the_o dissolution_n of_o snow_n many_o rivulet_n be_v make_v also_o torrent_n and_o moderate_a or_o indifferent_a river_n in_o those_o place_n which_o have_v ridge_n of_o mountain_n in_o a_o long_a tract_n as_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n india_n peru_n sumatra_n and_o the_o like_a and_o these_o rivulet_n flow_v neither_o in_o the_o summer_n nor_o in_o the_o night_n but_o only_o in_o the_o day_n proposition_n iii_o most_n rivulet_n proceed_v from_o fountain_n but_o river_n of_o a_o great_a magnitude_n have_v their_o original_a either_o from_o the_o congress_n of_o many_o rivulet_n and_o indifferent_a river_n or_o flow_v from_o lake_n and_o marsh_n for_o no_o river_n of_o any_o considerable_a magnitude_n as_o the_o albis_n the_o rhine_n do_v flow_v from_o one_o fountain_n but_o exist_v from_o many_o small_a spring_n or_o lake_n fountain_n rivulet_n proceed_v from_o fountain_n but_o these_o proceed_n from_o lake_n be_v augment_v by_o the_o accession_n of_o other_o river_n the_o river_n volga_n or_o rha_n receive_v two_o hundred_o and_o more_o partly_o rivulet_n and_o partly_o indifferent_a river_n before_o that_o it_o discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o the_o danube_n as_o many_o before_o she_o flow_v into_o the_o pontus_n and_o although_o that_o pliny_n and_o cardan_n write_v that_o no_o river_n flow_v into_o the_o nile_n yet_o experience_n testify_v the_o contrary_a to_o they_o that_o have_v travel_v in_o abyssine_n the_o proposition_n be_v easy_o prove_v by_o a_o enumeration_n of_o example_n mountain_n spring_n proceed_v common_o from_o hill_n &_o mountain_n the_o spring_n of_o some_o rivulet_n and_o river_n be_v in_o mountain_n and_o elevate_v place_n and_o some_o on_o a_o plane_n as_o for_o the_o spring_n of_o those_o river_n that_o proceed_v from_o lake_n we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n that_o those_o spring_n be_v in_o the_o bottom_n or_o channel_n of_o the_o lake_n and_o that_o such_o lake_n be_v as_o it_o be_v conduit_n and_o effusion_n about_o the_o spring_n before_o that_o the_o water_n flow_v in_o a_o channel_n or_o in_o a_o great_a quantity_n for_o some_o spring_n be_v cover_v with_o earth_n or_o water_n other_o open_z the_o spring_n on_o a_o plane_n be_v of_o those_o river_n from_o which_o tanais_n and_o albis_n exist_v in_o their_o first_o tract_n unto_o which_o other_o do_v accede_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o collect_v other_o example_n cardanus_n deny_v â—â—h_v these_o fountain_n to_o be_v generate_v in_o these_o plane_n place_n but_o to_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o vicine_fw-la mountain_n by_o some_o subterraneous_a passage_n but_o i_o suppose_v that_o such_o spring_n first_o make_v a_o stand_a pool_n or_o marsh_n for_o tanais_n seem_v not_o to_o flow_v from_o a_o spring_n but_o from_o a_o marsh_n or_o some_o less_o profound_a lake_n many_o be_v the_o mountainous_a spring_n of_o rivulet_n as_o of_o those_o of_o the_o rhine_n po_n danube_n borysthenes_n etc._n etc._n the_o nile_n wolga_n and_o the_o great_a river_n of_o st._n laurence_n in_o canada_n flow_v from_o a_o lake_n yet_o there_o be_v one_o mode_n by_o which_o from_o one_o fountain_n a_o great_a river_n may_v proceed_v viz._n if_o that_o the_o fountain_n be_v on_o a_o elevate_v place_n but_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n must_v be_v a_o little_a high_o than_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o inlet_n so_o the_o flow_a water_n first_o in_o a_o more_o swift_a current_n then_o in_o a_o more_o slow_a be_v collect_v in_o the_o channel_n and_o in_o course_n of_o time_n may_v be_v a_o very_a great_a river_n by_o reason_n that_o so_o much_o do_v not_o flow_v out_o in_o the_o first_o generation_n proposition_n iu_o river_n be_v very_o much_o augment_v by_o frequent_a rain_n and_o dissolve_v snow_n and_o that_o in_o divers_a season_n and_o month_n of_o the_o year_n snow_n river_n be_v much_o increase_v by_o rain_n and_o snow_n so_o in_o the_o region_n of_o peru_n and_o chili_n some_o river_n be_v so_o small_a that_o they_o flow_v not_o in_o the_o night_n time_n but_o only_o in_o the_o day_n because_o that_o then_o the_o water_n flow_v from_o snow_n dissolve_v on_o the_o mountainâ—_n of_o the_o andes_n through_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n so_o the_o river_n both_o in_o the_o oriental_a and_o occidental_a coast_n of_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n as_o in_o congo_z angola_n and_o the_o like_a be_v big_a in_o the_o day_n than_o in_o the_o night_n so_o it_o be_v also_o in_o the_o shore_n of_o malabar_n and_o chormandel_n in_o india_n yea_o in_o those_o four_o region_n in_o summer_n time_n the_o river_n be_v almost_o dry_v up_o and_o in_o the_o winter_n or_o wet_a season_n be_v overflow_a so_o wolga_n in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n abound_v with_o water_n so_o that_o the_o land_n and_o island_n be_v then_o cover_v with_o water_n in_o the_o other_o month_n the_o sand_n will_v hardly_o admit_v a_o passage_n over_o they_o for_o ship_n that_o be_v lade_v the_o reason_n be_v because_o that_o then_o the_o snow_n be_v dissolve_v on_o the_o mountain_n whence_o those_o rivulet_n proceed_v which_o be_v more_o than_o one_o hundred_o do_v exonerate_v themselves_o into_o the_o volga_n so_o the_o nile_n ganges_n indus_n etc._n etc._n be_v augment_v from_o rain_n or_o snow_n so_o that_o they_o overflow_v the_o land_n but_o these_o augment_v happen_v in_o a_o different_a season_n because_o that_o they_o arise_v from_o divers_a cause_n and_o divers_a place_n for_o by_o reason_n that_o rain_v be_v more_o frequent_a in_o the_o winter_n therefore_o river_n be_v more_o high_a at_o the_o season_n except_o another_o cause_n intervene_v from_o the_o dissolution_n of_o snow_n which_o sometime_o happen_v in_o some_o place_n and_o mountain_n in_o the_o spring_n in_o other_o in_o the_o summer_n and_o in_o other_o in_o the_o intermedial_a time_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o snow_n be_v then_o dissolve_v on_o the_o mountain_n that_o be_v adjacent_a to_o the_o rivulet_n of_o these_o river_n moreover_o some_o river_n especial_o the_o great_a proceed_v from_o remote_a place_n where_o it_o be_v then_o summer_n when_o it_o be_v winter_n in_o the_o place_n through_o which_o they_o flow_v and_o those_o variation_n cause_v the_o swell_a of_o river_n in_o divers_a season_n but_o most_o river_n do_v so_o in_o the_o spring_n because_o that_o then_o snow_n be_v dissolve_v in_o most_o place_n the_o variety_n of_o these_o cause_n must_v be_v show_v in_o the_o particular_a description_n of_o every_o river_n concern_v that_o peculiar_a spring_n of_o japan_n which_o flow_v every_o day_n only_o for_o two_o hour_n we_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n proposition_n v._o what_o may_v be_v the_o original_a of_o that_o water_n which_o flow_v from_o spring_n or_o whence_o be_v river_n generate_v spring_n the_o cause_n of_o water_n flow_v from_o spring_n we_o have_v before_o our_o eye_n the_o great_a river_n rhine_n albis_n and_o other_o the_o generation_n of_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o abundance_n of_o water_n seem_v more_o admirable_a than_o that_o of_o rivulet_n but_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o precedent_n and_o three_o proposition_n that_o the_o water_n of_o river_n partly_o proceed_v from_o 〈…〉_o and_o the_o dissolution_n of_o snow_n partly_o from_o lake_n and_o partly_o from_o the_o meeting_n of_o rivulet_n and_o river_n therefore_o the_o question_n be_v not_o so_o much_o concern_v the_o rise_n and_o spring_n of_o river_n as_o the_o original_a and_o perpetuity_n of_o fountain_n and_o spring_n various_a the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n and_o geographer_n be_v various_a the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n and_o geographer_n concern_v it_o be_v various_a 1._o some_o think_v that_o all_o the_o water_n of_o spring_n of_o river_n proceed_v from_o rain_n or_o
do_v grow_v and_o where_o that_o all_o well_n be_v salt_n in_o the_o city_n of_o suez_n at_o the_o termination_n of_o the_o red_a sea_n all_o well_n be_v salt_n or_o brackish_a and_o the_o water_n two_o mile_n distant_a be_v somewhat_o salt_n so_o in_o many_o island_n in_o the_o sea_n no_o well_n of_o fresh_a water_n be_v find_v though_o not_o so_o salt_n as_o the_o sea_n water_n itself_o as_o in_o the_o isle_n of_o st._n vincent_n and_o other_o in_o peru_n in_o the_o low_a region_n the_o lake_n be_v salt_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o vicinity_n of_o the_o sea_n yea_o in_o the_o oriental_a maritimate_a place_n the_o nut_n call_v coco_n nut_n be_v find_v somewhat_o salt_n also_o in_o the_o mediterranean_a place_n themselves_o fountain_n of_o salt_n water_n be_v find_v as_o in_o lorraine_n lunenburgh_n and_o the_o like_a 3._o because_o that_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o sea_n emit_v its_o water_n through_o subterraneous_a passage_n from_o the_o salt_n fountain_n of_o lunenburgh_n where_o beneath_o the_o earth_n those_o aqueduct_n full_a of_o salt_n or_o sea-water_n be_v find_v 4._o because_o that_o dig_v to_o a_o great_a depth_n as_o also_o in_o mine_n much_o water_n be_v find_v of_o which_o neither_o the_o rain_n nor_o the_o air_n can_v be_v make_v the_o efficient_a cause_n how_o water_n come_v from_o the_o sea_n to_o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n so_o as_o to_o become_v sweet_a we_o have_v now_o show_v viz._n the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o every_o where_o rocky_a or_o stony_a but_o in_o many_o place_n sandy_a muddy_a gravelly_a spongy_a drink_v the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o by_o a_o continuation_n of_o the_o earth_n bring_v it_o by_o degree_n to_o a_o long_a distance_n from_o the_o sea_n where_o at_o length_n the_o guttulae_fw-la unite_v especial_o in_o a_o narrow_a space_n such_o as_o be_v mountain_n and_o make_v a_o fountain_n in_o the_o give_v place_n or_o cavity_n but_o if_o so_o be_v that_o cavity_n be_v hide_v from_o the_o earth_n than_o the_o water_n so_o collect_v either_o follow_v another_o way_n wheresoever_o it_o be_v make_v and_o so_o a_o fountain_n seem_v to_o break_v forth_o in_o another_o place_n which_o yet_o be_v not_o in_o than_o place_n but_o be_v a_o river_n derive_v from_o the_o former_a place_n by_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n or_o if_o that_o the_o water_n of_o that_o cavity_n find_v no_o way_n about_o itself_o neither_o by_o violence_n can_v break_v through_o the_o earth_n that_o cover_v it_o than_o that_o water_n be_v not_o augment_v but_o what_o water_n flow_v unto_o it_o to_o have_v be_v its_o increase_n that_o be_v avert_v to_o another_o place_n for_o that_o be_v the_o property_n of_o all_o humid_a body_n that_o all_o their_o part_n and_o particle_n be_v move_v towards_o that_o place_n where_o the_o deflux_n be_v make_v so_o if_o you_o fill_v a_o vessel_n with_o water_n that_o the_o swell_a or_o tumour_n may_v be_v above_o the_o brim_n of_o the_o vessel_n than_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o extant_a water_n have_v a_o equal_a inclination_n and_o power_n of_o deflux_n in_o the_o vicine_fw-la part_n of_o the_o brim_n but_o yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mutual_a coherence_n of_o the_o particle_n who_o cause_n be_v declare_v in_o natural_a philosophy_n if_o that_o the_o deflux_n be_v make_v in_o one_o part_n of_o the_o brim_n all_o the_o other_o part_n leave_v the_o vicine_fw-la brim_n and_o draw_v to_o that_o part_n of_o the_o brim_n or_o they_o follow_v where_o the_o deflux_n be_v make_v so_o if_o you_o immerge_n a_o long_a crust_n of_o bread_n into_o water_n you_o shall_v see_v the_o water_n bear_v upward_o and_o and_o the_o part_n of_o the_o bread_n that_o be_v not_o immerge_v to_o be_v humid_a cavern_n the_o sea_n go_v under_o the_o earth_n through_o cavern_n moreover_o the_o sea_n go_v under_o the_o earth_n through_o cavern_n from_o which_o after_o the_o same_o mode_n the_o water_n may_v glide_v or_o creep_v forth_o unless_o you_o have_v rather_o ascribe_v it_o to_o evaporation_n which_o be_v carry_v upward_o and_o unite_n the_o drop_n in_o a_o narrow_a place_n but_o because_o there_o be_v many_o thing_n which_o may_v seem_v to_o render_v this_o opinion_n less_o probable_a these_o aught_o also_o to_o be_v consider_v that_o it_o may_v be_v evident_a that_o they_o weaken_v not_o this_o assertion_n lay_v down_o note_v thing_n to_o be_v note_v 1._o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n be_v more_o elevate_v than_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n by_o reason_n that_o most_o of_o they_o be_v in_o mountainous_a place_n therefore_o water_n can_v flow_v from_o the_o sea_n to_o those_o place_n because_o the_o nature_n of_o water_n be_v to_o move_v to_o place_n more_o depress_v or_o less_o elevate_v as_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o river_n and_o the_o artifices_fw-la of_o drainer_n 2._o although_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v gravelly_a muddy_a and_o sandy_a so_o that_o the_o water_n may_v penetrate_v itself_o through_o its_o particle_n yet_o the_o reason_n do_v not_o appear_v evident_a enough_o but_o that_o it_o may_v more_o moisten_v the_o adjoin_a earth_n and_o that_o which_o be_v not_o so_o high_a than_o to_o glide_v upward_o to_o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n see_v especial_o that_o the_o earth_n be_v rocky_a and_o stony_a as_o in_o the_o mountain_n of_o the_o island_n of_o st._n helena_n 3._o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o water_n so_o glide_v from_o the_o sea_n shall_v not_o break_v forth_o in_o a_o middle_a way_n between_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o fountain_n 4._o in_o the_o most_o profound_a mine_n none_o or_o very_o little_a water_n be_v find_v as_o thurnheuserus_n witness_v 5._o this_o water_n of_o the_o fountain_n shall_v be_v salt_n because_o that_o it_o do_v proceed_v from_o the_o sea_n these_o be_v the_o chief_a argument_n which_o may_v seem_v to_o weaken_v the_o opinion_n propose_v for_o i_o pass_v by_o those_o slight_a one_o allege_v by_o other_o answer_v other_o argument_n answer_v viz._n that_o they_o suppose_v that_o the_o sea_n be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o supply_v so_o many_o river_n then_o again_o that_o river_n than_o shall_v never_o be_v diminish_v if_o that_o be_v the_o true_a cause_n of_o river_n that_o we_o have_v lay_v down_o but_o unto_o these_o two_o the_o answer_n be_v easy_a because_o that_o the_o sea_n again_o receive_v the_o water_n again_o from_o the_o river_n that_o it_o send_v forth_o into_o the_o fountain_n then_o as_o for_o the_o other_o we_o have_v show_v before_o that_o the_o question_n be_v not_o neither_o do_v we_o determine_v that_o all_o the_o water_n of_o the_o river_n be_v from_o the_o sea_n but_o only_o concern_v the_o water_n of_o spring_n which_o be_v not_o the_o alone_a cause_n of_o river_n as_o we_o have_v say_v already_o and_o we_o also_o assert_v that_o the_o water_n of_o fountain_n be_v augment_v from_o rain_n and_o dew_n because_o that_o these_o moisten_v the_o earth_n glide_v or_o be_v draw_v towards_o the_o place_n of_o fountain_n concernment_n four_o other_o argument_n of_o great_a concernment_n where_o the_o efflux_n of_o the_o water_n be_v make_v which_o we_o have_v explain_v by_o other_o example_n we_o come_v now_o to_o those_o four_o argument_n allege_v which_o may_v seem_v to_o carry_v some_o weight_n with_o they_o the_o first_o be_v esteem_v very_o valid_a as_o be_v take_v from_o multiplicit_fw-la experience_n therefore_o many_o solution_n be_v bring_v and_o allege_v by_o learned_a man_n first_o they_o the_o most_o easy_o discharge_v themselves_o who_o defend_v the_o ocean_n to_o be_v more_o high_a than_o the_o earth_n for_o so_o they_o deny_v the_o assertion_n and_o they_o say_v that_o this_o altitude_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o spring_n because_o that_o spring_n be_v less_o high_a than_o the_o water_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o ocean_n persia_n see_v olearius_n his_o voyage_n into_o persia_n moreover_o olearius_n in_o the_o description_n of_o his_o voyage_n into_o persia_n relate_v that_o he_o ascend_v the_o mountain_n that_o adjoin_v to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o with_o a_o astrolabe_n or_o rather_o a_o gaeodetical_a instrument_n to_o observe_v the_o elevation_n of_o this_o mountain_n above_o the_o superficies_n of_o that_o sea_n but_o find_v none_o but_o that_o the_o extreme_a superficies_n of_o that_o sea_n be_v see_v in_o the_o horizontal_n line_n yea_o somewhat_o elevate_v above_o it_o so_o that_o the_o tumour_n of_o this_o sea_n be_v find_v a_o little_a more_o high_a than_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o mountain_n on_o which_o he_o make_v his_o observation_n but_o in_o truth_n this_o solution_n can_v be_v admit_v of_o 13._o see_v chap._n 13._o because_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o thirteen_o chapter_n that_o the_o water_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v not_o high_a than_o the_o mountain_n
of_o which_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o height_n of_o the_o sea_n avail_v much_o sometime_o in_o this_o and_o sometime_o in_o that_o part_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o flood_n wave_n or_o tempest_n for_o the_o water_n be_v make_v high_o more_o press_v the_o water_n and_o promote_v its_o ingress_n through_o the_o earth_n to_o the_o spring_n and_o see_v that_o every_o day_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v augment_v and_o diminish_v in_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n not_o only_o by_o storm_n but_o also_o by_o the_o flux_n and_o reflux_n therefore_o such_o a_o pressure_n happen_v every_o day_n but_o i_o question_v whether_o this_o cause_n can_v effect_v much_o answer_v the_o three_o argument_n answer_v unto_o the_o three_o argument_n i_o say_v that_o the_o reason_n be_v the_o disposition_n of_o the_o place_n and_o of_o the_o earth_n itself_o and_o as_o i_o say_v that_o the_o humour_n be_v move_v and_o glide_v towards_o that_o part_n where_o the_o flux_n be_v make_v neither_o do_v i_o think_v it_o need_v any_o far_a explication_n answer_v the_o four_o argument_n answer_v the_o four_o argument_n take_v from_o the_o saltness_n have_v a_o more_o difficult_a solution_n because_o that_o it_o seem_v not_o possible_a that_o the_o saltness_n shall_v be_v take_v away_o only_o by_o transcolation_n for_o the_o saltness_n of_o the_o water_n consist_v in_o a_o double_a salt_n which_o the_o aristotelian_o never_o observe_v the_o one_o of_o which_o the_o chemist_n apt_o call_v fix_v the_o other_o volatile_a salt_n and_o the_o fix_a salt_n may_v indeed_o be_v separate_v from_o the_o marine_a water_n as_o well_o by_o continual_a transcolation_n as_o by_o coction_n and_o distillation_n of_o the_o water_n but_o the_o volatile_a salt_n because_o it_o be_v spirituous_a be_v immediate_o advance_v with_o the_o water_n neither_o can_v it_o be_v separate_v by_o frequent_a and_o often_o repeat_v distillation_n therefore_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o give_v a_o mode_n by_o which_o this_o volatile_a salt_n spirit_n in_o its_o passage_n between_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o fountain_n may_v be_v separate_v from_o the_o sea_n water_n yet_o in_o the_o mean_a while_o these_o will_v suffice_v for_o the_o solution_n 1._o although_o we_o have_v not_o discover_v the_o mode_n and_o artifice_n by_o which_o this_o volatile_a salsitude_n may_v be_v separate_v from_o the_o sea_n water_n yet_o we_o must_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v separate_v for_o by_o nature_n we_o find_v it_o separate_v viz._n for_o fresh_a shower_n fall_v into_o the_o ocean_n which_o yet_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o vapour_n take_v up_o from_o the_o sea_n 2._o those_o particle_n of_o salt_n water_n penetrate_v the_o earth_n before_o they_o flow_v to_o their_o fountain_n be_v mix_v here_o and_o there_o with_o other_o water_n proceed_v there_o from_o rain_n or_o vapour_n and_o so_o that_o small_a saltitude_n that_o they_o yet_o have_v be_v render_v altogether_o insensible_a 3._o it_o be_v not_o true_a that_o the_o salsitude_n be_v altogether_o insensible_a in_o all_o spring_n because_o that_o some_o fountain_n be_v salt_n as_o we_o say_v before_o othersome_a brackish_a a_o little_a as_o those_o two_o mile_n from_o the_o city_n suez_n and_o in_o place_n less_o remote_a from_o the_o sea_n therefore_o there_o be_v need_n of_o a_o long_a transcolation_n and_o gentle_a evaporation_n to_o separate_v the_o water_n from_o the_o volatile_a salt_n and_o by_o this_o artifice_n we_o make_v sea_n water_v less_o salt_n and_o such_o also_o be_v the_o generation_n of_o rain_n water_n which_o therefore_o be_v not_o salt_n or_o at_o least_o less_o salt_n for_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o sometime_o saltish_a kind_n of_o rain_n do_v fall_v into_o the_o sea_n therefore_o the_o water_n of_o fountain_n proceed_v partly_o from_o the_o sea_n or_o subterranean_a water_n partly_o from_o river_n and_o dew_n that_o moisten_v the_o earth_n but_o the_o water_n of_o river_n partly_o proceed_v from_o spring_n and_o partly_o from_o rain_n and_o snow_n proposition_n vi_o certain_a river_n hide_v themselves_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o passage_n under_o the_o earth_n and_o in_o another_o place_n rise_v up_o again_o as_o if_o they_o be_v new_a river_n again_o of_o river_n which_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o their_o passage_n hide_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n and_o rise_v again_o the_o most_o celebrate_a of_o they_o be_v 1._o the_o river_n niger_n which_o meet_v the_o mountain_n of_o nubia_n be_v observe_v under_o they_o and_o come_v forth_o again_o from_o the_o other_o occidental_a quarter_n 2._o tigris_n have_v pass_v the_o lake_n arethusa_n meet_v the_o mountain_n taurus_n be_v hide_v in_o a_o cave_n and_o flow_v out_o on_o the_o other_o side_n then_o when_o it_o have_v pass_v the_o lake_n thospite_v it_o be_v again_o obscure_v in_o subterranean_a cavern_n and_o then_o after_o it_o have_v thus_o run_v the_o space_n of_o about_o six_o german_a mile_n it_o break_v forth_o again_o 3._o about_o arcadia_n in_o peloponnesus_n many_o such_o riveret_n be_v to_o be_v find_v as_o aristotle_n write_v in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o meteor_n chapter_n eleven_o 4._o alpheus_n a_o river_n of_o achaia_n be_v absorb_v by_o the_o earth_n the_o grecian_n write_v that_o it_o keep_v its_o course_n under_o the_o sea_n and_o beneath_o the_o earth_n even_o unto_o sicilia_n where_o they_o will_v have_v it_o to_o emerge_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o syracuse_n and_o to_o be_v that_o river_n that_o be_v call_v arethusa_n in_o sicilia_n now_o this_o they_o especial_o collect_v from_o this_o viz._n that_o arethusa_n in_o sicilia_n every_o five_o summer_n cast_v up_o the_o dung_n of_o those_o beast_n at_o that_o time_n when_o the_o olympian_a game_n be_v celebrate_v and_o the_o dung_n and_o garbage_n of_o the_o slay_a victim_n be_v cast_v into_o alpheus_n therefore_o be_v carry_v with_o a_o direct_a current_n they_o be_v cast_v up_o in_o sicilia_n 5._o the_o river_n guadiana_n between_o portugal_n and_o biscay_n in_o time_n past_o call_v anas_n whole_o obscure_v itself_o at_o medelina_n and_o about_o 8_o german_a mile_n further_a discover_v itself_o again_o 6._o dan_o which_o flow_v with_o the_o river_n jor_n make_v jordan_n break_v forth_o some_o mile_n from_o its_o fountain_n phiala_n straw_n or_o rush_n be_v cast_v into_o the_o same_o be_v find_v and_o discover_v in_o the_o fountain_n or_o proruption_n of_o the_o river_n dan._n the_o reason_n why_o these_o river_n hide_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n and_o again_o emerge_n be_v 1._o the_o obstacle_n of_o a_o more_o elevate_a place_n than_o the_o channel_n of_o the_o river_n 2._o either_o perchance_o some_o cavity_n exist_v in_o the_o earth_n or_o some_o inconstant_a matter_n which_o easy_o give_v place_n to_o the_o glide_a river_n there_o be_v also_o other_o river_n which_o hide_v themselves_o under_o the_o earth_n but_o do_v not_o again_o emerge_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n proposition_n vii_o most_o of_o the_o great_a and_o indifferent_a river_n as_o also_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o lesser_a do_v exonerate_v themselves_o into_o the_o sea_n or_o a_o lake_n and_o the_o place_n where_o this_o exoneration_n be_v make_v be_v term_v the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n some_o river_n have_v one_o some_o three_o and_o some_o more_o such_o mouth_n some_o of_o the_o river_n of_o indifferent_a magnitude_n as_o also_o the_o lesser_a sort_n discharge_v themselves_o into_o great_a river_n the_o other_o either_o stagnate_n or_o be_v suck_v up_o by_o the_o earth_n lake_n most_o river_n both_o great_a and_o small_a lose_v themselves_o in_o the_o sea_n or_o in_o lake_n concern_v the_o great_a river_n the_o thing_n be_v evident_a by_o the_o example_n of_o the_o rhine_n the_o danube_n the_o wolga_n and_o such_o like_a for_o the_o danube_n be_v exonerate_v into_o the_o euxine_a sea_n by_o seven_o mouth_n the_o wolga_n have_v at_o least_o seventy_o outlet_n or_o mouth_n the_o nile_n have_v seven_o and_o where_o it_o overflow_v more_o the_o cause_n why_o great_a river_n do_v exonerate_v themselves_o into_o the_o sea_n be_v their_o abundance_n of_o water_n and_o vehement_a course_n now_o why_o they_o have_v more_o outlet_n than_o one_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_a reason_n for_o the_o same_o 1._o the_o abundance_n of_o water_n 2._o the_o generation_n of_o sand_n and_o ridge_n in_o the_o mouth_n which_o in_o progress_n of_o time_n be_v so_o augment_v that_o they_o become_v either_o part_n of_o the_o land_n or_o island_n and_o so_o cause_n that_o the_o river_n glide_v be_v divide_v into_o two_o branch_n and_o when_o many_o such_o ridge_n be_v generate_v the_o river_n be_v divide_v into_o many_o branch_n or_o one_o mouth_n into_o many_o but_o then_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o mouth_n be_v carry_v forward_o and_o the_o sea_n recede_v from_o
touch_v on_o it_o because_o that_o no_o geographer_n have_v hitherto_o make_v mention_n of_o it_o as_o also_o of_o the_o river_n jeniscea_n and_o yrtiis_fw-la orellana_n the_o river_n orellana_n 7._o orellana_n in_o america_n so_o call_v from_o francis_n orelli_n be_v account_v among_o the_o great_a river_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v fountain_n be_v in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o peru_n in_o the_o province_n of_o quito_n in_o the_o south_n latitude_n of_o 72_o degree_n but_o this_o be_v not_o altogether_o certain_a its_o mouth_n be_v fifteen_o mile_n in_o latitude_n two_o degree_n southerly_a it_o be_v tract_n be_v say_v to_o be_v 1500_o spanish_a mile_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o great_a number_n of_o bend_n when_o that_o in_o truth_n it_o extend_v not_o 700._o other_o confound_v with_o it_o or_o make_v the_o river_n maragnon_n to_o be_v a_o branch_n of_o it_o it_o be_v in_o some_o place_n four_o or_o five_o league_n broad_a but_o it_o receive_v not_o its_o water_n so_o much_o from_o a_o spring_n as_o from_o rains_n fall_v on_o the_o mountainous_a part_n of_o peru_n so_o that_o in_o the_o dry_a mouth_n of_o those_o mountain_n it_o carry_v little_a water_n and_o indeed_o the_o modern_n do_v much_o detract_v from_o its_o magnitude_n plata_fw-la rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la 8._o rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la in_o brasilia_n its_o fountain_n be_v in_o the_o mountain_n of_o peru_n its_o mouth_n be_v in_o the_o south_n latitude_n of_o 37_o degree_n and_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v about_o twenty_o mile_n but_o when_o it_o overflow_v it_o have_v many_o outlet_n which_o some_o account_n for_o one_o at_o that_o time_n it_o carry_v not_o much_o water_n the_o native_n call_v it_o paramaguasu_n that_o be_v a_o water_n like_o the_o sea_n as_o some_o observe_v omaranna_n the_o river_n omaranna_n 9_o omaranna_n also_o a_o river_n in_o brasilia_n flow_v from_o the_o mountain_n of_o peru_n in_o a_o long_a tract_n these_o three_o great_a river_n in_o brasilia_n viz._n orellana_n rio_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr plata_fw-la and_o omoranna_n meet_v somewhere_o in_o some_o lake_n in_o the_o mediterranean_a place_n of_o brasilia_n and_o emorge_v again_o be_v disjoin_v canada_n the_o river_n canada_n 10._o and_o last_o canada_n or_o st._n laurence_n in_o america_n septentrionalis_n its_o spring_n be_v in_o the_o lake_n call_v des_fw-fr iroquis_fw-la it_o be_v large_a mouth_n be_v in_o the_o 50th_o degree_n of_o north_n latitude_n and_o its_o tract_n be_v no_o lesser_a than_o 600_o german_a mile_n proposition_n xxviii_o whirlpool_n be_v find_v in_o the_o channel_n of_o some_o river_n so_o in_o the_o river_n sommona_n between_o amiens_n and_o abbeville_n in_o picardy_n in_o france_n be_v a_o secret_a whirlpool_n into_o which_o the_o water_n rush_v with_o such_o violence_n that_o their_o sound_n may_v be_v hear_v for_o some_o mile_n proposition_n xxix_o riverwater_n be_v more_o light_a than_o sea-water_n riverwater_n sea-water_n more_o heavy_a than_o riverwater_n the_o cause_n be_v easy_o know_v to_o wit_n sea-water_n carry_v much_o salt_n in_o it_o thence_o it_o happen_v that_o many_o thing_n sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n in_o rivers_n which_o float_v on_o the_o sea_n which_o frequent_o be_v see_v in_o ship_n heavy_a lade_v that_o be_v raise_v up_o in_o the_o sea_n high_o than_o when_o in_o rivers_n now_o various_a be_v the_o proportion_n betwixt_o these_o water_n because_o that_o the_o sea-water_n be_v not_o every_o where_n of_o the_o same_o gravity_n nor_o the_o water_n of_o divers_a river_n but_o yet_o the_o proportion_n be_v about_o 46_o to_o 45_o so_o that_o 46_o ounce_n of_o riverwater_n do_v equal_o ponderate_v 45_o of_o sea-water_n chap._n xvii_o of_o mineral_n water_n bath_n and_o spaw_n because_o that_o there_o be_v many_o kind_n of_o liquid_a body_n or_o water_n the_o peculiar_a property_n of_o which_o man_n do_v admire_v at_o therefore_o geographer_n be_v wont_a to_o treat_v of_o they_o but_o all_o of_o they_o hitherto_o except_o a_o bare_a recital_n of_o their_o name_n and_o a_o reckon_n up_o of_o some_o wonderful_a fountain_n or_o spring_n have_v add_v nothing_o to_o solid_a knowledge_n but_o we_o shall_v treat_v more_o clear_o of_o they_o and_o that_o with_o a_o declaration_n of_o their_o cause_n proposition_n i._n no_o water_n be_v pure_a and_o elementary_a but_o contain_v or_o have_v admix_v particle_n such_o as_o be_v find_v in_o terrestrial_a body_n these_o particle_n be_v not_o only_a earth_n but_o also_o they_o be_v various_a as_o oil_n spirit_n and_o the_o like_a that_o be_v term_v mineral-water_n which_o contain_v so_o many_o or_o such_o particle_n of_o a_o different_a nature_n from_o the_o water_n so_o that_o from_o they_o it_o gain_v or_o have_v notable_a quality_n which_o we_o discover_v by_o sense_n or_o the_o property_n be_v notable_a by_o sense_n particle_n no_o water_n be_v pure_a but_o have_v admix_v particle_n the_o truth_n of_o the_o proposition_n be_v manifest_a by_o experience_n and_o be_v prove_v both_o from_o the_o difference_n of_o taste_n and_o from_o distillation_n and_o all_o naturalist_n agree_v that_o simple_a or_o pure_a water_n as_o the_o other_o element_n separate_v from_o other_o do_v not_o exist_v in_o nature_n the_o cause_n be_v the_o various_a and_o perpetual_a agitation_n of_o the_o particle_n but_o in_o water_n that_o i_o may_v say_v somewhat_o in_o particular_a concern_v our_o matter_n in_o hand_n by_o the_o cause_n of_o admixtion_n of_o heterogeneous_a they_o receive_v spiritual_a particle_n the_o rain_n and_o the_o air_n itself_o touch_v the_o water_n consist_v of_o divers_a particle_n therefore_o all_o water_n have_v admix_v particle_n of_o another_o nature_n but_o there_o be_v not_o the_o like_a quantity_n in_o all_o of_o they_o into_o the_o rhine_n indeed_o the_o danube_n and_o albis_n and_o into_o all_o great_a river_n other_o riveret_n do_v flow_v in_o impregnate_v with_o innumerable_a particle_n and_o in_o such_o quantity_n that_o they_o be_v evident_a to_o the_o sense_n but_o because_o beside_o these_o many_o other_o riveret_n do_v flow_v into_o they_o not_o impregnate_v with_o so_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o heterogeneous_a particle_n as_o be_v discoverable_a to_o the_o eye_n and_o because_o that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o water_n that_o they_o carry_v consist_v of_o rain_n and_o air_n therefore_o also_o in_o these_o great_a river_n those_o heterogeneous_a particle_n be_v not_o easy_o discover_v but_o must_v be_v separate_v from_o they_o by_o art_n if_o that_o any_o one_o will_v have_v they_o discover_v to_o the_o sense_n but_o we_o shall_v especial_o call_v they_o mineral_n water_n which_o have_v some_o notable_a property_n beyond_o the_o common_a water_n that_o be_v that_o contain_v such_o a_o admixture_n of_o heterogeous_a particle_n that_o thence_o possess_v a_o notable_a and_o sensible_a quality_n proposition_n ii_o mineral_n water_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n water_n of_o mineral_n water_n some_o be_v corporeal_a we_o want_v a_o apt_a word_n other_o spiritual_n otheâ—s_v both_o corporeal_a and_o spiritual_a i_o term_v those_o corporeal_a mineral_n water_n which_o contain_v solid_a and_o fix_a particle_n of_o mineral_n so_o that_o these_o may_v be_v discover_v and_o separate_v by_o the_o sight_n these_o corporeal_a body_n be_v twofold_a some_o carry_v those_o particle_n of_o mineral_n of_o a_o very_a great_a magnitude_n that_o without_o any_o trouble_n or_o very_o little_a at_o the_o least_o they_o may_v be_v behold_v in_o the_o water_n and_o to_o speak_v proper_o they_o be_v not_o commix_v water_n such_o be_v those_o of_o which_o we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o former_a chapter_n because_o that_o the_o grain_n of_o gold_n silver_n and_o the_o like_a be_v contain_v in_o their_o water_n therefore_o they_o be_v term_v gold_n and_o silver-bearing_a river_n but_o these_o water_n in_o property_n of_o speech_n be_v not_o to_o be_v term_v mineral_n because_o that_o they_o have_v not_o 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fountain_n and_o such_o
strait_n 4._o river_n 5._o lake_n 6._o pool_n and_o 7._o marsh_n 1._o marsh_n may_v be_v exsiccate_v or_o drain_v either_o by_o subduction_n of_o the_o water_n or_o by_o exsiccation_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o none_o can_v doubt_v for_o in_o many_o region_n the_o soil_n be_v fruitful_a where_o there_o be_v marsh_n some_o year_n since_o as_o in_o westphalia_n gelderland_n brabant_n holland_n muscovia_n 2._o the_o same_o be_v the_o account_n of_o pool_n see_v that_o they_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o marsh_n proposition_n v._o rivers_n leave_v their_o channel_n or_o shoar_n that_o be_v part_n of_o their_o channel_n and_o afford_v new_a land_n land_n river_n quit_v their_o shoar_n and_o afford_v new_a land_n 1._o if_o that_o they_o carry_v much_o terrestrial_a matter_n sand_n or_o gravel_n with_o they_o which_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n in_o progress_n of_o they_o time_n so_o augment_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o channel_n that_o it_o be_v no_o more_o depress_v than_o that_o place_n from_o whence_o the_o water_n flow_v from_o the_o vicine_fw-la earth_n but_o if_o that_o that_o matter_n sink_v into_o one_o place_n in_o part_n of_o the_o channel_n it_o will_v separate_v one_o part_n which_o then_o at_o length_n will_v be_v dry_v up_o 2._o if_o that_o the_o river_n take_v another_o channel_n whether_o it_o be_v do_v by_o art_n or_o nature_n and_o a_o violent_a cause_n as_o by_o wind_n inundation_n or_o the_o like_a 3._o if_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o river_n be_v obstruct_v or_o cease_v to_o send_v forth_o water_n the_o earth_n be_v fall_v in_o or_o condensated_a or_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o sand_n be_v drive_v by_o the_o wind_n into_o the_o fountain_n or_o adjacent_a place_n example_n of_o river_n who_o channel_n be_v exsiccate_v at_o this_o time_n either_o in_o whole_a or_o in_o part_n be_v every_o where_o obvious_a in_o writer_n yet_o not_o of_o great_a river_n but_o of_o small_a or_o of_o the_o part_n of_o any_o great_a river_n so_o a_o channel_n of_o a_o arm_n of_o the_o rhine_n which_o flow_v by_o leyden_n flow_v in_o time_n pass_v into_o the_o german_a ocean_n now_o for_o some_o age_n desert_v by_o the_o water_n at_o this_o day_n be_v land_n the_o rhine_n stagnate_v between_o leyden_n and_o the_o vicus_n cattorum_fw-la the_o shore_n be_v uncover_v from_o the_o water_n of_o river_n and_o that_o some_o river_n run_v in_o a_o more_o narrow_a channel_n than_o they_o do_v former_o be_v manifest_a from_o many_o example_n and_o from_o thence_o that_o some_o at_o this_o day_n be_v not_o navigable_a which_o former_o be_v may_v easy_o be_v collect_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o water_n be_v diminish_v and_o none_o at_o all_o to_o be_v leave_v in_o their_o channel_n at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o as_o in_o the_o river_n scaldis_n therefore_o governor_n of_o commonwealth_n have_v a_o great_a care_n that_o the_o mud_n and_o sediment_n be_v draw_v from_o out_o the_o channel_n of_o river_n that_o they_o may_v remain_v navigable_a as_o be_v see_v in_o many_o place_n but_o great_a river_n can_v be_v dry_v up_o or_o change_v into_o land_n except_o in_o many_o age_n because_o that_o many_o lesser_a river_n flow_v from_o divers_a part_n make_v they_o of_o which_o though_o some_o may_v be_v dry_v up_o or_o change_v their_o course_n yet_o all_o do_v not_o suffer_v the_o same_o except_o in_o a_o long_a space_n of_o time_n and_o the_o channel_n be_v deep_a but_o one_o heap_n or_o ridge_n of_o sand_n may_v cause_v the_o river_n to_o run_v through_o another_o channel_n and_o the_o former_a to_o be_v dry_v up_o yet_o it_o take_v not_o away_o the_o river_n except_o the_o fountain_n or_o branch_n of_o it_o be_v obstruct_v therefore_o it_o be_v true_a that_o neither_o the_o nile_n tanais_n albis_n or_o the_o rhine_n or_o other_o river_n always_o flow_v or_o shall_v perpetual_o flow_v but_o that_o there_o be_v earth_n before_o and_o shall_v be_v afterward_o where_o they_o now_o flow_v proposition_n vi_o lake_n be_v dry_v up_o and_o change_v into_o land_n land_n lake_n dry_v up_o and_o change_v into_o land_n 1._o if_o that_o a_o lake_n be_v constitute_v from_o river_n that_o flow_v in_o that_o mutation_n be_v make_v by_o the_o abduction_n withdraw_a or_o cessation_n of_o the_o river_n and_o also_o by_o evaporation_n 2._o if_o that_o a_o lake_n receive_v water_n by_o a_o subterraneous_a passage_n from_o the_o ocean_n or_o sea_n there_o will_v be_v a_o mutation_n of_o that_o lake_n after_o that_o those_o subterraneous_a passage_n be_v obstruct_v and_o so_o lake_n be_v first_o change_v into_o stand_a pool_n and_o marsh_n then_o at_o length_n into_o dry_a land_n it_o be_v evident_a say_v aristotle_n that_o because_o a_o force_n of_o water_n have_v bring_v in_o mud_n or_o something_o of_o that_o sort_n he_o speak_v of_o lake_n make_v of_o river_n therefore_o stand_v pool_n be_v make_v and_o the_o earth_n be_v dry_a and_o that_o their_o water_n be_v leave_v and_o stand_a in_o succession_n of_o time_n it_o be_v exsiccate_v and_o altogether_o vanish_v so_o the_o land_n that_o touch_v upon_o the_o lake_n maeotis_n by_o the_o soil_n bring_v down_o by_o the_o river_n be_v increase_v so_o much_o that_o ship_n now_o far_o less_o than_o those_o about_o 60_o year_n since_o for_o traffic_v sake_n enter_v into_o it_o there_o be_v many_o example_n find_v of_o small_a lake_n change_v into_o dry_a land_n especial_o in_o holland_n proposition_n vii_o strait_n be_v exsiccate_v and_o change_v into_o isthmuss_n or_o continent_n that_o happen_v streights_n streights_n when_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o continual_a sink_v of_o the_o terrestrial_a matter_n make_v in_o a_o long_a time_n the_o channel_n of_o the_o straight_o be_v become_v so_o high_a that_o it_o deni_v a_o passage_n to_o the_o sea_n so_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o the_o isthmus_n between_o africa_n and_o asia_n be_v a_o straight_a by_o which_o the_o mediterranean_a and_o red-sea_n be_v conjoin_v as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n in_o many_o strait_n at_o this_o day_n the_o altitude_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o channel_n be_v find_v lesser_a than_o in_o former_a time_n which_o be_v a_o certain_a token_n that_o those_o strait_n shall_v have_v no_o water_n in_o they_o in_o the_o time_n to_o come_v and_o shall_v be_v change_v into_o a_o dry_a isthmus_n so_o the_o straight_a through_o which_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n make_v a_o gulf_n which_o the_o hollander_n call_v snyder-zee_a and_o the_o texell_n at_o this_o day_n receive_v no_o large_a land_n ship_n and_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v every_o year_n find_v lesser_a and_o the_o land_n high_o therefore_o where_o the_o water_n be_v at_o the_o texell_n there_o after_o some_o age_n will_v be_v dry_a land_n concern_v the_o vlier_n the_o same_o in_o time_n to_o come_v will_v also_o happen_v proposition_n viii_o the_o bay_n or_o gulf_n which_o the_o ocean_n make_v between_o the_o mid-land_n in_o course_n of_o time_n do_v become_v dry_a place_n land_n bay_n or_o gulf_n in_o time_n do_v become_v dry_a land_n this_o be_v do_v by_o a_o double_a cause_n 1._o if_o that_o the_o straight_a by_o which_o the_o bay_n be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o ocean_n become_v a_o isthmus_n or_o else_o be_v stop_v by_o sand_n and_o gravel_n which_o be_v do_v in_o progress_n of_o time_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o precede_a proposition_n for_o by_o this_o cause_n the_o bay_n of_o the_o ocean_n and_o a_o part_n or_o member_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v cut_v off_o from_o the_o body_n and_o shall_v become_v a_o lake_n and_o then_o a_o stand_a pool_n and_o marish_a and_o by_o exsiccation_n become_v earth_n and_o no_o water_n shall_v be_v see_v there_o 2._o if_o that_o the_o very_a channel_n of_o the_o bay_n become_v high_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o river_n flow_v into_o it_o and_z carrying_z sand_n along_o with_o it_o that_o it_o in_o time_n can_v receive_v the_o sea_n so_o by_o degree_n the_o sea_n will_v recede_v from_o the_o shore_n of_o that_o bay_n therefore_o the_o mediterranean_a the_o baltic_a the_o red_a persian_a and_o other_o sea_n that_o be_v bay_n of_o the_o ocean_n will_v cease_v in_o time_n to_o be_v sea_n and_o will_v be_v change_v into_o land_n which_o shall_v be_v full_o prove_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n proposition_n ix_o the_o ocean_n for_o sake_v some_o shore_n or_o coast_n so_o that_o it_o become_v land_n where_o the_o ocean_n former_o be_v shore_n where_o the_o ocean_n former_o be_v be_v now_o land_n by_o its_o forsake_v the_o shore_n that_o happen_v for_o these_o cause_n 1._o if_o that_o the_o force_n of_o water_n be_v break_v at_o the_o shore_n by_o rock_n here_o and_o there_o on_o the_o coast_n or_o cliff_n in_o the_o sea_n for_o that_o
or_o force_v in_o and_o therefore_o a_o general_a wind_n be_v consider_v especial_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n most_o remote_a from_o the_o land_n 2._o yet_o another_o wind_n may_v also_o blow_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o sea_n viz._n if_o that_o in_o another_o a_o cloud_n or_o other_o cause_n generate_a of_o a_o wind_n be_v very_o great_a from_o these_o two_o cause_n it_o happen_v that_o a_o general_a wind_n be_v less_o or_o more_o constant_a or_o continual_a in_o divers_a placer_fw-la now_o the_o general_a wind_n be_v only_o find_v in_o the_o sea_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n or_o that_o which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_n about_o the_o whole_a earth_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n it_o extend_v itself_o without_o the_o tropic_n the_o space_n of_o 7_o degree_n and_o they_o be_v call_v eastern_a that_o be_v the_o east-wind_n or_o collateral_a to_o the_o east_n as_o the_o southeast_n north-east_n viz._n which_o blow_n from_o the_o east_n towards_o the_o west_n for_o the_o whole_a year_n but_o they_o do_v not_o consist_v with_o the_o like_a constancy_n in_o all_o the_o part_n of_o that_o sea_n but_o in_o some_o they_o be_v more_o hinder_v and_o in_o some_o less_o they_o be_v more_o constant_a in_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n viz._n in_o that_o part_n of_o it_o which_o lie_v between_o the_o tropic_n so_o that_o ship_n that_o lose_v from_o the_o port_n of_o aquapulco_n in_o new_a spain_n in_o america_n towards_o the_o philippin_n isle_n that_o be_v such_o as_o steer_v their_o course_n from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n oftentimes_o for_o 60_o degree_n sail_v continual_o without_o any_o alteration_n or_o furl_v of_o the_o sail_n with_o a_o constant_a east_n or_o north-east_n wind_n neither_o unto_o this_o day_n have_v any_o ship_n in_o that_o most_o long_a voyage_n of_o 1650_o mile_n be_v cast_v away_o whence_o the_o mariner_n say_v that_o they_o may_v sleep_v secure_o in_o this_o voyage_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o need_n of_o guide_v the_o ship_n see_v that_o the_o general_a wind_n bring_v the_o ship_n to_o the_o wish_a port_n for_o here_o other_o wind_n do_v impede_fw-la the_o general_a wind._n the_o same_o constancy_n of_o this_o same_o easterly_a wind_n be_v find_v in_o the_o sea_n from_o the_o cape_n or_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a in_o the_o bound_n of_o africa_n or_o rather_o from_o that_o procurrent_a part_n of_o africa_n which_o lie_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n even_o to_o brazil_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o which_o voyage_n lie_v the_o isle_n of_o st._n helena_n unto_o which_o mariner_n return_v from_o india_n unto_o europe_n be_v wont_a to_o direct_v their_o course_n the_o isle_n of_o st._n helena_n be_v distant_a from_o the_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a 350_o mile_n and_o be_v oftentimes_o accomplish_v in_o sixteen_o day_n or_o also_o in_o twelve_o as_o the_o general_a wind_n be_v either_o vehement_a or_o slack_a for_o in_o this_o there_o be_v not_o a_o perpetual_a likeness_n the_o seaman_n use_v the_o same_o security_n when_o that_o they_o have_v first_o sail_v to_o the_o parallel_n of_o that_o island_n for_o the_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a lie_v without_o the_o tropic_n which_o we_o have_v say_v that_o they_o use_v who_o sail_v in_o the_o pacifick_n ocean_n from_o aquapulco_n to_o the_o philippin_n yea_o when_o that_o they_o have_v pass_v the_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a they_o judge_v themselves_o to_o have_v escape_v all_o danger_n and_o variation_n of_o the_o wind_n and_o sleep_v secure_o the_o wind_n constant_o fill_v their_o sail_n towards_o that_o island_n and_o brazil_n but_o yet_o this_o only_a be_v their_o great_a care_n that_o they_o may_v not_o sail_v beyond_o the_o island_n see_v that_o it_o be_v a_o very_a small_a one_o for_o if_o that_o they_o have_v pass_v it_o the_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o mile_n they_o can_v regain_v it_o viz._n a_o easterly_a wind_n force_v they_o towards_o the_o west_n therefore_o than_o they_o be_v force_v with_o great_a loss_n of_o their_o voyage_n to_o make_v to_o the_o coast_n of_o brazil_n or_o the_o other_o isle_n call_v ascension_n to_o water_n at_o if_o then_o you_o demand_v by_o what_o course_n they_o sail_v when_o that_o the_o ship_n make_v a_o contrary_a voyage_n in_o this_o sea_n viz._n whilst_o that_o they_o steer_v from_o the_o philippin_n isle_n unto_o new_a spain_n or_o from_o brazil_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o st._n helena_n unto_o the_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a whilst_o that_o they_o sail_v from_o india_n in_o these_o voyage_n the_o reader_n must_v know_v that_o mariner_n use_v a_o threefold_a mode_n for_o either_o they_o navigate_v the_o sea_n situate_v without_o the_o tropic_n therefore_o they_o do_v not_o touch_v at_o the_o isle_n of_o st._n helena_n whilst_o that_o they_o sail_v from_o europe_n into_o india_n or_o where_o necessary_o they_o must_v pass_v by_o this_o they_o do_v not_o direct_o steer_v their_o course_n from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n but_o oblique_o from_o the_o north_n the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o it_o to_o the_o south_n or_o the_o collateral_a quarter_n of_o it_o or_o last_o they_o choose_v such_o a_o time_n of_o navigation_n in_o which_o they_o know_v that_o that_o general_a wind_n be_v impede_v often_o by_o other_o but_o this_o latter_a because_o that_o it_o happen_v rare_o therefore_o they_o rather_o make_v choice_n of_o the_o two_o former_a modes_n of_o which_o we_o sâ—ll_z speak_v more_o in_o the_o chapter_n of_o navigation_n therefore_o there_o be_v two_o sea_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n in_o which_o that_o general_a oriental_a wind_n with_o its_o collateral_n reign_v throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n viz._n that_o which_o lie_v between_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n and_o brazil_n the_o other_o be_v that_o which_o be_v extend_v between_o new_a spain_n or_o rather_o between_o america_n and_o the_o oriental_a island_n of_o which_o the_o philippin_n be_v a_o part_n the_o three_o part_n of_o this_o sea_n under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n viz._n between_o the_o procurrent_a of_o africa_n and_o the_o philippin_n or_o oriental_a island_n be_v not_o indeed_o destitute_a of_o this_o general_a wind_n but_o oftentimes_o it_o be_v hinder_v in_o this_o sea_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o frequency_n of_o island_n which_o hindrance_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n be_v more_o frequent_a than_o in_o other_o some_o between_o mozambique_n and_o india_n the_o general_a wind_n be_v of_o most_o force_n in_o january_n february_n march_n april_n in_o other_o month_n other_o wind_n do_v blow_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n this_o general_a wind_n be_v more_o hinder_v in_o the_o sea_n of_o the_o indian_a isle_n at_o the_o isle_n of_o banda_n in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n the_o oriental_a wind_n begin_v to_o be_v prevalent_a be_v very_o violent_a and_o accompany_v with_o rain_n at_o malacca_n in_o september_n and_o in_o other_o place_n otherwise_o as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o follow_a proposition_n 3_o see_v proposition_n 3_o yet_o this_o you_o must_v know_v that_o this_o general_a wind_n do_v not_o equal_o extend_v itself_o in_o these_o sea_n towards_o the_o tropic_n in_o all_o part_n but_o that_o there_o be_v a_o great_a difference_n in_o this_o for_o the_o tropic_n be_v distant_a from_o the_o aequator_fw-la on_o both_o side_n 23_o ½_n deg_fw-la but_o the_o general_a wind_n may_v be_v discover_v in_o one_o meridian_n unto_o the_o latitude_n of_o 20_o degree_n in_o another_o meridian_n unto_o 15_o in_o another_o unto_o 12._o so_o in_o the_o indian_a ocean_n when_o in_o the_o month_n of_o february_n and_o january_n the_o east_n wind_n or_o south_n or_o southeast_n blow_v it_o be_v not_o discover_v until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o 15_o degree_n of_o latitude_n so_o unto_o those_o that_o sail_n from_o goa_n unto_o the_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a here_o a_o general_a wind_n meet_v they_o at_o the_o 12_o deg_fw-la of_o south_n latitude_n and_o at_o the_o 28_o degree_n of_o the_o same_o latitude_n accompany_v they_o so_o also_o mariner_n have_v observe_v that_o no_o general_a wind_n blow_v between_o the_o 4._o degree_n of_o northern_a latitude_n even_o unto_o the_o 10_o or_o 11_o deg_fw-la between_o africa_n and_o america_n for_o when_o they_o have_v sail_v by_o that_o wind_n from_o st._n helena_n towards_o the_o aequator_fw-la even_o unto_o the_o 4_o deg_fw-la of_o northern_a latitude_n then_o be_v they_o destitute_a of_o that_o wind_n even_o until_o they_o come_v unto_o the_o 10_o degree_n of_o latitude_n and_o from_o that_o degree_n even_o unto_o the_o 30_o the_o north-east_n be_v again_o manifest_o find_v continual_o to_o blow_v although_o that_o the_o 30_o degree_n be_v 7_o degree_n from_o the_o torrid_a zone_n yet_o notwithstanding_o in_o the_o 6_o 7_o and_o 8._o degree_n of_o parallel_n latitude_n it_o also_o blow_v in_o some_o place_n but_o in_o
to_o wit_n in_o the_o southeast_n and_o north-east_n or_o in_o the_o quarter_n more_o near_o to_o the_o north_n and_o south_n its_o cause_n seem_v to_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o the_o divers_a situation_n of_o the_o place_n in_o which_o the_o snow_n and_o the_o more_o thick_a cloud_n be_v there_o collect_v or_o rather_o unto_o a_o general_a wind_n which_o be_v very_o forcible_a to_o attract_v those_o motion_n unto_o another_o quarter_n for_o see_v that_o a_o general_a wind_n of_o its_o own_o nature_n tend_v direct_o from_o the_o east_n to_o the_o west_n and_o these_o motion_n tend_v from_o one_o pole_n unto_o the_o other_o thence_o arise_v a_o mutual_a hindrance_n and_o thence_o it_o may_v come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o wind_n may_v gain_v a_o intermedial_a quarter_n between_o the_o east_n and_o south_n and_o east_n and_o north._n the_o south-west_n and_o north-west_n motion_n be_v unconstant_a rare_a and_o weak_a and_o therefore_o be_v scarce_o reckon_v among_o motion_n when_o that_o the_o north_n and_o south_n by_o accident_n seem_v to_o decline_v sometime_o to_o the_o west_n but_o they_o be_v attract_v to_o the_o east_n by_o a_o general_a wind_n now_o to_o render_v a_o reason_n concern_v the_o great_a diversity_n of_o these_o motion_n in_o divers_a place_n more_o accurate_a observation_n be_v require_v and_o those_o not_o of_o one_o year_n but_o of_o many_o with_o the_o notation_n of_o the_o winter_n rainy_n snowy_a season_n and_o the_o mountain_n of_o these_o place_n from_o the_o quarter_n of_o which_o these_o state_n wind_n do_v blow_v we_o shall_v also_o know_v the_o phasis_n and_o motion_n of_o the_o moon_n and_o what_o variation_n this_o make_v place_n several_a wind_n blow_v at_o certain_a time_n in_o set_a place_n 2._o in_o july_n south_n wind_n blow_v at_o cape_n verd_fw-mi for_o then_o there_o be_v the_o winter_n in_o the_o time_n of_o rain_n and_o this_o seem_v to_o produce_v from_o no_o other_o cause_o than_o that_o by_o which_o in_o our_o zone_n north_n wind_n blow_v in_o the_o winter_n 3._o at_o the_o promontory_n of_o good-hope_a in_o september_n the_o north-east_n wind_n blow_v 4._o at_o patanen_n in_o india_n in_o november_n december_n and_o january_n continual_a rains_n and_o a_o north-east_n wind_n predominate_v but_o in_o other_o month_n a_o east_n wind_n blow_v and_o it_o be_v summer_n 5._o about_o sumatra_n there_o be_v a_o mutation_n of_o the_o motion_n in_o november_n and_o december_n 6._o in_o the_o isle_n of_o mayo_n one_o of_o the_o azore_n in_o the_o end_n of_o august_n a_o vehement_a wind_n blow_v from_o the_o south_n and_o bring_v rain_n which_o moisten_v the_o earth_n otherwise_o dry_a and_o then_o first_o of_o all_o grass_n spring_v up_o which_o feed_v many_o goat_n at_o the_o end_n of_o december_n 7._o in_o congo_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o march_n to_o september_n at_o what_o time_n it_o be_v winter_n there_o the_o north_n and_o north-west_n wind_n blow_n or_o other_o intermedial_a wind_n which_o force_n and_o gather_v the_o cloud_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n and_o generate_v a_o obscure_a air_n with_o rain_n but_o from_o september_n to_o march_n the_o south_n and_o southeast_n and_o other_o intermedial_a wind_n blow_v that_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o former_a proposition_n see_v the_o follow_a proposition_n we_o have_v take_v these_o difference_n of_o the_o state_n and_o anniversary_n wind_n from_o the_o observation_n of_o mariner_n that_o term_v they_o moussons_n or_o motion_n if_o that_o they_o blow_v in_o a_o long_a tract_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o now_o we_o shall_v treat_v of_o their_o cause_n but_o that_o we_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o mountain_n of_o the_o region_n of_o the_o time_n of_o the_o snow_n and_o their_o melt_n and_o many_o other_o matter_n moreover_o those_o observation_n of_o seaman_n be_v not_o sufficient_o accurate_a so_o that_o they_o deserve_v a_o diligent_a inquisition_n concern_v their_o cause_n the_o more_o note_a motion_n be_v these_o motion_n more_o note_a motion_n 1._o in_o the_o indian_a ocean_n between_o africa_n and_o india_n and_o to_o the_o very_a moluccos_fw-la in_o a_o oriental_a motion_n towards_o the_o west_n which_o begin_v in_o january_n and_o blow_v for_o six_o month_n even_o to_o the_o begin_n of_o june_n in_o august_n and_o september_n a_o contrary_a motion_n begin_v viz._n western_a wind_n in_o june_n july_n and_o august_n be_v a_o mutation_n of_o motion_n and_o great_a tempest_n from_o the_o north._n now_o when_o that_o we_o speak_v of_o oriental_a and_o occidental_a wind_n we_o do_v not_o only_o understand_v the_o east_n and_o west_n wind_n but_o also_o the_o collateral_a wind_n 2._o the_o oriental_a motion_n vari_v very_o much_o at_o the_o shore_n so_o that_o ship_n can_v only_o sail_v from_o india_n on_o this_o side_n gatis_n or_o on_o the_o coast_n of_o malabar_n from_o january_n to_o the_o middle_n of_o may_n to_o persia_n arabia_n mecha_n and_o africa_n for_o see_v that_o in_o the_o end_n of_o may_n and_o all_o june_n july_n and_o august_n the_o tempest_n rage_n violent_o and_o often_o a_o north_n wind_n or_o furious_a north-east_n wind_n frequent_o intermix_v itself_o therefore_o in_o these_o month_n no_o ship_n pass_v from_o india_n on_o this_o side_n gatis_n but_o on_o the_o coast_n of_o india_n beyond_o the_o gatis_n or_o ganges_n that_o be_v on_o the_o east_n quarter_n or_o on_o the_o coast_n of_o choromandel_n such_o tempest_n be_v not_o know_v a_o voyage_n be_v undertake_v from_o ceilan_n java_n and_o other_o isle_n to_o the_o moluccoe_n in_o september_n because_o that_o then_o the_o oriental_a motion_n begin_v which_o hinder_v the_o general_a wind_n but_o when_o you_o depart_v to_o 15_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n beyond_o the_o aequator_fw-la this_o occidental_a motion_n be_v not_o discover_v in_o the_o indian_a ocean_n but_o a_o general_a south_n east_n wind_n fill_v the_o sail_n 3._o from_o cochin_n to_o malacca_n that_o be_v from_o the_o west_n to_o the_o east_n they_o begin_v their_o voyage_n in_o march_n because_o that_o then_o there_o the_o western_a motion_n begin_v or_o rather_o the_o north_n west_n wind_n frequent_o blow_v 4._o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o guzurat_n half_o the_o year_n the_o north_n wind_n blow_v from_o march_n to_o september_n and_o in_o the_o other_o half_a the_o south_n wind_n and_o that_o without_o any_o other_o hindrance_n cause_v by_o other_o wind_n 5._o the_o dutch_a set_v sail_n from_o java_n for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o january_n or_o february_n when_o that_o they_o return_v for_o europe_n then_o they_o sail_v with_o a_o easterly_a wind_n even_o to_o 18_o degree_n of_o south_n latitude_n and_o here_o the_o south_n or_o southeast_n wind_n begin_v to_o blow_v by_o which_o they_o sail_v even_o to_o st._n helena_n 6._o although_o in_o the_o indian_a ocean_n from_o january_n even_o to_o june_n the_o motion_n be_v oriental_a and_o then_o from_o august_n to_o january_n the_o motion_n be_v occidental_a yet_o nevertheless_o in_o divers_a part_n of_o it_o when_o we_o must_v sail_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o divers_a season_n be_v discover_v more_o or_o less_o convenient_a by_o reason_n that_o the_o collateral_a wind_n do_v more_o or_o less_o blow_n or_o the_o motion_n be_v more_o or_o less_o vehement_a at_o those_o time_n or_o other_o wind_n more_o often_o or_o more_o seldom_o intermix_v at_o that_o time_n therefore_o those_o that_o be_v to_o sail_n from_o cochin_n to_o malacca_n observe_v another_o motion_n another_o from_o malacca_n to_o maccou_n the_o emporium_n of_o china_n another_o from_o maccou_n to_o japan_n 7._o at_o banda_n the_o western_a wind_n cease_v with_o the_o end_n of_o march_n and_o at_o the_o end_n of_o april_n there_o be_v variable_a wind_n and_o calm_n with_o the_o month_n of_o may_n violent_a eastern_o wind_n with_o rain_n begin_v 8._o at_o ceilan_n about_o the_o promontory_n call_v punto_n gullo_n on_o the_o 14_o of_o march_n the_o first_o occidental_a wind_n begin_v viz._n the_o west-south-west_n than_o the_o south-west_n constant_a and_o continnual_a from_o the_o end_n of_o march_n to_o the_o first_o of_o october_n then_o the_o north-east_n begin_v which_o blow_v there_o even_o to_o march_v but_o some_o day_n at_o ten_o or_o also_o more_o these_o state-wind_n or_o motion_n happen_v soon_o or_o late_a 9_o in_o the_o voyage_n from_o mozambique_n to_o goa_n in_o may_n and_o june_n the_o southeast_n wind_n be_v predominate_v even_o to_o the_o aequator_fw-la but_o from_o the_o aequator_fw-la to_o goa_n the_o south-west_n and_o south_n wind_n reign_v in_o july_n august_n and_o the_o follow_a month_n 10._o in_o the_o 35_o deg_fw-la of_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o meridian_n which_o pass_v through_o the_o isle_n of_o tristan_n de_fw-fr conha_n in_o may_n on_o the_o new_a moon_n the_o west_n wind_n reign_v 11._o at_o the_o 2_o â…•_n of_o
great_a concernment_n yet_o it_o be_v better_a to_o begin_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la that_o all_o the_o place_n may_v lie_v in_o some_o climate_n proposition_n xv._o to_o show_v the_o use_n of_o the_o table_n of_o the_o climate_n 1._o the_o latitude_n of_o some_o place_n or_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v give_v to_o know_v the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n in_o that_o place_n and_o the_o climate_n in_o which_o it_o lie_v let_v the_o give_v elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v seek_v in_o the_o table_n and_o on_o the_o opposite_a region_n we_o shall_v find_v both_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n as_o also_o the_o climate_n and_o the_o parallel_n if_o that_o the_o give_v elevation_n can_v be_v find_v in_o the_o table_n then_o take_v that_o elevation_n which_o be_v less_o near_o or_o the_o like_a which_o be_v find_v in_o the_o table_n climate_n from_o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o long_a day_n of_o any_o place_n to_o know_v the_o latude_n of_o the_o place_n and_o the_o parallel_n and_o climate_n 2._o the_o longitude_n of_o the_o long_a day_n of_o any_o place_n be_v give_v which_o any_o person_n have_v observe_v or_o receive_v by_o relation_n to_o know_v from_o thence_o the_o latitude_n of_o that_o place_n the_o parallel_n and_o the_o climate_n in_o which_o that_o place_n lie_v enter_v the_o table_n with_o the_o latitude_n give_v and_o you_o shall_v see_v on_o the_o opposite_a region_n both_o the_o latitude_n and_o the_o place_n demand_v as_o also_o the_o climate_n and_o parallel_n 3._o a_o climate_n be_v give_v to_o determine_v the_o longitude_n of_o the_o long_a day_n and_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n this_o be_v facile_a from_o the_o very_a sight_n of_o the_o table_n chap._n xxvi_o of_o the_o light_n heatt_z cold_a rains_n in_o the_o diverse_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o zone_n and_o other_o property_n of_o the_o zone_n proposition_n i._o these_o cause_n be_v efficacious_a to_o generate_v and_o procure_v light_a heatt_z cold_a and_o rain_n with_o other_o meteor_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o vicine_fw-la air._n heat_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o heat_n 1._o the_o more_o or_o less_o or_o no_o obliquity_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o or_o emit_v on_o any_o place_n for_o the_o ray_n fall_v perpendicular_a on_o any_o place_n cause_n great_a heat_n and_o the_o other_o ray_n slide_v oblique_o have_v for_o that_o very_a reason_n a_o less_o power_n of_o heat_n by_o how_o much_o the_o obliquity_n of_o they_o be_v the_o great_a that_o be_v by_o how_o much_o the_o more_o they_o decline_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a ray._n 2._o the_o diurnal_a stay_n of_o the_o sun_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n for_o the_o same_o heat_n make_v more_o hot_a and_o change_v the_o air_n in_o a_o long_a time_n than_o in_o a_o short_a 3._o the_o depression_n of_o the_o sun_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n be_v more_o or_o less_o in_o the_o night_n season_n for_o this_o difference_n of_o depression_n cause_v that_o either_o more_o or_o less_o light_a be_v perceive_v in_o the_o air_n also_o more_o or_o less_o heat_n rain_n thick_a cloud_n hitherto_o belong_v the_o twilight_n 4._o the_o more_o or_o less_o elevation_n of_o the_o moon_n above_o the_o horizon_n the_o more_o or_o less_o depression_n of_o the_o same_o beneath_o the_o horizon_n the_o more_o or_o less_o diurnal_a stay_n of_o the_o same_o above_o the_o horizon_n the_o cause_n be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o allege_v in_o the_o three_o forego_v paragraph_n air._n the_o planet_n and_o fix_a star_n raise_v vapour_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o air._n 5._o the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o fix_a star_n especial_o of_o those_o more_o note_a one_o and_o of_o the_o five_o other_o planet_n saturn_n jupiter_n mars_n venus_n and_o mercury_n for_o they_o generate_v some_o light_n and_o heat_n in_o the_o air_n although_o it_o be_v but_o little_a and_o change_v the_o air_n divers_a way_n and_o raise_v vapour_n if_o that_o we_o may_v credit_v astronomer_n 6._o the_o propriety_n or_o species_n of_o the_o earth_n of_o every_o place_n for_o where_o the_o earth_n be_v more_o stony_a and_o rocky_a there_o for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v more_o cold_a than_o where_o it_o be_v sulphureous_a and_o fat_a and_o here_o again_o it_o be_v more_o fertile_a where_o there_o be_v much_o sand_n and_o no_o river_n there_o be_v great_a heat_n lake_n fume_n and_o mist_n proceed_v from_o lake_n 7._o lake_n or_o the_o sea_n adjacent_a from_o thence_o also_o fume_n and_o mist_n be_v raise_v more_o moist_a and_o frequent_a in_o the_o air_n and_o the_o ray_n be_v less_o powerful_o reflect_v from_o the_o sea_n than_o from_o the_o earth_n 8._o the_o situation_n of_o place_n for_o the_o sun_n act_v otherwise_o on_o mountain_n and_o mountainous_a place_n than_o on_o valley_n and_o plain_n moreover_o mountain_n hinder_v the_o free_a access_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n to_o the_o subject_a place_n for_o to_o they_o the_o vapour_n of_o the_o air_n be_v in_o some_o sort_n attract_v 20._o see_v chap._n 20._o whence_o the_o mountain_n change_v the_o season_n of_o the_o adjacent_a place_n as_o heatt_z rain_n and_o the_o like_a for_o these_o will_v be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o subject_a place_n if_o that_o the_o mountain_n be_v absent_a weather_n the_o wind_n cause_n difference_n in_o the_o weather_n 9_o the_o wind_n especial_o the_o general_a so_o the_o etesian_a wind_n temperate_a and_o allay_v the_o canicular_a heat_n a_o general_a wind_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n especial_o the_o subsolan_n wind_n in_o brasilia_n render_v the_o heat_n temperate_a when_o in_o africa_n which_o be_v occidental_a the_o heat_n be_v vehement_a because_o these_o place_n feel_v not_o so_o general_a a_o wind._n the_o northern_a wind_n be_v cold_a and_o dry_a the_o southern_a warm_a and_o moist_a in_o our_o place_n 10._o cloud_n rain_n and_o fog_n take_v away_o and_o diminish_v light_a and_o heat_n i_o suppose_v that_o there_o be_v not_o 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define_v from_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o stay_n in_o certain_a sing_v of_o the_o ecliptic_a and_o zodiac_n astrologer_n according_a to_o astronomer_n and_o astrologer_n for_o so_o astronomer_n and_o astrologer_n common_o do_v say_v that_o that_o be_v the_o spring_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n to_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n that_o be_v summer_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o cancer_n to_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n that_o be_v autumn_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o libra_n to_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n and_o that_o be_v winter_n whilst_o the_o sun_n move_v from_o the_o first_o of_o capricorn_n to_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n now_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o these_o definition_n be_v not_o general_a and_o agreeable_a to_o all_o place_n because_o they_o be_v only_o of_o force_n in_o the_o northern_a place_n situate_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o 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term_v the_o longitude_n of_o the_o twilight_n in_o which_o either_o before_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o after_o his_o set_n some_o light_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o air._n year_n for_o the_o find_v the_o longitude_n of_o the_o twilight_n by_o the_o globe_n of_o any_o place_n and_o day_n of_o the_o year_n for_o the_o find_n out_o of_o the_o quantity_n of_o this_o time_n we_o must_v suppose_v that_o which_o be_v observe_v by_o astronomer_n as_o we_o have_v say_v in_o the_o nineteenth_o chapter_n that_o the_o morning_n twilight_n begin_v for_o the_o most_o part_n if_o the_o air_n be_v serene_a the_o sun_n draw_v nigh_o to_o the_o eighteen_o degree_n of_o depression_n beneath_o the_o horizon_n and_o the_o evening_n end_v when_o the_o sun_n have_v come_v to_o that_o degree_n of_o depression_n let_v therefore_o the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v and_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o ecliptic_a be_v find_v from_o the_o day_n 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the_o temperate_a and_o a_o three_o of_o the_o frigid_a zone_n proposition_n viii_o in_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n the_o twilight_n be_v small_a very_o long_o in_o those_o of_o the_o frigid_a and_o moderate_a in_o those_o of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o twilight_n in_o the_o several_a zone_n for_o in_o place_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o those_o near_a the_o crepusculum_fw-la according_a to_o the_o hypothesis_n lay_v down_o in_o the_o former_a proposition_n be_v of_o about_o one_o hour_n which_o yet_o experience_n testify_v be_v only_a half_a a_o hour_n or_o little_o more_o because_o the_o more_o thick_a and_o gross_a air_n be_v not_o so_o high_a there_o as_o be_v require_v to_o make_v the_o twilight_n to_o the_o 18_o degree_n of_o depression_n both_o also_o because_o the_o hypothesis_n of_o the_o 18_o degree_n be_v to_o be_v take_v concern_v very_o small_a light_n with_o which_o the_o twilight_n begin_v such_o as_o yet_o be_v not_o account_v by_o the_o vulgar_a for_o a_o twilight_n in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n the_o twilight_n continue_v for_o many_o day_n when_o the_o sun_n remain_v beneath_o their_o horizon_n in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n it_o continue_v 3_o 4_o 5_o and_o 6_o hour_n and_o in_o some_o place_n all_o night_n and_o in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o summer_n according_a as_o the_o place_n be_v more_o or_o less_o nigh_o the_o frigid_a zone_n all_o these_o be_v prove_v by_o the_o mode_n propose_v in_o the_o precedent_a proposition_n proposition_n ix_o a_o place_n be_v give_v in_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n and_o another_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o moreover_o the_o day_n of_o the_o year_n be_v give_v to_o find_v out_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n in_o which_o hour_n the_o sun_n may_v have_v the_o altitude_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o that_o place_n and_o so_o strike_v that_o place_n with_o his_o ray_n equal_o elevate_v as_o great_a as_o it_o have_v in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n in_o the_o meridies_n itself_o let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n and_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n find_v from_o the_o day_n give_v be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n and_o the_o altitude_n of_o it_o reckon_v for_o this_o be_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o ray_n heat_n that_o place_n and_o illustrate_v it_o in_o the_o meridies_n then_o let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o place_n give_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n let_v the_o quadrant_n be_v apply_v to_o the_o vertex_fw-la and_o let_v the_o degree_n of_o altitude_n before_o find_v out_o be_v note_v in_o it_o let_v the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v bring_v to_o the_o meridian_n the_o index_n to_o the_o twelve_o hour_n of_o the_o cycle_n then_o let_v both_o the_o globe_n and_o the_o quadrant_n be_v move_v till_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n agree_v with_o the_o note_a degree_n of_o the_o quadrant_n for_o so_o the_o sun_n shall_v have_v the_o same_o altitude_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o this_o place_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o meridies_n of_o the_o former_a the_o index_n will_v show_v the_o hour_n demand_v in_o the_o cycle_n therefore_o this_o hour_n and_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n illustrate_v and_o beat_v of_o the_o place_n and_o air_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v as_o equal_o elevate_v over_o the_o horizon_n of_o it_o as_o the_o ray_n in_o the_o meridies_n of_o the_o former_a place_n it_o thence_o follow_v that_o the_o same_o heat_n will_v be_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n at_o the_o hour_n find_v out_o as_o in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n in_o the_o meridies_n except_o other_o cause_n intercede_v hindrance_n some_o hindrance_n viz._n first_o that_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o forego_n day_n have_v introduce_v some_o one_o or_o other_o calid_a constitution_n to_o the_o place_n and_o the_o air_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o not_o such_o and_o so_o great_a in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n then_o second_o that_o the_o sun_n strait_o ascend_v towards_o the_o meridian_n above_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n send_v forth_o all_o his_o ray_n to_o the_o place_n as_o in_o one_o plain_a and_o to_o one_o plaga_fw-la and_o therefore_o cause_v great_a heat_n than_o in_o the_o temperate_a or_o frigid_a zone_n where_o the_o sun_n move_v oblique_o from_o the_o horizon_n to_o the_o meridian_n and_o send_v forth_o his_o ray_n from_o one_o and_o another_o plaga_fw-la therefore_o the_o ray_n be_v not_o contract_v into_o a_o place_n so_o narrow_a nor_o do_v they_o continual_o heat_n for_o example_n let_v we_o seek_v in_o what_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n in_o place_n be_v under_o the_o very_a aequator_fw-la on_o the_o day_n of_o the_o aequinoctial_o the_o sun_n will_v have_v that_o altitude_n as_o he_o have_v at_o amstelodame_n on_o the_o meridies_n of_o the_o same_o day_n proposition_n x._o how_o the_o cause_n of_o light_n heat_n and_o of_o the_o season_n which_o we_o have_v reckon_v up_o in_o the_o first_o proposition_n of_o this_o chapter_n have_v themselves_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o how_o to_o show_v they_o show_v of_o the_o seasont_n light_n and_o heat_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o how_o they_o be_v show_v first_o every_o day_n of_o the_o year_n ascend_v direct_o above_o the_o horizon_n of_o those_o place_n especial_o of_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o meridian_n and_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o they_o and_o therefore_o about_o the_o nine_o hour_n of_o forenoon_n he_o hegin_v to_o ejaculate_a to_o those_o place_n ray_n about_o 40_o degree_n decline_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a ray_n which_o rectitude_n of_o the_o ray_n or_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o ray_n augment_v towards_o the_o meridies_n and_o again_o decrease_v continue_v to_o the_o four_o hour_n after_o the_o meridies_n or_o noonstead_n where_o the_o sun_n depart_v towards_o the_o occidental_a horizon_n begin_v to_o send_v forth_o his_o ray_n more_o oblique_o to_o those_o place_n therefore_o the_o great_a heat_n in_o those_o place_n ought_v to_o be_v from_o about_o the_o nine_o hour_n before_o noon_n even_o to_o the_o three_o or_o four_o after_o noon_n if_o that_o this_o cause_n be_v only_o regard_v but_o yet_o because_o the_o sun_n now_o depart_v from_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o those_o place_n and_o sometime_o approach_v near_o therefore_o the_o winter_n of_o every_o one_o of_o those_o place_n shall_v be_v when_o the_o sun_n go_v from_o the_o point_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a much_o remote_a from_o those_o place_n that_o be_v from_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o cancer_n or_o capricorn_n towards_o the_o point_n have_v a_o middle_a
the_o season_n in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n viz._n that_o it_o be_v summer_n there_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v most_o distant_a and_o winter_n when_o he_o be_v near_o yea_o vertical_a to_o the_o vertex_fw-la therefore_o we_o have_v distinguish_v the_o season_n into_o celestial_a and_o terrestrial_a we_o have_v show_v heretofore_o and_o that_o in_o the_o three_o and_o four_o proposition_n how_o any_o place_n be_v give_v in_o that_o torrid_a zone_n the_o month_n of_o the_o year_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o which_o the_o place_n ought_v to_o have_v summer_n spring_n autumn_n and_o winter_n if_o we_o have_v regard_n to_o the_o access_n and_o recess_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o be_v we_o have_v teach_v to_o design_n the_o time_n of_o the_o celestial_a season_n but_o see_v that_o in_o many_o place_n of_o this_o zone_n the_o forementioned_a season_n do_v not_o happen_v in_o those_o month_n but_o in_o other_o and_o that_o in_o divers_a place_n in_o a_o different_a time_n therefore_o the_o time_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a season_n must_v be_v take_v not_o from_o the_o heaven_n or_o a_o certain_a method_n but_o from_o the_o experience_n make_v in_o those_o place_n and_o as_o much_o as_o possible_a the_o cause_n of_o every_o one_o of_o they_o why_o they_o repugn_v the_o celestial_a cause_n must_v be_v explicate_v viz._n from_o those_o 10_o cause_n which_o we_o have_v lay_v down_o in_o the_o first_o proposition_n 〈◊〉_d this_o therefore_o ought_v first_o to_o be_v know_v that_o the_o winter_n in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n do_v rage_n with_o cold_a and_o frost_n but_o rather_o with_o reins_n and_o be_v to_o be_v define_v by_o a_o lesser_a heat_n than_o that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o summer_n farther_o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n they_o reckon_v not_o four_o but_o two_o season_n of_o the_o year_n viz._n summer_n and_o winter_n and_o these_o be_v not_o distinguish_v by_o heat_n and_o cold_a but_o chief_o by_o siccity_n and_o humidiy_n for_o in_o the_o winter_n they_o have_v often_o great_a heat_n than_o in_o their_o summer_n with_o a_o shortness_n of_o respiration_n because_o the_o rain_n and_o the_o cloud_n press_v the_o calid_a air_n downward_o but_o the_o spring_n and_o autumn_n be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v by_o so_o manifest_a sign_n or_o difference_n we_o shall_v begin_v our_o narration_n from_o that_o part_n of_o africa_n which_o lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o proceed_v towards_o the_o east_n with_o brazilia_n we_o shall_v finish_v the_o whole_a torrid_a zone_n seat_v in_o the_o west_n measure_v by_o we_o the_o region_n of_o the_o occidental_a shore_n of_o africa_n from_o the_o tropic_a of_o cancer_n to_o cape_n verd_fw-mi that_o be_v distant_a 14_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o north_n be_v all_o abound_a both_o with_o corn_n and_o variety_n of_o fruit_n there_o be_v also_o herd_n of_o cattle_n and_o flock_n of_o sheep_n in_o great_a 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their_o negligence_n and_o sloth_n yet_o in_o one_o itinerary_n i_o have_v read_v that_o in_o one_o of_o the_o island_n which_o lie_v not_o far_o from_o the_o promontory_n of_o cape_n verd_fw-mi by_o name_n salinae_n or_o the_o hesperides_n in_o one_o of_o they_o i_o say_v call_v st._n vincent_n the_o latitude_n be_v 16_o degree_n the_o watery_a month_n that_o be_v winter_n be_v august_n september_n november_n december_n january_n even_o to_o february_n this_o time_n almost_o agree_v with_o the_o celestial_a cause_n for_o in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n june_n and_o july_n because_o the_o sun_n be_v very_o near_o or_o else_o vertical_a to_o that_o place_n therefore_o it_o make_v the_o celestial_a summer_n and_o here_o the_o terrestrial_a agree_v with_o it_o for_o than_o they_o have_v a_o great_a heat_n and_o dry_a air_n without_o rain_n in_o the_o month_n of_o february_n march_n and_o april_n be_v their_o spring_n be-because_a the_o sun_n be_v move_v from_o a_o moderate_a distance_n to_o 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of_o the_o sun_n in_o the_o same_o month_n of_o the_o year_n from_o the_o sun_n rise_v beyond_o the_o mountain_n of_o gatis_n which_o by_o a_o direct_a excursion_n to_o the_o promontory_n of_o cori_n intersect_v the_o whole_a region_n of_o malabar_n there_o be_v summer_n and_o drought_n and_o from_o the_o west_n on_o this_o side_n gatis_n there_o be_v rains_n and_o winter_n that_o in_o so_o near_o a_o propinquity_n of_o place_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o course_n of_o the_o season_n the_o same_o people_n almost_o seem_v antipode_n one_o to_o another_o but_o not_o only_o in_o these_o but_o also_o in_o other_o we_o have_v show_v this_o diversity_n to_o be_v find_v and_o shall_v show_v more_o anon_o the_o cause_n be_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o mountain_n which_o determinate_a the_o land_n of_o choromandel_n from_o malabar_n proceed_v from_o the_o north_n towards_o the_o south_n to_o this_o must_v be_v add_v divers_a wind_n for_o on_o the_o coast_n of_o choromandel_n a_o general_a eastern_a wind_n be_v more_o discover_v except_o in_o the_o summer_n month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n which_o drive_v the_o vapour_n towards_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n whence_o it_o rain_v in_o the_o land_n of_o malabar_n these_o mountain_n top_n be_v discover_v to_o be_v continual_o cover_v with_o cloud_n in_o the_o pluvial_a month_n also_o more_o vehement_a shower_n in_o those_o where_o the_o rain_n be_v in_o malabar_n but_o when_o it_o rain_v in_o the_o region_n of_o choromandel_n then_o be_v there_o a_o serenity_n in_o the_o top_n of_o the_o mountain_n as_o in_o the_o land_n of_o malabar_n except_o the_o month_n july_n and_o august_n for_o in_o these_o it_o rain_v in_o both_o land_n 15._o in_o the_o region_n of_o the_o gangick_a sea_n opposite_a to_o the_o coast_n of_o chroromandel_n and_o in_o the_o northern_a torrid_a zone_n as_o sian_n peru_n the_o chersonesus_n of_o malacca_n the_o pluvial_a month_n in_o which_o the_o river_n overslow_v be_v september_n october_n and_o november_n but_o in_o the_o land_n of_o malacca_n it_o rain_v every_o week_n of_o the_o year_n twice_o or_o thrice_o except_o the_o month_n of_o january_n february_n and_o march_n in_o which_o there_o be_v a_o continual_a drought_n all_o these_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a course_n and_o their_o cause_n must_v be_v seek_v from_o the_o mountain_n wind_n the_o propinquity_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o like_a but_o because_o as_o yet_o we_o have_v no_o accurate_a observation_n concern_v these_o region_n we_o will_v not_o search_v they_o here_o the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o fertility_n of_o these_o region_n be_v the_o overflow_a of_o the_o river_n the_o vapour_n of_o the_o adjacent_a sea_n the_o river_n and_o the_o wind_n do_v much_o allay_v the_o heat_n whence_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v great_a plenty_n of_o fruit_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o patana_n and_o those_o border_n on_o it_o the_o summer_n begin_v in_o february_n and_o continue_v to_o the_o end_n of_o october_n in_o which_o time_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a heat_n which_o be_v allay_v with_o a_o continual_a oriental_a wind_n the_o air_n wholesome_a in_o november_n december_n and_o january_n there_o be_v continual_a rains_n which_o yet_o do_v not_o hinder_v a_o new_a increase_n every_o month_n at_o the_o least_o the_o same_o must_v be_v understoood_a of_o camboja_n and_o this_o winter_n agree_v with_o the_o celestial_a course_n 16._o leave_v asia_n the_o pacifick_n sea_n be_v sail_v over_o we_o enter_v that_o part_n of_o america_n which_o lie_v under_o the_o torrid_a zone_n which_o be_v twofold_a south_n and_o north_n the_o south_n again_o be_v twofold_a peru_n and_o brazilia_n although_o the_o part_n of_o peru_n be_v vicine_fw-la yet_o they_o have_v contrary_a season_n in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n for_o the_o region_n of_o peru_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n the_o shoar_n or_o maritime_a part_n the_o mountainous_a and_o the_o plain_a part_n which_o he_o in_o the_o same_o 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that_o in_o those_o month_n it_o rain_v not_o but_o almost_o every_o day_n the_o cloud_n appear_v so_o thick_a as_o if_o it_o will_v immediate_o rain_v but_o there_o fall_v only_o a_o certain_a kind_n of_o dew_n and_o that_o especial_o in_o the_o month_n of_o june_n july_n and_o august_n yet_o this_o mist_n be_v not_o unwholesome_a but_o be_v condenfed_a into_o dew_n and_o fall_v it_o irrigate_v the_o valley_n it_o do_v not_o rain_n at_o this_o time_n in_o the_o mountainous_a place_n but_o be_v a_o serene_a season_n this_o maritime_a peru_n be_v distinguish_v into_o valley_n and_o sandy_a place_n the_o valley_n be_v abundant_o fertile_a the_o sandy_a place_n which_o be_v between_o every_o valley_n be_v sterile_a also_o in_o the_o adjacent_a island_n it_o never_o rain_v but_o a_o dew_n only_o fall_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o gorgon_n which_o be_v remove_v three_o degree_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la towards_o the_o south_n it_o rain_v for_o eight_o month_n almost_o continual_o with_o so_o great_a thunder_n and_o storm_n not_o to_o be_v parallel_v in_o may_n june_n july_n and_o august_n it_o be_v summer_n and_o dry_a contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a course_n in_o some_o part_n of_o this_o torrid_a zone_n it_o be_v very_o cold_a for_o in_o the_o province_n of_o pastoa_n in_o the_o valley_n airssina_n both_o in_o summer_n and_o winter_n the_o season_n be_v very_o cold_a so_o that_o the_o fruit_n increase_v not_o in_o the_o region_n of_o cusco_n which_o lie_v almost_o in_o the_o middle_n between_o the_o tropic_a of_o capricorn_n and_o the_o aequator_fw-la hard_a frost_n and_o snow_n be_v also_o find_v from_o whence_o it_o be_v collect_v that_o peru_n be_v parch_v with_o no_o violent_a heat_n but_o rather_o enjoy_v a_o temperate_a air_n throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n except_v its_o sandy_a place_n and_o hill_n but_o the_o valley_n be_v most_o fertile_a and_o pleasant_a abound_v with_o tree_n and_o fruit_n their_o water_n they_o receive_v in_o the_o winter_n from_o the_o dew_n which_o i_o have_v say_v fall_v every_o day_n but_o in_o the_o summer_n from_o the_o flood_n which_o descend_v and_o rush_v from_o the_o mountain_n because_o in_o the_o mountainous_a region_n it_o be_v then_o winter_n and_o rain_v and_o from_o these_o torrent_n the_o inhabitant_n conduct_v the_o water_n by_o certain_a convoyance_n into_o the_o valley_n yet_o some_o valley_n be_v content_a only_o with_o the_o dew_n and_o yet_o produce_v abundance_n of_o fruit._n the_o cause_n of_o this_o diversity_n between_o the_o season_n of_o the_o mountainous_a and_o the_o plain_a peru_n and_o why_o it_o never_o rain_v in_o the_o level_a peru_n be_v difficult_a to_o declare_v for_o these_o mountainous_a part_n be_v so_o near_o to_o the_o level_n maritime_a peru_n that_o any_o one_o in_o the_o morning_n descend_v from_o these_o pluvial_a and_o rage_a shower_n in_o the_o evening_n may_v arrive_v at_o the_o level_a peruvia_n where_o there_o be_v no_o rain_n but_o a_o serene_a air._n the_o cause_n 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the_o brazilian_o in_o the_o month_n of_o october_n and_o february_n and_o strike_v the_o earth_n with_o reflex_n ray_n at_o most_o acute_a angle_n which_o diversity_n of_o these_o region_n promise_v the_o inhabitant_n perpetual_a health_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o often_o calm_v and_o the_o air_n quell_v all_o noxious_a heat_n hence_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o dollect_v that_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n do_v not_o so_o much_o depend_v immediate_o on_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o motion_n as_o on_o the_o species_n of_o the_o wind_n the_o diversity_n of_o aspect_n of_o the_o star_n the_o quality_n and_o peculiar_a situation_n of_o the_o region_n moreover_o in_o these_o mediterranean_a region_n towards_o the_o west_n the_o night_n be_v more_o cold_a than_o in_o the_o maritime_a so_o much_o some_o time_n that_o the_o frost_n seize_v on_o the_o very_a hair_n of_o the_o people_n in_o the_o same_o month_n from_o the_o east_n about_o the_o ocean_n be_v summer_n and_o siccity_n brazilia_n no_o 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september_n and_o october_n 18._o this_o be_v enough_o for_o the_o southern_a america_n in_o the_o northern_a it_o be_v otherwise_o for_o in_o the_o province_n of_o nicaragua_n it_o rain_v for_o six_o month_n and_o the_o other_o six_o month_n it_o be_v summer_n and_o dry_a weather_n so_o that_o passenger_n may_v travel_v in_o the_o night_n this_o now_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o celestial_a course_n for_o in_o the_o wet_a month_n for_o in_o may_n june_n and_o so_o on_o to_o november_n the_o sun_n be_v vertical_a or_o near_o the_o vertex_fw-la unto_o these_o place_n so_o that_o then_o they_o shall_v have_v summer_n and_o siccity_n and_o not_o rain_v in_o november_n and_o december_n it_o be_v very_o distant_a therefore_o they_o shall_v there_o have_v rain_n thus_o have_v we_o declare_v the_o season_n of_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o the_o whole_a torrid_a zone_n from_o which_o be_v compare_v one_o with_o another_o we_o collect_v 1._o that_o in_o some_o place_n the_o cold_a be_v scarce_o 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the_o same_o climate_n have_v the_o summer_n and_o winter_n in_o divers_a time_n although_o they_o be_v very_o near_o to_o one_o another_o 7._o that_o those_o place_n which_o have_v siccity_n and_o humidity_n contrary_a to_o the_o access_n and_o recess_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v so_o situate_v that_o on_o the_o east_n they_o have_v ridge_n of_o mountain_n and_o that_o they_o regard_v the_o west_n peru_n except_v 8._o that_o the_o season_n observe_v no_o certain_a rule_n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n 9_o that_o although_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n divide_v the_o year_n into_o two_o season_n which_o be_v likewise_o observe_v by_o many_o writer_n to_o wit_n a_o pluvial_a and_o dry_a season_n yet_o it_o may_v apt_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o so_o that_o they_o may_v not_o only_o have_v a_o summer_n and_o a_o winter_n but_o also_o a_o spring_n and_o a_o autumn_n for_o as_o in_o our_o part_n the_o spring_n approach_v near_o the_o nature_n of_o summer_n and_o the_o autumn_n of_o winter_n so_o also_o the_o dry_a place_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n may_v be_v divide_v 10._o and_o last_o in_o some_o place_n there_o be_v a_o continual_a harvest_n in_o some_o only_o in_o two_o part_n of_o the_o year_n and_o in_o other_o only_o in_o one_o part_n of_o the_o year_n proposition_n xii_o to_o show_v how_o the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n be_v make_v etc._n etc._n in_o the_o place_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n zone_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n in_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o temperate_a zone_n 1._o in_o these_o place_n that_o cause_n which_o we_o have_v place_v in_o the_o first_o place_n among_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o season_n in_o the_o first_o proposition_n of_o this_o chapter_n be_v so_o potent_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o other_o cause_n that_o that_o
above_o almost_o make_v up_o and_o moderate_v they_o to_o wit_n in_o the_o region_n of_o the_o northern_a temperate_a zone_n it_o be_v spring_n and_o summer_n the_o sun_n go_v from_o aries_n by_o cancer_n to_o libra_n because_o than_o he_o be_v more_o near_o they_o then_o the_o sun_n go_v from_o libra_n through_o capricorn_n to_o aries_n it_o be_v autumn_n and_o winter_n but_o in_o the_o southern_a temperate_a zone_n the_o matter_n be_v contrary_a neither_o can_v those_o other_o cause_n altogether_o disable_v the_o force_n of_o this_o first_o and_o induce_v a_o new_a course_n of_o the_o season_n and_o be_v able_a to_o alter_v the_o time_n as_o in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n 2._o yet_o those_o season_n of_o divers_a place_n vary_v so_o that_o in_o one_o place_n there_o may_v be_v more_o heat_n or_o cold_a or_o rain_v than_o in_o another_o although_o the_o place_n lie_v in_o the_o same_o climate_n but_o yet_o they_o cause_v not_o the_o winter_n to_o be_v change_v into_o summer_n or_o 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for_o some_o day_n above_o the_o horizon_n before_o the_o centre_n itself_o arise_v by_o reason_n that_o the_o half_a sun_n possess_v 15_o minute_n in_o the_o heaven_n for_o example_n let_v we_o take_v those_o place_n who_o distance_n be_v from_o the_o aequator_fw-la 67_o degree_n towards_o the_o pole_n arctic_a let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v according_a to_o this_o latitude_n and_o in_o the_o meridian_n crena_n of_o the_o horizon_n you_o shall_v see_v that_o the_o degree_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a do_v not_o arise_v from_o the_o 19_o degree_n of_o sagittarius_fw-la to_o the_o 11_o of_o capricorn_n that_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o that_o arch_n do_v not_o arise_v for_o 24_o day_n viz._n from_o the_o 10_o of_o december_n to_o the_o four_o of_o january_n and_o yet_o part_v of_o the_o skirt_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o that_o whole_a time_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o horizon_n to_o wit_n on_o the_o 21_o of_o december_n the_o limbus_n glitter_v the_o horizon_n but_o on_o the_o 10_o of_o december_n as_o also_o on_o the_o first_o of_o january_n half_o the_o sun_n shall_v be_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o half_o beneath_o because_o the_o centre_n be_v then_o in_o the_o horizon_n but_o the_o whole_a sun_n shall_v be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n when_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n shall_v hold_v the_o 14_o degree_n of_o capricorn_n that_o be_v about_o the_o 4_o day_n of_o january_n also_o the_o whole_a shall_v afterward_o appear_v when_o his_o centre_n shall_v possess_v the_o 16_o degree_n of_o sagittarius_fw-la that_o be_v about_o the_o 7_o of_o december_n but_o in_o place_n where_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v 70_o or_o 75_o degree_n there_o this_o difference_n between_o the_o oriental_a limbus_n and_o the_o oriental_a centre_n be_v very_o little_a so_o that_o the_o limbus_n or_o skirt_n scarce_o anticipate_v the_o rise_n of_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o sun_n one_o day_n or_o half_o a_o day_n from_o this_o small_a of_o depression_n it_o follow_v also_o that_o they_o enjoy_v the_o light_n of_o the_o crepusculum_fw-la many_o hour_n before_o the_o rise_n and_o after_o the_o set_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o although_o the_o sun_n arise_v not_o yet_o in_o all_o or_o many_o of_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n they_o have_v light_n in_o the_o air._n there_o be_v also_o another_o cause_n 19_o see_v chap._n 19_o which_o make_v the_o sun_n first_o to_o be_v see_v before_o that_o he_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n for_o thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o not_o only_o the_o sun_n be_v see_v before_o he_o be_v elevate_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o before_o the_o ray_n can_v direct_o come_v from_o he_o to_o the_o eye_n but_o also_o that_o the_o light_n of_o the_o twilight_n soon_o illustrate_v
place_n and_o situation_n and_o therefore_o very_a unlike_o figure_n arise_v thence_o in_o the_o table_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o according_a to_o the_o various_a situation_n of_o the_o eye_n which_o we_o attribute_v to_o it_o without_o the_o earth_n or_o without_o that_o part_n which_o it_o ought_v to_o represent_v there_o arise_v a_o various_a representation_n of_o that_o superficies_n on_o the_o table_n for_o as_o there_o exi_v another_o sort_n of_o frontispiece_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o a_o house_n when_o the_o eye_n may_v behold_v it_o from_o a_o situation_n direct_o opposite_a another_o from_o a_o oblique_a situation_n another_o from_o a_o upper_a place_n another_o from_o a_o long_a place_n and_o so_o change_v according_a to_o the_o various_a situation_n of_o the_o eye_n which_o tutor_n may_v explain_v by_o diagram_n so_o there_o arise_v a_o different_a position_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v represent_v on_o the_o table_n if_o that_o the_o eye_n be_v so_o constitute_v or_o conceive_v in_o the_o air_n in_o such_o a_o situation_n that_o it_o may_v hang_v over_o the_o aequator_fw-la of_o the_o earth_n and_o otherwise_o if_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v to_o exist_v in_o the_o pretend_a axis_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o in_o the_o semi-axis_n of_o the_o hemisphere_n and_o otherwise_o if_o it_o be_v conceive_v to_o be_v eminent_a over_o any_o other_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n thence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o both_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o the_o parallel_n as_o well_o as_o the_o meridian_n obtain_v various_a representation_n because_o the_o ray_n draw_v from_o they_o exist_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o the_o eye_n perforate_v the_o table_n in_o divers_a point_n endue_v with_o a_o various_a situation_n which_o the_o reader_n may_v easy_o understand_v profitable_a the_o direction_n of_o a_o tutor_n very_o profitable_a if_o that_o they_o have_v the_o live_a information_n and_o direction_n of_o a_o tutor_n the_o other_o which_o i_o esteem_v fit_a for_o the_o reader_n consideration_n in_o this_o method_n for_o his_o better_a understanding_n be_v concern_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o variety_n in_o the_o magnitude_n of_o table_n and_o representation_n for_o we_o can_v show_v the_o same_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o also_o of_o all_o the_o body_n of_o the_o world_n as_o temple_n house_n and_o the_o like_a on_o a_o great_a or_o small_a table_n the_o cause_n be_v twofold_a first_o by_o how_o much_o the_o eye_n be_v place_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o earth_n or_o any_o object_n by_o so_o much_o the_o representation_n receive_v the_o lesser_a magnitude_n ziz_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o table_n or_o glass_n so_o remain_v 2._o how_o much_o the_o table_n or_o glass_n in_o which_o the_o representation_n shall_v be_v make_v by_o the_o perforation_n of_o the_o ray_n be_v near_o move_v to_o the_o eye_n by_o so_o much_o the_o representation_n or_o projecture_n receive_v the_o lesser_a form_n by_o how_o much_o the_o near_o to_o the_o object_n so_o much_o the_o great_a but_o if_o the_o eye_n may_v be_v remove_v in_o any_o kind_n from_o the_o object_n the_o table_n remain_v so_o that_o it_o be_v remove_v in_o the_o same_o line_n with_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o so_o that_o it_o remain_v in_o one_o perpendicular_a line_n to_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n therefore_o the_o figure_n of_o the_o projecture_n be_v not_o change_v but_o only_o the_o magnitude_n the_o similitude_n remain_v so_o also_o if_o that_o the_o table_n be_v any_o way_n move_v to_o the_o eye_n or_o remove_v towards_o the_o object_n all_o the_o projecture_n do_v become_v of_o a_o divers_a magnitude_n yet_o they_o remain_v mutual_o alike_o and_o represent_v all_o the_o place_n in_o a_o like_a situation_n so_o that_o the_o table_n shall_v observe_v the_o parallel_n situate_v from_o the_o eye_n in_o his_o access_n and_o recess_n but_o if_o the_o table_n receive_v another_o position_n and_o also_o if_o the_o eye_n be_v not_o only_o remove_v but_o also_o recede_v from_o that_o perpendicular_a line_n than_o the_o like_a projecture_n shall_v not_o arise_v and_o the_o place_n shall_v not_o have_v the_o like_a situation_n on_o the_o earth_n but_o beside_o a_o various_a magnitude_n there_o shall_v also_o be_v a_o notable_a dissimilitude_n in_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o place_n one_o to_o the_o other_o but_o in_o the_o projecture_n of_o all_o body_n as_o also_o in_o the_o projecture_n of_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o be_v so_o wont_a to_o happen_v that_o we_o attribute_v such_o a_o situation_n to_o the_o table_n or_o glass_n that_o it_o may_v touch_v the_o body_n or_o superficies_n in_o that_o point_n to_o which_o the_o line_n draw_v be_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o body_n or_o which_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o eye_n to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n now_o to_o obtain_v the_o lesser_a or_o great_a projecture_n we_o remove_v the_o point_n of_o the_o eye_n more_o or_o less_o from_o the_o earth_n but_o then_o we_o conceive_v the_o earth_n to_o be_v very_o small_a this_o in_o general_a be_v explain_v concern_v the_o projecture_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o original_a of_o geographical_a map_n we_o shall_v show_v the_o method_n of_o do_v it_o where_o first_o we_o shall_v show_v whether_o these_o table_n shall_v be_v make_v according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o perspective_n and_o whether_o all_o may_v be_v make_v according_a to_o they_o for_o the_o end_n of_o these_o table_n or_o map_n be_v to_o the_o life_n and_o exact_o as_o may_v be_v to_o express_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o place_n in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n therefore_o it_o be_v demand_v and_o that_o not_o unadvised_o whether_o this_o may_v be_v do_v by_o another_o method_n which_o observe_v not_o the_o rule_n of_o perspective_n for_o whether_o it_o be_v do_v according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o perspective_n or_o contrary_a to_o they_o so_o that_o it_o exact_o represent_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o place_n the_o table_n shall_v be_v account_v to_o be_v well_o do_v to_o that_o i_o answer_v that_o although_o certain_a table_n of_o some_o small_a province_n may_v be_v make_v and_o be_v also_o make_v by_o another_o method_n to_o wit_n by_o angle_n of_o position_n or_o also_o by_o distance_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v in_o the_o last_o place_n yet_o in_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n it_o can_v be_v perform_v by_o a_o more_o commodious_a method_n than_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o perspective_n although_o the_o true_a situation_n of_o the_o place_n may_v not_o be_v represent_v in_o the_o table_n make_v according_a to_o these_o rule_n map_n thing_n to_o be_v know_v about_o the_o make_n of_o these_o map_n for_o we_o must_v know_v that_o in_o make_v of_o these_o map_n we_o must_v attend_v to_o a_o threefold_a end_n 1._o that_o all_o the_o place_n must_v have_v such_o a_o situation_n and_o distance_n to_o the_o chief_a circle_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o the_o aequator_fw-la the_o parallel_n the_o meridian_n as_o they_o have_v in_o the_o earth_n itself_o so_o that_o from_o those_o table_n the_o parallel_n of_o every_o place_n the_o distance_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la from_o the_o pole_n the_o zone_n the_o climate_n etc._n etc._n may_v be_v behold_v because_o that_o from_o thence_o many_o property_n of_o the_o region_n and_o celestial_a appearance_n do_v depend_v 2._o that_o the_o magnitude_n of_o every_o region_n may_v have_v that_o proportion_n that_o they_o have_v in_o the_o earth_n itself_o 3._o that_o every_o place_n may_v have_v the_o same_o situation_n to_o the_o other_o mutual_o which_o they_o have_v in_o the_o earth_n itself_o of_o these_o three_o requisite_n all_o map_n or_o table_n ought_v exact_o to_o perform_v the_o first_o and_o for_o the_o most_o part_n exact_o do_v because_o they_o be_v make_v from_o the_o table_n of_o latitude_n and_o longitude_n of_o place_n neither_o do_v the_o rule_n of_o perspective_n hinder_v the_o same_o but_o for_o the_o second_o they_o can_v accurate_o perform_v the_o same_o if_o that_o the_o rule_n of_o perspective_n be_v observe_v because_o the_o crooked_a path_n of_o the_o superficies_n be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o eye_n make_v the_o representation_n lesser_a in_o the_o glass_n than_o those_o part_n subject_v to_o the_o eye_n but_o yet_o that_o inequality_n be_v small_a and_o become_v insensible_a if_o that_o the_o eye_n be_v conceive_v to_o be_v remote_a a_o infinite_a interval_n from_o the_o earth_n but_o the_o three_o requisite_a can_v be_v perform_v by_o no_o large_a table_n such_o be_v those_o of_o the_o whole_a earth_n also_o those_o of_o the_o 4_o quar_fw-la of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o great_a province_n although_o they_o may_v accomplish_v it_o in_o the_o lesser_a region_n and_o the_o vulgar_a suppose_n
which_o the_o other_o place_n be_v situate_v at_o the_o place_n which_o be_v represent_v from_o that_o bound_n and_o let_v the_o extension_n of_o the_o quadrant_n be_v note_v with_o chalk_n on_o the_o globe_n then_o let_v the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v for_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o other_o bind_v and_o the_o quadrant_n be_v affix_v to_o that_o term_n the_o other_o extremity_n to_o the_o other_o give_v quarter_n the_o point_n in_o which_o the_o quadrant_n shall_v cut_v the_o arch_n mark_v with_o chalk_n shall_v represent_v the_o three_o place_n whence_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o take_v the_o distance_n from_o these_o two_o term_n chap._n xxxiv_o of_o the_o visible_a or_o sensible_a horizon_n a_o sensible_a horizon_n be_v a_o periphery_a on_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o bound_v the_o prospect_n of_o the_o eye_n move_v round_o about_o or_o which_o terminate_v part_n of_o the_o superficies_n which_o the_o eye_n move_v about_o may_v see_v or_o from_o whence_o the_o ray_n may_v come_v to_o the_o eye_n his_o semidiameter_n be_v term_v the_o great_a arch_n of_o the_o earth_n intercept_v between_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o spectator_n and_o that_o periphery_n which_o therefore_o be_v perpendicular_a over_o it_o proposition_n i._o the_o extension_n or_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o sensible_a horizon_n various_o exi_v both_o according_a to_o the_o divers_a altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n as_o also_o from_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o take_v semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n what_o a_o sensible_a horizon_n what_o let_v the_o great_a circle_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v m_o p_o n_o q._n let_v t_o be_v the_o centre_n t_o p_o the_o semidiameter_n p_o o_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n let_v o_o be_v the_o eye_n let_v the_o tangent_n o_o n_n o_o m_o be_v draw_v from_o o_o and_o let_v we_o conceive_v the_o ray_n n_o o_fw-fr to_o be_v as_o it_o be_v carry_v about_o on_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o so_o to_o describe_v the_o periphery_a this_o shall_v be_v the_o sensible_a horizon_n his_o semidiameter_n p_o n_n p_o m_o for_o the_o ray_n n_o o_fw-fr m_o o_o be_v the_o last_o which_o from_o o_o can_v come_v to_o the_o eye_n from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n which_o we_o here_o suppose_v to_o be_v perfect_o round_a and_o it_o be_v manifest_a if_o we_o take_v the_o lesser_a or_o great_a altitude_n than_o p_o o_o that_o also_o the_o arch_n p_o n_o shall_v be_v great_a or_o lesser_a after_o the_o same_o mode_n if_o f_o p_o be_v make_v to_o be_v of_o more_o or_o few_o mile_n p_o n_o shall_v also_o be_v of_o more_o or_o few_o mile_n horizon_n the_o opinion_n of_o the_o ancient_n concern_v this_o horizon_n these_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o the_o ancient_a author_n have_v follow_v divers_a opinion_n concern_v this_o horizon_n or_o extension_n of_o sight_n for_o macrobius_n assign_v to_o it_o the_o semidiameter_n p_o n_n of_o 180_o stadia_n that_o be_v 22_o ½_n mile_n eratosthenes_n 350_o stadia_n which_o make_v 44_o mile_n albertus_n magnus_n 1000_o which_o make_v 125_o mile_n proclus_n 2000_o stadia_n that_o be_v 250_o mile_n many_o assign_v 500_o stadia_n that_o be_v 62_o ½_n mile_n yet_o i_o suppose_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o diversity_n of_o these_o assignation_n not_o only_o to_o be_v those_o of_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v but_o the_o divers_a assume_v distance_n of_o the_o stadia_fw-la as_o shall_v be_v manifest_a from_o the_o follow_a proposition_n proposition_n ii_o the_o stature_n of_o a_o man_n be_v give_v from_o the_o foot_n to_o the_o eye_n and_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v give_v to_o find_v out_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o sensible_a horizon_n let_v p_o o_fw-fr be_v the_o stature_n of_o a_o man_n o_o the_o eye_n t_o p_o be_v the_o semidiameter_n o_o n_n be_v the_o ray_n touch_v the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n terminate_a the_o sensible_a horizon_n or_o the_o aspect_n therefore_o p_o n_n be_v the_o semidiameter_n the_o longitude_n of_o this_o be_v demand_v let_v p_o o_fw-fr be_v add_v for_o example_n of_o five_o foot_n to_o t_o p_o the_o semediameter_n 19598300_o so_o you_o shall_v have_v t_o o_fw-fr and_o in_o the_o triangle_n n_o t_o o_o beside_o t_o o_fw-fr and_o t_o n_n we_o know_v the_o angle_n t_o n_o o_o to_o be_v right_a or_o 90_o degree_n therefore_o n_n t_o o_fw-fr be_v find_v according_a to_o this_o proportion_n as_o t_o o_fw-fr be_v to_o t_o n_n so_o be_v the_o whole_a sinus_fw-la to_o the_o sinus_fw-la of_o the_o angle_n n_o o_fw-fr t_o who_o compliment_n at_o 90_o degree_n be_v the_o angle_n n_n t_o o_o or_o the_o arch_n n_o p_o which_o may_v be_v turn_v into_o mile_n corollary_n we_o therefore_o may_v thence_o know_v that_o if_o this_o or_o that_o quantity_n of_o the_o semidiameter_n t_o n_n or_o t_o p_o be_v take_v and_o another_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n o_o how_o great_a a_o variation_n there_o thence_o be_v of_o the_o sensible_a horizon_n proposition_n iii_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v give_v on_o a_o tower_n or_o mountain_n to_o find_v the_o distance_n of_o the_o last_o point_n unto_o which_o the_o eye_n extend_v itself_o or_o which_o the_o eye_n can_v see_v let_v p_o o_fw-fr be_v the_o give_v altitude_n of_o the_o tower_n in_o which_o the_o eye_n be_v place_v behold_v all_o round_a therefore_o in_o the_o triangle_n right_a angle_n n_n t_o o_o the_o give_v have_v themselves_o after_o the_o same_o mode_n as_o in_o the_o precede_a problem_n therefore_o the_o angle_n n_o t_o p_o and_o the_o arch_n n_o p_o shall_v be_v find_v after_o the_o same_o mode_n which_o we_o have_v use_v in_o the_o solution_n of_o the_o former_a proposition_n iv_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o sensible_a horizon_n be_v give_v or_o the_o great_a distance_n from_o which_o the_o eye_n be_v suppose_v to_o see_v to_o find_v out_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n eye_n of_o the_o find_n out_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n this_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o problem_n the_o great_a distance_n be_v give_v from_o which_o the_o vertex_fw-la of_o the_o mountain_n be_v see_v to_o find_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o mountain_n in_o the_o triangle_n n_o t_o o_o let_v the_o right_a angle_n t_o n_o o_o be_v give_v and_o the_o angle_n n_o t_o o_o be_v know_v from_o the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o sensible_a horizon_n p_o n_n moreover_o let_v the_o semidiameter_n of_o the_o earth_n t_o n_n be_v give_v therefore_o t_n o_o shall_v be_v find_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n as_o the_o whole_a sinus_fw-la be_v to_o the_o secant_fw-la of_o the_o angle_n n_o t_o o_o so_o be_v t_o n_n to_o t_o o._n from_o which_o if_o you_o subtract_v t_o p_o the_o remain_a number_n will_v show_v the_o seek_v for_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n proposition_n v._o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v give_v and_o of_o some_o erect_v scene_a magnitude_n as_o a_o tower_n the_o mast_n of_o a_o ship_n or_o a_o high_a mountain_n to_o find_v the_o distance_n of_o this_o from_o the_o eye_n that_o be_v the_o distance_n of_o the_o ship_n eye_n to_o find_v the_o distance_n of_o a_o ship_n etc._n etc._n by_o the_o eye_n for_o example_n in_o the_o diagram_n in_o the_o precede_a proposition_n let_v p_o o_fw-fr be_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n in_o the_o ship_n tower_n or_o mountain_n let_v f_o s_n be_v the_o mast_n of_o another_o ship_n and_o let_v p_o be_v the_o point_n and_o f_o s_o the_o ship_n so_o seat_v that_o in_o p_o the_o first_o top_n of_o the_o mast_n s_o moi_fw-fr be_v see_v therefore_o the_o point_n s_o shall_v be_v in_o the_o line_n o_o n_n which_o be_v the_o tangent_fw-la draw_v from_o the_o eye_n o_o for_o whatsoever_o be_v seat_v beneath_o this_o o_o n_n x_o that_o can_v send_v forth_o no_o direct_a ray_n to_o the_o eye_n o_o but_o it_o must_v so_o draw_v near_o that_o the_o vertex_fw-la or_o point_n may_v fall_v into_o the_o right_a line_n o_o x._o therefore_o the_o distance_n f_o p_o be_v seek_v viz._n in_o which_o the_o first_o ray_n from_o s_n may_v come_v to_o the_o eye_n in_o the_o triangle_n n_o o_fw-fr t_o the_o angle_n n_o t_o o_o be_v find_v from_o the_o give_v n_n t_n t_o o_o and_o from_o the_o right_a angle_n t_o n_o o._n and_o again_o in_o the_o triangle_n right_a angle_n n_n t_o s_o n_o t_o t_o s_o be_v give_v and_o the_o right_a angle_n s_o n_o t_o the_o angle_n n_o t_o s_o shall_v be_v find_v out_o and_o so_o the_o whole_a angle_n o_o t_o s_o shall_v be_v have_v who_o measure_n be_v the_o arch_n p_o s_o the_o distance_n demand_v proposition_n vi_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o the_o altitude_n of_o the_o eye_n be_v give_v and_o the_o distance_n from_o which_o first_o the_o
the_o shore_n and_o in_o the_o harbour_n as_o also_o great_a ship_n come_v to_o zealand_n than_o to_o holland_n proposition_n v._o if_o a_o ship_n be_v so_o burden_v that_o its_o weight_n or_o gravity_n be_v almost_o equal_a to_o the_o weight_n or_o gravity_n of_o the_o sea_n water_n equal_a to_o the_o capacity_n of_o the_o ship_n yet_o it_o sink_v not_o in_o the_o sea_n but_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v bring_v into_o any_o river_n it_o sink_v to_o the_o bottom_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o water_n of_o rivers_n be_v light_a than_o the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n therefore_o if_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o lade_a ship_n be_v almost_o equal_a to_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o marine_a water_n therefore_o it_o shall_v be_v great_a than_o the_o gravity_n of_o river_n water_n and_o so_o the_o ship_n shall_v be_v sink_v in_o the_o river_n or_o carry_v to_o the_o bottom_n many_o ship_n for_o this_o reason_n have_v perish_v which_o have_v be_v over_o lade_v by_o unskilful_a mariner_n or_o not_o unburden_v in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n now_o how_o much_o this_o gravity_n shall_v be_v be_v know_v from_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o sea_n water_n to_o river_n water_n proposition_n vi_o any_o body_n swim_v on_o the_o water_n have_v that_o weight_n that_o the_o watery_a mole_n have_v equal_a to_o the_o demergent_a part_n of_o this_o body_n corollary_n the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n be_v give_v which_o be_v under_o water_n the_o weight_n of_o the_o whole_a burden_a ship_n may_v be_v find_v for_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o water_n be_v know_v or_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v find_v for_o example_n one_o cubick_a foot_n of_o water_n be_v 70_o li._n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n under_o water_n be_v 2000_o cubick_a foot_n therefore_o the_o gravity_n of_o the_o watery_a mole_n which_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o part_n of_o the_o ship_n under_o water_n shall_v be_v 140000_o li._n so_o much_o also_o shall_v be_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o ship_n jade_v proposition_n vii_o a_o ship_n be_v most_o common_o account_v commodious_o to_o carry_v that_o quantity_n of_o burden_n who_o gravity_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o gravity_n of_o half_a the_o mole_n of_o water_n which_o the_o ship_n can_v contain_v for_o example_n if_o the_o ship_n can_v carry_v 500000_o tun_n of_o water_n whereof_o every_o one_o be_v account_v at_o 2000_o li._n weight_n that_o be_v if_o it_o contain_v the_o water_n of_o 1000000000_o li._n you_o may_v convenient_o lade_v it_o with_o the_o burden_n of_o 250000_o tun_n 1000000000._o in_o this_o sense_n you_o must_v understand_v it_o when_o they_o say_v that_o ship_n be_v so_o many_o tun_n or_o carry_v so_o many_o last_v the_o spanish_a carract_n carry_v 1200_o last_n the_o great_a holland_n indian_a ship_n 800_o last_n proposition_n viii_o by_o how_o much_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o ship_n jade_v be_v great_a by_o so_o much_o the_o less_o it_o be_v toss_v with_o storm_n and_o tempest_n lade_v a_o jade_a ship_n be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o be_v toss_v in_o tempest_n as_o when_o not_o lade_v ship_n of_o 2000_o tun_n be_v not_o in_o danger_n of_o those_o tempest_n which_o be_v vexatious_a to_o ship_n of_o 300_o or_o 500_o tun_n much_o more_o may_v be_v say_v but_o this_o may_v suffice_v for_o element_n chap._n xxxvii_o of_o the_o three_o and_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o nautick_a aâ—t_n viz._n the_o art_n of_o guide_v or_o navigate_a of_o a_o ship_n and_o its_o subdivision_n of_o the_o four_o part_n proposition_n i._o that_o be_v term_v the_o art_n of_o guide_v or_o navigate_a of_o a_o ship_n which_o teach_v unto_o what_o quarter_n a_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v guide_v in_o any_o situation_n of_o it_o in_o the_o sea_n that_o it_o may_v come_v to_o the_o purpose_a place_n without_o danger_n i_o make_v four_o part_n of_o it_o ship_n of_o the_o guide_v or_o steer_v of_o ship_n 1._o special_a geography_n that_o be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o space_n intercept_v between_o two_o place_n and_o the_o property_n of_o the_o same_o 2._o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o quarter_n in_o every_o place_n 3._o the_o cognition_n of_o the_o line_n by_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v bring_v from_o one_o place_n to_o the_o other_o for_o there_o be_v between_o every_o two_o place_n infinite_a intercept_v line_n this_o part_n be_v term_v histriodromice_n 4._o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o every_o place_n unto_o which_o by_o sail_v we_o arrive_v or_o how_o these_o place_n be_v situate_v unto_o that_o place_n unto_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v direct_v this_o be_v the_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o art_n of_o sail_v proposition_n ii_o the_o cognition_n of_o the_o intermedial_a space_n comprehend_v these_o thing_n map_n thing_n observe_v from_o special_a geography_n and_o nautical_a map_n 1._o the_o situation_n of_o the_o place_n the_o procurrence_n of_o angle_n the_o bend_n of_o the_o shore_n the_o aspect_n of_o promontory_n mountain_n bay_n the_o depth_n of_o water_n the_o sight_n of_o island_n and_o coast_n of_o land_n all_o which_o be_v know_v from_o special_a geography_n and_o nautical_a map_n but_o most_o easy_o and_o with_o great_a certainty_n from_o observation_n and_o frequent_a navigation_n through_o any_o tract_n of_o land_n which_o be_v the_o only_a cause_n that_o some_o mariner_n be_v more_o fit_a to_o guide_v a_o ship_n to_o such_o place_n and_o other_o to_o another_o 2._o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o general_n and_o special_a wind_n and_o those_o that_o be_v peculiar_a unto_o any_o place_n which_o be_v exceed_o necessary_a in_o navigation_n which_o be_v undertake_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n and_o adjacent_a place_n for_o here_o a_o general_a wind_n and_o in_o many_o place_n anniversary_n wind_n which_o we_o have_v show_v to_o be_v call_v moussons_n motion_n in_o our_o xx._n chapter_n do_v rule_n which_o either_o promote_v or_o hinder_v navigation_n for_o the_o indian_a sea_n be_v sail_v by_o these_o anniversary_n wind_n of_o these_o and_o also_o of_o storm_n and_o tempest_n we_o have_v speak_v in_o the_o xx._n chapter_n 20._o see_v chap._n 20._o 3._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n in_o every_o tract_n also_o the_o quarter_n of_o it_o into_o which_o quarter_n the_o sea_n and_o wave_n be_v bear_v for_o they_o carry_v the_o ship_n with_o they_o the_o diversity_n of_o those_o motion_n in_o many_o place_n we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o xvii_o chap._n 17._o see_v chap._n 17._o first_o of_o all_o there_o be_v require_v a_o knowledge_n of_o the_o ship_n and_o reflux_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o time_n or_o hour_n of_o the_o increase_n and_o decrease_v at_o every_o day_n the_o supputation_n of_o which_o be_v term_v the_o reckon_n of_o the_o tide_n for_o except_v a_o master_n know_v this_o the_o ship_n be_v often_o much_o hazard_v when_o it_o be_v near_a shore_n or_o sand_n whereof_o most_o in_o the_o great_a increase_n of_o the_o water_n do_v not_o hinder_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o ship_n but_o most_o do_v in_o the_o decrease_n so_o with_o a_o flux_n the_o navigation_n be_v more_o facile_a to_o the_o shore_n and_o to_o the_o inlet_n of_o river_n and_o the_o contrary_n be_v discover_v in_o the_o reflux_n of_o the_o supputation_n of_o this_o time_n we_o have_v speak_v a_o little_a in_o the_o proposition_n of_o the_o xvii_o chapter_n chap._n xxxviii_o of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o place_n viz._n the_o north_n south_n east_n and_o west_n and_o the_o intermedial_a quarter_n proposition_n i._o in_o every_o place_n to_o know_v the_o plagas_fw-la viz._n the_o north_n south_n east_n and_o west_n and_o the_o intermedial_a quarter_n navigation_n the_o quarter_n very_o neccessary_a in_o navigation_n the_o knowledge_n of_o this_o be_v the_o most_o necessary_a of_o all_o the_o problem_n of_o the_o whole_a art_n of_o navigation_n see_v that_o a_o ship_n must_v be_v guide_v unto_o some_o quarter_n which_o if_o unknown_a there_o can_v be_v no_o direction_n and_o the_o very_a defect_n of_o this_o knowledge_n alone_o hinder_v the_o navigation_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o in_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a difference_n between_o the_o ancient_n and_o modern_a navigation_n for_o the_o ancient_n have_v not_o a_o method_n by_o which_o at_o any_o time_n in_o the_o large_a ocean_n they_o may_v know_v where_o be_v the_o north_n where_o the_o south_n and_o the_o other_o quarter_n therefore_o they_o can_v not_o nor_o dare_v they_o commit_v themselves_o to_o the_o vast_a ocean_n but_o only_o coast_v the_o shore_n so_o that_o they_o may_v know_v the_o quarter_n from_o other_o sign_n quarter_n the_o ancient_n have_v a_o double_a method_n of_o find_v out_o the_o quarter_n the_o ancient_n have_v a_o double_a method_n which_o serve_v also_o to_o the_o modern_a navigation_n of_o find_v out_o the_o quarter_n
now_o this_o problem_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o to_o find_v out_o the_o meridian_n line_n and_o the_o north_n and_o south_n quarter_n for_o these_o be_v know_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o know_v the_o rest_n first_o by_o the_o star_n viz._n in_o the_o night_n the_o bear_n or_o the_o helice_n and_o polary_a star_n so_o call_v in_o the_o extremity_n of_o the_o tail_n of_o the_o vrsa_fw-la minor_n of_o great_a same_o among_o the_o ancient_n which_o show_v the_o north_n quarter_n whence_o all_o the_o rest_n be_v find_v for_o the_o face_n be_v turn_v to_o the_o north_n the_o east_n be_v at_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o west_n on_o the_o left_a the_o line_n of_o which_o quarter_n at_o right_a angle_n cut_v the_o line_n of_o the_o north_n and_o south_n and_o these_o cardinal_n quarter_n be_v find_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v the_o intermedial_a quarter_n unto_o which_o purpose_n that_o there_o may_v be_v no_o need_n of_o a_o description_n they_o have_v a_o circle_n make_v with_o the_o quarter_n who_o northern_a line_n be_v place_v above_o the_o northern_a line_n of_o any_o place_n the_o other_o quarter_n at_o one_o sight_n be_v discover_v but_o in_o the_o day_n they_o seek_v out_o the_o quarter_n by_o the_o rise_n or_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o the_o xxviii_o chapter_n 28._o see_v chap._n 28._o 2._o the_o other_o method_n of_o the_o ancient_n for_o the_o know_v of_o quarter_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o situation_n or_o extension_n of_o the_o shore_n and_o one_o promontory_n to_o the_o other_o for_o see_v the_o quarter_n of_o this_o extension_n be_v know_v to_o they_o either_o from_o the_o map_n or_o from_o observation_n and_o experience_n they_o may_v in_o navigation_n by_o see_v they_o know_v the_o other_o quarter_n for_o one_o quarter_n be_v know_v all_o the_o rest_n be_v know_v therefore_o the_o ancient_n do_v not_o far_o depart_v from_o the_o coast_n viz._n that_o they_o may_v know_v the_o quarter_n by_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o know_a quarter_n of_o the_o extension_n of_o shore_n for_o they_o can_v not_o always_o use_v the_o method_n of_o the_o star_n and_o the_o rise_n and_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n 3._o the_o three_o method_n of_o the_o ancient_n of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o quarter_n be_v the_o observe_v course_n of_o the_o ship_n for_o go_v from_o any_o place_n and_o guide_v the_o ship_n to_o the_o know_a quarter_n they_o be_v able_a from_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o course_n of_o the_o ship_n to_o know_v the_o quarter_n 4._o hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o chief_a cause_n of_o the_o dangerous_a and_o imperfect_a navigation_n of_o the_o ancient_n be_v the_o ignorance_n of_o a_o method_n by_o which_o every_o where_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o vast_a ocean_n they_o may_v know_v the_o quarter_n and_o so_o that_o quarter_n unto_o which_o the_o ship_n be_v to_o be_v steer_v for_o as_o i_o have_v say_v the_o method_n by_o the_o star_n and_o the_o rise_n and_o set_v sun_n can_v be_v apply_v on_o all_o day_n and_o on_o the_o hour_n of_o every_o day_n for_o the_o mark_n from_o the_o situation_n of_o the_o shore_n fail_v in_o the_o mid_a sea_n in_o the_o night_n neither_o be_v it_o safe_a enough_o in_o the_o day_n time_n the_o three_o method_n from_o the_o observe_v course_n of_o the_o ship_n have_v not_o place_n when_o the_o ship_n be_v toss_v by_o boisterous_a wind_n and_o tempest_n from_o one_o quarter_n to_o another_o and_o in_o this_o casual_o lie_v the_o chief_a difficulty_n this_o i_o think_v fit_a to_o admonish_v concern_v the_o modes_n of_o the_o ancient_n for_o the_o find_v out_o the_o meridian_n line_n and_o the_o north_n and_o south_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o imperfection_n of_o these_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o dangerous_a and_o small_a navigation_n of_o the_o ancient_n see_v that_o they_o be_v never_o able_a to_o commit_v themselves_o to_o the_o vast_a ocean_n and_o therefore_o never_o know_v those_o region_n between_o which_o the_o ocean_n be_v interpose_v of_o which_o the_o chief_a be_v all_o america_n never_o yet_o full_o know_v but_o at_o this_o day_n the_o method_n of_o know_v the_o quarter_n in_o all_o place_n and_o of_o find_v out_o the_o line_n of_o the_o north_n and_o south_n be_v facile_a by_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o admirable_a propriety_n which_o the_o loadstone_n and_o all_o iron_n touch_v by_o it_o have_v be_v find_v to_o have_v viz._n that_o all_o magnetick_n not_o hinder_v by_o other_o in_o any_o place_n direct_v their_o point_n almost_o to_o the_o same_o quarter_n for_o there_o be_v two_o opposite_a point_n in_o the_o loadstone_n whereof_o one_o always_o and_o in_o all_o place_n turn_v itself_o to_o the_o north_n or_o the_o adjacent_a quarter_n the_o other_o to_o the_o south_n and_o so_o also_o the_o other_o point_n of_o the_o magnes_n respect_v the_o other_o quarter_n viz._n every_o point_n its_o particular_a quarter_n but_o all_o of_o they_o be_v not_o consider_v but_o only_o those_o two_o point_n which_o as_o i_o have_v say_v do_v convert_v themselves_o to_o the_o north_n and_o south_n which_o be_v term_v the_o pole_n of_o the_o magnes_n one_o northern_a the_o other_o southern_a and_o the_o same_o virtue_n much_o to_o admiration_n be_v communicate_v to_o the_o needle_n but_o by_o a_o invert_v and_o contrary_a operation_n of_o nature_n for_o the_o end_n of_o the_o lamine_n or_o needle_n which_o be_v touch_v at_o the_o north_n pole_n of_o the_o magnes_n do_v not_o convert_v itself_o to_o the_o north_n but_o to_o the_o south_n and_o that_o end_n which_o be_v rub_v at_o the_o south_n pole_n of_o the_o loadstone_n turn_v not_o to_o the_o south_n but_o to_o the_o north._n these_o point_n of_o the_o needle_n be_v also_o term_v the_o pole_n loadstone_n the_o virtue_n of_o the_o loadstone_n although_o therefore_o the_o loadstone_n and_o the_o iron_n touch_v by_o it_o have_v very_o many_o notable_a property_n yet_o all_o may_v be_v refer_v to_o two_o species_n or_o head_n one_o be_v that_o virtue_n which_o do_v extract_v the_o iron_n the_o other_o by_o which_o in_o every_o place_n it_o direct_v the_o two_o point_n of_o its_o superficies_n to_o the_o north_n and_o south_n the_o former_a faculty_n the_o ancient_n be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o but_o only_o this_o latter_a see_v therefore_o the_o magnes_n have_v this_o property_n therefore_o by_o its_o help_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o sea_n where_o the_o north_n or_o south_n be_v whence_o all_o the_o other_o quarter_n be_v soon_o know_v for_o if_o those_o point_n of_o the_o north_n and_o south_n be_v note_v in_o any_o loadstone_n or_o the_o north_n and_o south_n pole_n and_o we_o have_v this_o magnes_n in_o the_o ship_n where_o we_o be_v in_o the_o sea_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o know_v the_o quarter_n the_o loadstone_n be_v hang_v by_o a_o cord_n that_o it_o may_v easy_o move_v itself_o will_v so_o direct_v its_o pole_n to_o the_o quarter_n of_o the_o north_n and_o south_n that_o it_o will_v show_v the_o quarter_n demand_v but_o the_o magnetic_a needle_n be_v more_o easy_a for_o use_v who_o end_n be_v touch_v at_o the_o south_n pole_n of_o the_o magnes_n for_o if_o that_o this_o needle_n be_v place_v in_o the_o middle_n upon_o a_o sharp_a perpendicular_a pin_n so_o that_o it_o can_v free_o turn_v round_o the_o needle_n rest_v will_v show_v by_o one_o of_o its_o end_n the_o north_n quarter_n and_o by_o the_o other_o the_o south_n from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v it_o be_v easy_a to_o make_v a_o nautical_a instrument_n proposition_n ii_o to_o make_v a_o mariner_n compass_n compass_n of_o the_o make_n the_o mariner_n compass_n let_v the_o describe_v circle_n on_o any_o paper_n be_v divide_v into_o 32_o quarter_n or_o degree_n and_o let_v one_o of_o these_o deg_fw-la be_v take_v for_o the_o north_n quarter_n be_v ascribe_v with_o these_o appellation_n viz._n with_o a_o peculiar_a sign_n the_o flower_n de_fw-fr luce_n and_o the_o find_v out_o point_v for_o the_o other_o quarter_n viz._n south_n east_n west_n north-east_n north-west_n as_o we_o have_v propound_v they_o in_o the_o diagram_n in_o the_o xx_o chapter_n mariner_n term_v this_o chart_n the_o rose_n then_o let_v the_o magnetic_a needle_n be_v so_o affix_v beneath_o the_o chart_n that_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o needle_n may_v be_v beneath_o its_o centre_n and_o the_o north_n pole_n of_o the_o needle_n may_v be_v subject_v to_o the_o line_n of_o the_o paper_n unto_o which_o we_o ascribe_v the_o northern_a quarter_n moreover_o the_o paper_n be_v so_o make_v with_o the_o needle_n lie_v under_o let_v it_o be_v put_v upon_o the_o point_a pin_n that_o it_o may_v have_v a_o free_a circumrotation_n so_o the_o index_n of_o the_o
land_v his_o army_n there_o and_o obtain_v the_o regal_a dominion_n thereof_o which_o be_v pass_v over_o unto_o he_o by_o their_o noble_n and_o commonalty_n their_o charter_n so_o sign_v be_v transmit_v to_o rome_n and_o be_v confirm_v by_o a_o patent_n of_o pope_n hadrian_n by_o a_o ring_n deliver_v unto_o he_o in_o token_n of_o his_o investure_n and_o be_v far_o confirm_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o certain_a provincial_a synod_n and_o ever_o since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v remain_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o king_n of_o england_n ireland_n the_o temporal_a government_n of_o ireland_n the_o temporal_a government_n since_o the_o english_a become_v master_n thereof_o have_v most_o common_o be_v by_o one_o supreme_a officer_n send_v over_o by_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o call_v lord_n deputy_n or_o lord_n lieutenant_n who_o for_o majesty_n state_n and_o power_n be_v not_o inferior_a to_o any_o viceroy_n in_o christendom_n live_v in_o great_a grandeur_n and_o have_v ample_a and_o royal_a power_n and_o authority_n grant_v unto_o he_o and_o as_o assistant_n unto_o he_o in_o so_o weighty_a a_o concern_n he_o have_v his_o privy_a council_n be_v a_o select_a number_n of_o honourable_a and_o prudent_a person_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n clergy_n and_o capital_a officer_n of_o state_n for_o their_o degree_n of_o honour_n and_o office_n of_o state_n they_o be_v the_o same_o with_o those_o of_o england_n already_o treat_v of_o the_o present_a lord_n lieutenant_n be_v the_o right_n noble_a his_o excellency_n arthur_n capell_n earl_n of_o essex_n viscount_n maldon_n baron_n capell_n of_o hadham_n etc._n etc._n judicature_n its_o law_n and_o court_n of_o judicature_n the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n have_v correspondency_n with_o those_o of_o england_n and_o have_v likewise_o there_o several_a court_n of_o judicature_n as_o the_o chancery_n common-plea_n kings-bench_n exchequer_n etc._n etc._n but_o above_o all_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n there_o be_v likewise_o in_o each_o county_n justice_n of_o the_o peace_n for_o the_o quiet_a govern_n and_o well_o order_v the_o inhabitant_n as_o in_o england_n bishop_n the_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n as_o to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a government_n of_o this_o kingdom_n it_o be_v commit_v to_o the_o care_n of_o four_o archbishop_n under_o who_o be_v divers_a suffragan_n bishop_n who_o name_n be_v as_o follow_v under_o the_o archbishop_n of_o armagh_n who_o be_v primate_n of_o ireland_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o meath_z or_o elnamirand_n conuer_n rathluc_n dune_n or_o dundalethglas_n ardachad_n derry_n dal-liquir_a chlocor_n or_o lugundum_n and_o rathbot_n under_o the_o archbishop_n of_o dublin_n those_o of_o ferne_n lechlin_n glendalach_n ossery_n and_o kildare_n under_o the_o archbishop_n of_o cassile_n those_o of_o limrick_n waterford_n cork_n laonie_n or_o kendalnan_n gellumabrath_n lismore_n ardefret_v the_o isle_n of_o gathay_n clon_n de_fw-fr rosalither_n melite_n or_o emilech_n and_o ross_n or_o roscree_n and_o under_o the_o archbishop_n of_o tuam_fw-la those_o of_o elphin_n gonany_n clonfred_n enachdun_n achad_n duac_n or_o killmacduoc_n mage_n killmundâ—ach_n cellaiar_n roscomon_n and_o lade_v or_o killale_v according_a to_o the_o temporal_a government_n of_o this_o kingdom_n it_o be_v sever_v into_o four_o province_n to_o wit_n leimster_n ulster_n connaugh_n and_o monster_n which_o be_v again_o subdivide_v into_o several_a county_n which_o comprehend_v several_a barony_n in_o which_o be_v seat_v several_a town_n and_o of_o these_o province_n in_o order_n leimster_n fertility_n it_o be_v fertility_n this_o part_n of_o ireland_n for_o the_o generality_n be_v of_o a_o fertile_a soil_n afford_v great_a plenty_n of_o corn_n cattle_n fowl_n and_o fish_n enjoy_v a_o wholesome_a and_o temperate_a air_n be_v well_o water_v with_o rivers_n the_o chief_a among_o which_o be_v the_o shower_n neor_n and_o barraeo_n bivers_a it_o be_v bivers_a which_o have_v their_o rise_n out_o of_o that_o great_a mountain_n call_v by_o giraldus_n bladinae_n montes_n it_o be_v very_o well_o inhabit_v as_o well_o by_o the_o gentry_n as_o the_o commonalty_n and_o the_o rather_o by_o reason_n of_o dublin_n the_o metropolitan_a city_n of_o this_o kingdom_n therein_o seat_v it_o be_v form_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v triangular_a for_o from_o southeast_n to_o the_o west-point_n be_v above_o 80_o mile_n from_o thence_o to_o the_o northwest_n about_o 70_o and_o her_o east-coast_n about_o 18_o the_o circumference_n make_v about_o 270_o mile_n and_o for_o its_o bound_n it_o have_v on_o the_o west_n the_o province_n of_o connough_o on_o the_o north_n that_o of_o leimster_n and_o on_o the_o east_n and_o south_n the_o sea_n which_o regard_v england_n from_o which_o that_o be_v from_o holy-head_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o anglesey_n it_o be_v distant_a about_o 50_o mile_n a_o sea_n very_o dangerous_a for_o sailor_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o flat_n and_o shallow_n that_o lie_v over_o against_o holy-point_n which_o be_v call_v the_o ground_n and_o as_o to_o its_o division_n it_o be_v sever_v into_o ten_o county_n to_o wit_n dublin_n east-meath_a westmeath_a longford_n kildare_n king_n county_n queen_n county_n caterlough_n weixford_n and_o kilkenny_n all_o which_o be_v again_o subdivide_v into_o several_a barony_n and_o of_o these_o county_n in_o order_n describe_v county_n of_o dublin_n describe_v dublin_n or_o divelin_n a_o fertile_a county_n for_o corn_n and_o cattle_n but_o ill_o provide_v with_o wood_n which_o defect_n be_v supply_v by_o peat_n or_o turf_n dig_v up_o in_o the_o clammy_a place_n as_o also_o by_o sea-coal_n bring_v from_o england_n it_o be_v sever_v into_o seven_o barony_n viz._n newcastle_n vpper-cross_n rathdown_a castleknock_a coolock_n balrudery_n and_o nether-cross_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o its_o city_n dublin_n the_o metropolis_n of_o ireland_n be_v very_o well_o furnish_v with_o town_n and_o inhabit_v by_o gentry_n it_o be_v chief_a place_n be_v dublin_n dublin_n dublin_n the_o capital_a city_n in_o the_o island_n by_o ptolemy_n call_v eblana_n by_o the_o latinist_n dublinium_n and_o dublinia_n by_o the_o west_n britain_n dinas_n dulin_n and_o by_o the_o irish_a balacleigh_n that_o be_v the_o town_n upon_o hurdle_n by_o reason_n that_o when_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v first_o build_v the_o ground_n be_v wet_a and_o moorish_a the_o foundation_n of_o its_o house_n be_v lay_v upon_o hurdle_n it_o be_v a_o city_n of_o great_a antiquity_n and_o say_v to_o be_v build_v by_o harold_n the_o first_o king_n of_o norway_n who_o bring_v most_o of_o the_o kingdom_n under_o his_o obedience_n though_o not_o without_o great_a spoil_n and_o after_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o english_a be_v people_v by_o a_o colony_n of_o bristol-man_n it_o be_v no_o less_o pleasant_o than_o commodious_o seat_v on_o the_o river_n liffie_a which_o after_o a_o small_a course_n empti_v itself_o into_o a_o capacious_a bay_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o it_o have_v a_o good_a haven_n and_o a_o fair_a prospect_n and_o on_o the_o south_n it_o have_v delightful_a hill_n which_o with_o the_o several_a park_n here_o adjacent_a afford_v great_a recreation_n to_o the_o gentry_n it_o be_v a_o city_n dignify_v and_o enrich_v with_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o lord_n lieutenant_n as_o also_o with_o the_o see_v of_o a_o archbishop_n with_o a_o university_n and_o the_o court_n of_o judicature_n by_o reason_n of_o which_o it_o be_v a_o place_n of_o good_a traffic_n be_v well_o inhabit_v and_o frequent_v by_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n as_o also_o by_o abundance_n of_o wealthy_a merchant_n and_o shopkeeper_n it_o be_v beautify_v with_o many_o fair_a building_n both_o public_a and_o private_a the_o principal_a among_o which_o be_v the_o lord_n lieutenant_n palace_n a_o stately_a structure_n build_v by_o order_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o second_o in_o the_o east-suburb_n then_o the_o cathedral_n church_n dedicate_v to_o st._n patrick_n consist_v of_o a_o dean_n chanter_n chancellor_n treasurer_n two_o arch-deacon_n and_o twenty_o prebendary_n nigh_o unto_o which_o be_v the_o archbishop_n palace_n both_o which_o be_v without_o the_o city_n in_o the_o suburb_n call_v st._n patrick_n then_o the_o collegiate_n church_n consecrate_v to_o the_o holy_a trinity_n common_o call_v christ-church_n seat_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o the_o city_n which_o queen_n elizabeth_n dignify_v with_o the_o privilege_n of_o a_o university_n and_o not_o far_o from_o this_o be_v the_o town-hall_n call_v tolestale_n a_o fair_a stone-building_n of_o a_o quadrangular_a form_n and_o here_o the_o lord_n major_n sheriff_n alderman_n and_o other_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o city_n assemble_v together_o for_o the_o management_n and_o consult_v on_o the_o public_a concern_v of_o the_o city_n as_o to_o hear_v cause_n hold_v session_n etc._n etc._n then_o a_o beautiful_a college_n with_o several_a other_o fair_a edifice_n it_o be_v at_o present_a a_o city_n of_o a_o large_a extent_n to_o what_o it_o former_o be_v and_o do_v daily_o increase_v in_o