whether the Change of Air would remove an Ague that consumed him There he received the Answer from Portugal and the Queen of Aragon who came to settle Peace betwixt the Princes of Spain wherein she was not unsuccessful Notwithstanding there happened a new Cause of Offence which was that Prince Henry was Divorced from Blanch his Wife pretending that by reason of some Witchcraft he could not have to do with her whereas in Truth his other Debaucheries made him unfit to have to do with a Maid The Divorce was first granted by Luis de Acun̄a Administrator of the Church of Segovia for the Cardinal D. John de Cervantes and afterwards confirmed by the Archbishop of Toledo commissioned by Pope Nicholas But the World was surprized that after this Divorce Prince Henry should marry again On the 13th of November the King of Castile had a Son born at Tordesillas called Alonso who tho short liv'd was the cause of a Bloody War At the Instance of the Queen of Aragon a Treaty of Peace was set on Foot betwixt the Kings of Castile and Aragon as also betwixt the King of Navarre and the Prince his Son and for the better carrying of it on a Truce was concluded for the following Year Whilst these things were in Agitation the King's Sickness increased to that Degree that having received the Sacraments he dyed at Valladolid on the 20th of July 1454. For the present he was deposited at St. Paul in Valladolid and afterwards as he had ordered translated to the Carthusians at Burgos built By his Father and given to that Order by him His Obsequies were performed in all Cities and even at Naples where the Vinetian Embassador appearing among the Mourners cloathed in Scarlet and Crimson changed their Sorrow into Laughter Besides a great part of the Mausoleum built of Wood in the Church was burnt by the great number of Lights In his Will the King left the Mastership of Santiago and Constableship of Castile to his Son Prince Alonso and appointed the Bishop of Cuenca the Prior of Guadalupe and John de Padilla the Lord Chamberlain his Tutors It is thought if he had not been so young he would have appointed him his Successor being highly offended at Prince Henry To the Princess Elizabeth he left the Town of Cuenca and a great Sum of Mony to the Queen his Wife Soria Arevalo and Madrigal Four days after the late King's Death Prince Henry was proclaimed King Immediately the Earls or Alva and Trevin̄o were released out of Prison which made the Joy at the Coronation the more compleat All the late King's Officers of the Houshold were continu'd in their Posts Lastly the Treaty of Peace began by the Queen of Aragon was concluded upon these Conditions That the King of Navarre D. Alonso his Son and Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon renounce all their Pretensions to any Estates or Dignities in Castile That in lieu thereof the King of Castile pay them yearly certain Pensions then agreed upon That the Admiral of Castile his Brother Henry John de Tovar Lord of Berlanga and the rest that took party with the King of Navarre may return to their Estates D. James Gomez de Sandoval Earl of Castro dyed before his Cause was determined and was buryed at Borgia Before his Death for his great Fidelity to the Aragonians he had Denia in the Kingdom of Valencia and Lerma in Old Castile given him These Towns he left to his Son Ferdinand who with some other Outlaws was not comprehended in the Pardon but left to the Mercy of the New King All Places taken during the late War on both sides were agreed to be restored 15000 Florins were given to the King of Navarre for the Town of Atiença Next it was attempted to settle the Affairs of Navarre but that succeeded not Whilst the Princes concerned could ratify the Peace already concluded it was agreed to prolong the Truce for a Year longer This done the Queen of Aragon returned to her Kingdom D. John Pacheco Marques of Villen̄a was now beyond Dispute the most powerful Nobleman in Castile as well in respect of his great Riches as the Favour of the new King He and D. Ferrer de Lanuza and D. John Biamonte Brother to the Constable of Navarre being commissioned by their Masters the Kings of Castile and Navarre and Charles Prince of Viana met at Agreda about the beginning of the Year 1455 to compose the Differences betwixt the King of Navarre and his Son but they had no Success It was supposed D. John Pacheco underhand obstructed the Peace of Navarre fearing it might be a means to lessen his Authority Only a Truce was concluded to last till the end of April Thus much of Navarre In Castile the hopes the People had conceived that the Change of Government would produce some good Effect now vanished The new King was as much given to his Ease as his Father and in other Respects was worse He had Wit enough but no Resolution was given up to Lewdness and hated Business D. John Pacheco governed with more Moderation than D. Alvaro de Luna or at least was more Fortunate for he held it all his Life time King Henry had a great Head a high Forehead cloudy Eyes his Nose fallen not naturally but by an accident his Hair of a Chesnut colour his Complexion ruddy and swarthy All his Face was disagreeable his Body tall his Legs long but his Limbs strong He loved Hunting and Musick and was not over curious in his Dress He drank Water eat much his Manners and course of Life were wholly addicted to Debauchery and Lewdness This weakned his Body which was subject to Diseases as his Mind was to Inconstancy He was called the Liberal and the Impotent this last Title from a defect in Nature the other from his great Profuseness in giving He forgot the Favours he bestowed but remembred any Service done him He was extreamly courteous spoke lovingly to all Men and was merciful to a Fault This strange Mixture of different Qualities was the cause there never were greater Troubles than in his Time He reign'd 20 Years 4 Months and two Days CHAP. VIII The great League made in Italy The Death of Pope Nicholas Calixtus succeeds him The War of Granada King Henry of Castile marries Joanna Sister to the King of Portugal Earthquaks in Italy THREE years before this we write of there began a bloody War in Italy Francis Sforcia being possessed of the Dutchy of Milan demanded of the Venetians certain Towns belonging to the Dutchy which they held along the River Abdua They refusing he resolved to use Force and to that purpose joyned in League with the Florentines In revenge the Venetians commanded all Florentines to depart out of their Territories and forbid all Commerce with them Besides by the means of Leonello Marques of Ferrara they joyned in League with the King of Aragon William Marques of Montferrat was sent
of should not be made as intelligible to us as their Actions For Example the Wife of King Ferdinand who united Castile and Aragon is generally call'd Queen Isabel which is no other than Elizabeth in Spanish and I think there is no more reason for us to call her Isabel when we speak English than there would be in writing of Queen Elizabeth of England to call her Elizabeth in Spanish The same happens when generally we write of any Spaniard whose Name was Peter we call him D. Pedro as if Peter were not the true English of Pedro and Elizabeth of Isabel Those Names that in Spanish have an n with a dash over as in OrdonÌ„o NunÌ„o and many more I have caus'd to be so Printed to give the Reader them as true as possible which was never done before for some write Ordonno and Nunno others Ordonio and Nunio which are both false for tho' a dash seems to imply an n yet it does not so absolutely in these cases because a doubleth n among us will only put a strong Emphasis upon that part of the Word which the Spanish has not and if we substitute an i then it makes two Syllables of one for no ' or nÌ„a is but one Syliable and adding an i either of them makes two but the way to pronounce it is to suppose it a Dipthong where retaining something of the i the a makes the greatest sound and both but one Syllable It is true the thing being wholly newâ— and Cast on purpose for this Work they are not to be found of all sorts for they are only â—â— the Italick the Printers having yet got none in the Roman Letter The next thing to be observ'd is the o's which have a dash at the bottom as thus ç for such a c in all places whatever Vowel follows it is pronounc'd like an s only rather somewhat softer as Zarago ça there the Syllable ça is pronounc'd as if it were sa but this they that are vers'd in French are not unacquainted with yet it is not impertinent to mention it because 't is suppos'd that many may read this History who have no knowledge of that Tongue One word more as to another error in pronouncing of Sancho Sancha and other Names ending in that manner which are universally by Learned and Vnlearned spoken as if they were written Sanco and Sanca a thing never known in Spanish where every Letter has its full sound and so it has in these words and all that end in cho which is to be pronounc'd as we do those three Letters in the word chosen I must also inform the Reader that Mariana has been nothing curious in dividing his Books which has made me in some few of them take the liberty of borrowing a little from one to add to another to bring things to a more compleat period as they ought to be at the end of a Book As for instance to my first Book I have added the first Chapter of the second as it is in the Spanish because that breaks off in the middle of the Relation of Hanno and Himilco 's Travels and begins again with their return home which I thought more proper to put together and finish the Book with the conclusion of their Labours So in the 27th and 29th Books I have borrow'd somewhat from the 28th and 30th because they did not come to so good a conclusion in the Original These are small things which I hope none will find cause to blame me for nor will it be any Argument against me to say so great a Man as Mariana was not to be Corrected by me for the greatest Men are guilty of oversights and its visible he rather labour'd to deliver a good History to Posterity than to seek the Embellishment and Forms that might set it off I think I have said enough both as to the Author and my self for I am not ambitious of a gaudy Preface it will be more satisfaction that the History be approv'd of tho' the Preface pass unregarded than that the latter should prove the only thing good in the Book Since they come into the World I don't doubt but they will find enough to censure and perhaps but few to defend them yet the best Judges are usually most favourable and don 't delight to make Faults where they don't find them and for those that do their Reflections at the long run may light on themselves such may be the fate of all that read only to carp and rail at what they don't understand A great deal of Care has been taken to Correct the Press yet in so great a Work some few Errata's have likely escap'd which if they have I hope they are inconsiderable and only litteral I had almost forgot to let the Reader understand that D. stands as well for DonÌ„a as for Don according as the Name it is prefixt to is either a Man's or a Womans tho' in some few places the Woman is distinguish'd thus Da but I could not get it so carry'd on throughout the whole Work TABLE of Chapters to MARIANA The First BOOK Chap. I. OF the first Peopling of Spain by Tubal of the Fruitfulness of the Soil its Situation and Circumference and of its principal Mountains and Rivers Page 1 Chap. II. Of the Ancient and Modern Division of Spain of the Languages used there and of the Customs of the Spaniards p. 3 Chap. III. Of the Fabulous Kings of Spain of the Geryons of King Hispalus and the death of Hercules and of Hesperus Atlas and Siculus Kings of Spain p. 6 Chap. IV. Of the coming of several Nations into Spain as the Celtes Rhodians Carthaginians and Phenicians also of Abides and a wonderful Dearth p. 8 Chap. V. Of the Age of Argantonius The Phenicians attempt to subdue all Spain but being repulsed send for Aid to the Carthaginians who Ravage the Country but sustain great loss from the Natives p. 11 Chap. VI. The Carthaginians make War upon the Phenicians Peace made in which the latter become subject to the former Sappho comes into Spain Discoveries made by Himilco and Hanno p. 13 Second BOOK Chap. I. THE Actions of the Spaniards in Sicily The Government of Hanno An Embassy sent to Alexander the Great The first Roman and Carthaginian War p. 15 Chap. II. The second coming of Hamilcar Asdrubal succeeds him His Preparations for the Roman War and Death p. 17 Chap. III. The Beginning Progress and End of the Saguntine War with the utter Extirpation of that City p. 19 Chap. IV. The beginning of the second Roman and Carthaginian War Hannibal marches thro' France into Italy Some of his Actions there and of the Scipio 's in Spain p. 21 Chap. V. Asdrubal designing to march thro' France into Italy is defeated by the two Scipio 's who after that overthrow Mago and rout the Carthaginians a third time at Bigerra but are at last themselves vanquish'd and slain p. 23 Chap. VI. Lucius Marcius checks the Progress of
and it s so great affinity beyond the Italian for that Latin and Spanish either in Prose or Verse agree in the very words and manner of Composition The Portugeses have a Language peculiar to themselves being a mixture of the French and Castillian The People of Catalonia and Valencia use a distinct Language very like that of Languedoc Only the Biscainers still retain their mother and barbarous Tongue void of all Elegancy totally different from any other in Spain but the Ancientest and that which was formerly used throughout the Kingdoms before the coming of the Romans who spread their Language where-ever they Conquered Others affirm the Language of Biscay was always peculiar to that Province and Strabo says it was not one Tongue or one sort of Character that was used throughout Spain It is not material to dispute which of these Opinions is best grounded The Manners and Customs of the Spaniards in former Ages were Rude and Barbarous their Nature seemed to have more of wild Beasts than Men. They were remarkable for Secrecy no Rack being of force to draw a Secret from them their Inclinations were restless and propense to Novelty of Body they were Active and Nimble given to Superstition and the Worship of their false Deities averse to Learning tho' of sharp Wits so that when improved by seeing other Countries they made appear they were inferiour to none for clear Judgments excellent Memories or Elegancy and Copiousness of Words In War they were more Couragious than Politick their Habit plain and course their Diet much in quantity but free from Delicacy they commonly drank Water and but little Wine they were rigorous with Malefactors kind and loving to Strangers this was in former Ages for at present there is as great an increase of Vices as Vertues Learning flourishes as much as in any part of the World no Country affords greater Rewards of Vertue The Spaniards are great lovers of Justice the Magistrates supported by the Power of the Laws bind together and unite the greatest and the meanest and middle Sort by a certain Temperature of Justice which has put a stop to Thefts and Robberies and restrains Men from Murder and offering Violence for none is allowed to Transgress the Divine Laws or Oppress the Meanest of the People What is most Glorious is that it has always preserved the true Religion against all Heresy and Error The Spaniards after expelling the Moors have Discovered and Conquered a great part of the World with incredible Valour and Labour they are naturally very patient of Hardship and Hunger which has carried them through great Difficulties by Sea and Land It must be allowed in our Days they are degenerated and grown more Effeminate through excess of Plenty and costly Eating Drinking Cloathing and all other Extravagancies our vast Commerce with other Nations who resort on account of our Riches is the cause of this Mischief our Strength being decayed and our Manners deprav'd by the Communication of Foreigners and the Connivance of Princes and Dissoluteness of the People so that many live to the height of Luxury without putting any measure to their Profuseness Hence we may expect a great change of Fortune and a mighty Fall of our Grandeur which ever threatens all great Empires and ours more especially as having provok'd many by the Pride and Arrogancy of our Governours CHAP. III. Of the Fabulous Kings of Spain of the Geryons of King Hispalus and the Death of Hercules and of Hesperus Atlas and Siculus Kings of Spain IT is agreed on of all Hands and beyond dispute as was said before that Tubal came to Spain but it is hard to guess much more to decide what part of Spain he first Planted or where he made his Abode some say his first Footing was in Lusitania others that among the Vascones now Navarre The Portugeses bring Setubal the Vascones Tudela as Arguments of his coming into their Countries from the likeness o◠the Names of those Places with his But these are ridiculous and shameless Impositions as if Setubal could take Name from Coetus and Tubal whereas Coetus is a Latin word never heard in Portugal till the time of the Romans many hundreds of Years after Tubal Others say Tarragona and Saguntum were Built by Tubal but this is no better than the other and Authors knowing nothing of these Antiquities have pleased themselves by imposing their Fictions on their Posterity for History some have done this to honour their Country with such reverend Antiquity but these Fictions only serve to take off the Credit of the real Chronicles which would much more illustrate those Places than all their Dreams and Chimera's The Fables of Noah's coming into Spain and Founding the Cities Noela and Noega and his Son Iberus giving his Name to the River Ebro and the Province of Iberia are Pleasant but not Credible that River and Province it is more likely took their Names from the Iberi a People about Pontus Euxinus who came into Spain and after mixing with the Celtae of France that part of the Country came to be called Celtiberia There are many more Inventions of this sort as that the Mountain Idubeda was so called from a Son of Iberus That Brigus Son of Idubeda sent Colonies into several Parts one whereof was Brigia afterwards called Phrygia in Asia that his Son Tagus gave his Name to that River as did say they his Successor Betus to the Province Betica now Andaluzia Doubtless the Province took the Name from the River and the River I believe had it from the Hebrew word Beth which signifies a House because of the many Buildings that were upon the Banks of it Thus much may suffice for the fabulous Kings of whom no Author of Credit has made mention but as I have rejected these Fictions so I will not wholly forbear making some mention of others which though scarce credible some grave Authors have spoken of Geryon was the first that may be accounted King of Spain of whom much mention is made by the Greek and Latin Authors He was no Native for Geryon in the Chaldean Language signifies a Stranger he was the first that discovered the value of Gold there which before lay about unregarded and heaped great Treasures as also he kept great Herds and Flocks of Cattle for which reasons he was by the Greeks called Chryseas that is Golden He was the first that Lorded it over that People who before lived dispersed without any Governours in the manner of wild Beasts being settled in his Dominion he is said to have built a Fort near Cadiz called Gerunda and a City of the same Name in Catalonia now Gïrona this in order to secure himself in his Government his Power lasted till Osiris the Egyptian by some called Bacchus and Dionysius after Traversing Ethiopia India and all Asia where he taught the planting of Vines and sowing of Corn came into Spain and in a bloody Fight defeated Geryon's Forces and slew him
Brother-in-law Pygmalion to murther him This Voyage being for some time laid aside by reason of the Death of Sicheus Pygmalion set out with a Fleet from Tyre and landed among the Turduli that is in Andaluzia at the Place where now stands Almun̄ecar he built a Town for the security of Trade calling it Axis or Exis and returning home with much Treasure made afterwards several Voyages till he came as far as Cadiz which Island before called Erythrea from that time was known by the Name of Gadira that is a Bulwark either in respect it is the Bulwark of Spain against the swelling Sea or in regard of the Fortifications raised by the Phenicians They also built a Temple to Hercules on that point of Land which is opposite to the Continent and is thence called Promontorium Herculeum The Phenicians grown Rich with the Trade of Spain and having built Malaga and Abdera thought of nothing less than possessing themselves of the whole Country At this same time the Foundation of the City of Rome was laid Hezekiah Reigned in Jerusalem after Salmanasar King of the Assyrians had extirpated the Kingdom of Israel This is the same Salamanasor who laid Siege to Jerusalem and designing to Conquer the whole World went with a mighty Army into Egypt where he was overthrown by Taracho King of Egypt and AEthiopia Taracho after that Victory subdu'd many Kingdoms Strabo testifies he passed over into Europe and our Historians say he came into Spain where not far from the River Ebro he built the City Tarragona which the Scipio's long after rebuilt and made the Metropolis of the Roman Empire in Spain which gave occasion not only to the Ignorant but to learned Authors and among them Pliny and Solinus to attribute the Foundation of it to them After the Death of Queen Dido the Power of the Carthaginians increased by Sea and Land Their chief aim was to extend their Empire in Europe to this end they attempted Sicily Sardinia and Corsica but being repulsed by the Natives thought fit to try their Fortune upon lesser Islands in order hereunto directing their Course towards Spain they possessed themselves of Iviça which is an Island girt with Rocks and difficult of Access unless toward the South where is a large and spacious Harbour This Island is opposite to Cape Denia about 100 Miles distant from the Coast of Spain it is small being not above 20 Miles in Circumference at that time it was Wild and covered with Woods of Pine-trees whence the Greeks called it Pytuissa It produces great plenty of Salt the Air is temperate and the nature of the Soil such it does not only breed no Vermin or venomous Creatures but if any are brought thither they presently die This is the more wonderful for that as ancient Cosmographers affirm near it was another Island not Habitable by reason of the Multitudes of Snakes and poisonous Animals whence it was called Ophiusa that is Island of Snakes We cannot certainly determine which Island this should be at present some say it is Formentera because but two Miles from Iviça others will have it to be Dragonera by reason of the likeness of the Names The most Learned are of Opinion that a Mountain called Colubre joyning to the Continent and opposite to Pen̄iscola was called in Greek Ophiusa and in Latin Colubraria notwithstanding ancient Geographers place their Ophiusa near to Iviça The Carthaginians being possessed of Iviça and having built there a City of the same Name resolved next to attempt Majorca and Minorca distant 30 Miles from one another and 60 from the Coast of Spain The Greeks sometime called them Gynesiae by reason the Inhabitants went Naked and other whiles Baleares for their skill in casting Stones with Slings but in particular the greatest was called Clumba and the lesser Nura as Antoninus testifies and from him Florian. Before they would attempt to Land the Carthaginians went round these Islands to view all their Creeks and Harbours and being terrified by the fierceness of the Inhabitants having lost some of their forwardest Men that durst go a Shore they despaired of Success there and stoodover for the Coast of Spain with a design to make Discoveries and gain some Footing there But with little Success for the People of Saguntum foreseing the danger of such Neighbours persuaded the Natives to have no Commerce with them which together with the Distress of their own Country at that time labouring under Civil Broils and set upon by the Neighbouring Africans obliged the Carthaginians to return home Where to appease their Gods they Instituted an inhuman Sacrifice of Young-men which was afterwards used in Spain with such Rigour that in their greatest Distress they thought none a sufficient Sacrifice but the King 's eldest Son a Custom taken from the Moabites and sometimes practised by the Idolatrous Jews CHAP. V. Of the Age of Argantonius the Phenicians Attempt to Subdue all Spain but being Repuls'd sent for Aid to the Carthaginians who Ravage the Country but sustain great loss from the Natives ABout the Year 620 before the Birth of Christ and 132 after the Building of Rome was the Age of Argantonius King of the Tartessi who according to Silius Italicus's Account lived 300 Years Pliny out of Anacreon assigns him 150. To him for his great Skill in War and long Experience the People committed the Government hoping by his Courage and Conduct to be able to oppose the Designs of the Phenicians who had now laid aside their Mask and openly aimed at the Sovereignty of all Spain having to this effect passed over from Cadiz to the Continent They used Policy as well as Strength sowing Dissention among the Natives and by that means had possessed themselves of several Places The Natives gathering under the Conduct of their King Argantonius not only check'd the Phenicians but as some will have it drove them out of all the Province of Betica or Andaluzia and even out of the Island of Cadiz a thing the more likely for that many were gone before to the relief of their own Country the City of Tyre being then Besieged by the mighty King Nebuchadnezzar after he had Taken Jerusalem This Relief that went from Cadiz getting into Tyre was the cause it held out four Years and Nebuchadnezzar being called away into Egypt rais'd the Siege and having subdu'd the greatest part of Africk resolved to pass over into Spain as well to possess himself of the Riches of that Country as to take Revenge for the Relief sent thence to Tyre he landed his Army near the Pyreneans and from thence without any Opposition rang'd all the Country over till he came to Cadiz Josephus says he Conquered all Spain The Natives taking Courage began to make Head the King fearing to tempt Fortune and satisfied that he had stretched his Empire to the utmost limits of the Earth loaded with Riches returned Home in the Year 171. after the Building of Rome This comming
Town called Castrum Altum a place Ominous to the Carthaginians for that Hamilcar the Father of Hannibal was there slain 2000 Roman Soldiers were here killed about the Country which caused them to remove into another Part that was at Peace with them Scipio Fortified his Camp on the Mount Victoria supposed to be Moncia near the Sea some few Miles beyond Ebro thither resorted Gneius Scipio to strengthen his Brother and Asdrubal the Son of Gisgo to attack him This General was newly come over out of Africk with a Recruit of 5000 Men. Both Camps lying very near Publius Scipio went out to take a View of the Enemy and was beset by such a number of them that he had certainly been lost but that his Brother came in and rescued him Nothing else of note was done here but both Armies marched into Hispania Vlterior and into Andaluzia where the City Castulon was revolted from the Carthaginians and had forced out their Garrison The Carthaginians upon the first advice hereof marched to suppress this Commotion in the beginning and by the way laid Siege to Illiturgum designing to chastize that City first as the cause of the revolt of the other Gneius Scipio also advanced to succour the Besieged and with only one Legion broke thro' the Enemies who were divided in two parts and making a great Slaughter got safe into the Place Next two following days he made such vigorous Sallies that 2000 of the Enemy were slain and 3000 taken with 13 Colours Thus the Carthaginians were obliged to raise the Siege but sate down again before Bigerra a City of the Bastetani whither being pursued they retired to Aurigis supposed to be Jaen or Arjona the Romans still pursuing at their Heels Here again they came to a Battle and the Carthaginians were again put to the Rout 5000 of them killed and 3000 taken besides 50 Colours and 30 Elephants that were cut in pieces Gneius tho' he had sustained some loss and was himself run thro' the Thigh with a Spear yet he pursued the Enemy in a Litter as far as Monda where the Fight was renewed with the same Success as before tho' not above half the slaughter the Woods and Mountains affording shelter to those that fled The Affairs of the Carthaginians in Spain being brought to the worst condition they had ever been in Mago was sent into Gallia to induce Menicatus and Civismatus two great Men with whom Hannibal had settled an Alliance to pass into Spain to their Assistance They consented without any difficulty and 9000 of those People came by Sea to Carthagend where Asdrubal was providing to renew the War Gneius tho' joyful with his Victories Wintered in Betica or Andaluzia with great caution and vigilance At the very beginning of the Year of Rome 541. both Armies took the Field and came to a Battle in Andaluzia with the same Courage and Resolution as before The Success was still the same the Execution greater for of the Carthaginians 8000 of the Gauls almost the whole Number with their Commanders Civismarus and Menicatus perished After this Fight the Romans brought their Army before Saguntum and at length took it by force the sixth Year since it was taken and destroyed by the Carthaginians Some of those that had been banished and fled from thence being still alive they were restored to their Country the City Turdetum which had caused all that mischief was demolished and laid level with the Ground their Lands were given to the Saguntines and their People were sold in open Market which was some Comfort and Revenge to the Saguntines for the Losses they had sustained Now also came News into Spain that the City Arpos in Apulia that had revolted to Hannibal was taken by the Consul Quintus Fabius and 1000 Spaniards had deserted to the Romans which gave them no small hopes of greater Advantages and therefore the Senate ordered the two Scipio's to send some Spaniards of Note to Rome who might induce their Country-men to forsake the Service of the Carthaginians Winter drawing on the Carthaginians resolved against the next Year to draw over to their Party the Celtiberi a fierce and warlike People by offering them great Pay but the two Scipio's understanding their design prevented them by bidding more and by way of Honour permitting them to serve under the Roman Standards not in distinct Bodies as was used before Moreover to oblige all the Spaniards to forsake Hannibal they sent 300 of them to Rome who arriv'd there the beginning of the Year of Rome 542. Four Ships sent from Rome with Provisions and Money relieved their Army that began to suffer want but their Joy was much greater when they understood that Hanno sent to the Relief of Hannibal with great Forces from Carthage and others raised in Gaul and Liguria was Defeated before he could joyn him At the same time the City of Syracusa in Sicily which after the Death of Hierom and his Grandson Hierome had sided with the Carthaginians after a Siege which lasted three Years was taken by Marcus Marcellus In Africk Syphax King of the Numidians and Confederate with the Romans had been twice Routed by Massinissa whose Kingdom lay between that of Syphax and Carthage and who had entred into the Confederacy with Carthage Massinissa having no Enemy left to oppose him in Africk this same Summer landed at Carthagena with 7000 African Foot and 700 Numidian Horse Indibilis also the Brother of Mandonius had raised 5000 Men among the Suessetani and was in a readiness to March and Joyn them upon the first Advice Some are of Opinion these Suessetani were People of that part of Navarre where now Synguessa stands on the Banks of the River Aragon a Town as appears by Charters of Kings once called Suessa as is believed from the Latin word Sues because the Country thereabouts has always abounded in excellent Swine With these great Supplies the Carthaginians being put in heart were the first that took the Field and marched into the Country in two Bodies one was Commanded by Asdrubal Barchinus the other by Mago Massinissa and the other Asdrubal The two Scipio's having likewise received Supplies from Italy and being increased by the Addition of 30000 Celtiberi mov'd forward to fight that Enemy they had so often Defeated Gneius with the Celteberi and the third part of the Roman Soldiers undertook Asdrubal and to this purpose Encamp'd near the Enemy and not far from the City Anatorgis a River running betwixt the two Armies Publius moved towards the other Carthaginian Generals to the intent that Asdrubal being Defeated which he questioned not the others might not save themselves in the Neighbouring Woods and Forest but be hemmed in on all sides and all destroy'd All this Design was disappointed for Asdrubal being well acquainted with those People easily prevail'd with the Celtiberi to forsake the Romans and return home The better to colour this Treachery a Report was industriously
suppress Viriatus who leaving Lusitania pass'd the Streight of Cadiz and kept himself in the fastnesses resolving not to come to a Battle On the other side the Pretor having beset those Places so streightned the Mutiniers that they began underhand to Treat of submitting Vitellius willingly gave ear to them but Viriatus understanding what was in hand disswaded his Men and having brought them to his beck drew out as if he intended to fight He plac'd his Cavalry in the front while the Foot stole away thro' the Woods and then they all made to Tribola a City where Viriatus hoped to make good his ground and protract the War The Romans pursuing near the City he laid an Ambush where 4000 of them were killed together with the Pretor the rest fled to Tarifa whence offering again to hazard a Battle with the assistance of the Celtiberi they were all cut off In the Year 605. Caius Plaucius succeeded Vitellius as Pretor of Hispania ulterior At the time of his coming Viriatus ravag'd the Lands of the Turdetani and Carpetani As soon as the Romans came in sight he made show of flying and they pursuing him without order he fac'd and cut off 4000 of the foremost The Pretor rather mov'd by desire of Revenge than any hope of Victory still follow'd the Enemy as far as the Mountain of Venus whither Viriatus after passing the River Tagus was retir'd Here again they engag'd and no less number of the Romans was slain than before which so terrifi'd the Pretor that tho' it was the midst of Summer he shut himself up within the strong Towns as if it had been in the dead of Winter This Battle is by some believ'd to have been fought in Lusitania near the City Ebora by reason of a Tomb preserv'd there to this Day with a Latin Inscription to this effect I Lucius Silo Sabinus being struck thro' with many Darts and Arrows in the War against Viriatus in the Territory of Ebora in the Province of Lusitania and carry'd off upon the Soldiers shoulders ordered Caius Plaucius the Pretor to build this Tomb at my cost and therein would I have no other laid whether Free or a Slave If the contrary should happen I desire the Bones of any other to be taken out of my Tomb if my Country be free This is the ancientest Roman Inscription to be found in Spain Mean while Galba was Impeach'd at Rome for his Perfidiousness towards the Lusitanians and being the cause of all the Misfortunes that had befallen the Romans upon that account but the great Riches he had gather'd in that Province brought him off tho' Cato and Scribonius the Tribune accus'd him After this in the Year 606. Claudius Vnimdnus was sent from Rome to the War against Viriatus and was by him Vanquish'd himself slain great part of his Army slaughter'd and the Fasces which were Ensigns of his Dignity set up as Trophies on the Mountains of Lusitania This Battle was fought near the Town of Vrique in Portugal as appears by a Stone there which is one of the most notable Roman Monuments in Spain and Andrew Requesendius in his Antiquities of Portugal makes mention of it the Inscription it bears only supplying the defect of a few Letters is as follows I Caius Minucius Son to Caius Lemonia Lubatus Tribune of the Legion Decima Gemina whom the General Claudius Unimanus left for dead because senseless with my wounds being preserv'd by the care of Ebutius a Lusitanian Soldier and dress'd liv'd some days and died with sorrow for not gratifying after the Roman manner him that had well deserv'd it The following Year which was 607. Caius Nigidius Pretor was sent in stead of him that was kill'd He fought with Viriatus near the City Viseo in Lusitania or Portugal and with the like Success to the former After Nigidius C. Lelius sirnam'd the Wise came into Spain and was the first that broke the Forces of Viriatus being a Man that rely'd more on Policy than open Force and hereby obtain'd great renown In the Year 609. Q. Fabius Maximus Aemilianus being Consul came into Spain and the Senate there being a scarcity of old Soldiers made new Levies and raised 15000 Foot and 2000 Horse These Forces landed at Orsuna supposed to be Ossuna in Andaluzia Here the Consul kept his Army for some time the better to Train and Exercise his new Soldiers He himself in the mean time went to Cadiz to offer Sacrifice and make his Vows in the Temple of Hercules On the other side Viriatus having Intelligence of the Preparations made by the Romans resolv'd to meet them His coming was unexpected so he surpriz'd and slew the Roman Foragers and their Guards The Consul being return'd from Cadiz notwithstanding Viriatus offer'd him Battle for some days refus'd it only Skirmishing to try his Men and show them the Enemy was to be overcome At length he drew out and in a pitch'd Battle put Viriatus to flight Winter then drawing on the Roman Army march'd to Cordova where they Winter'd but Viriatus took up in the Mountains his Men being more hardy and inur'd to the cold Thence he sent to all parts for Succours but particularly to the Arevaci Beli and Tithii exhorting them to take up Arms for their own Liberty and the publick Good Those People willingly gave ear to these Propositions which gave occasion to the second War of Numantia as shall be related when we have done with Viriatus Lucius Hostilius Mancinus was Consul with this Aemilianus of whom we have now spoken and he might be believ'd to have come into Spain and there to have overcome the People of Galicia if Credit could be given to the Inscriptions of Anconitanus which he brings to this purpose Others may judge of the Credit that is due to him but by some learned Men he is look'd upon as no better than a meer Inventor of ill contriv'd Fables and Lyes At Rome in the Year 610. the two Consuls Servilius Sulpicius Galba and L. Aurelius Cotta contended for the Government of Spain the Senate could not agree about it and Scipio being ask'd which of them he thought fittest answer'd Neither for the one has nothing the other never has enough Hereby shewing that neither a poor nor a covetous Man is fit to Govern Whereupon the Pretor Popilius was sent To him Pliny says Viriatus delivered the Towns that were in his Possession which if so is a sign he was much streightned by him After Popilius in the Year 611. the Consul Q. Cecilius Metellus sirnam'd Macedonicus came to Govern Hispania citerior in order to quiet the Celtiberi who at the Instigation of Viriatus were raising Commotions There is an Account of one Quintius who prosecuted the War against Viriatus but whether as Pretor or by Commission from the Consul does not appear Certain it is that this Quintius at the foot of Mount Venus near Ebora in
the Catholick Religion embrace the Sect of Arrius and be Rebaptiz'd She gave no Ear to these perswasions but continued firm in the Faith which so far provok'd Gosuinda being a haughty and ill-natur'd Woman that she gave her very despightful Language and at length one day laid hands upon her dragging her by the hair of the head till the Blood ran from her nay another time made her fall into a Fish-pond with eminent danger of her Life This cruel usage no way mov'd Ingundis to alter her resolution but on the contrary it is believ'd that through her means Ermenegildus then began to think of becoming a Catholick St. Leander Bishop of Sevil was very instrumental in this good work for finding him well inclin'd he instructed him in all matters of Faith They had the better opportunity to do this because Leuvigildus was gone to Toledo Ringundis the Daughter of Chilperick King of France and Fredegunda was about this time contracted to Recaredus and was on her way to Spain to her Husband Being come as far as Toulouse She receiv'd the news of her Father's Death who was Murder'd by Candricus his Constable and thereupon she suddenly return'd home Recaredus having lost this Match afterwards Married the Lady Bada whose Country and Family are not known Some say she was of the noblest Blood of the Goths as being Daughter to Fontus Count of the Partimonii Whilst Leuvigildus was busy making up these Matches his Son Ermenegildus compleated the work of his Conversion This Princes Conversion was the Cause of a tedious and bloody War betwixt the Father and the Son Gosuinda who ought to have appeas'd her Husbands Passion and labour'd for an accommodation being her self naturally obstinate and a Mother-in-law blew the Coals and stir'd up the King who was sufficiently provok'd upon that score Before they broke out into open War the Father indeavour'd by fair means to bring his Son to complyance and to this purpose sent Embassadors and writ a Letter to him the substance whereof was to this effect That he had rather have treated with him Face to Face than by Letter That he had bred him with all the tenderness of a Father and when grown up made him his Companion in the Throne That if he desir'd more or resented his Brothers having a share in the Kingdom he ought to have made his Complaint to him That it was only Ambition which mov'd him to despise his Father and forsake the Religion of his Ancestors To conclude perswades him to take wholsome advice and submit himself to his Father from whom so doing he might hope for Forgiveness or if he persisted expect to find no Mercy Ermenegildus was much troubl'd at this Letter but being resolv'd not to alter his Opinion he answer'd his Father Acknowledging the Favours he had done him to be beyond his Merits protesting he desir'd nothing more earnestly than to appear grateful and express his utmost duty to him as a Father but withal shewing how his first duty ought to be to God and his own Soul in taking care of which he thought he had offended no body He ends praying to God to direct his Father for the common good of his Sons and People The Kingdom was divided into two Factions The Catholicks who were numerous but not in Power either openly or underhand favour'd Ermenegildus the Arrians who were more powerful followed Leuvigildus Gregory of Tours says that Ermenegildus when he was Confirm'd and receiv'd into the Church by the Arrians took the name of John This seems to be contradicted by the Gold Coin stamp'd in the heat of that War as is suppos'd which on the one side bears the Name and Effigies of Ermenegildus and on the Reverse the Image of Victory with this Inscription Man fly from the King The Catholicks sought for aid from far Countries and to this purpose Leander was sent by Sea to Constantinople where Tiberius Augustus resided This Leander of a Benedictine Monk was preferred to the Bishoprick of Sevil he was a Person of singular Learning great Sanctity a sweet Conversation and much Eloquence a wonderful thing in those days His Embassy took no effect but he was present at a Synod held in that City and there contracted Friendship with St. Gregory Sirnam'd the Great who was then Legate at Constantinople from Pope Pelagius the Second The War in fine broke out in the Year 580 a Year unfortunate to Christendom for in it was born in Arabia the False Prophet Mahomet afterwards the Founder and Head of all the Mahometan Sects Ermenegildus Fortify'd Sevil and Cordova laying in store of Corn and other necessaries either to hold out a Siege or supply him if the War were portracted He made a League with the Roman Commanders and delivered up to them his Wife and Son newly Born that those he loved best might be out of danger in case things succeeded not according to his desire On the other side Leuvigildus finding no perswasions or fair promises prevailed with his Son made all necessary Preparations to reduce him by force To this purpose with much Gold he drew over the Romans to his Party as Men that without regard of Promises or Engagements follow'd that side which was strongest and where the greatest gain was and therefore forsook his Son This done he endeavoured to reconcile the Differences betwixt the Catholicks and Arians being sensible that Division in point of Religion was the chief cause of all those Mischiefs To this purpose he held a Synod of Arian Bishops at Toledo where it was determined the Custom of Re-baptizing such as fell from the Church into Arianism should be abolished It was also agreed That the Person of the Son was equal to the Father but all this was only in outward appearance Nevertheless this Fiction succeeded so well that many left Ermenegildus the difference of Religion being as they thought taken away and others were not so Zealous as they had been in his Cause The greatest part seeing how great the danger was like to be thought better to stand Neuters than expose their Lives and Fortunes to eminent Peril Three Years being thus spent in preparing Leuvigildus with mighty Forces he had raised moved towards his Son He marched to the farthest part of Andaluzia and laid Siege to Sevil a noted large and rich City There being no hopes that the Besieged would surrender as those who were well inclined to Ermenegildus and prepared by their Bishop Leander he resolved to make use at once both of Strength and Policy Guadalquivir runs thro' that City carrying so much Water as suffices to bear great Ships The King to hinder carrying any Relief into the Town resolved to turn the River out of its Channel This was a work that required much Time and Labour For this reason a League above Sevil to secure their Camp they rebuilt the Walls of the ancient Italica whose Magnificence in the time of the
the fourth from the false Prophet Mahomet in a great Battle overthrew Gregory the Roman General and Governour of Africk for the Romans and by that means possest himself of all that vast Province The Goths of old were Masters of Mauritania Tingitana and particularly of Ceuta and the Country about it All the rest except this part fell into the hands of the Mahometans who proud with success from that time founded a new Empire in Africk whose Kings in whom according to the Custom of those People was the Spiritual as well as Temporal Power were called Miramamolines which signifies Princes of the Faithful As those of the same People in Asia stiled themselves Caliphs Spain is divided from Africk only by the narrow streight of Gibraltar Many were of Opinion this rise of those People threatned Spain and their fear was much increased by an extraordinary Eclipse of the Sun which hap'ned in the Reign of Recesuinthus so great that the day was totally darkned as the Archbishop D. Rodrigo affirms which they interpreted as an Omen of great mischiefs to ensue Recesuinthus quelled the People of Navarre who were in Arms and made incursions wasting the Country about them Besides he corrected the Laws of the Goths abolishing some and instituting many new ones the Number whereof as appears by the Book called Fuero jusgo is no less than that of all the others published by the Kings his Predecessors By these Actions the King was advanced to the highest pitch of Honour respected by his People and well esteemed abroad when Death took him away on the first of September in the Morning and in the Year of our Lord 672. having Reigned from the time his Father declared him his Companion in the Throne 23 Years 6 Months and 11 Days after the Death of his Father 21 Years and 11 Months Two Leagues from Valladolid formerly as some think called Pincia is a Town named Wamba before called Gerticos here the King dyed having been removed from Toledo to try it the change of Air would do him good His Body was buryed in the Church of that Town where his Tomb is still to be seen but the Bones were removed by King Alonso the Wise to Toledo and lay'd in the Church of St. Leocadia according to a received Tradition in that City near the high Altar on the right side Philip the Second of Spain in the Year 1575. caused the said Tomb to be opened in his Presence as also another on the left side of the Altar no Inscription was found within only the Bones wrapped in Cotton and laid in Wooden Chests but Learned Men that were present believed that on the right hand to be the Tomb of Recesuinthus as being the Ancientest and the other that of King Wamba which was also Translated to Toledo by the same King Alonso Near Duen̄as which is beyond Valladolid on the Banks of the River Pisuerga is an Ancient Church dedicated to St. John Baptist the workmanship Gothick adorned with Marble and Jasper-stone In it is an Inscription in six lines which declares it was built by King Recesuinthus and finished in the Year 661. whence some Learned Men infer the Patrimonial Estate of those two Kings was near about that place In the time of Recesuinthus Constantine was Emperour of the East and Adeodatus govern'd the Church of Rome Upon the Kings Death there ensu'd a new and bloody War in that part of the Dominion of the Goths that lay in Gallia Narbonnensis Ambition was the cause of this evil which bred great distractions in the Gothish Kingdom when they were in fullness of Peace after having vanquish'd all Foreign Enemies King Recesuinthus leaving no Issue to succeed him his Brothers either for their Age or some other reasons were not thought fit to inherit Hereupon the Nobles met and by common consent made choice of Wamba a Man of Quality who had been the Chief Favourite to the late Kings besides he was a good Soldier very discreet and so modest that he refus'd to accept of that mighty honour excusing himself on account of his great Age and begging they would not lay so heavy a burden upon him He persisting firm in refusing an Officer of note with his drawn Sword threatn'd to kill him unless he accepted of the Crown Wamba submitted to these threats but so that he should not be Anointed as the Custom was before he came to Toledo reserving this honour for that City and by that means gaining time that those who were for him might alter their resolution or at least such as oppos'd him be brought over and so no dissention might ensue He set out for Toledo where he was Anointed on the 29th of September in the Church of St. Peter and Paul near the Royal Palace In express terms he swore to observe the Laws of the Kingdom and procure the wellfare of the People Quiricus Archbishop of Toledo Successor to St. Ildefonsus perform'd the Ceremony Julian Archbishop of Toledo writes that when King Wamba was Crown'd there rose from his Head a Cloud in the form of a Pillar and a Bee was also seen to Mount on high from his Head It may be said that the People often fancy or imagine such things but the Authority of the Author is of great force All the Nobles did their Homage to the new King and among them Paul a Kinsman as some imagine to the late Kings but the name of Paul not used among the Goths and his Disloyalty make the Opinion of others more likely who say he was a Grecian Wamba was born in that part of Lusitania formerly called Igeditania where is now a Town known by the name of Idania la Vieja or Old Idania and near it a Farm with a Fountain which retains the name of Wamba The People of those parts are perswaded as having receiv'd it from their Forefathers that this same Farm was part of Wamba's Estate before he came to the Crown CHAP. V. The War with the Rebels in Gallia Gothica Paul Wamba 's General joins with them The King marches against them and reduces all the Country to his Obedience THE beginning of Wamba's Reign was full of Commotions and Troubles the Subjects growing insolent as believing him not well establish'd in the Throne The People of Navarre being of an unsetled temper revolted Wamba raised Men in Cantabria or Biscay to be the nearer to oppress those Rebels when at the same time news was brought him of more dangerous tumults in Gallia Gothica Many of that Country were dissatisfied at his being Elected and refus'd to acknowledge him as their King They conspir'd together and resolv'd to have recourse to Arms. Hilperick Earl of Nismes in France was the first that declar'd himself confiding in the great distance he was at from the King and his own extraordinary Power Gumildus Bishop of Magalona and an Abbot whose name was Remigius join'd with him They labour'd to bring Aregius Bishop of Nismes
himself King of Pamplona Najara and Alava He increased his Dominions by the addition of the Lordship of Biscay and City of Najara the chief of that Principality His Piety and Liberality appears by the Lands he gave to the Monastery of S. Salvadot de Leyte S. Millan de Najara S. John de la Pen̄a His Wife was Da. Vrraca by whom he had D. Garci Sanchez called the Trembler because he used to quake at the beginning of a Battle for which defect he made amends by his great Courage and Conduct when heated in fight Thro' the neglect of the Historians of that Age nothing else of note appears in the Life of D. Sancho In Galicia there broke out new Commotions that Country being full of Factions at a very unseasonable time when they had enough to do against the Moors The cause of these Tumults is not known but it appears they were soon appeased by the King 's good Management Some of the Mutiniers were Executed others Banished to that part of Portugal which was under the King upon the Frontiers of the Moors That Province was govern'd by an Earl called Gonzalo a Man of wicked Principles who in defence of those Banished Persons they being of his Faction Rebelled and broke in as far as the River Duero There not confiding in his strength he had recourse to Fraud and with much entreaty obtain'd pardon He had formerly been in great Esteem and Favour with the King and was now restored to the same Honour whereby he found means to give the King a poisoned Apple As soon as he had eaten it the violence of the Poison spred it self thro' all his Veins and seized the Vitals he ordered himself to be carried to Leon tho' given over by the Physicians but dy'd before he could reach the City the third day after he was Poisoned in the 967. having Reign'd 12 Years His Body was bury'd in the Church of St. Saviour at Leon. CHAP. V. The Reign of Ramiro the Third King of Leon. Death of Earl Fernan Gonzalez Normans infest the Coasts of Spain Divisions among the Moors Rebellion against the King of Leon and his Death IT is a thing beyond all dispute that King Sancho was Marry'd to Da. Teresa and that D. Ramiro was but 5 Years old when his Father dy'd He Reign'd 15 Years but by reason of his tender Age the Government was in the hands of his Mother and of Da. Elvira his Aunt whom others call Geloyra both Ladies of singular Prudence and extraordinary Qualities yet because the King was little and they Women there hap'ned many Broils Sisnandus the Successor of Ermenegildus Bishop of Compostella and Son to the Earl Menendus was Deposed and Imprisoned by King Sancho for that he lived a dissolute Life and spent the Revenue of the Church profusely and in his stead was chosen Rodesindus who was first Bishop and after a Monk of the Order of S. Benedict in the Monastery of Celanova he was besides of the Blood Royal as Son to the Earl Gutierre Arias and his Wife Aldara Sisnandus upon the Death of the King being set at liberty took possession of the Bishoprick of Compostella forcing Rodesindus for fear of Death to resign and return to his Monastery where he spent the rest of his Life well pleased to be rid of that charge There was Peace betwixt the Kingdoms of Leon and Cordova for Alhaca King of Cordova to gain the good will of the new King sent him the Body of the Martyr Pelayus which was laid in the Monastery built at Leon by King Sancho who desired to Enrich it with those Reliques This Monastery was formerly called of S. John Baptist afterwards of St. Pelagius or Pelayus now of St. Isidorus The cause of changing the Names was the Translation of the Bodies of those Saints at several times The Peace was now disturbed at the persuasion of that D. Vela who we said above fled to Cordova and at his instigation the Moors inclined to make War upon Castile to revenge the great losses they had sustained by means of that Earl King Alhaca tho' of himself more addicted to Peace than War yet overcome by the importunity of his People he gathered a Powerful Army and breaking into Castile possessed himself of Sepulveda Gormaz Simancas and Duen̄as Encouraged with this Success he broke the Peace that was between him and the King of Leon and invading his Dominions took Zamora and levelled it with the Ground The great Grief the Earl Fernan Gonzalez conceived for these Losses was the cause of his Death which hap'ned the ensuing Year 968. He dy'd at Burgos and was bury'd near the River Arlança in the Monastery of S. Peter near the High Altar where are to be seen his and his Wife's Tombs with inscriptions declaring whose they are His Funeral was no less remarkable for the Tears of the People lamenting the loss of so good a Prince by whose Valour the Christian cause had been so long supported than for the Grandeur and Magnificence of the Ceremony By two Wives he had these Sons D. Gonzalo D. Sancho D. Garci Fernandez others add Peter and Baldwin He had also one Daughter called Da. Vrraca of whom we have spoken before Garci Fernandez succeeded his Father either because the others were dead or if alive he was preferred before them for his good Inclinations and the early hopes he gave of his future Vertues which soon increased and grew to a mighty head At the same time the Normans Inhabiting that part of France formerly called Neustria now Normandy who some Years before were Converted to the Christian Faith by Herveus Bishop of Rheims being accustomed to Rob upon the Coast of Spain gathered a numerous Fleet and wasted all the Coast of Galicia burnt Villages Castles and Towns took the Men and carried away all that was in their way This Plague lasted 2 Years The King by reason of his tender Years could not defend his People Sisnandus Bishop of Compostella a Man fitter to be a Souldier than a Prelate gathering a number of the Natives and charging the Enemy near a Town call'd Fornellas was kill'd with a Dart on the 20th of March 979. What was commendable in him is that he indeavour'd to Wall the Town of Compostella that so holy a place might not be expos'd to the insolency of the Enemy The Earl Garci Sanchez being chosen to Command on that side behaved himself better for surprizing the Normans near the Sea as they marched loaded with plunder and out of order he made a great slaughter of them This Captain Gunderedus was killed the Booty and Prisoners recovered and of their Ships not one escaped being taken or burnt Thus Spain after long suffering by those Cruel and Barbarous People was at length delivered from that Calamity by so total an overthrow of them as they had scarce received the like in any other Country Let us now see what was doing among the Infidels
whom Ambition often distracted to the advantage of the Christians In the Year 976 dyed Alhaca King of the Moors at Cordova The same Year the Moor Rasis sent his Commentaries writ in Arabick of the affairs 〈…〉 to Balharab Miramamolin of Africk by whose order they were composed Alhaca left Eight Sons all very Young and the Moors not agreeing which of them should succeed referred it to the Miramamolin of Africk who appointed Hissem tho' not above ten Years of Age. He Reigned 34 Years only in show for all the Power was in the hands of Mahomet Alhagib that is the Viceroy who took the name of Almanzor for the many Victories he obtained Hence sprang civil Wars among those People as is usual when Kings give themselves up to their ease and so far they went that Hissem lost the Crown Our affairs were in no better Posture for the King being bred among Women was effeminate besides that his Queen Da. Vrraca managed him as she pleased without any regard to the prudent advice of his Mother or his Aunt He seldom gave ear to his Subjects and for the most part returned harsh Answers which highly offended the Nobility of Galicia a People naturally fierce who finding all the Commonalty dissatisfied rebelled D. Bermudo the Kings Cousin and Son to D. OrdonÌ„o the third headed the Rebels in hopes to recover his Fathers Kingdom which he pretended was wrongfully kept from him This danger awaked the King out of his Lethargy The War was begun and lasted two Years with various success the People being divided betwixt the two parties At length a Battle was fought near a Town called Portela Arenaria many were killed on both sides and they parted upon equal Terms After this Fight D. Bermudo remained Master of Galicia and placed his Court at Compostella Pelayo the Son of Earl Roderick was made Bishop of Compostella but for his Wicked Life deposed and Peter Mansorius a Monk and Abbot of approved Vertue put in his place Earl Roderick to restore his Son brought in the Moors who took the City Compostella and threw down one side of the Church of S. James This Sacrilege went not unpunished for the greatest part of that Army perished by the Flux Almançor himself asking the cause of this distemper and being told by a Moor that one of the Disciples of the Son of Mary was there buryed resolved to desist from that enterprize but dyed in his return home at Medina Celi upon the Borders of Aragon On the other side also the Moors took many Towns as Guzman Atiença and Simancas where D. Ramiro who came to relieve it was defeated Never was Spain in a more desperated Condition After the departure of the Moors by the industry of the King and Archbishop the Wall of S. James his Church was repaired and the Church reconciled for it had been profaned by the Infidels Pelayo a wicked Prelate succeeded Peter and he for his Scandalous Life being depos'd his Brother Wimara was substituted who prov'd no better and was drown'd in the River MinÌ„o In those days the Clergy was very debauch'd not only in Spain but most parts of Christendom In Rome there was a Schism Boniface Benedict and John striving for the Chair Let us return to D. Ramiro who spent his Life in Ease and Idleness Thus Death seiz'd him at Leon in the Year 982. His Body was Interr'd in the Monastery of Destriana built by his Grandfather D. Ramiro in the Valley Ornensis by the Invocation of St. Michael Thence 200 Years after by Order of King Ferdinand the Second he was Translated to the Cathedral of Astorga Sampyrus Bishop of Astorga of whom we have made much use hitherto ended his History in this place Pelagius Bishop of Oviedo goes on he lived in the time of D. Alonso the Emperor The Credit of both these Authors is great because they write of things they were Eye Witnesses to but Sampyrus is most Esteemed and looked upon as the Gravest Author CHAP. VI. The Reign of Bermudo the Second called the Gouty King of Leon. Discord betwixt him and the Earl of Castile Leon and Barcelona taken by the Infidels Garcia King of Navarre dies His Son Garci Sanchez succeeds him UPon the Death of D. Ramiro the Crown fell to D. Bermudo as well in regard to his right being the King 's Cousin-German as that he possessed himself of it by Force of Arms. He Reigned 17 Years was sickly and Subject to the Gout for which reason he was called the Gouty By him the Laws of the Goths were confirmed and the Canons and Decrees of the Popes ordered to be of Force in secular Causes Before we Treat of this King it is requisite to speak of the Earl Garci Sanchez of Castile At his first Accession to the Government he Fought a Battle with the Moors near Santistevean de Gormaz on the Banks of the River Duero and killed a great Number of them putting the rest to Flight In this Battle there hap'ned a wonderful Accident Fernan Antolinez was hearing of Mass when the Fight began and being loath to leave his Devotions stayed it out Then fearing to be shamed as a Coward kept close in his House But whilst he was in the Church one like him doubtless his good Angel was seen in the heat of the Battle behaving himself so bravely that it was believed through his means the Victory was obtained To confirm this fresh bruises and spots of Blood were seen upon his Horse and Armour by which his Credit was miraculously saved Authors say the Earl Garci Fernandez had two Wives the one called Argentina a Frenchwoman with whom he fell in Love as she went in Pilgrimage to Compostella Six Years after she ran away with a Frenchman whilst her Husband â—â—â— Sick but he recovering followed her into France and being admitted into the House by a Sister-in-Law of hers called Sancha in hopes to Marry the Earl he killed Argentina and her Gallant in Bed and then returning with Sancha into Spain was Marryed to her with great Pomp and Solemnity at Burgos Many look upon this story as Romantick and affirm the Earls Wife was called OnÌ„a and that the Monastery of S. Salvador de OnÌ„a Built by him had the Name of her Others say her Name was Abba as appears by their Tombs at Arlança and CardenÌ„a There is also another relation which says that during the Earls absence in France the Moors pierced as far as Burgos and destroyed the Monastery of S. Peter of CardenÌ„a killing all the Monks which others say was 100 Years before this time unless the same thing hap'ned twice At this time the Moors put to Death many for the Faith and there wanted not some Examples of Divine Justice on them for their Cruelty whereof Alcortexi King of Sevil was one He in the time of D. Burmudo breaking into Galicia destroyed the City Compostella but his impiety passed not unpunished for such a violent Plague
desperately not so much for any hopes of Victory as to revenge their own Deaths They were all killed and with them their Tutor Salido the Heads being sent to Cordova afforded a pleasant Spectacle to the King but a sad one to their Father to whom tho' wounded and disfigured they were shown This misfortune moving the King to Compassion he freely dismiss'd Gonzalo Gustio Mudarra begoten on the King's Sister being 14 Years of Age was by her sent to his Father and afterwards revenged the Death of his Brothers killing Ruy Velasquez Da. Lumbra his Wife the cause of all these mischiefs was stoned to Death and burnt Mudarra by revenging his Brothers gained the Love of his Mother-in-Law and all the Family to that degree that he inherited his Fathers Estate Besides Da. Sancha adopted him after this strange yet remarkable Manner The same day he was Baptized and Knighted by the Earl Garci Sanchez his Mother-in-Law resolving to adopt him put over him the Sleeve of a very large Smock and his Head coming out at the top of it she Kissed him and thus he was received into the Family and looked upon as her Son Ordon̄o was Son of Mudarra his Grandson was James Ordon̄ez de Lara he that fought the Sons of Arias Gonzala who defended their Country from the infamy of having killed King Sancho slain by Vellido Dolphos as shall be related in its place This James Ordon̄ez was Father to Earl Peter well known for the Love Queen Vrraca showed him and Grandfather to Amalaricus de Lara Lord of Molina from whom is descended the Family of Manriquez and even that of the Kings of Portugal by the Mother's side for Mafalda Daughter of Amalaricus was Marryed to D. Alonso the first of the name and first King of Portugal tho' some will have it that Mafalda was of the House of Savoy But more shall be said of this hereafter The Tomb of Mudarra is to be seen in the Cloister of the Monastery of S. Peter de Arlanza That Monastery and the other of S. Millan de la Cogulla are at Variance about which of them has the seven Brothers Spain was now at Peace after so many Combustions and there rather wanted the Power than the will to raise new ones This quiet lasted till the 7th Year after the Death of the seven Brothers which was the Year of our Lord 993. when the Moors wasted the Country of Portugal and breaking a new into Galicia again took and burnt the City Compostella Nor had they spared the Apostles Sepulcher but that a sudden Light which appeared over it terrifyed them The Bells as a Trophy of their Victory they caused to be carryed on the Backs of Christians to Cordova where for many Years they served instead of Lamps in the Mosque Divine Vengeance pursued them many dyed of the Flux many of the Plague and many at the hands of the Christians the King keeping close in their rear and doing them great harm Few returned home One of them was Mahomet the General This same Year dyed D. Garcia King of Navarre his Son Garci Sanchez called the Trembler as was said before succeeded him He Reigned 7 Years was very Famous for many Victories obtained Liberal or rather Prodigal which drained his Treasures and obliged him to lay new Taxes In the Monastery of S. Millan̄ there are Grants of this King let every one judge what credit is to be given to them In them 't is specified that he had a Brother called Gonzalo and that he with his Mother Vrraca had the Kingdom of Aragon which if true either that Dominion lasted not long or he dying without Issue it fell again to his Brother King Bermudo joyful with his success against the Moors began to consider that if the Forces of the Christians were united it were easie to gain upon the Infidels and keep them under Hereupon he sent Embassadors to the King of Navarre and Earl of Castile to invite them laying aside all Animosities to enter into a League with him for the common Good Those Princes readily agreed to such advantageous Proposals and a powerful Army was formed of the three Nations The King of Navarre came not in Person being as is supposed busie in setling his new acquired Kingdom King Bermudo tho' Sick of the Gout was carried in a Litter and with the Earl of Castile moved towards the Moors of whom they were informed that having raised new Forces and plunder'd great part of Galicia they now marched towards Castile Near a Town called Calacanaçor on the Frontiers of Castile and Leon the two Armies met and came to a Battle which was obstinately fought till Night parted them without discerning which side had the better only that the Moors marched away in silence by Night which show'd they had got the worst of it Besides it was more like a Flight than Retreat for they left much of their Baggage in the Camp and for haste droped no less along the way they marched It is said this misfortune went so much to the heart of the Moorish General Mahomet that he dy'd in the Valley of Begalcorax refusing to take any Sustenance in the Year of our Lord 998. This Man managed the Government of the Moors 25 Years for his King who minded nothing but his ease He was a Man of great Courage an Enemy to Idleness and entred the Territories of the Christians 52 several times coming off very often Victorious The same day the Battle was fought at Calacanaçor one in the Habit of a Fisherman was seen at Cordova on the Bank of the River Guadalquivir singing in Arabick and Spanish Metre At Calacanacor Almanzor lost the drum It was believ'd the Devil in Humane Shape proclaimed their Defeat because the People of Cordova endeavouring to lay hold of him he vanished like a Shadow The dead General 's Body was carried to Medinaçeli CHAP. VII The Death of King Bermudo the Gouty and beginning of the Reign of D. Alonso the Fifth King of Leon. Many Troubles among the Moors The Earl of Castile slain by the Infidels AFter the Death of Mahomet his Son Abdelmelic took upon him the Government of that Kingdom the same Year his Father dy'd and continued in that command 6 Years and 8 Months From this time forward the Kingdom of the Moors which had been supported by the Valour of Mahomet began visibly to decline Civil Discord the Bane of all Empires and bad Government were the cause of its decay Abdelmelic who was more inclinable to Peace than War took little notice of the first Eruptions of those Tumults which ought to have been suppressed in their first rise True it is immediately after his Father's Death he entred the Teritories of the Christians spreading a great Terror and threw down to the Ground all that had been built since the City Leon was last destroyed Yet the beginning of this War was more successful to the Moors than the end for
Authority Conrad Son to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who was going a Pilgrimage and Raymund Earl of Toulouze were present at that Assembly and Knighted by the King according to the Custom of Spain A Match was also agreed upon betwixt Conrade and Berengaria the King's Daughter but at last it took no effect The Kings of Aragon and Navarre in the Month of September 1190. had a Conference at Borgia and there concluded a League against Castile Afterwards Leon and Portugal were drawn into the Confederacy at Huesca where the Embassadors of those two Crowns met the King of Aragon There to the former Articles it was added that none of those Princes should make Peace or Truce or declare War without the consent of the others The Treaty was signed in May 1191. This same Year Pope Clement III. departed this Life at Rome and Celestin III. succeeded him Gonzalo Archbishop of Toledo dy'd in August the same Year In his time King Alonso gave the Towns of Talamanca and Esquivias to that Church Martin Lopez for his extraordinary Actions and Generosity call'd the Great succeeded him This same Year the River Tagus was Frozen at Toledo a thing very rare in that Temperate Climate James Lopez de Haro Lord of Biscay the greatest among the Nobility of Castile and Governour of Briviesca Najara and Soria perswaded the King to assemble the Cortes or Parliament at Carrion in the Year 1192. for carrying on the War against the Moors Least the Kings of Leon and Navarre with whom Castile was at Variance should take any advantage while the King was employ'd against the Infidels a Peace was concluded with those Princes Then Martin Archbishop of Toledo was Ordered to Commence the War as a prelude to what follow'd In Aragon the Earl of Vrgel who since his Father's death had been out of the Kingdom upon account of the Enmity betwixt him and Ponce de Cabrera a Powerful Man now at length came and submitted himself to the King Gaston Earl of Bearne Marry'd a Daughter of Bernard Earl of Cominges and with her had in Dower the Lordship of Bigorre in Feof of the King of Aragon Berengarius Bishop of Tarragona was kill'd on the 16th of February 1194. by Michael de Moncada as is reported but the cause of their Enmity is not known On the 17th of June following dy'd at Pamplona Sancho King of Navarre for his more than Ordinary Learning Sirnamed the Wise His Body was bury'd with great Pomp in the Cathedral of that City He Reign'd 43 Years 7 Months and 6 Days By his Wife Sancha Aunt to the King of Castile he left Ferdinand Ramiro Berengaria Teresa Blanch and the eldest of them all that succeeded him was Sancho VIII King of Navarre who for the greatness of his Spirit and Warlike actions obtained the Title of the Strong He was also called The Confin'd for that towards his end he was long shut up in the Castle of Tudela by reason of a Cancer he had and would suffer no Body to see him There remain many Footsteps of his Magnificence and particularly he turned the Channel of the River Erbo to bring it to Tudela and built a Bridge over it He founded two Monasteries of Cistercians called Fitero and Oliva and a Church of the invocation of St. Mary at Roncesvalles for himself and his Successors to be Bury'd His Wife was Clemencia Daughter to Raymund IV. Earl of Toulouze by her he had Ferdinand who dy'd before his Father of a fall he had from his Horse in hunting and was bury'd in the Church of S. Mary at Tudela At the time of D. Sancho's Accession to the Crown all Spain was under the apprehension of a Bloody War Martin Archbishop of Toledo had broke into Andaluzia and made great havock putting all the Country to fire and Sword and no Body attempting to oppose him returned with a rich Booty The Moors incensed at this loss gathered all their Forces and Abenjoseph Mazemute Miramamolin of Africk came into Spain with a vast Multitude of Men for not only the Almohades but the Arabs and Ethiopians follow'd him This Inundation pass'd over Sierra Morena and incamped near Alarcos a Town built not long before by the Christians King Alonso was no ways daunted but having sent to the Kings of Leon and Navarre for aid advanced to Alarcos and pitch'd his Camp near the Enemy whose Multitude fill'd all those Hills and Plains Some advised to wait the coming of the two Kings others more hot would not give them any share in the honour of that Action The worst advice took place both Armies drew out and a Battle was fought near Alarcos upon Wednesday the 19th of June 1195. Great Bravery was shown on both sides but the Multitude of the Enemy prevailed our Army was put to flight great Numbers slain and among them Martin Martinez Great Master of Calatrava Some say Martin Archbishop of Toledo was in this fight James de Haro the Principal Promoter of this War behav'd himself ill and withdrew at the beginnig of the Battle to Alarcos either despairing of success or as some will have it being disgusted with the King for comparing the Gentry of Andaluzia to the Nobility of Castile in Bravery The Moors after the Victory not only took Alarcos but entred the Kingdom of Toledo as far as Yevenes which is Six Leagues from that City and then turned back In our days there remain only some ruins of Alarcos and a Church of Our Lady held in great Veneration it is supposed the Infidels destroyed that place This misfortune was deem'd a judgment of God on the King for that Neglecting his Wife he was fallen in Love with a Jewish Woman whom the Nobility in scorn caused to be killed The King being in a rage for the loss of her an Angel appeared to him in the same form he had one painted and with threats oblig'd him to give over that fondness In the Church of Illescas on the right hand of the High-Altar is a Chapel called the Angel with an Inscription signifying that to be the place where the Angel appear'd to King Alonso the Good so he is stiled The Kings of Leon and Navarre hearing of the disaster befallen at Alarcos drew back their Forces He of Leon visited King Alonso but he of Navarre returned without so much as Saluting him which affront the King of Castile highly resented and resolved to take revenge not only of the Moors but of the Navarrois CHAP. VIII King Alonso of Aragon dies and his Son Peter succeeds him The King of Leon divorc'd Castilians and Aragonians over-run Navarre Alonso King of Castile 's two Daughters Marry'd to the Kings of England and Leon. Plague and Famine in Spain THE following Year being 1196. dyed King Alonso of Aragon the second of the Spanish Kings in Power in Valour inferior to none He breath'd his last at Perpignan at a time his Kingdom enjoy'd Plenty and
them as favourers of Hereticks Tho' his Friends advised him to to be more Moderate he could not restrain himself as believing the City was departing from the Law of God He went to the Common-Council and told them That accident was an affront to all Spain that where formerly just Laws and Constitutions were enacted as being the Head of a Kingdom there at present unheard of Villanies and Heresies were invented He added God would not give them rain to Bless the Fruits of the Earth till they had cast down that Church and thrown away those Bones they Worship'd For so it was that ever since that superstition began which was now ten Months it never rain'd and there was a Dearth in the Country The Judge in the presence of all the Assembly said to the Deacon Do you assure us that the Church being cast down God will give us Rain and Water the Country The Deacon full of Faith answer'd Give me leave to demolish that House and I promise in the Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ upon forfeiture of Life and Goods that within eight Days Our Lord will send the necessary Rain in abundance The Company gave Credit to his Words He repair'd to the place with Labourers appointed and many of the Citizens levelled the Church and scatter'd the Bones about the Dung-Hills It hap'ned to the great astonishment of them all that as the Church was pulling down among the Timber was heard a Noise as it were of a Trumpet to show the Devil forsook that place The next Day a great part of the City was burnt down for the Wind being very high the Fire could not soon be stop'd from spreading far The Multitude mutiny'd and ran to find out the Deacon with a design to Murder him saying That instead of Rain he had been the cause of that great Fire The Hereticks appear'd scoffing at the Clergy and said The Deacon deserv'd Death and that what he had promised would not come to pass But the Almighty had Mercy on his People for at the end of the Eight Days appointed he sent abundant Rain so that the Fruits of the Earth recover'd and there was a plentiful Harvest that Year The Deacon encourag'd by this success went on prosecuting the Hereticks till he oblig'd them to quit the City Thus far are the Words of this Author By which it appears that this Pestilential Heresie spread in Spain but it s greatest fury fell upon Toulouze whence ensu'd great mischiefs and the unhappy Death of the King of Aragon who would uphold it as shall appear in the Sequel The Sect of the Albigenses grew formidable and daily gathered strength not only by the number of the Commonalty that adhered to it but also by Means of the Princes and Persons of note that supported it without regarding the Pope's Authority or their own reputation These were the Earls of Toulouze Faux Besiers and Cominges In like manner the King of Aragon supported them because these Cities were Feofs depending on him as has been said before Besides he was nearly Ally'd to the Earl of Toulouze whose third Wife was the King of Aragon's Sister And the Earl's Son and Heir whose Name as well as his Father's was Raymund had taken to Wife another of the same King's Sisters called Sancha This was the true cause of his declaring for the Albigenses and taking up Arms for them Otherwise he was a truely Catholick Prince as may be inferred by his delivering his Son D. Jaime or James to Simon Earl of Monfort to be bred up and instructed which Simon was General of the Catholicks and a Scourge to the Hereticks Such was the posture of Affairs that it much troubled the Catholicks of France but above all the Pope who apprehended lest that Evil should daily take a deeper root and gather strength by so many Favourers The more for that the Multitude who love Novelties being deceived by the sleights of those Hereticks easily forsook the Faith of their Ancestors and embraced those extravagent Opinions Some Remedy was sought to put a stop to this growing Evil. Mildness was thought at first most expedient to try whether by the care of good Teachers those that had stray'd might be brought back D. James Bishop of Osma in his way to Rome whither he was sent by the King of Castile went thro' that part of France and seeing the condition of Affairs and danger those Towns were in unless some speedy remedy were apply'd gave a full account to the Pope of the whole mischief and where the greatest danger appeared With him went the Glorious Father S. Dominick then a Canon Regular of the Order of S. Augustin and afterwards on this account Founder of the Order of Preachers He was Born at Calervega in the Territory of Osma of a Noble Family The Pope understanding how the matter stood resolved to give a check to that spreading Evil. He dispatch'd the Bishop and his Companion with full Commission to quench that flame He also appointed one of the Cardinals his Legate with ample power Being come into France they chose 12 Abbots of the Order of S. Bernard to be their Associates that being Natives they might by their Preaching and Example bring back those that had gone astray But whatever was gain'd by this means many being converted from their Errors chiefly by the Preaching of S. Dominick and Miracles he wrought in several parts no less was the number of those perverted by the Hereticks For who can reduce an incens'd Rabble to reason Who can restore to their Wits Men lost and hardned in Error A Limb that cannot be healed must be cut off and the safest method is in such cases to use Rigour in time This moved the Pope and Catholick Princes to alter their methods and since no peaceable means were of force to resolve upon War and open Force as we shall show in the following Chapter CHAP. II. The Death of Peter King of Aragon and of Alonso King of Castile Simon Earl of Monfort General of the Catholicks Overthrows the Hereticks and takes the Towns they had possess'd themselves of IT being now resolved to decide these matters of Religion by Arms a great number of Soldiers were assembled out of Italy Germany and France hoping to gain the Indulgence granted by the Pope to such as took up the Cross on such occasions These first possess'd themselves of the City Besieres and in it put to the Sword 7000 of the Mutiniers This struck such a terror into the People of Carcassonne that they surrendred the City to the Catholicks and the Ringleaders were punish'd These prosperous beginnings encourag'd the Catholicks who wanting a General made choice of Simon Earl of Montfort a Town of note in the Territory of Chartres as being an experienced Soldier and of known Zeal for the Catholick Religion He having taken upon him that charge and gather'd his Forces gain'd from the Hereticks the Castle of Minerva the City
to Toledo he sent a great Sum of Money to Cordova to relieve the Inhabitants who suffer'd want the Country about them lying still waste A Bushel of Wheat was worth 12 Maravedies and a Bushel of Barly 4 which in that Age was an extrordinary rate In the following Year 1239. we find there were two Eclypses of the Sun one on the 3d of June being Friday when the Sun at Noon day was so darkned as if it had been night The other on the 25th of the same Month as Bernard Guido an Aragonian Historian writes But there must be some mistake in this last for there could not be a Conjunction of the Sun and Moon at that time and nothing else can cause an Eclypse of the Sun Pliny affirms the Eclypse of the Moon cannot return till the 5th Month and that of the Sun till the 7th That Year was unlucky to Castile for the Death of two Notable Men. These were D. Lope de Haro to whom succeeded his Son James and D. Alvaro de Castro who made good our Party in Andaluzia This Gentleman perceiving the evil posture of Affairs went to Toledo to acquaint the King with it and being upon his return dy'd by the way at Orgaz During his absence 50 Soldiers under the Command of Alonso de Meneses D. Alvaro's Kinfman went out of the Castle of Martos to plunder Albamar chosen King of Arjona in the place of Abenhut having notice of that advantage laid Siege to the Castle D. Alvaro's Lady caus'd all the Women to Arm themselves and cast Stones from the Wall making show as if they had been Soldiers Thus they defended themselves till D. Alonso and his Company having Intelligence of their danger return'd and being encourag'd by one James Perez de Vargas of Toledo fought their way thro' the Enemy They being entred the Moorish King raised the Siege for want of Provisions The loss of those two great Men not a little perplex'd the King who upon it set out from Burgos travelling with all speed towards Cordova With him went his two Sons Alonso and Ferdinand Princes excellently qualified and now at age to bear Arms. At the same time King Jayme went to Montpellier to try if he could raise some Money in that City which he stood in need of no less than he of Castile besides he design'd to quiet that City then divided into Factions and punish the Mutiniers He compassed both his Designs Albamar the Moorish King to his other Dominions by the consent of the People joyn'd the famous City Granada and this was the beginning of that Kingdom which lasted till the age of our Grandfathers At Murcia the Citizens in hatred to Alhamar chose for their King one Humiel which gave occasion to the mortal Enmity that continu'd many Years betwixt those two Cities The Moors of Andaluzia tired out the Christians with false Alarms and Ambushes but would never come to a Battle On the contrary the King's Forces took from them many Towns Cities and Castles Among these were of Note Ezija Estepa Lucena Porcuna Marchena Cabra Ossuna and Vaena Places of less note are not worth nameing some of them were given to the Knights of Santiago and Calatrava and some to the Prelates and Nobles who serv'd the King in those Expeditions These losses put the Moors into the greatest consternation imaginable One of the Family of the Almohades whose Name is not known came now over out of Africk hoping to raise himself a Kingdom by revenging the harm done his Nation by the Christians but by some Policy he was taken tho' the manner or place where it was done is not set down in any History King Ferdinand having concluded a Truce for one Year with Albamar King of Granada after he had spent 13 Months in this Expedition return'd now to Toledo where his Wife and Mother receiv'd him with great Joy for his many Victories Thence he went to Burgos and translated the University of Palencia Founded by his Grandfather King Alonso to Salamanca He was induc'd to make this change by the conveniency of this City for Schollars the River Tormes coming up to it and supplying it with all Necessaries Besides this he had another reason which was to oblige the Kingdom of Leon within whose Limits Salamanca stands His Father Alonso King of Leon had there laid some small Foundation of an University that his Subjects might not be oblig'd to go for Learning to Castile Now thro' the Bounty of his Son Ferdinand and afterwards of his Grandson Alonso a great Favourer of Learning it so increased that no place in the World affords greater Rewards of Learning or has better Salaries for the Professors of Arts and Sciences D. James de Haro Lord of Biscay about this time Revolted twice the cause not known the goodness of King Ferdinand and care of his Son Alonso still reduc'd him bestowing greater Favours on him than before Respect was had to the Services of his Ancestors and it was of evil consequence to be imploy'd in Civil Broils when there was so fair an opportunity of Extirpating the Moors These things hap'ned in the Year of our Lord 1240. The same Year in the King's absence the Garison of Valencia under the Command of William de Aguillon and other Men of Note plundred the Territory of Xativa took Rebolledo by surprize and besieg'd the Castle of Chjo which stands on the Mountains and is an Inlet to a delightful and pleasant Plain 20000 Moors came to the Relief of it who charg'd the Christians with great Resolution but were overthrown and put to flight After this Victory the Castle was taken and demolished At the King's return the Moors complained of this breach of Truce and Reparation was made them No sooner did that Truce expire but the King entring their Country took the Castle of Bayren seated in a Valley that bears Sugar and Rice as does all the Territory of Gandia Villena was also taken and Castillon but Xativa tho' Besig'd held out In the midst of these Actions the King was called away to Affairs of greater moment in France Each having setled his Kingdom in the best manner time would permit The King of Arragon prepared to depart into France and he of Castile into Andaluzia A dangerous Sickness detain'd King Ferdinand at Burgos Alonso his eldest Son was sent before to carry on the War because the Truce was almost expired and the Frontiers must be Reliev'd lest they should be in danger Alonso being come to Toledo there met him Embassadors from Hudiel King of Murcia offering him that Kingdom upon these Conditions That Hudiel being taken into the Protection of the Kings of Castile should by them be defended from all Domestick and Foreign Enemies and particulary against Alhamar King of Granada whom of himself he was not able to withstand That during his Life he should enjoy half the Revenues of that Crown These Conditions were very advantagious It was
their Title to Castile and that the King of Portugal offer'd to marry his Daughter Beatrix the Heiress of that Crown to Edward the Son of Edmund Earl of Cambridge A Treaty being set afoot the following Articles were agreed upon That Beatrix the Daughter of Portugal should be contracted to Ferdinand younger Son to the King of Castile that so Portugal might not be united to Castile That the Prisoners and Galleys taken in the Sea Fight should be restor'd to the Portugues That the King of Castile should furnish the English with a Fleet to return Home These were hard Terms for the King of Castile but the Desire of Peace overcame all Difficulties and he gave Hostages for the Performance of those Conditions Thus the Battel was prevented and the War ended The Joy conceiv'd for this Peace was interrupted by the death of some eminent Persons King John return'd to the Kingdom of Toledo and lay Sick at Cuellar when his Wife Queen Ellenor dy'd in Childbed of a Daughter that liv'd not long Her Body was Buried in the Royal Chappel at Toledo Her death mov'd the King of Portugal to alter the first Article of the late Treaty and he sent to offer his Daughter to the King thinking by that means to secure the Succession of the Crown of Portugal it being tedious to expect till Prince Ferdinand were grown up They easily agreed and one of the Articles was that in case King Ferdinand dy'd the Queen Dowager should govern Portugal till the Princess had a Child of Age. The City Elvas was the place appointed for the Marriage These things happen'd in Spain about the end of the Year At the same time in Greece the Aragonians and Navarrois were at War about the Dutchess of Athens and Neopatria Philip Dalmao Viscount Rocaberti Admiral of the Aragonian Fleet subdu'd those Dominions for he expell'd the Navarrois put Garrisons of his own into the Towns leaving Romanus de Villanucva Governour and return'd home himself Sicily was also in Confusion for Artal de Alagon Count de Mistreta being a Man of great Power would marry the Queen to his own liking and bestow the Crown on whom he pleas'd To this purpose he call'd out of Lombardy John Galeazzo who was not yet Duke of Milan but he would not go because the Aragonians had taken his Fleet in the Port of Pisa some time before The Nobility of Sicily were offended that D. Artal should pretend to the whole Power of Government William Raymund de Moncada having Communicated his Design to the King of Aragon enter'd Catanca seiz'd the Queen and convey'd her away to Augusta a strong Fort of his own on the Sea Shore into which he had put a good Garrison of Catalonians sent him by the King under the Command of Roger de Moncada D. Artal seeing himself disappointed lay'd Siege to Augusta Dalmao in his Return out of Greece touch'd in Sicily and understanding how Affairs stood forc'd the Enemy to raise the Siege and convey'd the Queen safe into Spain The Queen afterwards marry'd in Aragon and by that means the Kingdoms of Aragon and Sicily were united with a stronger and more lasting Band than they had been before Charles the Heir of Navarre was still detain'd a Prisoner in France The King of Castile interceding for him he was set at Liberty which 〈…〉 oblig'd him that he ever continu'd firm to the Interest of Castile He came to 〈◊〉 at the beginning of the Year 1383 and was receiv'd with Joy His Father grown Old corrected his course of Life The Marriage of the King of Castile with the Princess of Portugal was solemniz'd with great Pomp at the Place appointed Her Father could not be Present being then Sick D. Alonso Earl of Gijon again rais'd Uproars in Asturias Some Forces were sent which easily reduc'd him to his Duty and the King went to hold the 〈◊〉 at Segovia where nothing memorable was done but altering the Common Account as had been done before at Valencia of reckoning from the Aera of Cesar to begin at the Birth of our Saviour On the 20th of October after a languishing Sicknels Ferdinand King of Portugal dy'd at Lisbon He liv'd 43 Years 10 Months and 18 Days and Reign'd 19 Years 9 Months and 10 Days and may be reckon'd among the good Princes for his Meekness Learning and Sweetness of Temper His Body was bury'd in the Monasters of Franciscans of Santarem near to his Mother Queen Constance Sardinia was not yet free from Tumults Hugh Arborea Son to Marianus aim'd as well as his Father at a Crown but being of a cruel and haughty Temper was murder'd by his own People It was hop'd his Death would put an end to those Troubles Therefore Brancalcon Doria who had serv'd the King faithfully repair'd to Aragon to regulate the Affairs of the Island but was secur'd because his Wife Ellenor Arborea a Masculin Woman attempted by force of Arms to Revenge her Brother's Death and recover her Father's Estate and took several strong Holds Her Husband Brancalcon was carry'd under a strong Guard to pacify her but could not prevail wherefore he was long in Custody at Caller and the Interest of Aragon went down the Wind the King being wholly taken up with other Cares which touch'd him nearer CHAP. IV. Portugal full of Divisions about the Succession to the Crown King John of Castile having been proclaim'd at Lisbon enters that Kingdom has many Places deliver'd to him Besieges Lisbon but is forc'd to raise the Siege and return to Castile THE King of Portugal's Death was the cause of bloody Wars betwixt that Crown and Castile The People would not hear of submitting to a Stranger all were for Electing a King of their own A Meeting of the Nobility was held at Lisbon but nothing concluded Some of the great Ones underhand invited King John of Castile to take Possession of the Kingdom Among these was D. John the Master of Avis who dealt subtilly because he had not yet gain'd the Affections of the People Time was spent in Castile consulting the Affair till the Opportunity was lost never to be recover'd At last it was decreed the King should go before in peaceable manner and the Army follow to subdue if there were Occasion such as offer'd to oppose him The Bishop of Guardia which is on the Borders of Portugal offer'd to deliver up that City to the King Before he set out upon this Expedition it was requisite to put a stop to the wicked Designs of some Men in Castile D. John Brother to the late King of Portugal who had fled to Castile was imprison'd at Toledo for no other Crime but because he might pretend a Right to that Crown being Brother to the late King The Earl of Gijon was secur'd in the Castle of Montalvan because after he had been pardon'd so often he still kept Correspondence with the Portugueses All his Estate was Consiscated and he left in Charge with
other his Contrivances CHAP. VIII John King of Aragon upon Complaint of his Subjects complies with their Demands Irruptions of the French into Aragon Henry the IIId proclaim'd King of Castile The form of Government appointed there during his Minority JOHN the first the new King of Aragon acted nothing like his Father who was an active Man warlike and ambitious of enlarging his Dominions King John was meek and affable unless provok'd more inclin'd to his Ease than warlike Affairs He lov'd Hawking Hunting Musick and Poetry and all things that represent Grandeur so that the Revenue was too small for his Expence The Queen was in all things like her Husband so that the Court was full of Foosting Balls and Pleasure Great Rewards were given to Poets and so fond was the King of them that he sent an Embassy into France only to have some choice ones sent him The Nobility of Aragon offended at the King's Extravagancy met at Calasanz at the same time the Cortes sat at Monçon They sent their Complaints in Writing to the Cortes which where chiefly the extraordinary Expences the Lewdness of the Court and that the Kingdom was govern'd by a Woman This was meant of Da. Carroça de Villaragur Favourite to the Queen who entirely rul'd the King Messages pass'd to and fro and at length the King being of an easy Nature comply'd with their Demands retrench'd his Expences set out Proclamations for restraining the Disorders of the People banish'd that Lady and for bid the Queen intermedling in the Government Thus those Discontents were lay'd when at the same time a War seem'd to threaten from France Bernard de Armugnac broke into Catalonia with a Body of Bretons yet made more Noise than he did harm Soon after he was follow'd by his Brother the Earl of Armagnac with greater Forces Tomich a Catalonian Historian writes he had 18000 Horse a falshood which yet shews their Number was great There was no cause to make War but the desire of Robbing They burnt some Towns and Farms and carry'd away a great Number of Prisoners and Cattle This mischief fell heaviest upon the Territories of Ampurias and Girona The Forces of Aragon assembl'd and had several Rancounters with them In one Bernard de Cabrera overthrew 8 Companies of French near Navarre In another Raymund Bages near Cavan̄as defeated a good Body of them and took their Commander call'd Martin The King set out from Girona to oppose them but they return'd into France by the way of Russillon where they did much harm The King of Aragon had stir'd up Arigotte of Auvergne to make War upon the Lands of Armagnac which mov'd the Earl to return to defend his own Luis the Son of Luis Duke of Anjou who dy'd in the Conquest of Naples and stil'd himself King of Hierusalem and Sicily marry'd Violante the Daughter of the King of Aragon at Barcelona The end of this Match was that the Aragonian should assist his Son in Law in the Conquest of Naples D. Martin Lord of Exerica the King of Aragon's Nephew as being the Son of his Brother Martin with the King's Consent marry'd Mary Queen of Sicily the Pope also agreeing to it because that Kingdom is a Feofe of the Church Sardinia was again in an uproar for that Brancaleon Doria not regarding the late Settlement and the Pardon he had receiv'd took up Arms again at the beginning of the Year 1391 on pretence of asserting the Peoples Liberties With this specious pretence he drew to his side the Genoeses and many of the Islanders so that he took Sacer the Capital City of the Island and many other Towns and Forts To crush this Rebellion the King rais'd Men and set forth a Proclamation commanding all that had Lands in the Island to go over to defend it At this same time Pope Clement created Martin Bishop of Pamplona Cardinal who was the first of those Prelates that obtained that Honour When King John of Castile fell with his Horse as has been said the Arch-bishop of Toledo who was by caus'd a Tent to be set up in that Place and guarded with trusty Persons concealing the King's Death and sending out several Messages in his Name But this Fiction could not hold long The first that resorted to behold this miserable Spectacle was Queen Beatrix before despoil'd of her Father's Kingdom and now of her Husband being left without any Children to be a Comfort in her Widowhood Prince Henry surpriz'd at his Father's Death set out from Talavera and stopp'd at Madrid with his Brother Ferdinand There the Arch-bishop caus'd him to be proclaim'd King he was the third of the Name and commonly call'd the Sickly for his want of Health All the great Men of the Kingdom flock'd to kiss his Hand and offer their Persons and Estates D. Alonso de Aragon Marques de Villena dissatisfy'd with the late King was withdrawn into Aragon He offer'd to return to Castile provided he might be restor'd to the Office of Constable The King and Queen condescended to his Request and yet he came not being detain'd for certain Reasons in Aragon The Ceremony of proclaiming the King being perform'd he went to Toledo to bury his Father in the Royal Chappel as he had ordain'd Next the Cortes assembl'd at Madrid and took in hand to settle the Government the King being but 11 years of Age. Ellenor the only Daughter to the Earl of Albuquerque for her great Fortune commonly call'd the Rich Female was then at Court Many courted her and among them her Cousin the Duke of Benavente but Prince Ferdinand was preferred before him and they were Contracted yet so that the Match should not go forwards till the King was 14 Years of Age. This was that in case the King dy'd before that Age the Prince might marry Queen Catherine the Duke of Lancaster's Daughter as had been agreed The Bride swore to the Contract being 16 Years of Age but the Prince was too young to swear When the Cortes were about setling the Government they understood by Peter Lopez de Ayala that the late King had made a Will This Will being found and read rais'd variety of Opinions They were chiefly offended at one Clause which appointed for the young King's Tutors till he was 15 Years of Age D. Alonso de Aragon the Constable the Arch-bishops of Toledo and Santiago the Master of Calatrava the Earl of Niebla and Peter de Mendoça the Lord Steward and with them 6 Citizens one of each of the Cities of Burgos Toledo Leon Sevil Cordova and Murcia to be chosen by the Counsels of those Places Every one that was not of the Number was offended The Affair was long debated Some few were for fulfilling the Will but the greatest Number were for cancelling it The Arch-Bisop of Toledo would not suffer it to be burnt because there were certain Legacies nam'd in it for his Church which he would have valid tho the rest were not The Will
believing he was displeas'd on some private Account but this Emâ—â—ssy avail'd nothing A great number of French enter'd Aragon by the way of Russâ—â—â—â— to rob and plunder the Country Queen Violante who by reason of her Husband's Carelesness govern'd the Kingdom sent an Embassador to complain to the King of France and her Uncles 〈◊〉 Dukes of Burgâ—ndy Beri and Orâ—â—ans whereupon the French return'd home at such time as King John of Aragon was taken away suddenly He went a Hunting on the Mountain of Foxa near the Castle of Mongriu and Vrriols in the fâ—â—thest part of 〈◊〉 He rous'd a she Wolf of a prodigious size or whether he only imagin'd it for with the Surprize he fell down and gave up the Ghost on the 19th of May. He was more remarkable for his lazy Life than for any Virtue His Body was bury'd at Pâ—bletâ— the common Place of Burial of those Kings He left no Issue-male but two Daughters by two Wiâ—es call'd Joâ—â—â—na and Violante The first was marry'd to Mathew Earl of Fâ—â—x the latter contracted to 〈◊〉 Duke of Anjoâ— In his Will he appointed his Brother Martin Duke of 〈◊〉 his Successor which was approv'd of â—â— all the Kingdom to avoid falling under a 〈◊〉 if the Daughters inherited Martin was busy subduing of Sicily Mary his Wife supply'd his Place taking the Title of Queen and â—â—acing Guards to look to Queen Violante who say'd she was with Child to prevent any Frand The Earl of 〈◊〉 pretended to the Crown in right of his Wife because the Females had always been allow'd to inherit Yet notwithstanding his just â—laim the Cortes which met in July at Zaragoça unaâ—â—mously adjudg'd the Crown to Martin then absent They also treated of the Preparations it was requisite to make to repulse the War which was expected from France CHAP. III. The Queen of 〈◊〉 â—â—turns to her â—â—â—band The Earl of Faux invades Aragon The War betâ—â—â—◠〈◊〉 and Portugal renewed Joseph King of Granada dies Mahomet his 2d Son usurps The Turks come over into Europe THE Kingdom of Aragon labour'd under the Apprehensions of a War and all the Country was full of Martial Preparations Castile was at Peace the Nobility being reduc'd the Earl of Gijâ—n gone to France as had been agreed The Queen of Navarre tho against her Will was at 〈…〉 to return to her Husband To make her easy he made Oath he would treat her 〈◊〉 a Queen and the Daughter of Kings and the King of Castile bore her Company to 〈◊〉 a Town on the Boders of Navarre Her Husband receiv'd her at Tudelâ— with all possible Expressions of Affection and there was publick Thanksgiving in all Places for her Return John Huâ—tad◠〈◊〉 Mendoça the Lord 〈◊〉 was much in the King of Castile's Favour who for his good Service gave 〈…〉 of Agreda Ciria and Boravia This Bounty of the King's 〈◊〉 Envy in the 〈◊〉 and those of Agreda would not admit him as their Lord but 〈…〉 to stand upon their Defence The King went thither and being receiv'd into 〈◊〉 Town was prevail'd upon not to alienate that Place from the Crown and in lieu of it gave D. John the Towns of Almaçan and Santistevan de Gormaz King 〈◊〉 Embassadors into France 〈◊〉 the Earl of Gijon and they came to Paris at the time appointed but the Earl appear'd not yet as they were upâ—â— returning they understood he was arriv'd at Rochel in the Provinâ—◠〈◊〉 They impeach'd him before the King and after a full hearing he was declar'd 〈…〉 and commanded to submit himself to the King of whom he might hope for Pardon â—o obtain which the King of France offer'd his Intercession In case he refus'd to put himself upon his King's Mercy he was given to understand he must expect no shelter or assistance in France Orders were sent to Britany and all other â—rates dependant on the Crown of France not to give him any Sâ—ccour or Relief The 〈◊〉 of Castile knowing what Judgment had been given demanded the Town of Gijon should 〈◊〉 surrender'd to him but the Earl's Wife who was in it refus'd Whereupon he laid â—lege to it and having taken it cast down not only the Walls but the Houses Her Son Henry was delivered to the Countess upon Condition she should depart the Land This done the King return'd to Madrid intending to visit Andâ—luzia and in order to it went to Talaverâ— where in November he receiv'd the Embassadors who came from the King of Granada to renew the Truce They were order'd to follow the King to Sevil where he was receiv'd with the usual Joy He caus'd the Archdeacon of Ezija to be apprehended as a mutineer and promoter of all the harm done to the Jews The Truce was renew'd with the Moors and thus the whole Kingdom was restor'd to Peace Great hopes were conceiv'd of King Henry but all vanish'd away for he became sickly which continu'd all his Life time and his Judgment fail'd so that nothing hardly remarkable is recorded during the rest of his Reign Some attribute this to the defect of our Histories and others say the profound Peace he enjoy'd gave him no Opportunity of acting any thing worthy of Note The Duke of Benavenâ—e was kept Prisoner at Monterrey in custody of the Master of Santiago and thence remov'd to Almâ—dâ—var This offended the Arch-bishop of Santiago upon whose Word he came 〈◊〉 Court. Besides that Prelate would not own the Popes of Avignon on these Distates he withdrew into Portugâ—â— There he was first chosen Bishop of Coimbra and afterwards Archbishop of Braga 〈◊〉 this time John de Castro was Bishop of Palencia more famous for his Loyalty to King Peter than any other thing This Prelate fled into France and was restor'd when Queen Constance came to the Crown He is 〈◊〉 to have writ the beâ—â— and truest Chronicle of the Life of King Peter but it is not Extant doubtless suppress'd by the prevailing Enemies of that unfortunate King In Aragon the People were indifferent peaceable tho where a Prince's right is disputable it commonly causes Troubles D. John Earl of Ampuriaâ— was secur'd for favouring the Earl of Faux his claim A War threaten'd from France On the 2d of October the Cortes met at St. Francis in Zaragoça in a very full Assembly it was there resolv'd to raise an Army and give the Command of it to Peter Earl of Vrgel It was not without Cause they made these Preparations for the Earl of Faux having pass'd the Pyrâ—nean Hills with a mighty Army wasted all the Country along the River Sâ—gre and at last in November lay'd Siege to the City Barbastro with 4000 Horse and a great number of Foot In the Camp he caus'd himself and his Wife to be proclaim'd King and Queen of Aragon About the middle of December there was an Earthquake at Valâ—ncia which threw down many Buildings and shook others This the Commonalty look'd upon as an ill Omen foreboding
descent was from King Alonso IVth who was his great Grandfather his Son Jayms being Father to Peter and Grandfather to the present Earl Besides he had to Wife King Martin's Sisters the Daughter of King Peter by Queen Sibila D. Alonso de Aragon Marques de Villena the Earl of Deniâ— had also a Title to the Crown but it was farther remov'd yet at the perswasion of his Friends tho very Old he set up his Title among the rest as being lineally descended from Jayme the IId King of Aragon The King of Aragon gave Audience to the French Bishop harkened to his Demands and the Reasons on which he grounded his Claim After that was over retiring to his Apartment those that were about him continu'd the Discourse and at length came to argue the Case in Form before the King William de Moncada pleaded for the Duke of Anjou whose doubtless the Right was as may appear by his Descent set down before Bernard de Centellas argu'd for the Earl of Orâ—el and Bernard Villalice for the Marques de Villena who was the remotest When they had all done the King have his Opinion which agreed with none of theirs for he positively affirm'd Prince Ferdinand of Castile had the best Title as being his Nephew the Son of his own Sister Ellenor In reality he was himself but an Usurper the Duke of Anjon having a better Right than he but he resolv'd to cut him off and continue the Crown in his own Family This Discourse of the King 's being made publick first at Barcelona where it was spoken and afterwards through all Christendom much advanc'd Prince Ferdinand his Pretension and avail'd him to be preferr'd before his Competitors This was the common Discourse of the Town and even in the King's Presence â—â— which he seem'd to be pleas'd yet in his Heart he was more inclined to his Grandson 〈◊〉 Bastard Son to the late King of Sicily whom he had already created Earl of Luna and in order to make him capable of inheriting the Crown treated with Pope Benedict about his Legitimation If this succeeded not he preferr'd his Nephew Prince Ferdinand before all others his Valour and Virtue and his despising the Crown of Castile having render'd him worthy of another Kingdom Nevertheless upon the pressing Instances of the Earl of Vrgel the King constituted him Vicar and Governour of the Kingdom an Honour usually given to the Heir of the Crown and might have been very prejudicial to the other pretenders had he not underhand given orders to the Vrreas and Herias two powerful Families in Zaragoca not to admit him into that City or suffer him to exercise that Office notwithstanding his Letters Patents This doublâ— dealing highly offended the Earl of Vrgel and was the Cause of great Troubles CHAP. X. The Moors having done maâ—â—h harm in the Christian Territories Prince Ferdinand marches against them defeats them and takes Antequera and other Places Martin King of Aragon dies A Love-Adventure THE Truce with the Moors was now expir'd and their Boldness provok'd and oblig'd the Christians to renew the War for they 〈◊〉 the Town of Zahara ravag'd all the Country and drove the Cattle To put a stop to their Fury and revenge the Wrongs receiv'd Prince Ferdinand having made the necessary Provision of Men Mony Ammunition and Victuals in the Month of February of the Year 1410 march'd with his Army towards Cordova at such time as the Infidels being disappointed of taking the Castle of Zahara abandon'd the Town and our Forces speedily repair'd the Walls and put the Place into a Posture of Defence Prince Ferdinand's Army consisted of 10000 Foot and 3500 Horse the very Flower of the Castillian Forces all brave and resolute Souldiers With him were Sancho de Rojas Bishop of Palencia Alvaro de Guzman John de Mendoça John de Velasco D. Ruy Lopez Davalas and other Towns and Men of Quality With these Forces the Prince sat down before the City Antquera on the 〈…〉 till he had made himself Master of that 〈…〉 sent 5000 Horse and 80000 Foot 〈…〉 They march'd up to the City and 〈…〉 they rang'd their Battles and engag'd The 〈…〉 5000 of 'em kill'd in the fight and pursuit 〈…〉 and their Camp plunder'd This Victory was so 〈…〉 the more Remarkable 〈…〉 of the Christians only 120 were lost Prince Ferdinand 〈…〉 thanks to Almighty God 〈…〉 great Success and sent Expresses to convey the good News to 〈…〉 The more 〈…〉 the Besieged he caus'd a deep and large Trench to be 〈…〉 with a good Breast work and Forts at convenient Distances to hinder the 〈…〉 and all manner of Provision or Relief from coming to them This 〈…〉 necessary his Forces at that time being weak because several parties were abroad by 〈◊〉 order plundring and destroying all the Country which was done 〈…〉 to the Walls of Malaga Great harm was done but the Terror spread abroad was much greater The Moorish King commanded all that were of Age without exceptions 〈…〉 and appear in Arms by which means he gather'd a 〈◊〉 Multitude 〈…〉 not to hazard another Battle and only shew'd himself to terrify the Christians 〈…〉 kept on the Hills and in the Woods The besieged began to be strenghten'd 〈…〉 most perplext them was that they had no hopes of Relief It was as bad as Death to surrender and they had no means to hold out It happen'd 300 Horse of the Garrison or Jaen made an Incursion into the Territories of the Moors 〈…〉 orderly that they were surpriz'd and all cut off This small Success encourag'd the besieged to hope that some Misfortune might befall the Besiegers Whilst these things were acting at 〈…〉 the new Pope dy'd at Bolonia on the 3d of May. His Body was bury'd in the Church 〈…〉 of that City The Cardinals of his party met and on the 〈…〉 Month Cota Deacon-Cardinal born at Naples who was then Legate 〈…〉 himself in his Papacy John the XXIIId He was bold subtle 〈…〉 made of good or bad Practices as the occasion requir'd or was 〈…〉 Purpose 〈…〉 happier in the time of his Predecessor when he govern'd all things than in his own being cast down and depriv'd of the Tiara Soon after follow'd the Death of the King of Aragon who dy'd of a stoppage in his Head on the last of May at Valdoncellas a Monastery of Nuns adjoyning to the Walls of 〈…〉 His Body was 〈◊〉 at Poplete with very little Pomp the People being affirmed at their present Loss and apprehenstâ—â— or what was like to follow The Cortes of that Principality were 〈…〉 not without some 〈…〉 of Troubles likely to break out 〈…〉 that all the States should depute certain Persons of Note to 〈…〉 King in his 〈◊〉 and intreat him that to prevent Disorders he would appoint who was to succeed him This was accordingly put in Execution and by consent of all the Deputies Fâ—rrer head of the Council of that City was appointed
Yet she acted very indiscreetly in keeping the King as she did till her Death which was for above 6 Years lock'd up at Valladolid in a House near the Monastery of St. Paul without suffering him to go abroad or permitting any Body to visit him but his menial Servants This she did that the Nobility might not seize him and disturb the Peace of the Kingdom A miserable sort of Education for a Prince so that afterwards he knew not the Noblemen that came to visit him The riper Years are for the most part answerable to the Education as appears by this Prince For after the Queen's Death as if he had been kept in a dark Place or were just come from his Mother's Womb he always behav'd himself like an utter stranger to the Affairs of the Government Business perplex'd and troubl'd him This is the reason he was always govern'd by his Courtiers and Favourites which was the cause of great and continual Troubles At the beginning of the following Year which was 1420 the King went to Tordesillas a Town in Old Castile Prince Henry Master of the Order of Santiago either to facilitate his Marriage with the Princess Catherine or to get the upper hand of his Adversaries came to that Town with a party of his followers secur'd John Hurtado de Mendoça Lord Steward of the Houshold and others belonging to the Court and took the King himself not permitting him to go any whither or to dispatch any Business A great disgrace to the Kingdom that the King should be detain'd Prisoner by his own Subjects This Affront mov'd the Nobility to take up Arms. Prince John of Aragon headed them who having spent but four Days in celebrating the Solemnity of his Marriage at Pamplona set out immediately for Castile moved to it by the Report of what had happen'd and the Letters of many that invited him thither At Avila the King of Castile was marry'd without any Magnificence or demonstrations of Joy by reason most of the Nobility were absent and he himself no better than a Prisoner Prince Henry for his own security and to strengthen his Party kept 3000 Horse in that City His Brother Prince John was at Olmedo and had an equal number of Horse canton'd in the neighbouring Towns To him resorted all sorts of People from all Parts of the Country designing to revenge the Affront done to the King and Kingdom It was endeavour'd to have the two Brothers meet but it was prevented nor would they suffer Prince John to speak to the King Prince Henry tho he had all the Power in his own Hands yet to provide for the future contriv'd to have the Cortes meet in that City No body had liberty of Speech or durst utter his Thoughts the Town being full of Souldiers and the place where they met surrounded with armed Men. Thus Prince Henry was by those Cortes clear'd of any thing that might be lay'd to his charge till that time No Man durst oppose this Resolution or mutter in so much that as it were to reward that Exploit by the King's Consent it was obtain'd of Pope Martin the Vth that the Mastership of the Order of Santiago should be setl'd hereditary upon Prince Henry and his Heirs which had prov'd a new Plague to Spain had not the King when he came to riper Years cancell'd that Decree The Princess Catherine openly oppos'd Prince Henry She said plainly she would not have a Husband who aimed by force of Arms to take what he ought to hope for as the reward of his good Service However her weak Resolution was vanquish'd and they were marry'd at Talavera a great Town near Toledo whither the King went from Avila He had with her the Lordship of Villena with the Title of a Duke To Alvaro de Luna the chief of the Courtiers for being instrumental in this Affair was given the Town of Santistevan de Gormaz This was the first step he advanc'd towards the great Preferments and Riches he afterwards acquir'd About this time every day there were Earthquaks and noises under Ground in Catalonia from Tolosa to Perpignan Near Girona was a Town call'd Amer where the Earth gap'd in two Places and cast out Fire that burnt all that came within two Stones throw of them Out of another Mouth near those of Fire gush'd black Water and half a mile from thence mixt with a River which I suppose to be Sameroca so that that Town was destroy'd and all the Fish in the River dy'd The stench of the Water was such that the Birds clapt their Wings as they flew that way and it extended as far as Girona tho at four Leagues distance James de Anaya Arch-bishop of Sevil built the College of St. Bartholomew at Salamanca and endow'd it with Revenues to maintain a good Number of Scholars in imitation of the Colledge built at Bolonia by the Cardinal Giles de Albornoz This good Example was afterwards follow'd by several Persons of Quality who built other Colleges which have brought forth many Men famous for Learning Three other Colleges were built at Salamanca and call'd the Great Ones a fourth at Valladolid a fifth at Alcala and many others of less Note CHAP. VI. Original of the Portugues Discoveries King Alonso of Aragon adopted Heir to the Crown of Naples The King of Castile escapes from his Confinement and suppresses many of the Rebels D. Alvaro de Luna made an Earl NOW it was that the two Nations of the Aragonians and Portugueses made themselves way to obtain new Dominions Henry Son to the King of Portugal being much addicted to the study of Astrology imagin'd unknown Countries and Islands might be discover'd in the vast Ocean To this purpose he fent out several Ships and in the way betwixt Lisbon and the Canaries found a small but fruitful Island so full of Trees that they call'd it Madera that is to say Wood. Thus coasting along Africk this Prince and the Kings of Portugal after him at length came to the Coasts of Asia India and China to their no less Honour than Profit Luis Duke of Anjou had besieg'd Joanna Queen of Naples within that City The cause of making War upon her was the antient hatred he bore to that Crown and the Leudness of the Queen whose Husband no longer able to bear with her returned to France and became a Franciscan Fryar The Queen being reduc'd to great Streights sent to invite Alonso the 5th King of Aragon famous for his Valour and the conquest of Sardinia to her assistance promising to adopt him as her Son and leave him the Kingdom of Naples He sail'd from Sardinia to Naples and rais'd the Siege in recompence of which Service he was adopted Heir to the Crown and the Pope approved of that Act. It is needless to dispute the Legality of that Adoption but certain it is it was the cause of tedious and bloody Wars betwixt Spain and France which have lasted till our Days
the Nobility of Castile should have a Conference and chiefly that the Prince of Castile should joyn with the Malecontents This they durst attempt because Prince Hemy had then possessed himself of Toledo in opposition to his Father Those who had raised the Tumult were for submitting to the King they were apprehended in the Cathedral where they took Sanctuary The two mutinous Canons were sent to the close Prison at Santor caz their Lives being spared in regard they were Churchmen Mark Garcia and Ferdinand de Avila were dragged about the Streets and after much ill usage as they deserved put to Death Mean while the Moors there being no body to oppose them ravaged all the Frontiers of Andaluzia on that side next to them They took much Booty and came up to the very Walls of Jaen and Sevil. So great was the Confidence of the Moorish King that he assured him of Navarre that he would not doubt of taking Cordova provided he would make a Diversion on the side of Aragon The King of Navarre returned thanks for that offer but the putting it in Execution was delay'd for some time On the 26th of July many Nobles of Castile met at Corun̄a near Soria Some will have it that Henry Prince of Castile was in this Assembly They complained of D. Alvaro de Luna who was the cause that many Noblemen lived in Banishment and others in Prison and therefore encouraged one another to stand together It was resolved that every one should gather the greatest Force he could till the middle of August and joyn Prince Henry Yet tho they met at the time appointed near Pen̄afiel in Old Castile many Noblemen slunk away without regard to their Ingagements Every one suspected the other but above all they were jealous of Prince Henry because he was very uncertain in his Humour and no less of the King of Navarre who had much Business to mind of his own at home and in France This King had a Castle in Guienne called Maulisson delivered to him by the English and had given Charge of it to his Constable This Castle the Earl of Faux besieged with 12000 Foot and 3000 Horse entrenching his Army and battering the Walls The King of Navarre repaired thither with what Forces he could gather in haste and encamping near the Enemy they had an Interview in which nothing was concluded the Earl affirming he could not depart without taking the Castle having promised it to the King of France Hereupon the King of Navarre returning to Spain the besieged were obliged to surrender only upon Liberty for the Garrison to march whither they pleased The delay of the King of Navarre and slowness of the Nobility gave time to reconcile Prince Henry to his Father The Agreement being well advanced both dismissed their Forces the King stayed in Old Castile and the Prince returned to Toledo where he was received with all manner of Expressions of Joy There at length Peter Sarmiento designing to deliver up the City to the King and putting no end to his Robberies and Extortions was deprived of the Government of the City and Castle at the beginning of the Year 1450. He complained and put the Prince in mind of his Promise nevertheless he was forced to depart the City carrying with him 200 Horses and Mules loaden with Riches he had plundered The People was not permitted to take any thing from him he having the Prince's Pass Yet he was robbed of part by the way and the rest when he came to Gumiel was seized by the King's Order Sarmiento himself fled to Navarre and having obtained Pardon of his Crimes lived Miserably the rest of his Days at Bastida a Town in the Territory of Rioja that place alone being left him of all his Possessions His Confederates were more severely punished They were taken in several Places and put to Death with exquisite Torments The Punishment seemed cruel but it was designed to terrify others from committing the like Violence and Extravagances for the future and to warn those that were in Power not to make use of it to the Destruction of those committed to their Charge CHAP. V. The mutiny of Segovia The Affairs of the Crown of Aragon The Civil War in Navarre The Factions of the Agramonteses and Biamonteses there The Emperor Frederick marries Ellenor Sister to the King of Portugal The Moors twice defeated by the Christians SCarce was the Mutiny at Toledo quelled when another broke out at Segovia whither the Prince was gone Peter Portocarrero who began to be great with the Prince accused John Pacheco Marques of Villena of a Crime for which he ought to be apprehended The Bishop of Cuenca John de Silva the King's Standard-bearer and the Marshal Pelayo de Ribera attested the same thing They all advised the Prince to make him an Example and it was resolved to secure him It was not easy to do it by reason of his great Power and also that he having notice of the Prince's Displeasure made himself strong in a quarter of the City Lest much Blood should be shed in forcing him he was permitted to go away to Turuegano a Town of his own There to gain Peter Portocarrero he gave him to Wife Beatrix his Bastard Daughter and with her the Town of Medellin in Estremadura near Guadiana Thus his Enemies were weakened and the Prince began to be appeased The War with the Aragonians continu'd but not very hot Bordalva a Castle on the Frontiers of Aragon was taken and lost again The King of Aragon was worse looked upon as being the chief contriver of all the Troubles and an Opportunity was now offered of being revenged on him Many advised the Prince of Viana to take upon him the Crown and Government since his Father had no Right to it and this was the beginning of great Disorders The King of Navarre was at Zar agoca where the Coxtes of Aragon met in Summer They limited the Power of the Deputy Justices of Aragon and decreed that all Goods upon which there depended any Law-suit should be deposited in the Hands of an Officer appointed for that purpose that the Judges having such Goods in their Power might not delay deciding of Causes The King of Aragon sent Embassadors to exhort the Princes of Spain to Peace resolving if there were War to stand by his Brother and Subjects In all other respects he seemed to have forgot Spain taken up with the Pleasures of Italy having gained much Reputation and enjoying Peace the Fruit of his great Labours The Grecian Emperor oppressed by the Turks sent Embassadors to him to desire his assistance against them The same did Demetrius Paleologus Prince of Attica and Peloponnesus or Morea Brother to the Emperor Constantine offering him great Territories when the War was ended Aranitus Earl of Epirus or Albania did the like But above all we must not omit the Embassy sent by George Castriot commonly called Scanderbeg the Turks having given him
could not because that Prince being too weak to oppose the Aragonians and Earl of Faux had abandoned the Country Besides it was reported that the King of France was in League with them which moved him to pass over to France to gain that King but on a suddain altering his Resolution he decreed to go to Naples to his Uncle the King of Aragon who had sent for him determining if he would not assist him to spend his Days in Banishment By the way he visited the Pope to whom he complained of his Father's Ambition He offered to stand to the Judgment of his Holiness but all to no effect At Naples he was honourably received only the King his Uncle kindly blamed him for taking Arms against his Father The Prince in few Words excused himself for what was past and offered for the future wholly to submit to what he should Decree Roderick Vidal a Man of Quality sent into Spain to compose these Differences laboured therein with all possible Industry This Treaty was interrupted by an unexpected Accident which was that the Prince's Faction tho he was absent proclaimed him King at Pamplona which cut off all discourse of Peace The King of Castile at the request of the King of Navarre who to this effect delivered up his Son Ferdinand Hostage had an interview with him at Alfaro in March The Queens of Castile and Aragon were there present Peace was there concluded betwixt the two Kings Moreover at the Sollicitation of Luis Despuch Master of Montesa sent thither Embassador by the King of Aragon and at his Perswasion the Confederacy made with the Earl of Faux was declared void and all the Differences betwixt the King of Navarre and his Son were by Consent of both Parties referred to the King of Aragon as Arbitrator The hopes conceived of obtaining a lasting Peace by these means soon vanished as will appear hereafter In Andaluzia the Christians encamped near the Frontiers of the Moors Thither King Henry came after the Conference in the Month of April Immediately they invaded the Territories of the Moors marched in sight of Granada wasted all the Country and destroyed the Corn. A party of Christians advanced without Orders and ingaged the Enemy They were few in Number and the Enemy many consequently they were easily overthrown most of them killed and among the rest Garcilasso de la Vega a Knight of Santiago of great Renown This disaster so incensed the King that he not only burnt the Corn as he used to do but also fired the Vines and Orchards which before he spared Besides having taken a Town called Mena by Assault they put all the Inhabitants to the Sword without sparing Women or Children Thus the Moors were so humbled that they sued for and obtained Pardon A Truce was concluded for some Years by which the Infidels were obliged to pay the yearly Tribute of 12000 Ducates and to release 600 Christian Captives which Number if they had not they were to make up with Moors The Frontiers about Jaen were excepted in this Capitulation where the War was to continue and D. Garcia Manrique Earl of Castan̄eda was left to command there with 2000 Horse To encourage this War Pope Calixtus sent at the beginning of this Year his Bull granting the Croisade to the Living and Dead a thing new in Spain F. Alonso de Espina preached it up and sent Word to the King then at Palencia that the Mony collected could not be spent any other way but in the War with the Moors He brought a Priviledge that at the point of Death any that went to the War or advanced 200 Maravedies for the Expence of it might be absolved by an Priest tho he had lost his Speech so he could give any signs of Contrition Also that such as were killed should be free from the pains of Purgatory This Grant was to last four Years It raised almost 300000 Ducats Very little of it was employed against the Moors After the War was ended an Embassador came from Rome to Madrid who brought the King a Hat and Sword usually blessed on Christmas Night and sent to great Princes such as King Henry was then esteemed There is no Joy in this World perfect News was brought that the Earl of Castan̄eda pursuing a party of Moors fell into an Ambush was himself taken and most of his Men cut off Another Commander of more foresight was put in his Place The Earl was ransomed for a great sum of Mony and the Truce changed into a Peace In Italy the City Genoa was in Arms being divided into Factions The King of Aragon favoured the Adornos and John Duke of Lorrain Son to Renée Duke of Anjou who stiled himself Prince of Calabria the Tregosos Mean while the King of Aragon fell sick on the 8th of May 1458. He was very ill at Castelnovo in Naples till the 13th of June Then the Disease increasing he caused himself to be removed to the Castle del Ovo but nothing availed for he gave up the Ghost on the 27th of June at break of Day He was a most renowned Prince nothing inferior to any of the Antient ones and the Honour of Spain Besides his other Virtues he was a great encourager of Learning and very familiar with Laurence Valla Antony Panormita and Georgius Trapezuntius Men famous for their Knowledge He was much concerned at the Death of Barthlomew Faccio who writ the History of this King Hearing that a King of Spain had said Learning belonged not to a King he said that was an Expression of a Beast not of a King Many sharp and witty Sayings of this King are related which I thought needless to insert here Not long before his Death a Comet appeared betwixt Cancer and Leo whose Tail was 60 Degrees in length He made his Will the Day before he dyed In it he appoints his Brother John King of Navarre his Successor in the Kingdom of Aragon That of Naples as won by the Sword he leaves to his Bastard Son Ferdinand which was the cause of great Troubles and Wars He made no mention of the Queen his Wife It is reported by grave Authors that he designed to have been Divorced from her and to have married a Mistress he had called Lucrecia Alania There is still extant a Letter of Pope Calixtus writ with his own Hand to the Queen in which he tells her she is more beholding to him than to her Mother but that it is not convenient it should be publickly known That Lucrecia came to Rome with a Royal Retinue but could not obtain what she came about because he would not have a Hand in so great a Sin King Alonso's greatest Crime was that of Incontinency but at his Death he shewed great Tokens of Repentance and dyed like a good Christian He ordered that his Body should be buried without any Tomb at the very Church door of Poblete the Burial Place of his Ancestors A great sign of
Humility and Modesty About the same time dyed D. Alonso de Cartagena Bishop of Burgos who composed some Books among them a short History of the Kings of Spain in Latin called Anacephaleosis his other Works are all mentioned in the History called Valeriana D. Luis de Acuna succeeded him in the Bishoprick CHAP. X. The new War at Naples upon the Death of King Alonso and Succession of his Bastard Son Ferdinand Pope Calixtus dies Pius the II. succeeds him Alcazar on the Coast of Africk taken by the King of Portugal Prodigies in Spain KING Alonso's Death put an end to the Peace of Italy and the Kingdom of Naple which seemed to be setled was again perplexed with new Troubles A new War broke out there in such manner that it rather seemed conquered anew than preserved Ferdinand King of Naples had good Natural Parts improved with Learning and no less Experience of Military Affairs He was inferior to none in all sorts of Many Exercises and Inured to suffer Hardships In his Conversation courteous and affable All these good Qualities could not gain him the Affections of the Nobility who bore him perfect hatred Charles Prince of Viana was perswaded to pretend to that Crown as appertaining to him of Right He was willing to harken to these Insinuations and rather wanted Strength than Will to attempt it Some offered to stand by him but he durst not rely on them knowing how much easier it is to promise than to perform It was impossible these Contrivances could be kept private therefore the Prince fearing the new King sailed over into Sicily there to wait the Event of those Affairs Whilst he lived there in Banishment he had by a mean Woman called Capa two Sons Philip and John and by Mary Armendaria the Wife that had been of Francis Barhastre a Daughter called Ann afterwards married to D. Luis de la Cerda first Duke of Medina Celi Notwithstanding all his Practices King Ferdinand payed him a Pension of 12000 Ducats a Year left him by his Father Prince Charles his Departure into Sicily did not discourage the Nobility of Naples The Prince of Taranto and Marques of Cotron sent to invite King John of Aragon to come and accept of that Kingdom but he content with what he had secure made no account of their offer He set out from Tudela and having received the News of his Brother's Death came to Zaragoça where he took possession of the Kingdom of Aragon not as Lieutenant as he was before but as Proprietor The storm raised by Pope Calixtus from whom it had been least expected was great He said that Kingdom which was a Feof of the Church ought not to have been given to a Bastard and therefore pretended it was again forfeited to the See Apostolick This was believed to be only a Colour and that his Aim was to secure that Kingdom for Peter Borgia whom he had created Duke of Spoleto a City in Vmbria An extravagant Ambition much misbecoming his Age and the high Dignity God had raised him to This was supposed would prove the cause of a new War and every Body feared the late Calamities would again be renewed King Ferdinand desiring to reconcile and appease the Pope wrote a very submissive Letter to him aâ—cesting his respect to the Church and particularly to his Person putting him in mind that he had been bred under him as his Scholar and came over into Italy with him and therefore prayed to be looked upon as a Son and treated as such promising on his part to act accordingly This Letter had no effect upon the Pope who began to sollicit all the Princes and Cities of Italy to take Arms but all his Contrivances were disappointed by Death He departed this Life upon the 6th of August happily and in good Season for the Kingdom of Naples In his Place was elected Aeneas Silvius a Native of Siona of the Family of Picolomini who in all Respects acted suitable to the Name he took which was Pius the II. for he restored Peace to Italy and used his utmost endeavours to renew the War with the Turks He confirmed the Kingdom of Naples to Ferdinand only adding this Provisu that it should not be found to be done in wrong of any other He summoned a General Council to meet at Mantra in order to treat in it of the Expedition against the Turk The Neapolitans once having began to raise Commotions could not be so easily quelled The Calabrians took Arms and John Duke of Lorrain being invited from Genoa where he then was arrived on the Coast of Naples with a Fleet of 23 Galleys The chief cause of these Tumults was Abtony Centellas Marques of Girachi and Croten who to revenge the wrong he pretended done his Father by King Alonso doubted not to prefer the Dominion of the French before that of the Spaniards tho descended himself from Spain These Troubles were very great and lasted long therefore it would be too tedious to relate all the Particulars of them it will be properer for our History to return to Spain In Castile King Henry raised mean Persons to high Posts and Dignities He made Michael Lucas de Trançu born at Belmonte a Town in the Country of la Mancha Constable of Castile and gave him the Town of Agreda and Castle of Veraton and Bormediano Gomez de Solis who took the Name of Gaâ—ereâ— from his Country and was Steward of the Houshold was by the Knights of Alcantara to please the King chosen Master of that Order in the Place of D. Gutierre de Sotomayor To the Brothers of these two the King gave plentiful Estates To John de Valençuela the grand Priorship of S. John These Men he designed should stand by him against the Nobility who were disgusted His ordinary Residence was at Madrid where he wholly gave himself up to Pleasure without applying himself to the Government This extraordinary Negligence drew him into great Inconveniences and no less could be expected since he used to sign all Orders or Grants without reading or knowing what was contained in them The Revenue could not answer the vast Expence of his Houshold and other Prodigalities James Arias his Treasurer finding a fit Opportunity gave him to understand as much advising him to Retrench the number of his Servants since many of them only wasted the Revenue with their Salaries and were of no manner of use This advice did not please the King who presently answered Were I Peter Arias I should have more regard to Mony than to Generosity You speak like your self and I will do as becomes a King without fear of coming to Poverty or having occasion to raise new Tares It is the Duty of Kings to give and to measure their Power not by themselves but by the publick Good which is the true fruit of Riches To some we give because they are Serviceable to others that they may not be Wicked Words well becoming a great Prince had his Actions
Treaty was again set on foot The King and D. John Pacheco met in the open Field between Cabeçon and Cigales in Old Castile there they agreed upon these Articles That Prince Alonso should inherit the Crown provided he Married the Princess Joanna That D. Beltran should resign the Mastership of Santiago That to decide other Differences there should be Two Arbitrators chosen by each Party and F. Alonso de Oropesa General of the Order of S. Hierome to be the 5th all things to be decided by the majority of Voices Then Prince Alonso being but Eleven years of Age was brought to the Kings Camp sworn Heir to the Crown and delivered to the Nobles which caused new Troubles In lieu of the Mastership the King created D. Beltran Duke of Albuquerque giving him that Town Cuellar Roa Molina Atiença and other Revenues in Andaluzia The Rebels chose D. John Pacheco and the Earl of Plasencia The King Peter Hernardez de Velasco and Gonzalo de Saavedra on his part to be Judges of the Differences between them The Archbishop of Toledo and the Admiral were reconciled to the King but their Friendship was not lasting and therefore suspected to be feigned It was feared if these Judges came to give Sentence they would leave the King nothing but that bare Title He therefore ordered the Master of Alcantara and Earl of Medellin in whom he reposed much Confidence to come to him with what Force they could gather to disappoint the Designs of his Enemies Gonçalo de Saavedra and Alvar Gomez the Kings Secretary to whom he had given Maqueda Torrejon de Velasco and S. Silvestre in the Territory of Toledo were sent for The Rebels perswaded all four that the King designed to secure them and therefore their only way was to join with them The King hearing hereof protested against the Judges as Partial and ordered Peter Arias a Citizen of Segovia to take Terrejon by sorce which he did and left that Town to the Earls of Pun̄onrostro his Successors Peter de Velasco sided with the Rebels notwithstanding his Father the Earl of Haro blamed and would not supply him with Money which caused him to be but poorly attended among the Nobles On the 14th of August at Ancona died Pope Pius II. He was carried to that City tho then sick designing to gather the Forces of Christendom and go in Person against the Turks He held the Papacy but 6 years Cardinal Peter Barbo a Venetian was chosen his Successor on the 30th of the same month and took the Name of Paul II. He was but Forty seven years of Age when Elected proved a great Friend to Spain and assisted King Henry in his Troubles CHAP. IV. Proceedings and Defeat of the Rebels in Catalonia Death of Ismael King of Granada Progress of Rebellion in Castile and most Villanous Action of the Rebels who Proclaim Prince Alonso King The King and they Disband PEter Constable of Portugal his coming to Barcelona animated the Catalonians above their strength Lerida after a long Siege was forced to surrender to the King All that Province was miserably wasted with the War D. John Archbishop of Zaragoça Bastard Son to the King of Aragon and fitter for the Sword than Miter commanded for his Father Philip Duke of Burgundy sent a small Party of his Subjects to the Assistance of the Constable About 2000 Catalonian Foot and 600 Horse joined them at Manresa The Earl of Prades besieged çervera for the King and the want of Provisions had almost reduced the Town D. Peter resolved to Relieve it The greatest part of the Kings Forces were upon the borders of Navarre to reduce that Kingdom Prince Ferdinand tho but 13 years of Age was sent with some Forces by the King to join the Earl of Prades Necessity obliged him to take up Arms so young which is the reason he never learned to write well as appears by his Hand The Constables Forces marched to a place called Prados de Rey with a Resolution to Fight Prince Ferdinand advanced to meet the Enemy He halted on a Hill from whence the Catalonians were discovered The Portuguese chose his Ground and intrenched on another Hill He drew out his Forces Peter de Deça led the Van in which were the Burgundians Beltran and John Armanderia followed him with the Castillians and Navarrois D. Peter himself commanded the Rear Prince Ferdinand had but 700 Horse and 1000 Foot The Earl of Prades led the Van Hugo Rocaberbi and Matthew Moncada commanded in the Wings Henry Son to Prince Henry of Aragon had charge of the Reserve Prince Henry was in the Rear with many Noblemen Bernard Gascon was ordered with some Foot to secure the Mountain that they might not be attacked on that side Before the Fight Prince Henry Knighted several Men of Quality The Signal of Battle being given the Catalonians soon gave way and at last fled the Foot to the Mountain the Horse along the Plain D. Peter having cast off his Upper Garment mixt himself with the Victors and the next day made his escape Most of the Burgundians were killed of the others many taken and among them the Earl of Pallas the chief Promoter of this War This Battle was fought upon the last day of February 1465. Not one of the Aragonians was killed and but few wounded D. Peter returned to Manresa Beltran Armendario with great Courage put part of the scattered Army into çervera and fortified it Thence the sury of the War was carried to Ampurias the Aragonians still getting the better The Tumults in Navarre were near quelled the Biamonteses being reduced and pardoned The Earl of Faux and Eleanor his Wife were also declared Heirs of that Kingdom Ismael King of Granada died on the 7th of April his Son Albohazen a Man of great Courage and Resolution succeeded him This King had Two Wives one a Native Moor Mother to Boabdil afterwards called the Little King the other a Renegade Christian called Zoroyra who had two Sons Cado and Nacre who when Granada was taken by King Ferdinand became Christians as did their Mother In Italy King Ferdinand of Naples having subdued all his Enemies settled his Kingdom He overthrew John Duke of Lorrain and forced him to fly to the Island Ischia and thence afterwards into France This done King Perdinand on the 14th of September came to Naples where he was received with great Joy and Pomp. Queen Elizabeth his Wife visited the Churches paying her Vows to Heaven being a very Virtuous and Devout Lady but died soon after the Kingdom was pacified After this her Husband King Ferdinand Reigned above 30 years always successful in several Wars he undertook for his Allies Alonso Duke of Calabria his Son overthrew the Turks who had possessed themselves of Otranto and drove them out of all the Country Prince Alonso of Castile being in the Power of the Nobles was the cause of greater Troubles which were designed to be quelled by those very
away to Burgos and thence to Ordun̄a upon his coming all was presently quiet He made a Truce between the Two Parties till such time as they could be fully Reconciled and set all the Prisoners free After this great Levies were made throughout Castile and the Nobility was summoned to the end to force King Ferdinand and Elizabeth his Queen to depart the Kingdom yet by the Advice of the Master of Santiago this Design was laid aside Toledo and Sevil mutinied at the same time both Cities being divided into Factions Those of Toledo were the Ayalas and Silvas The Earl of Cifuentes was Head of the Silvas and he of Fuensalida of the Ayalas To put an end to these Contentions by the Advice of the Bishop F. Peter de Silva the Earl of Cifuentes Married Ellenor Daughter to him of Fuensalida What was designed to produce a Peace proved the cause of greater Discord not only the Earl of Cifuentes but John de Ribera his Uncle being admitted into the City against the Kings will one of them coming to be Married and the other to honour that Solemnity The Faction of the Silvas having got their Chief among them armed against their Adversaries with such fury that King Henry was forced to come thither in Person and having appeased the Tumult deprived the Earl of Fuensalida of the Government of the City which he had held many years and put Garci Lopez into that Command with the Title of Deputy At Sevil the Marquess of Cadiz was expelled that City by the Duke of Medina Sidonia Hence ensued a formal War which was ended by D. Yn̄igo Lopez de Mendoça Earl of Tendilla sent thither to that purpose he using more Art than Force or Severity Medina Sidonia was restored to its Owner It was a very great loss for Castile that Pope Paul II. died on the 25th of July During his Papacy he did much for the good and advantage of Spain On the 9th of August was chosen in his place the Cardinal Francis de Ruvere of the Order of Friers Minors he took the Name of Sixtus IV. a Man of no less Merit than his Predecessor and as well affected towards Spain At the same time a Body of Moores broke into the inward parts of Andaluzia and made great havock in the Territory of Alcantara The Booty they took was so great they could observe no Order in marching In Revenge for this Affront and to Divert the Enemy by the King's Order the Marquess of Cadiz with his Forces took the Town of Cardella in the Kingdom of Granada by force but he leaving a weak Garison in the place it was soon recovered by the Moores This Year was Fortunate to Portugal King Alonso about the middle of August set sail from Lisbon with a Fleet consisting of 300 Sail between great and small resolving to renew the War in Africk With him went Prince John his Son that he might learn his first Military Rudiments in that Holy War and all the Flower of the Nobility and Souldiery of the Kingdom The Army consisted of about 30000 Men. At his first landing he took from the Moores the Town of Arzila in which above 2000 Infidels were killed and 5000 sold as Slaves which raised a great Sum of Money This Success was not bought without Blood for several Persons of Note among the Portugueses were killed and among them D. Alvaro de Castro Earl of Montesanto and D. John Coutin̄o Earl of Marialva whose dead Body the King having seen turning to his Son he said God grant you prove so great a Souldier The Example of Arzila so terrified the Moores of Tangier that they abandoned it the Command of which Place the King gave to Roderick Merlo Henry de Meneses Earl of Valencia was left Governour of Arzila and Alcaçar Having in so short a time concluded such Noble Exploits the King returned with his Fleet in safety to Portugal D. Alonso Vasconcellos was in this Expedition created Earl of Penella as a Reward of his good Service CHAP. IX Catalonia reduced Charles Duke of Guienne dies Cardinal Borgia the Pope's Legate comes into Spain Interview of the Kings of Castile and Portugal The Master of Santiago strengthens himself against his Enemies Barcelona surrendred to the King of Aragon IN Catalonia the Aragonians were now successful for after the Death of the Duke of Lorrain Girona was surrendred to the King What remained of the Enemy whose Chief Commanders were Reiner Bastard Son to the Duke and James Galeoto were either besieged in a Town called S. Adrian on the Banks of the River Bese or overthrown by the General D. Alonso de Aragon as they marched to relieve that Place The King tho' so old ceased not to press the Enemy in Ampurias As he lay encamped near Torella he is said in a Dream to have seen a notable Soldier that died in that War who advised him not to decamp from thence because it would prove dangerous to him The King took no notice of this Dream but moved thence and having taken Roses and laid Siege to Peralada was in great danger of his Life by a Camisade given at Night by the Earl of Campobaso who commanded the Enemy He was so surprized that he fled half naked to Figueras Nevertheless next day he returned to the Siege and wasted the Country which obliged the Town to surrender All that Country being subdued he marched with his Army and sate down before Barcelona the Siege of which Place lasted long he being resolved to carry that Town by Policy rather than open Force In Old Castile King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth laboured to draw the People to their Party some Towns surrendred to him and among them Sepulveda This done they sent for the Archbishop of Toledo resolving to reconcile him at any rate and being come went with him to Tordelaguna a Town of his on purpose to oblige him Charles Duke of Guienne not regarding that he was contracted to the Princess Joanna as doubting whose Daughter she was was now making a Match with the Duke of Burgundy's Daughter As soon as King Henry had notice of it he went from Segovia to Badajoz to meet the King of Portugal at the beginning of the Year 1472. The Earl of Feria in whose Custody that City was in Hatred to the Master of Santiago would not admit the King Between that Place and Elvas the two Kings met and treated about the King of Portugal's marrying the Princess Joanna but nothing was concluded The Portugues placed no great Confidence in the King or the Master of Santiago beside that King Ferdinand and his Queen became daily more acceptable to the People For the present the Insolence of the Earl of Feria was winked at but not long after King Henry went into Andaluzia with a Resolution to punish all the Mutinous Lords He came to Cordova and would not go on to Sevil because the Duke of Medina-Sidonia was possessed of that City and had
them from thence that they levelled it with the ground The Garrisons of both Places according to Articles were conducted to Portugal Mendavia Governor of Castronun̄o received 7000 Florins and deserves great praise for having so long defended that Place against so great a power The Queen was no less intent upon reducing Truxillo the Castle of whice Place was held for the Marquess de Villena Peter de Baeza the Governor being summoned answered at first that he would not surrender unless the Marquisate of Villena were restored to his Lord as had been agreed The Queen offered to put those Towns into the power of a Third Person to be named by the Governor who should deliver them to the Marquess at the end of 6 Months But he fearing some Fraud would not submit at last the Marquess to please the Queen went into the Castle and could hardly perswade him to surrender The Governor was so higly offended that he discharged himself from ever more serving the Marquess who had not Capitulated for him and his Men. King Ferdinand on the one side desired to go to Andaluzia whither the Queen his Wife called him and on the other had a great mind to see his Sister Joanna before she Embarked for Italy Navarre kept him employed and he could not well depart thence That Princess Sailed from Barcelona in August aboard a Fleet brought thither to carry her by D. Alonso her Son in Law D. Peter de Guevara Marquess del Gasto and many other Persons of Quality She touched at Genoa was there Nobly entertained and lastly arrived at Naples There her Marriage was Celebrated with all expressions of Joy imaginable John Lopez de Medina-celi Archdeacon of Almaçan Built a Colledge at Siguença for 13 Collegians and a Monastery of the Order of St. Hierome called St. Anton. There was no end of the Troubles either in Castile or Andaluzia every Nobleman possesed himself of what Towns he could The Duke of Medina Sidonia held Sevil the Marquiss of Cadiz Xerez D. Alonso de Aguilar Cordova Their pretence was to secure themselves against their Enemies especially the Portugueses but the real design to enlarge their Estates Those very Cities were divided into Factions In Sevil some favoured the Duke of Medina Sidonia others the Marquess of Cadiz In Cordova were the factions of Alonso de Aguilar and the Earl of Cabra Queen Elizabeth tho advised to the contrary as having no sufficient Force went first to Sevil. There she possessed her self of the Castle of Triana and the other works belonging to the Duke of Medina Sidonia King Ferdinand leaving Navarre and having in some manner settled Old Castile constituted Peter de Villaldrando Earl of Ribadeo Governor of Galicia and his own Brother D. Alonso de Aragon with the Constable Lieutenants of Castile This done he set out towards Andaluzia by the way visited the Church of Guadalupe and ordered the Duke of Alva and Earl of Benavente to bear him Company being suspicious of them because it was given out they were associating with others of the Nobility On the 3d of September he came to Sevil There he found the Marquess of Cadiz was suspected and it was said of him that he was inclinable to assist the Portugueses and to that purpose kept a Garrison at Alcalà de Guadaira under the King's Nose It was proposed to gain and appease him to this purpose he had a meeting with the King by himself at Night It was moved that he should deliver up the Forts he had taken He answered he could not do it unless the Duke of Medina Sidonia at the same time surrendred the Fortresses of Nebrixa and Utrera and other Castles otherwise it would be only weakening of him to strengthen his Adversary This Demand was thought reasonable and therefore both of them delivered up their Forts to the King The rest of the Lords and Nobles were induced to follow their example especially because at the same time a Truce was concluded by D. James de Cordova Earl of Cordova with the King of Granada in whom they reposed their greatest Confidence The affairs of Navarre were in a worse posture and no hopes of any composition because the old animosities went on The Princess Elenor sought some remedy and put them in mind that the term of 16 Months wherein they had promised to accommodate all affairs was near expiring At the same time she protested that since there was no help in her Father or Brother she would have recourse to some other the blame whereof must lie at their door who were the cause of it for if some care were not taken that Kingdom must inevitably run to ruin Great misfortunes make the afflicted speak boldly Nevertheless all were deaf to these complaints both Kings being far off and they embroil'd with affairs of their own Besides the affairs of Rusillon those of Sicily and Sardinia perplexed the King of Aragon Raimund Floch Earl of Cardona was Viceroy of Sicily He went over to Naples with Queen Joanna and returned thence to his Command at such time as D. John de Cabrera dying young his Earldom of Modica fell to his Sister Anne Many aimed at that Estate some would exclude her others aspir'd to Marry her The King of Aragon because it was convenient to find a Husband to that great Fortune resolv'd to Marry her to D. Alonso de Aragon Bastard Son to his Son King Ferdinand This did not succeed but afterwards Frederick Son and Heir to the Admiral of Castile carried her from all his Rivals and by this means join'd that Earldom to his own Patrimony In Sardinia Leonard de Alagon Marquiss of Oristan mutinied he had never been thoroughly pacified and now complain'd of new wrongs done him by Nicholas Carroz de Arborea Neither Age nor Sickness hindred the King of Aragon from attending publick Affairs The Marquess of Oristan was Impeached and Judgment given against him at Barcelona on the 15th of October by which he was declared to have forfeited his Estate One only Ship was sent with Recruits which being a small succour the War lasted long King Ferdinand after reducing Andaluzia was still in Care about Portugal He rejoiced that tho' the King of Portugal had brought home a dispensation from the Pope to Marry the Princess Joanna yet he had obtained no succours in France On the other side he was concern'd because it was reported the Archbishop of Toledo did Court that King to return to Castile That Prelate being very old and passionate scarce knew what he did and therefore never reflected how weak that King was It is reported that the King of Portugal having lost all hopes of Assistance in despair set out from Paris resolving to go in Pilgrimage to Rome and Hierusalem and then become a Fryar rather out of disgust to the World than affection to that Life He went some days Journey and then sent back one of Three Servants that were with him to open a Scrutore he left
20 Days Of Disposition he was Robust and of Spirit Lively The latter part of his Life was stained with a leud Appetite tho he was past acting for he fixed his Affection upon a handsome young Woman called Frances Rose whom he design'd to have formerly Married to that D. Jayme de Aragon who was Executed at Barcelona In his Will made 10 Years before his Death he ordained several godly Works to be performed Particularly the Erecting Two Monasteries of the Order of St. Hierome which are famous at this time One of them is St. Engracia at Zaragoça the other St. Mary de Belpuch in Catalonia his Son exactly performing all that he had ordained He also ordered that the Grandsons of his Son Ferdinand tho' by a Daughter should Inherit the Crown of Aragon and take place of their Mothers CHAP. VIII Elenor Queen of Navarre The troubles of that Kingdom and her Death The Countess of Medellin raises Tumults in Castile Portugueses overthrown by the Castilians Heretical Opinions Started and Condemned in Spain King Ferdinand goes into Aragon BY the Death of the King of Aragon his Dominions were divided Aragon fell to King Ferdinand and Navarre to the Princess Elenor in the Right of her Mother She had been 7 Years a Widow and consequently exposed to great Misfortunes That Kingdom was still divided betwixt the old Factions The Biamonteses Enemies to the new Queen were most prevalent These troubles seemed to be a Judgment for the Murders committed upon Charles Prince of Viana the Princess Blanch his Sister and the Bishop of Pamplona Queen Ellenor Reigned not a whole Month. She was more Fortunate in her Issue than in her Life for she had 4 Sons Gaston John Peter and James and 5 Daughters Mary Joanna Marguerite Catherine and Ellenor we shall briefly speak of them all great Families being descended from them Gaston died as was said before and left two Children Francis Phebus and Catherine who both Reigned in Navarre successively John was Lord of Narbonne which he bought of his Father and had Issue Gaston and Germana Gaston was killed at the Battle of Ravenna where he was General for Luis the 12th of France Germana Married King Firdinand after the death of his first Wife Peter applied himself to learning and piety and Pope Sixtus made him a Cardinal James followed the War and was never Married Mary the Eldest Daughter was Married to William Marquess of Monferrat Joanna to John Earl of Armagnac Margaret to Francis Duke of Britany and had Issue Ann and Elizabeth Ann the Heiress being Married first to Charles the 8th and after his death to Luis the 12th of France joined that Dukedom and Kingdom Catherine 4th Daughter to Queen Ellenor Married Gaston de Faux Earl of Candale and brought forth 2 Sons and a Daughter called Anne Married to Ladislaus King of Hungary Ellenor the Youngest Daughter died a Maid Queen Ellenor died on the 12th of February at Tudela where she began her Reign In her Will she Ordained out of her own Money a Monastery of Franciscans should be Built at Tafalla and that her Body should be Buried there and the Bones of her Mother Queen Blanch be also Translated thither from the Monastery of Nuestra SenÌ„ora de Nieva in Old Castile where they were deposited The Revenue was so exhausted that she was forced to Sell her Jewels to Live Francis Phebus so called for his extraordinary Beauty being but 11 Years of Age succeeded her His Mother the Lady Magdalen and his Uncle Peter the Cardinal had the Administration of the Government till he came to Years and discharged their Trust Prudently in those difficult Times The late Queen during her Troubles had no help from her Brother the King of Castile therefore she made no mention of him in her Will but directed the Governors to Adhere to France as they did which was the Cause they soon lost that Kingdom Thus much of Navarre In Castile some new Oppinions in matters of Religion were broached One Peter Oxomensis a Professor of Divinity at Salamanca was the Author By Order of Pope Sixtus the Archbishop of Toledo assembled several Persons of great Learning at Alcala where he Refided who all Condemned those new Opinions and the Author was Excommunicated unless he recanted Sentence was given on the 24th of May and soon after Pope Sixtus confirmed it by his Bull. John Prexanus a famous Divine in that Age. afterwards Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo wrote a Book against the said Peter The Marquisate of Villena was now the Seat of War for the Marquess because Covenants were not performed with him had recourse to Arms and relieved the Town of Chinchilla besieged by the King's Forces Peter Ruiz de Alarcon who Commanded a Party of the King 's was defeated near Alberca by Peter de Baeça and D. George Manrique who in another Skirmish with Peter de Baeça was Wounded of which hurt he afterwards died A great pitty that so ripe a Wit should be so soon cut off Hereupon the Marquess was liable as having been in Arms against the King's Forces He excused himself laying the blame upon the Insolency of those Officers who forced him to do so and pleaded he had no dealings either with the King of Portugal or Archbishop of Toledo These excuses whether True or Counterfeit prevented any farther proceedings against him In this War there happned an extraordinary accident worth Relating The King's Party had hanged 6 of the Prisoners they took In revenge John Berrio an Officer of the Marquess ordered as many of those he had taken to be put to death in the same manner The Prisoners cast Lots and among the rest it fell to the share of one of 2 Brothers that were Prisoners who had a Wife and Children to die The other Brother who was a Batchellor begged to be put to death in his place and so it was done after they had both long and with many Tears contended about it King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth received the News of King John's Death and their own Accession to the Crown of Aragon in Estremadura where they were quelling the Tumults raised by the Countess of Medellin and D. Alonso de Mâ—nrey The Countess had a Spirit above a Woman for she kept her own Son D. John Portocarrero some years a Prisoner and at last turned him out of Doors which was the cause she was in Arms fearing lest she should be obliged to restore the Earldom to her Son who laid Claim to it as his Father's Inheritance She also designed to keep the City Merida in which she had a Garison D. Alonso was digusted that the Mastership of Alcantara was taken from him and given to D. John de ZunÌ„iga upon which Pretence he seized several Towns belonging to that Military Order The King provided for the War with Portugal which it was feared would prove more bloody than before yet both Parties being exhausted a Treaty was proposed This was the more Welcome to
Governor having consulted his King who was at Guadix tho' he might have held out much longer surrendred the City when least the Christians expected it On the 4th of December the Capitulation was Signed and the day following the King and Queen entred the City in triumphant manner James de Mendoza Lieutenant of Caçorla and Brother to the Cardinal of Spain was made Governor This struck such a Terror into the Moores that many Towns surrendred gave Hostages and furnished Corn and all other necessaries Among these the chiefest were Taverna and Seron What is more wonderful the Cities Guadix and Almeria either of which might have endured a long Siege submitted of their own accord King Albohardil himself consented to it and came out of Almeria to meet King Ferdinand in the Camp by whom he was splendidly entertained Besides Two strong Castles upon the Sea Coast were taken the one called Almun̄ecar in which the Treasures of the Moorish Kings used to be kept The other was Solobren̄a where the Brothers and Sons of the Kings used to be kept in the nature or Prisoners Francis Ramirez General of the Artillery who had behaved himself bravely upon several occasions was appointed Governor of that Castle After performing such great Actions a Review of the Army was taken on the last day of December preceding the Year 1490 and it appeared by the Muster Rolls 20000 Men were lost 3000 of them killed by the Moores the rest consumed by Sickness Many of the meaner sort were frozen to death King Ferdinand let slip no Opportunity of pulling down the tottering Kingdom of the Moors Gutierre de Cardenas Chief Commendary of Leon who did great Service during this War concluded the Treaty with the unfortunate Moorish King By Virtue of this Capitulation he had the Town of Fandaraa on the Mountains of Granada with all its Dependencies amounting to the Yearly Value of 10000 Ducats allowed him for his Maintenance A small Recompence for a Kingdom but good enough for him who began his Reign with the Murder of his Brother The new conquered Moors were allowed to keep their Lands and Possessions but not to live within Cities lest they should have the Power of Fortifying themselves and Rebelling for which cause they were all disarmed These Conditions were proclaimed at Guadix This done the King and Queen went away to Ecija and thence to Sevil. All Places by the way received them as if they had dropped from Heaven Foreign Princes moved by the Fame of these great Actions sent to Congratulate with them and seek their Friendship The King of Portugal in Prosecution of what had been before Treated desired to Marry his Son Alonso to the Princess Elizabeth as a sure Bond of Friendship between the two Crowns He sent Ambassadors to this purpose and the Match was agreed upon at Sevil on the 18th of April There was great Rejoicing on this account in both Kingdoms but less in Portugal because the following Month the Princess Joanna Sister to that King died at Aveiro unmarried Neither was the Joy of Castile lasting tho' the Princess from Constantina set out for Portugal upon the 11th of November A great number of Nobility bore her Company and she was delivered up on the Banks of the River Caya which runs between Badajoz and Elvas The Chief of the Portugueses that came to receive her was Duke Emanuel who afterwards married that Princess and inherited the Crown The King of Portugal and his Son came to Estremez and the more to honour the Bride seated her between them the King being on the left hand There they were married on the 24th of November by the Archbishop of Braga Primate of all Portugal The Rejoicing continued for half a year at Ebora and Santarem whither the Prince and Princess went All this Joy was turned into Sorrow by an unthought-of Accident The King going out to take the Air on the Banks of the River Tagus Prince Alonso who was with him had a mind to run a Race with John de Meneses In the Course the Horse stumbled and falling so bruised the Prince that he soon died It is needless to represent the greatness of his Parents and Wife's Grief His Body was buried with the usual Pomp among his Ancestors The Princess Elizabeth no sooner a Wife than a Widow returned to Castile in a Mourning Litter Grief cast the King of Portugal into a lingring Disease of which he died 4 years after He founded the Royal Hospital at Lisbon and laid the first Stone of it He left no Issue Male lawfully begotten only D. George whom he had by the Lady Ann de Mendoça and whom tho' but a Child he left Master of Avis and Santiago in Portugal After his Death a new Line of Kings began Emanuel Cousin German to the deceased King and Son to Ferdinand Duke of Viseo inherited the Crown John III. was Son to this King and Prince John his Grandson who dying young inherited not the Crown Therefore King Sebastian Son to the Prince succeeded He being killed by the Moors in Africk left the Kingdom of Portugal first to Cardinal Henry his Great Uncle and after him to Philip II. King of Castile who was also Nephew to the Cardinal and Grandson to King Emanuel by his Mother Elizabeth the Empress Let us leave this and return to the War of Granada King Ferdinand earnestly desired to put an end to the War with the Moors which was so well advanced Besides the Strength of the City Granada and that it was abundantly furnished with all Necessaries another greater Difficulty perplexed the King which was That his Word was engaged to King Boabdil that neither he nor his should be prejudiced by him An Opportunity offered it self of subduing that City without breach of Faith The Citizens without regarding the Danger that threatned them from abroad besieged their King in the Castle of Albaycin and pressed him so hard that scarce any hope was left of saving himself The furious Multitude threatned never to desist till they had his Life It was not reasonable to forsake that unhappy Prince when he begged Relief At the same time the Soldan of Egypt threatned That if King Ferdinand did not give over persecuting the Moors he would put to Death all the Christians in Egypt and Syria F. Anthony Millan Guardian of the Franciscan Convent at Jerusalem sent by the Soldan with this Message by the way visited the King of Naples and coming thence into Spain delivered his Embassy bringing also a Letter from the King of Naples who was supposed to be a greater Friend to the Moors than became a Christian Prince He advised King Ferdinand since the Moors had done him no Wrong not to oppress them only upon account of Religion which might occasion greater Harms King Ferdinand was no way discouraged at the Threats of the Soldan nor approved of the King of Naples his Advice Yet after the War was ended he sent Peter Martyr his
Riches and Prosperity he shall be very Devout of a virtuous Inclination and a great Defender of Christianity Amidst so many Virtues considering human Frailty there could not be wanting some Allay of Vice Avarice which is laid to his Charge may be well excused with the lowness of the Revenue The Wickedness of those Times was the cause of the Severity and Rigour he is blamed for Foreign Writers accuse him of a wicked Craft and that he valued not his Word where it was for his Advantage to break it I will not dispute how true this is He contracted Affinity with the Greatest Princes in all Christendom as the Kings of England and Portugal and the Dukes of Austria Several other Princes were near of Kin to him for he was Unkle to Anne Dutchess of Britany as Brother to her Grandmother by the Mother's side He was Cousin German to Ferdinand King of Naples and great Unkle to Catherine Queen of Navarre as brother to her Grandmother This particularly is laid to his Charge That without any regard of Kindred only thro' Ambition of enlarging his Dominions he thrust this Lady and her Husband out of their Kingdom and obliged them to retire to France Others excuse him upon pretence of Religion and the Pope's Command but that is a weak Defence Great Troubles ensued hereupon Henry d' Albret Son to that Queen endeavoured to recover his Kingdom with more Valour than good Fortune He had by the Lady Margaret Sister to Francis King of France one Daughter and Heiress called Joanna who married Anthony of Bourbon Duke of Vendosme and was Mother to that Henry who married Margaret the Sister of Three Kings of France viz. Francis II. Charles and Henry who all dying without Issue he inherited that Crown as next of the Male Line Notwithstanding the People of France pretended he could not inherit because he had embraced the then new-broached Heresies that spread abroad in France But let us leave this to put an end to the Affair of Granada King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth having taken possession of that City by the special Providence of God the Moors remaining in that part of Spain were for ever after brought under the Dominion and Government of the Christians This solemn Entry was upon Friday the 6th of January 1492. and according to the Arabian Account the Year 897 of the Hegira on the 8th of the Month which they call Rahib Haraba Which Day as it is a Feast of great Solemnity throughout the Christian World as being the Epiphany of our Lord so was it particularly Joyful and Fortunate to all Spain and no less unhappy to the Moors For by their Extirpation the Honour of Spain was restored and a great Province added to the Christian Dominions All other Provinces of Christendom were made Partakers of this Joy and particularly Pope Innocent had a large account given him of the Reduction of all Spain to its former Obedience to the Church In all Parts there were Bonfires and Sports celebrated in token of Joy and Men Women and Children went in Procession to the Churches to give Thanks to Almighty God for so signal a Mercy Rome was rejoycing for the Peace concluded betwixt the Pope and King of Naples when John de Estrada King Fedinand's Ambassador brought this happy News In token of their great Satisfaction the Pope Cardinals and People of Rome went in Procession to the Spanish Church of Santiago there the Divine Office was performed with great Solemnity and a Sermon suitable to the Occasion preached in which the Preacher highly extolled the King and Queen and magnified the Valour of and Victories obtained by the Spanish Nation The End of the 25th BOOK The History of SPAIN BOOK XXVI CHAP. I. The Affairs in Britany The Jews expelled Spain Pope Innocent VIII dies Alexander VI. succeeds him Navarre pacified AFter putting so Honourable an end to the War of Granada and totally subverting the Kingdom of the Moores in Spain King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth bent their thoughts upon greater and more glorious Undertakings Lest the great number they had of brave and expert Soldiers should be debauched with Luxury and Ease since nothing remained to Conquer at home they sent them to subdue Kingdoms abroad Thus the Dominion and Name of the Spaniards till then confined within the bounds of their own Country was not only spread abroad through France Italy and Barbary but extended to the utmost bounds of the Earth I am sensible the Work that lies before me is too great for my weak Capacity and might startle the greatest Wits For this Reason in the Preface to my Latin History I said I would conclude with the War of Granada but several Learned People have perswaded me this Work would be imperfect ending there that the Actions since performed are so glorious they will be an Ornament to all the rest and that every one is more delighed with Modern History than with that which its Antiquity makes dubious I have therefore resolved to continue this History some years longer in which the Spaniards performed the most glorious Actions that were ever done not only by them but by any People in the whole World Before we enter upon those mighty Exploits it will not be amiss to put the Reader in mind of some things we have hinted before Francis Duke of Britany Married Margaret Daughter to Ellenor Queen of Navarre and Niece to King Ferdinand They had no Issue Male but only two Daughters Ann and Elizabeth Many Princes were ambitious to Marry those Ladies and especially the Eldest Among the rest Charles VIII King of France was he that stood fairest notwithstanding he was before Contracted to Margaret Daughter to Maximilian King of the Romans who being now a Widdower Treated of Marrying the same Lady Ann. The King of France sought to gain by force what he feared not to compass by fair means and therefore upon pretence that the Duke of Orlcans was protected against him in Britany he made War upon that Country The Duke applied himself for Succour to the English Germans and Spaniards To this purpose as has been said Alan d' Albret Father to the King of Navarre hoping to Marry the Lady Ann came to King Ferdinand then at Valencia and prevailed with him to send a Fleet and Land Forces under the Command of John Gralla into Britany These Forces and the Dukes were defeated by the French in the Month of August 1488. After this the King of France and Duke of Britany were reconciled the Duke promising not to Marry his Daughters without that King's Consent which he performed for he died the following year leaving them both Maids He appointed the Mareschal of Britany Tutor to his Daughter and Governour of the Province who favoured the Pretentions of Monsieur d' Albert but the Earl of Dunois and the Chancellor opposed and the Prince of Orange who was her near Kinsman seized upon the Dutchess and her Sister The Mareschal obtained Succours
disgrace being offended the Peace lately agreed upon was rejected Luis Portocarrero sailed from Cartagena with the Fleet there provided for him about the middle of February He had a troublesome Voyage being in two Storms however he arrived safe with the whole Fleet at Meçina in 20 days but the Men and Horses suffered very much It being consulted where were best to land some were for sailing to Apulia in pursuance to the Orders of the Great Captain but Portocarrero thinking it too far to go by Sea went over to Rijoles to make War in Calabria as had been directed in Spain The Lord of Aubigni after he had defeated Emanuel de Benavides and D. Hugh de Cardona lay at Mota Bubalina in hopes to starve Girachi which was but 3 Leagues off whither most of the Spaniards fled after the Rout. The Prince of Basignano was gone home and the Prince of Salerno and Earl of Mileto to Naples Portocarrero resolving to take the Field mustered his Forces at Rijoles and there fell sick of a Fever Before his death he understood that some Officers of Note were possessed of Terranova which the French abandoned upon the News of the arrival of the Spanish Fleet. He was also informed That the Lord of Aubigni hearing of his Sickness had besieged them and that they were distressed that being a Place of no Strength Hereupon Portocarrero appointed D. Ferdinand d' Andrada his Lieutenant ordering him to march with all the Forces to the Relief of the Besieged and at the same time the Admiral Villamarin to come with the Galleys before Joya to make the French believe there came Relief both by Sea and Land The Spaniards made haste being informed the Besieged suffered much for want of Provisions They being come to Semenara the Lord of Aubigni removed from Burgo de Terranova to Casales D. Ferdinand satisfied he had relieved the Besieged stayed at Semenera Thither came to him Emanuel de Benavides Antony de Leiva Gonçalo Davalos D. Hugo and D. John de Cardona with their respective Companies with which he formed a Body strong enough to rout the Enemy in their Retreat to Melito This was the Opinion of D. Hugo but D. Ferdinand excused himself saying he had positive Orders not to hazard a Battel In fine Portocarrero died and his Body was buried at Meçina Hereupon some Dispute arose among the Chief Officers about the Supream Command They referred themselves to the Viceroy of Sicily who gave it for D. Ferdinand d' Andrada D. Hugo and D. John de Cardona were offended that a younger Soldier should be put over their Heads yet they submitted Both sides were eager to fight and the Lord of Aubigni sent a Trumpet to offer Battel but the Spanish Commander refused upon account of his Orders This encouraged the Enemy as also that they understood our Soldiers were dissatisfied for want of their Pay Therefore the Lord Aubigni marched his Forces out of Rosano and Joya and came in sight of Semenera He passed the River and entred the Plain Not long before the Soldiers of Galicia had mutinied for their Pay and there was danger some Disaster might happen The Viceroy of Sicily sending some Money and the Officers selling their Plate and Jewels soon appeased them The French were 300 Men at Arms 600 Light-Horse 1500 standing Foot and above 3000 of the Country-People The Spaniards marched out of Semenera in good Order being about 800 Horse and 4000 Foot The Lord of Aubigni retired to Joya not daring to stand a Battel Our Men followed designing to attack the Town After some Actions of lesser Note on the 21st of April both Parties drew out as it were by Consent and advanced towards one another by Sound of Drums and Trumpets Each strove to take the advantage of the Sun To this effect the Spaniards passed the River somewhat higher the French imagining they drew off charged disorderly having fired their Cannon at random which did no hurt nor discomposed the Spaniards who had placed the Foot on the Left the Light-Horse on the Right and the Men at Arms in the Centre Our Horse charged the Enemy with such Force that most of them were dismounted whereupon the Foot who followed fled without striking stroke The Spaniards pursued them to the Gates of Joya whither most of them fled Most of the French Commanders were taken and Horatius and Alonso de Sanseverino the Brother and Cousin to the Prince de Bisignano surrendered themselves and the Town of Joya The Lord of Aubigni was taken at Roça d' Angito whither he fled This Victory one of the Famousest during that War was the cause that all Calabria submitted CHAP. X. The Battel of Cirinola and great Overthrow of the French Almost all the Kingdom of Naples subdued by the Great Captain His Reception into that Noble City THE Great Captain was reduced to such Want that he had but 3 Days Provision and no way to get any besides he feared the Neighbouring Towns that were all in the same Condition would revolt Therefore he resolved to march towards the Enemy and first to Cirinola a weak Town but had a good Garrison in the Castle and all the Enemy's Army lay within 6 Miles of it which must oblige them to come to a Battel Before he set out he gave every Man at Arms two Ducats and half a one to each Foot-Soldier The Soldiers were forward enough and not pressing for their Pay The first day passing below the famous Town of Cannas on the Banks of the River Ofanto they encamped 3 Miles from the French Next day they continued their March towards Cirinola always in good Order because the Enemy was so near Fabricius Colona and Luis de Herrera led the advanced Body consisting of above 1000 Light-Horse D. James de Mendoça led the Van in which were 2000 Spanish Foot The Great Captain kept in the Rear with some Men at Arms and Light-Horse and the Germans to receive the Enemy if they should follow him The Country was dry the Day hot and the March long which so fatigued the Men that some Men at Arms and Foot died for Thirst This being known to the French they agreed to lay hold of so good an Opportunity and March out of their Strength to give them Battel Their Force was 500 Men at Arms 2000 Light-Horse and 4000 Swiss and Gascons embattelled after this manner In the Van was the Prince of Salerno with 200 Men at Arms and 2000 Foot In the Rear the Prince of Melfi with one Troop of Men at Arms 1000 of the Country-People and some Gascons The Duke of Nemours himself Commanded the rest of the Army which made the Main Body The Spanish Foot were best if they had not been so fatigued but the Enemy had the Advantage in Horse In this manner the French marched to attack our Rear It seemed impossible for the Spaniards to reach Cirinola where they had fortified their Camp without losing their Baggage and many of
Before he went thence King Philip sent to acquaint him with some things that had passed between the Queen and himself desiring he would as a Father prevent the like for the future King Ferdinand referred him to his own Conscience From Tordesillas the Catholick King went to Tudela a Village near Valladolid and King Philip to Mucientes By the way he laboured to draw the Nobility to consent under their Hands to shut up the Queen The Admiral being asked to Sign desired first to speak with the Queen It was granted So the Admiral and Earl of Benavente went to the Castle of Mucientes where the Queen was They found her in a black Room cloathed in black her Face almost covered At the Door stood Garzilasso de la Vega and within the Archbishop of Toledo The Admiral had some Discourse with the Queen and she never said any thing from the purpose King Philip pressed she should be shut up the Admiral advised him to be careful what he did for it would be of evil Consequence to go to Valladolid without her and might be a Motive to raise Tumults under colour of setting the Queen at Liberty That his Opinion was he should never let her be from him and since Jealousie was her greatest Distemper her being shut up would only serve to increase it This being proposed in Council it was decreed she should be carried to Valladolid Before this it was agreed the Two Kings should meet at Renedo a Village a League and a half from Tudela and two and a half from Mucientes King Ferdinand desired that to avoid Scandal this Meeting might be with greater Demonstrations of Affection than the former On the 5th of July after Dinner the Two Kings set out towards Renedo King Ferdinand came first alighted at the Church and there expected his Son in Law They met with great Demonstrations of Affection Discoursed together an hour and half then called the Archbishop of Toledo before whom they used many Expressions full of Kindness no Business was spoken of nor mention made of seeing the Queen This done they parted and King Ferdinand went on his Journey towards Aragon The Duke of Alva begged Leave to bear him Company to Naples whither he intended to go but was not permitted the King telling him he had rather he should attend his Service in Castile King Ferdinand bore this shameful Expulsion out of Castile with great Resolution and appeared always pleasant to the Nobility that came to take their Leave of him If any charged others with Ingratitude to him he said they had done him good Service and he would Reward them as far as lay in his Power In short he went away as if he expected soon to return Scarce had King Ferdinand turned his Back when there began to be great Commotions in Castile which made it appear to the People what miss they were like to have of the late Government King Philip had summoned the Cortes to meet at Valladolid He still urged to shut up the Queen on account of her Infirmity and that she should not have any Hand in the Government The Nobility complied and the Archbishop of Toledo made Interest to get her into his Hands Only the Admiral of Castile opposed it and perswaded the Commons not to consent they promised they would not if any of the Nobility would stand by them and he solemnly Swore never to forsake them Thus most of them gainsaid it and only Swore as they had done before at Toro Queen Joanna Queen of Castile in her own Right the Archduke King as her Husband and Prince Charles Heir to the Crown after his Mother's Death They gave 100 Millions of Maravedies to be raised in two years for carrying on the War against the Moors which was looked upon as a heavy Tax by reason of the Famine then raging in Castile Spain was supplied with Corn out of Sicily a thing never before heard of It was also surprizing that the Council of State began to interfere with the Business of the Inquisition They gave Ear to those who made Complaint against James Rodriguez Luzero Inquisitor at Cordova him and his Inferior Officers they designed to remove from their Employments The Earl of Cabra and Marquess of Priego stood up for them The People Mutinied secured the Judge and a Notary of the Inquisition and entred the Palace where the Inquisitors resided They complained of the Archbishop of Sevil D. James de Peza who was Head Inquisitor and of all the General Council of the Inquisition which was made up of Dr. Roderick de Mercado the Master Azpeitia the Licentiate Ferdinand de Montemayor the Licentiate John Travera who was afterwards Cardinal and Archbishop of Toledo and the Licentiate Sosa all Men of known Integrity They resided at Toro and had in Custody a great number of rich Jews It was no less strange that at once all the Governors of Towns and Forts and Generals of the Frontiers were changed This Alteration was the cause of Three great Evils one that many Places of Trust were given to Flemings The second that the number of Preferments being so great they were not bestowed on Deserving Persons but as every Courtier or Nobleman was in favour or else as every one offered most Money The third that all those who were removed thought themselves wronged being outed those Places without any cause which they had obtained by their Service This was cause of great Discontent The Discontent of those who had lost their Places the Ignorance of the new Officers and above all the Report that all Preferments were sold and that the Queen was ill Treated gave occasion to the Multitude to Mutiny and Combine together for Redressing those Grievances and preventing greater they feared were like to follow Now it was thought had the Catholick King returned into Castile all Men would have followed him and the new King began to be held in such small Account that when he would have made Garcilasso de la Vega President of the Council and Tutor to Prince Ferdinand the Nobility would not allow him either D. John Manuel acted as President till such time as that Employment was disposed of In Andaluzia the Duke of Medina Sidonia the Earl of Uren̄a the Marquess de Priego and Earl of Cabra met as was supposed to Treat about setting the Queen at liberty The King and Queen in August went from Valladolid to Segovia on account that the Marquess and Marchioness of Moya would not resign the Command of that Castle to D. John Manuel as they were ordered But they knowing Forces were raising against them submitted The King hearing of it returned to Tudela de Duero designing for Burgos and Vitoria because it was reported the French had a Force in readiness to invade the Frontiers on that side To secure himself on the side of Navarre he appointed the Duke of Najara General of those Frontiers in the place of D. John de Ribera and concluded a League with
remain in the Town upon which the Duke went away in a Passion D. John Manuel the Admiral the Marquess of Villena Earl of Benavente and Andrew de Burgo the Emperour's Ambassador met at Grijota in order to hinder the coming of King Ferdinand unless he first satisfied them in all their Demands They met again at Duen̄as and gave out that the Archbishop and Constable kept the Queen Prisoner Lastly they went to Villalōn to levy Forces to relieve the Castle of Segovia besieged by the Marquess of Moya The King of Portugal held Intelligence with the Marquess de Villena to obstruct the coming of the Catholick King and promote the Emperor's bringing Prince Charles and taking upon him the Government At this time came from Rome D. Antony Acun̄a being made Bishop of Zamora He had Orders to make large Promises to the Marquess de Villena as did D. Alvaro Osorio to the Duke of Najara and D. John Emanuel if they would take Party with the Catholick King but all was to no effect The Constable complained that D. Antony Acun̄a his Enemy was preferred and the Council because he was not presented by the Queen sent Orders to the Chapter not to admit him or if admitted not to continue him These Orders came after he was in possession and the Alcaide Ronquillo was sent to put them in execution but the Bishop apprehended and kept him Prisoner The Governour of Salamanca and Duke of Alva gathered a Force to revenge that Affront done to the Queen but all in vain for D. Antony kept his Bishoprick All the Kingdom was full of Tumults Oppression Complaints and Pretensions The best strove to sell their Loyalty at as dear a rate as they could The Catholick King tho' he designed not to take Revenge of those that opposed him thought it hard to buy what he looked upon his as Right At this time the Council Prorogued the Cortes for 4 Months whereupon the Commons who still continued at Burgos returned home CHAP. III. The Death of Duke Valentine and Troubles in Navarre The Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand The Great Captain courted to Command the Venetian and Pope's Forces King Ferdinand settles the Affairs of Naples and departs from that City WHilst Castile was thus in confusion new Troubles broke out in Navarre King John taking the advantage of the Catholick King 's absence who always was a Check upon him resolved to be revenged upon his Constable the Earl of Lerin who had offered him many Affronts and still been protected by Castile As soon as Duke Valentine the King's Brother-in-Law came into Navarre he made him his General resolving to seize all the Earl of Lerin's Estate as of an Enemy to the Crown He gathered 200 Light-Horse 150 Men at Arms and about 500 Foot With this Force he sate down before Viana on the 10th of March. In this Place was Luis de Biamonte the Constable's Son The Night following being very stormy the Constable with 200 Horse put Supplies into the Place leaving 600 Foot without in ambush Being discovered in his return he was charged by Duke Valentine with about 70 Horse the King coming after with the other Forces The Duke having killed and taken 15 Men pursued to the place where the Ambush lay there he was wounded and dismounted by a Horseman and those that lay in ambush rushing out killed and stripped him to his Shirt without knowing who he was He being slain all the Forces returned to their Camp The Constable went away to Lerin Thus died he that had been the Firebrand of all Italy It was observed he died in the Diocess of Pamplona which was the First Bishoprick he had and on the same Day he had first taken possession of it He left only one Daughter in the keeping of her Unkle the King of Navarre who pressed the Siege being reinforced with some Troops from the Constable of Castile The Duke of Najara and Archbishop of Zaragoça prepared to relieve the Place yet it was surrendered and the King with 600 Horse and 8000 Foot laid siege to Raga The Council of Castile sent to require the King of Navarre to forbear using Force for 3 Months The King offered to condescend if the Earl would come and beg his Pardon deliver up the Town of Lerin send his Sons to Court and then himself depart the Kingdom Still whilst they treated the King went on took Raga and all other Places from the Earl only Lerin held out some time but was at last forced to submit Upon this the Earl went away to Castile and thence to Aragon having not a Foot of Land left him in Navarre Now the Catholick King 's Party what with Promises and what with present Gifts was grown considerable Many died of the Plague at Torquemada the Infection spreading this Year through all Spain The Queen went to Hornillos a Village a League from that Town resolving to expect the coming of her Father thereabouts She had restored to the Council such as were of it in her Mother's time and discharged the rest It was endeavoured to persuade her to recall that Order but she could not be prevailed upon At Segovia the Marquess of Moya continued the Siege of the Castle and tho' well defended for 6 Months it being undermined the Besieged surrendered on the 15th of May. The Emperor's Ambassadors at Naples pressed for an Interview betwixt their Master and King Ferdinand and proposed Nice or Rome for the Places to meet at saying They could dispatch more Business in one Day being together than in several Months at a distance King Ferdinand gave many Excuses to avoid meeting whereupon the Ambassadors required him not to return to Castile till all Differences were adjusted for otherwise the Emperor would also be obliged to go thither and then all the Mischiefs that should follow must be imputed to him that was the Cause of them This looked more like a Challenge than an overture of accommodation Yet the Ambassadours were appointed to treat with the great Captain the Lord Chamberlain and Secretary King Ferdinand pleaded that being the Queen's Father he had Right to be her Tutor besides that it was her own desire and he had been appointed by the Will of Queen Elizabeth For the Emperor it was urged that the Queen being non Compos the Prince was to succeed and then his Grandfather by the Fathers side ought to be Tutor besides that the Catholick King was married contrary to his Promise made to Queen Elizabeth and that the Nobility were against him As a medium between both it was proposed on the Emperors part that the Government should be committed to 24 Persons 16 to be chosen by the Emperor and 8 by the Catholick King that of all Preferments the King should have the Gift of one 3d part and the other two should be in the disposal of the Governours that the Revenue should be divided into four parts 3 for the Queen and the 4th for the King That
of Italy The Pope thought being at Bolonia to advance the War against Ferrara in which the Duke of Urbin made little Progress On the 6th of October King Ferdinand in the presence of the Emperor's and Prince Charles his Ambassadors and of the Popes Nuncio took an Oath at Madrid to Govern that Kingdom as became a just and rightful Tutor He also Ordered Fabricius Colona with 300 Lances from Naples to go join the Forces of the Church to serve against Ferrara but not against the King of France To oblige him he Ordered the Admiral Villamarin with 11 Gallies that returned from Gelves to join the French Fleet at Genoa in order to secure that City The Duke of Termens was in Verona with 400 Lances in the Emperor's Service and saved that City from falling into the Hands of the Venetians who laid close Siege to it The Pope when he set out Ordered all the Cardinals to follow him but some of them fled to Naples and not being admitted there went thence to Florence There they staid tho' the Pope pressed them to come to him The French now attempted to have surprized Bolonia where the Pope and Cardinals were in great Danger but Fabricius Bolona with his 300 Lances delivered them The Pope fell sick whereupon some scandalous Contrivances began to be among the Cardinals which he having notice of assembled them and published a severe Bull against such as were guilty of Simony in the Election of a Pope The Mutinous Cardinals at Florence thought of calling a general Council to Reform the Church Discipline and also to Depose the Pope The Emperor and King of France joining with them and endeavouring to draw in the Catholick King The Emperor and King of France declared all the Confederate Princes were obliged to assist one another till they had Recovered all that was detained from any of them by the Venetians They also would have the Pope remit the business of Ferrara to be Tried by due Course of Law and in order to it would have all Ecclesiastical Persons not excepting Cardinals or any others to reside at their Benefices upon Penalty of Forfeiting their Revenues This caused the Pope to Excommunicate all the French Commanders in Italy and all those who had any Hand in the Gallican Provincial Synods held to this effect The Catholick King never agreed to this Decree of the Gallican Church but laboured to reconcile the Emperor to the Pope and the Venetians It was now proposed to Marry the Queen of Naples Niece to the Catholick King to Charles Duke of Savoy and the Treaty was so far advanced that 200000 Ducats were assigned for her Portion and she was called Dutchess of Savoy yet at last it broke off and the Duke Married Beatrix Princess of Portugal At Naples the People mutinied because it was designed to introduce the Inquisition there after the manner of Spain The Tumult was so great that the Viceroy to prevent farther mischief commanded all the Jews who were come thither from Spain in great numbers to depart the Kingdom by the last of March as also that the Inquisition should not be Established Thus the People was appeased the Pope himself being of opinion they ought not to have been provoked by erecting that severe Tribunal The King of France was jealous that the Catholick King would join in League with the Pope against him and the Swisse that served the Pope gave him cause to suspect he might intend to War upon Milan He offered very advantageous Conditions but the Pope thought himself secure of all the Dukedom of Ferrara whereof he had already taken the greatest Part. The Emperor required him to restore Modena as a Feoffe of the Empire to which the Pope was not averse so he would ingage not to return it to the Duke of Ferrara nor put it into the Hands of the French The Catholick King had bent his Thoughts against Africk yet neglected not the Affairs of Italy He ordered the Duke of Termens to return to Naples there being no Service about Verona The Duke obeyed and by the way visited the Pope at Bolonia by whom he was well entertained About the beginning of January 1511. King Ferdinand went to Sevil to forward the Preparations for the War in Africk being desirous to Revenge the loss sustained at Gelves and no less that of Hierome Vianelo who was surprized and slain with 400 Men in the Island Querquens between Gelves and Tunez The Pope himself in the dead of Winter laid Siege to and took Mirandula Thence he returned himself to Bolonia but sent his Army to Ferrara Both his Forces and those of the Venetians who came to his assistance were forced by the French to quit that Enterprize In March the Pope at Ravena created 9 Cardinals All the Cardinals in the Conclave wherein Pope Julius was chosen before the Election had taken an Oath that whosoever of them came up Pope would call a general Council within 2 Years after his Promotion to the Pontificate besides it was decreed in the Councils of Constance and Basle that general Councils should meet every 10 Years and grievous penalties denounced to such as should obstruct them Pope Julius after he had obtained the Papacy made no account either of his Oath or the Decrees of those Councils Many were desirous to correct the Abuses crept into the Roman Court especially during the Reigns of Alexander and Julius The Emperor and King of France favouring this Design the Cardinals that were withdrawn from the Pope issued out their Mandates for summoning a general Council to meet at Pisa on the 1st of September The Emperor consented to all this Proceeding and only desired to have the Council assembled at Constance in Germany The Catholick King declared himself against these Practices and advised the Emperor not to have any Hand in them He ordered Cavanillas his Ambassador at the French Court in the best manner that might be to require that King to Restore Bolonia to the Church not to Invade the Territories thereof any farther and to desist from that Affair of the Council The King of France excused himself saying the Pope had infringed the Capitulation made at Cambray nevertheless he would admit of Peace upon honourable Terms He demanded the Articles agreed upon at Cambray should be duly observed That the Cardinals who had forsaken the Court of Rome should be Restored even as they were before they went thence That the Marquess of Mantua who served as General of the Venetians should be Absolved of the Oath he took to that Republick and have his Son Restored to him whom he had delivered to the Pope as Hostage That the Duke of Ferrara should be received into the Pope's favour and the Sentence denounced against him recalled without obliging him to resign his Lands beyond the River Po or Cento or Pieve since they were his Wives Portion The same things were required of the Pope in the Emperor's Name But he looked on
went thither with Forces To secure the Passage into France the Duke of Alva passed the Mountains and took S. John de Pie de Puerto The Marquess of Dorset was desired to join the Spanish Army and enter Guienne He pleaded it was then too late the Summer being spent and his Men sick He complained of the Catholick King who was only intent upon his own Business in Navarre without regarding the Conquest of Guienne Therefore the Marquess returned into England which gave some cause to suspect as Antony de Nebrixa writes that he was corrupted with French Gold The Affairs of the French in Italy were changed no otherwise than if they had lost the Battel of Ravenna The Pope laid an Interdict on the Kingdom of France Excommunicated their King and absolved the People of Guienne and Normandy of their Oath of Allegiance The Duke of Urbin marching with the Robe's Forces towards 〈◊〉 that Pepple set up the Pope's Colours The Duke of Ferrara upon Composition come to Rome and publickly begged Pardon of the Pope who granted it yet restored not Rhegio but thought to have secured him had not Fabricius Colona conveyed him away The Viceroy of Naples soon recruited his Army and found with the 2000 Spaniards brought by the Commendar◠〈◊〉 he had 7000 Foot the Command of whom was given to the Marquess of Padula and because he hurt himself in the Hand it was transferred tothe Commendary Solis Men at Arms there were 1200 and 550 Light-Horse Besides these Prosper Colona got together 400 Horse and was to Command the Vanguard This was the Viceroy's Strength when he received Orders from the Pope not to march any farther for that Lombardy was already subdued and there was no need of more Forces His Design was ever to expel all Strangers out of Italy and having already drove out the French thought to do the same with the Spaniards Nevertheless the Viceroy marched as far as the Castle of S. Peter in his way to Bolonia where certain Deputies from the Swissers met him requiring him not to advance any further which if he did they would oppose him the French being already expelled Lombardy These were all Contrivances of the Pope The Viceroy answered He was General of the League and consequently obliged to obey the Orders of the Confederate Princes After some Disputes betwixt the Emperor's and Catholick King 's Ambassadors as also the Venetians it was agreed the Viceroy should restore the Family of Medicis to Florence they being then banished It was also decreed That Maximilian Sforcia who now called himself Duke of Milan should come into Italy in order to reduce the rest of Lombardy where the Forces of the Pope possessed themselves of Plasencia and Parma Sickness and other Inconveniences caused the Council then held at Rome after Two Sessions only to be Prorogued till the beginning of December The Pope proposed making War upon the Turks the Sons of Bajazet being then at variance yet malicious Persons gave out this was only a Project of his to get the Spaniards out of Italy under that Pretence The Viceroy marched towards Florence pretending only to restore that Republick to its Liberty and reconcile it to the Church He came without meeting any resistance to Prato which is only 10 miles from Florence which Place offering to oppose him he battered and took by Storm on the 29th of August The Florentines immediately sent their Deputies to compound with the Viceroy and consented to restore the Families of Medicis and Pazzis to all their Estates as also to enter into the League forsake the French and put themselves under the Protection of Spain To express their Zeal they chose the Marquess of Padula their General and furnished some Money towards the Charge of the War The same was done by the Cities of Siena and Luca. At same time Janus Maria de Campo Fregoso was chosen Duke of Genoa in favour of the League and King Ferdinand to encourage those Cities ordered Berengarius d' Olm to ply upon those Coasts with his Galleys All things in Italy succeeded as well as he could wish which was the cause he first delayed and afterwards quite put off the Great Captain 's Voyage thither After the Battel of Ravenna he had been looked upon as the only Man that could restore Affairs in Italy whereupon the King resolved to send him thither tho' jealous of him at the same time He accepted of the Command and went to Malaga to prepare for his Voyage Vast Numbers of People flocked to him and even the King's Guards disbanded themselves to follow him Many of the Gentry made Preparations to bear him company upon their own Charges all which made the King limit the number to go with him to 500 Men at Arms and 2000 Foot Still King Ferdinand delayed the departure of the Great Captain hoping some good Accident might re-establish the Viceroy for whom he had so great a Kindness that many suspected he was his Son The Affairs in Italy being mended as has been said the King ordered the Great Captain to lay aside all Thoughts of going to Italy during the Winter and to send all the Gentry that was with him to serve in Navarre These Orders much troubled the Great Captain and he complained grievously of it All the Officers resented it so heinously that never a Captain of Men at Arms went to serve in Navarre except only Gutierre Quixada The Great Captain sent to ask leave of the King to go to his Estate in Terranova in Italy but the King persuaded him it was better to retire to his House at Loxa He was so much out of Favour that the King refused him the chief Commendary of Leon vacant by the Death of Garcilasso de la Vega as he did also the Commendary of Hâ—rnachos both which he made suit for Two Reasons may be ascribed for this Strangeness One That King Ferdinand was not well satisfied with that Gentleman and often complained he held secret Intelligence against him The other it common to all Princes who when a Man has done more for them than is in their Power to requite look upon him as the Debtor and commonly prove ungrateful For it is ever more certain to have Faults punished than Desert rewarded No Recompence or Honour could have been too great for a Man so deserving But who can persuade Kings to curb their own private Distate Or who can limit their Jealousie especially when it is daily encreased by whispering Courtiers CHAP. V. The Siege of Pamplona The Viceroy of Naples takes the City Bressa Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milan King Ferdinand falls sick THE Duke of Alva continued at S. John de Pied de Porte and his Forces took some small places of little Importance Thither James de Vera with great difficulty brought the Artillery The Dukes of Longueville Bourbon and Monpensier the Sieur de la Palisse and Monsieur de Lautrec lay at Sauveterre and the neighbouring places to
they died soon after they were married Pope Leo the same Year he died entred into a League with Charles the Emperor for expelling the French out of Italy upon condition that every Year upon S. Peter's Day the Emperor should for the Kingdom of Naples besides the White Hacaney pay 7000 Ducats and that the Kingdom of Sicily should be owned as a Feoffe of the Church paying only 15000 Ducats as it had used to do That till such time as the Pope were repayed his Expences in that War he should hold the Cities of Plasencia and Parma the Profits whereof were not to be deducted out of the Principal and that the Dukedom of Milan should be given to Francis Sforcia Afterwards followed the expulsion of the French and their return as was said the last Year The King of France lying before Pavia in which was Antony de Leyva and a good Garison of Germans the Emperor's Generals hasted to the Relief of the City These were Charles de Lanoy Viceroy of Naples Charles Duke of Bourbon and Ferdinand Davlos Marquis of Pescara who overthrew the French Army took the King and sent him Prisoner into Spain Henry d' Albret King of Navarre was also taken but he bribing his Keepers made his escape out of the Castle of Pavia In this Battel was slain the Marquis of Civita de Santangel whose Name was Ferdinand Castriot Great-Grandson to the most Renowned Scanderberg Prince of Epirus and Terror of the Turks His Reins not being chained were cut and his Horse ran with him into the midst of the Enemies where the King of France himself killed him with his Lance. This Battel was fought upon Friday the 24th of February being the Feast of the Apostle S. Mathias Anno 1526. Thus Europe for a while was delivered from the Desolation of War King Francis of France was Prisoner in the Castle of Madrid His Mother the Queen-Regent of France in his absence earnestly desiring her Sons Liberty sent her Daughter the Lady Margaret who had been Married to Charles Duke of Alençon into Spain to treat of some Accommodation She managed the business so well that on the 14th of January an Alliance was concluded between the King and the Emperor upon the following Conditions That from thence forward it should not be allowed the Flemings to Appeal to the King of France That the King of France should quit all his Pretensions to Milan Genoa and Aste That he should restore Burgundy to the Emperor That he should Marry Ellenor the Queen-Dowager of Portugal the Emperor's Sister and should have with her 200000 Duccats That he should Pardon Charles Duke of Bourbon And That all other Differences should be determined according to Equity The Duke of Bourbon had to Wife Susanna Grandchild to Lewis the Eleventh King of France and Daughter to Peter Duke of Bourbon and Anne the aforesaid King 's Eldest Daughter To him Charles last of the Duke of Anger 's had by his Will left his Dominions in France and his Title to the Kingdom of Naples Charles the Eighth Son and Heir to King Lewis left no Issue therefore the Duke of Bourbon tho he pretended not to the Crown as not being the next of the Male Line yet he insisted that all the Dominions that had accrued to the Crown by other means belonged to his Wife as next of Blood to the late Kings After her Death he pretended tho he had no issue to retain the Dukedom of Bourbon as next of Kin in the Male-Line to his Father-in-Law But the King's Mother urged that she was Neice to the said Peter of Bourbon being his Sister's Daughter and this Title prevailed The Treaty being concluded the King of France departed out of Spain leaving as Hostages acording to Agreement for performance of the Capitulation his two Sons Francis the Dauphine and Henry the Younger At Sevil on the 3d of March was celebrated the Marriage of the Emperor with Elizabeth eldest Sister to the King of Portugal D. Ferdinand of Aragon Duke of Calabria before set at Liberty and D. Alonso de Fonseca who had succeeded Cardinal William de Croy in the Archbishoprick of Toledo accompanied the Bride from the Borders of Portugal The Emperor had deprived Francis Sforcia of the Dukedom of Milan accusing him of being unfaithful and holding Correspondence with France Pope Clement to restore him and being himself offended because it was by Law established in Spain that Benefices should not be given to Strangers and that the Pope's Bulls should be examined in Council joined in League with the French and Venetians he also invited the King of England into the Confederacy and promised D. Ferdinand Davalos Marquis of Pescara and Governor of Milan if he would join with them to make him King of Naples which Kingdom he designed to Conquer These Practices were the cause of great and mighty Mischiefs that ensued Mean while the Marquis of Pescara died and leaving no Issue his Cousin D. Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto inherited his Title and Estate Solyman the Great Turk Son to Selymus overthrew in Battel near the City Buda King Luis of Hungary and by his Death not only the City Buda was lost but Contentions arising about the Succession the Kingdom was brought into great distress Part of the Nobility were for Ferdinand of Austria because he was Married to the late King's Sister and part stood up for John Sepusius Vayvode of Transilvania whence ensued grievous Wars Mary the Queen-Dowager having no Issue returned to Flanders Anno 1527. Cardinal Pompeius Colonna and Vespasian Colonna having raised Forces in the Territory of Rome and being joined by others sent by D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Naples they had so streightned the Pope at Rome that he could scarce secure his Person or prevent the Soldiers Plundering the Sacred Palace After which Charles Duke of Bourbon with part of the Imperial Army marched out of Lombardy towards Rome designing to Plunder that City The Duke of Vrbin and Janetin de Medicis Father to Cosmo who was after Duke of Florence set out to oppose him but were overthrown passing the River Mincius and Janetin slain The Duke of Bourbon assaulting Rome was killed with a Musket Shot from the Walls nevertheless the Soldiers pursued their Design and Sacked the City laying Siege to the Castle of Santangelo whither the Pope and Cardinals retired The Emperor was at Valladolid when the News of this Disaster was brought to him he immediately caused the Publick Feasts and Rejoicing for the Birth of his Son Prince Philip born in that City the 20th of May to cease which was a Token of his Religious Zeal and that so great a Disorder had not happened with his knowledge On the other side the Florentins who mortally hated the Pope seeing him Distressed expelled out of their City the Family of Medicis and particularly Hippolito and Alexander who were the Chiefs of that House which was the Cause why
Ferdinand Gonçaga Governor of Milan seized that City and put a Garison into it The Pope fortified Parma and put Camillus Vrsinus into it Afterwards that Dominion was given to Octavius Farnesius Duke of Parma Son to Peter Luis Anno 1548. The breaking up of the Council of Trent was so much the more resented for that among the other Articles of Peace with the Princes and Cities of Germany one was That they should submit themselves to the determination of the Fathers in Matters of Religion This design failing to reconcile all Matters in Difference at the Diet at Auspurb a Book was published in Defence of the Catholick Doctrine but allowing the Laity to communicate in both Kinds and Priests to Marry It was called An Interim because to last till the Council met again and determined what was to be done Julius Phibug Michael Sidonia and Eilebius Agricola composed it In Saxony at the desire of Duke Maurice the Hereticks publish'd another Book called Adiapora that is Things Indifferent Philip Melancton was the Author of it and mentioned many things that ought to be Tolerated for the sake of Peace Matthias Illiricus and Nicholaus Gralius more rigid Hereticks wrote against this Book At the same time Muleasse King of Tunez came to Ausburg being expelled his Kingdom and having his Eyes put out by his own Son Maximilian Son to King Ferdinand came to Spain to Marry the Princess Mary his Cousin-German and to remain Governour in Spain because Prince Philip was to go for Flanders as he did in November in the same Fleet that brought Maximilian He landed at Genoa passed through Milan and Mantua and lastly at the beginning of the following Year came to Brussels in the Low Countries at such time as his Father was gone to Germany At the instance of Siceleus Archbishop of Toledo the Pope granted his Bull by which it was enacted That none descended of Jews Moors or Hereticks should have any Living in that Church D. James de Castilla the Dean and some others of the Chapter opposed this Decree but the most powerful Party prevailed Joanna d' Albret Daughter to Henry was contracted to the Duke of Cleves but the Match breaking off she now Married Antony of Bourbon Duke of Vendosme of the Blood Royal of France Anno 1549. This Year died Margaret Queen of Navarre and Mother to the above-mentioned Lady Joanna In Germany some Synods were held particularly at Treves Metz and Cologne by the Emperor's procurement to bring the deluded People to the Obedience of the Church In Africk a Man called Xerife the Son of a Merchant and himself a School-Master under the pretended Veil of Sanctity drew together a number of Armed People wherewith he expelled the Kings of Morocco Fez and Veles He of Veles fled for Refuge to the Emperor and afterwards to the King of Portugal of whom he received nothing but good Words This was the beginning of a bloody War in Africk In England Peter Martir at Oxford began publickly to teach the Heresy of the Sacramentarians and great Tumults happened about the Change of Religion They made Peace with the French who had began the War in Picardy restoring to them the City Bologn taken some Years before At Cigales on the first of November was born Anne Daughter to Prince Maximilian and Mary his Wife She was afterwards Married to her Unkle and was Queen of Spain Pope Paul died at Rome the 10th of November Anno 1550. Cardinal John Maria de Monte succeeded him by the Name of Julius the III. and lived after his Exaltation 5 Years 1 Month and 16 Days John de Vega Viceroy of Sicily on the Coast of Africk took the City called Africa formerly Leptis on the 9th of September expelling thence the Pyrat Dragut who used to set out thence and Ravage the Coasts of Sicily He put a Garison into it but soon after to save Charges utterly demolish'd it At Ausburg in Autumn was opened the Diet of the Empire at which the Emperor and his Son Prince Philip were present The Emperor strove to make his Son King of the Romans but his Brother King Ferdinand opposed it in favour of his own Son Maximilian who was come back from Spain being already chosen King of Bohemia and was now with his Father at the Diet. It was proposed to assemble a-new the Council of Trent and to make War upon Mecklenbourg where the Catholick Religion was wholly excluded Both these Propositions were offensive to Maurice Duke of Saxony tho he was appointed General of that War but what chiefly perplexed him was that the Emperor did not release his Unkle the Landtgrave of Hesse These were the Causes that moved the Duke to make War upon the Emperor who being at that time unprovided for it was reduc'd to great Extremities This Year was remarkable for the Jubilee and for the great numbers of People that repair'd to Rome to gain it Anno 1551. At the beginning of this Year died at Pavia Andrew Alciatus a famous Civilian and Humanist born at Milan who was first Professor in France and afterwards in Italy Pope Julius last December summoned the Bishops to meet again at Trent The Emperor caused the Pope's Edicts to be read at the Diet at Ausburg Duke Octavius Farnesius very unseasonably put himself under the Protection of France Ferrante Gonçaga to put a stop to his Proceedings besieged him in Parma This was the cause that Council was put off for some time but at length it was open'd in May. Cardinal Crecencius the Pope's Legate presided The Ecclesiastical Electors and many Prelates of Germany Spain and Italy were there present The King of France by his Embassador protested against their Proceedings Embassadors came from some German Princes to ask safe Conducts for the Heretical Ministers and Divines but the Conditions they proposed were so extravagant the Fathers thought it a lessening of their Authority to grant them After the Diet at Ausburg broke up Prince Philip return'd to Spain His Cousin Maximilian bore him Company as far as Genoa where he found the Princess Mary his Wife and his Children come thither by Sea out of Spain With them he return'd in December to Inspruck where the Emperor then was that City lying near to forward the Proceedings of the Council King Henry of France on the sudden commenced War in Flanders and Milan He call'd the Turkish Fleet to his Aid which on the Coast of Sicily took the Town and Castle of Augusta seated beyond the City Catania Thence they sailed over to Malta but not succeeding there crossed the Sea and on the Coast of Africk took Tripoli deliver'd to them by the Knights of Malta who had kept it ever since Rhodes was lost Two French Knights had the greatest share in that Treachery The Spaniards paid dearly for their Loyalty about 400 being put to the Sword It was given out the Turks did this in Revenge of the taking of the City of
firing their Cannon disordered the Enemy Next to them D. John of Austria the first boarded the Turkish Admiral and after a doubtful Fight took her In her was killed Hali Bassa Admiral of the Fleet and two Sons of his were taken and presently Victory began to incline to the Christians Vchali the Pyrat did great harm upon the right taking 10 of our Gallies but seeing the rest of the Fleet overthrown he stood out to Sea and escaped with several of his Gallies It was a terrible Spectacle all resounded with various Cries and nothing was to be seen but killing pursuing battering and sinking of Vessels The Sea was covered with Blood and dead Bodies and the Air darkned with the Smoke 200 Turkish Gallies were either taken or sunk 25000 Turks were killed and 20000 Christian Captives set at liberty Of the Christians many were killed and among them no small number of Persons of note In short this was one of the greatest Victories that had been obtained in many years and there was great rejoycing for it in all parts of Christendom tho it was not pleasing to the Hereticks This Battel was fought on the 7th of October on which day the Memory of it is yearly celebrated as a Festival at Toledo Anno 1572. Pope Pius the 5th desiring to carry on this good Work the last Summer sent his Nephew Cardinal of Alexandria Michael Gislerius his Legate into France and Portugal to perswade those Kings to enter into this League With him went F. Francis Borgia a holy Man at that time General of the Jesuits in the place of F. James Lainez These Endeavours were fruitless as well for other Causes that occur'd as because the Pope died not long after on the 1st of Mary very unfortunately for the Affairs of Christendom Immediately after on the 10th of May Cardinal Hugo Bocompanus born at Bolongna was substituted in his Place and took the Name of Gregory the 13th He behaved himself so well that the Grief conceived for the loss of his Predecessor was much allayed for following his Footsteps he confirmed the League with the Venetians and with incredible Diligence furnished Men and Money for carrying on the War He held S. Peter's Chair 13 Years wanting one Month. At the beginning of Spring Charles the 9th King of France married Elizaleth Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian a Lady of great Vertue and extraordinary Beauty It was proposed to marry Margaret the French King's Sister to Henry of Bourbon Prince of Navarre by that means to allay the Tumults in France Pope Pius laboured to hinder that Match and offered King Sebastian of Portugal should take her to Wife which he consented to and even to accept of her without a Portion provided the French King would enter into the League against the Turks However the Prince of Navarre was preferred His Mother Joanna Queen of Navarre died at Paris the 10th of June and nevertheless the Marriage was solemnized towards the end of the Summer with a great Concourse of Nobility as well of the Hereticks as Catholicks In this Concourse Admiral Coligni was shot from a Window by the Contrivance of the Duke of Guise the Consequence whereof was a general Massacre of all the Hereticks in the City of Paris to the number of 10000. The Heads of them were put to Death by the King's Order having discovered a Conspiracy among them for assassinating of him the rest were outragiously murdered by the Rabble In Flanders the last Year towards defraying the Charge of the War a Tax was layed being the 10th Penny of all things sold This Imposition was so heavy to those Provinces which depend chiefly upon Trade that many Cities rebelled and were soon supported by Forces that came to their Assistance out of England Germany and France Zeland and Holland two inaccessible Provinces lying on the Sea and encompassed with Water were the first that rebelled Mons a strong City in Hainault followed their example D. Frederick Son to the Duke of Alva layed siege to it and leaving a sufficient Force to secure his Works marched to meet 4000 French who were coming to relieve the Place He overthrew them killing a great number taking Genlis their Commander Prisoner who died afterwards in the Castle of Antwerp The Prince of Orange came also with Forces out of Germany but the Duke of Alva had so secured all things he was forced to retire without making any attempt These Troubles besides the other Harms they did were the cause the League against the Turks was dissolved For D. John of Austria having gathered a mightier Fleet at Messina than the Year before stayed there a great while being in care for the Affairs of the Low-Countries and the more for that it was reported the French would make War on that side Thus the Season fit for Service being passed he set out of that Port at the end of September to join the Venetians and try the Fortune of another Battel But the Enemies Fleet kept close about Modon Coron and Navarrino in the Morea refusing to come to a Battel The Christian Fleet having lost all hopes of Fighting and the Weather growing unseasonable went to winter in several Ports Anno 1573. The Venetians either in consideration of the little Advantage gained by this great Fleet or because they had lost the rich Trade of the East without regard to the Confederate Princes made a shameful Peace with the Turks yielding up to them not only the Island of Cyprus but several Towns they held in Sclavonia and paying to them 300000 Ducats In May Henry Duke of Anjou the French King's Brother was elected King of Poland It was reported the French Gold bought the Votes but certain it is that as soon as the Duke heard of his Election he raised the Siege he had layed to Rochel and went to take Possession of his Kingdom D. John of Austria in October with the Fleet he had prepared against the Turks sailed over to Tunez and restored that Kingdom to Muleasse Grandson to that Muleasse who we said was expelled his Kingdom and his Eyes put out by his Son Muley Hamet the King now deposed was sent to Sicily whither soon after D. John of Austria having settled the Government and left a Garison in the City followed Thence he went over to Naples designing for Spain This Winter appeared a Comet which was only like a great shining Star without any Tail near the North-Pole What all the Astrologers admir'd in it was that it had no Parallaxis but from all places appeared to be near the same Stars and consequently must be supposed to be as high as the Stars themselves Anno 1574. The Duke of Alva having leave to return home D. Luis de Requesens chief Commendary of Castile was made Governor of the Low-Countries He came from Milan to Flanders at the beginning of the Year and it was hoped his mild Disposition and Wisdom would remedy all the Disorders
too obstinate The Duke of Feria entring Alsace with a powerful Army raised the Siege of Constance recover'd Valdutz took Laufenburg and Rhinfelt and reliev'd Brisac a place of great importance to the House of Austria for securing the Communication between Flanders and Italy He passed the Alps with his Army in December an Action surprising and even astonishing at that Season of the Year All this Year the success of the War continued dubious Victory sometimes inclining to the one side and sometimes to the other Mary of Austria Queen of Hungary was deliver'd of a Prince call'd Ferdinand Francis The Archduke Ferdinand Charles Earl of Tyrol stood Godfather for his Catholick Majesty At Madrid on the 5th of July died the most serene Princess Sister Margaret of the Cross in the Monastery of the Poor Clares where she had lived many Years with singular Piety and Virtue F. John de Parma her Confessor writ her Life Anno 1634. This Year began Unfortunate to the Emperor and Catholick King a presage of their Losses was the death of the Duke de Feria which happen'd the 11th of January at Munich the Court of Bavaria Immediately upon the death of the Duke the command of his Army was given to Count John Cervellon by the most Serene Cardinal Prince of Spain Ferdinand of Austria who then resided at Milan Superintendent and Vicar-General of Italy This Army consisted of 10000 Foot and 2000 Horse most of them Spaniards This Year the Emperor was inform'd by some of his chief Officers that Albertus Wallestein Duke of Fridland his Generalissimo had conspir'd to debauch the Army and rise in Rebellion against him The principal Men that made this Discovery were Count Picolomini Galassius Aldringerius and Coloredius Upon their private Information the Emperor call'd his Cabinet Council where it was resolv'd that Orders should be sent to the most Loyal Commanders in the Army to apprehend the Duke of Fridland or in case they could not to kill him before the design was reveal'd Accordingly he was invited to a Supper and there put to death by the Officers of the Irish Regiments then in the Emperor's Service The two Ferdinands the King of Hungary and the Cardinal joining their Forces laid Siege to Nordlingen and the Enemy under the command of Count Gustavus Horn coming to the relief of that City overthrew them with a great slaughter after an obstinate Fight which lasted six hours At Tortosa March the 6th Mary Ortego Wife to John Xinto both Inhabitants of Almun̄ia in Aragon was deliver'd in the Hospital of a Female Child with two Heads both very beautiful 3 hands and 3 feet and 8 fingers and toes upon one of the hands and feet This Creature lived half an hour and was Baptized Anno. 1635. The most Christian King this Year declar'd War against Spain and the House of Austria publishing his Manifesto containing his Reasons for this Breach His Forces joining with the Hollanders took Tirlemont Besides he possessed himself of several Places among the Grisons to cut off the Communication between Italy and Germany Pignerol also he seized by corrupting the Governour and so open'd to himself a Passage to Susa These and other the like Hostilities oblig'd his Catholick Majesty to declare War upon the 27th of June The Renown'd Marquis of Aytona died in Flanders August the 10th The Dunkirk Privateers took this Year many Prizes of the Hollanders The Emperor 's good Fortune was much forwarded by the Peace he concluded with the Elector of Saxony with exclusion to all other Sects except the Professors of the Ausburg Confession Soon after the Archdutchess Mary-Ann of Austria the Emperor's eldest Daughter was with great Solemnity at Vienna Married to Maximilian Elector of Bavaria her Unkle The most renown'd Spanish Poet Lope Felix de Vega Carpio died at Madrid where he was born upon the 28th day of August He was the greatest Poet of his Time writ more and better than any before him and must be allow'd the Honour of his Country having merited so much Fame abroad Anno 1636. The French King having as was said in the last Year broke the Peace with Spain many learned-Pens writ in Vindication of the Catholick King 's Proceedings referring the Judgment of his Cause to the Pope which Writings were at Paris burnt by the hands of the common Hangman The Emperor made the greatest force he could to join with that of Spain in the Low Countries and both together enter'd into Picardy under the command of the most Serene Prince Cardinal Ferdinand with whom were Prince Thomas Francis of Savoy Charles Duke of Lorrain John Count Nassau and Octavius Picolomini They took la Chapelle Chates Vervins and Noyon obliging the French for the Security of the Country to break down all the Bridges upon the Rivers Oyse and Aysne as far as S. Clou. They had also Corbie deliver'd to them by the Count de Soyecourt This Success of the Spanish Forces obliged the French to call the Prince of Conde the Cardinal de la Valette and Duke of Weymar out of Alsace leaving that Country exposed to the King of Hungary and Count Galassius At the same time the Marquis of Grana so pressed the Landtgrave of Hesse that he was forced to retire to take Protection of the Hollanders Mean while the Forces of Spain by the way of Guipuzcoa broke into the Province of Guienne where they possessed themselves of Andaye Orugne Siboure and S. Jean de Luz as also of the Port and Fortress of Zocoa D. John Alonso Enriquez de Cabrera Admiral of Castile and Captain-General of the Provinces of Old Castile and D. Francis de Irracaval Marquis of Valparaiso and Viceroy of Navarre in his Majesty's Name publish'd a Manifesto containing the Reasons that mov'd him to make these Incursions The Cardinal Richlieu had perswaded the King and People that the Forces of Spain and the Empire were so inconsiderable the War would be kept out of the Kingdom and always upon the Enemies Country Now they found much the contrary being forc'd to quit Milan and the Valley of Valtelina and still retiring every where to leave a great part of their Kingdom exposed to their Enemies Several Princes who were under the Protection of France having had their Countries wasted to prevent their utter Destruction have been forced to declare against that Crown A Report being spread that Count Galassius was entring the Province of Bassigni with 25000 Men and that 14000 were marching from Silesia besides 12000 Polish Horse had-passed the Rhine the Nobility not thinking themselves safe at Paris removed the best of their Goods to Havre de Grace Seeing all things fall out far otherwise than he had expected the Cardinal laid the blame upon the Governours of the Places that had been lost declaring them Traytors and accusing F. Joseph of Paris a Capucin his great confident of feeding him with false Intelligence from the Turks Moores and Protestants The News of the Election
Spain Great Famine and Earth-quakes Perfidiousness of Duke Valentin The great Captain contrary to his faith given sends Duke Valentln into Spain The great Captain ill represented to the King The Emperor Archduke and King of France join in League League against the Venetians Calamities of Princes Frederick King of Naples dies Elizabeth Queen of Spain dies Differences about the Government of Castile 1505. King Ferdinand becomes odious to the People The Emperor and King Philip of Castile ratifie the Peace with France K. Ferdinand agrees with the French King Mazaliquivir in Africk taken Nobles in Castile for and against K. Philip. Accord twixt the 2 Kings Ferdinand and Philip 1506. King Philip in England Little Faith in King Fernand A bloody mutiny at Lisbon King Ferdinand Marries Queen Joanna King Philip lands in Spain King Philip declares against the Treaty with King Ferdinand Christopher Columbus dies Flemmings and Spaniards disagree Forces raised by Ferdinand Many forsake Ferdinand Ferdinand forced to quit Castile Interview of the Two Kings A League Defensive and Offensive betwixt the Two Kings of Spain Jealousie the cause of King Philip's Queen's Distemper New Troubles in Castile King Ferdinand and his Queen at Zaragoça Jealousies raised against the Great Captain King Philip dies Confusions upon the death of King Philip. Government settled for the present King Ferdinand in Italy He comes to Naples Uncertain Government of Castile Q. Joanna wholly unfit to Govern Embassies to K. Ferdinand at Naples Practices of the Emperor 1507. Q. Joanna delivered of a Daughter Mutiny at Toledo Duke Valentine slain K. John of Navarre subdues his Rebellious Subjects Treaty betwixt the Emperor and King Ferdinand Affairs of Naples setled Fâ—ench King in Italy Interview of the two Kings King Ferdinand returns to Castile The Emperor disgusted with Ferdinand The Emperor proceeds against Milan Malecontent in Andaluzia Punishment of the Mutiniers Penon in Africk taken by the Spaniards Portugueses sustain loss at Azamor but relieve Arzila Conspiracies in Castile discovered League of Cambray Soldans Fleet worsted in India Death of Henry the VII of England Henry the VIII succeeds him Oran in Africk taken Venetians set upon on all sides Venetian Army routed Padua recovered by the Venetians Navarrois and Arragonians make War Accord betwixt the Emperor and K. Ferdinand Ferdinand desires Peace with Venice 1510. Bugia and other places taken by the Spaniards Goa in India taken by the Portugueses Vincenza taken by the Imperialists The Pope seizes the Lands of the Duke of Ferrara Cortes or Parliament held at Monçon Investiture of Naples granted to K. Ferdinand D. Garcia de Toledo sent with Forces into Africk Rout of the Spaniards in Africk King Ferdinand assists the Pope Cardinals fall of from the Pope Jealousies of Princes 1511. The Pope pressed to call a general Council Agreement betwixt K. Ferdinand and the K. of England The Emperor cannot be separated from France Success of the Portugueses in India The Pope in vain labours for an accommodation with France League for defence of the Church The War in Italy King of England prepares to invade France Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obedience of the Venetians Venetians overthrown by the French King and Queen of Navarre excommunicated The French advance towards the Confederates Preparations for the Lateran Council Swissers descend into Italy Grounds of the War in Navarre The Duke of Alva enters Navarre Navarre 〈…〉 Ferdinand French decline in Italy Florence Siena and Luca join with the Confederates Great Captain forbid to pass into Italy 〈◊〉 invaded by the French 〈…〉 Bressa taken by the Viceroy Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milain 1513. Pope Julius dies Leo X. chosen Peace betwixt France and Venice A Truce betwixt France and Spain Actions in Navarre Revolutions at Gema Rendezvouz of French at Aste Swisse rout the French K. Henry of England takes Theourenne and Tournay Azaomr taken by the Portugueses Venice Canonaded Queen of France dies Truce betwixt Spain and France prolonged Preparations of the Turk against Italy An Ambassador from Ethiopia arrives in Portugal Luis King of France dies 1515. Alonso de Albequerque his Actions in India 4000 Portugueses slain in Africk Milan recovered by the French Overthow of the Swiss Great Captain ordered to be apprehended Barbarossa besieges Bugia in vain Great Captain dies 1516. K. Ferdinand dies French K in Italy Swiss routed Spaniards expelled Millan K. Ferdinand dies Navarre pacified Henry King of Navarre Mary Qu. of Portugal dies Cardinal Adrian K. Charles in Spain Downfal of the Sultans of Egypt Heresy of Martin Luther K. Charles his Sister married to Emanuel K. of Portugal Maximilian dies Charles the Fifth chosen Emperor Charles the Fifth Crowned Rebellion in Spain Navarre over-run by the French French in Biscay Emanuel K. of Portugal dies Pope Leo dies Adrian chosen Pope Return of the Emperor into Spain K. Christiern expell'd Denmark Death of Pope Adrian Leo the X. chosen Pope Overthrow of the French John King of Portugal marries the Emperors Sister Francis K. of France taken by the Imperialists Accord betwixt Spain and France K. Francis released The Emperormarries the Sister of the K. of Portugal Practices against the Emperor Turks over run Hungary Rome sacked Medicis expelled Florence Prince Philip sworn Heir of Castile Naples besieged Doria quits the French tervice Composition betwixt Fra. and Spain Agreement with Portugal Vienna besieged Coronation of the Emperor Diet at Ausburg Medicis restor'd to Florence Ferdinand chosen K. of the Romans Inundations in Flanders Change of Religion in England CivilWars in Swisserland The Emperor arms a-against the Turks Pope and Emperor meet at Bolonia Pope and King of France meet at Marseilles Pope Clement dies Paul III. succeeds Tuncz taken by the Emperor French invade Savoy Emperor in France Three things remarkable Diet at Worms Diu besieged by the Turks League against the Turks Truce for 10 Years French K. and Emp. meet The Empress dies Rebellion of Ghent Ebora made an Archbishoprick Jesuits confirmed By the Pope Disputes about Religion in Germany Council of Trent Swarms of Locusts Prince Philip Governour of Spain French and Turks take Nice A great Eclipse Barbarussa ravages the Coasts of Italy Emperor and King of England in League against France Marriage of Prince Philip. Proceedings against Hereticks Council of Trent opened Martin Luther's death Disputes betwixt Catholicks and Hereticks Death of two Kings and a Qu. Overthrow of the Saxons Council of Trent breaks up Concessions for reducing Hereticks Maximilian Governour of Spain Rise of the Xerifes in Africk Pope Paul dies Julius III. Elected Council of Trent again summoned War in Flanders Hereticks at the Council of Trent S. Francis Xaverius Turkish Fleet at Naples Siena expells the Imperialists Edward K. of England dies Birth of Prince Sebastian of Portugal Mary Qu. of England Marries Philip Pr. of Spain Julius dies Marcellus succeeds he dies and Paul IV. is chosen Pope Siena surrendred to the Emperor Abdication of the Emperor Truce betwixt France and
soon after gave it the Title and Priviledge of a City Dr. Bartholomew de la Plaça was the first Bishop About the end of this Year the Floods were very great and the River at Sevill breaking into the City did much harm at the Custom-House The King of France being entirely reconciled to the Church was at last absolved by the Pope and immediately all his Kingdom submitted to him D Peter de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca on the 23th of September took and plunder'd the City Patras in the Morca having gone from Messina with 20 Galleys upon that design Anno 1596. Sir Francis Drake landed Men at Nombre de Dios in America designing to march over that narrow Neck of Land and plunder Panama The Spaniards taking the Alarm charged and forced him to retire to his Ships about the beginning of January He often did much harm along those Coasts but at last died at Portobelo and his Fleet was driven out of the West Indies by D. Bernardin de Avellaneda Albertus the Archduke on the 17th of April took Calais from the French but not long after it was restor'd upon composition At this time the King lay at Azeca near Toledo so dangerously sick that he was given over for dead He removed to Toledo where News was brought that the English Fleet on the 1st of July took and plundered the Island and City of Cadiz and burnt the Fleet that lay there bound for Mexico which was so great a loss that many Merchants throughout the Kingdom suffered much and some broke Anno 1597. Ferdinand Tello Governor of Dourlans for the Spaniards having Intelligence with the People of Amiens the chief City of Picardy suprized and made himself Master of it The King of France considering the great Importance of that Place came thither in Person and laid siege to it Albertus the Archduke marched with about 20000 Men out of Artois designing to relieve the City but finding the King too well posted and having suffered somewhat by his Artillery and in some small Skirmishes he retired upon which the City was surrendred the Garison marching out with the usual Honourable Formalities Sigismund Bator Prince of Transilvania who at this time with much Bravery maintained War against the Turks and Hereticks went to Vienna to attend the Emperor who supplied him with Money as did the Pope and Catholick King But the hopes conceived of his Proceedings vanished for he was taken sick some said he was bewitched whereupon he forsook the War and left his Wife the Daughter of Charles the Archduke and resigning up his Dominions to the Emperor lived a private Life at Prague where he died some years after Anno 1598. This Year on the 6th of May the King gave up all the Low-Countries to his eldest Daughter Elizabeth in order to marry her as was afterwards done to her Cousin the Archduke Albertus who to that purpose resigned up his Cardinal's Cap and the Archbishoprick of Toledo which was given to Garcia de Loaysa Prince Philip's Tutor Yet this Donation was in such manner that those Countries were to be held of the Crown of Spain to which also was reserved the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Prerogative of placing Governors in certain Castles such as Antwerp Ghent and Cambray Soon after a Peace was concluded with France in bringing the which to effect the Pope laboured very earnestly The King's Distemper still increasing upon him he died at the Escurial the 13th of September and was there buried A Prince remarkable for some Vertues as Liberality Resolution Vigilancy Abstemiousness in eating and drinking But no less for many Vices as Lust Cruelty Pride Perfidiousness and several others He lived 71 Years 3 Months and some Days and reigned in Castile 42 Years 7 Months and 28 Days Prince Philip his Son succeeded him Anno 1599. On the 22d of February died at Alcala de Henares Garcia de Loaysa Archbishop of Toledo and with him the great hopes conceived of his Vertue and Ability He was buried in that Town in the Chapel of the Martyrs without any Tomb. D. Bernardin de Rojas y Sandoval at that time Bishop of Jaen succeeded him and not long after had the Cardinal's Cap brought him to Toledo the King being present at that Ceremony The new King was before contracted to Margaret the Daughter to Charles the Archduke who came to him by the way of Milan with her Mother and Albertus the Archduke The Pope was at that time in Ferrara which City after the Death of the last Duke who left no Heir fell to the Church whereof it was a Feofe Thither the Queen and Archduke repaired and the Ceremony of the two Marriages was performed by the Pope with extraordinary Magnificence tho the King and Princess were not there They departed thence and on the 25th of March arrived at Alfaques de Tortosa thence they went to Valencia where the King was married The King went forward to Barcelona to bear the Archduke company who with the Princess his Wife imbarked for Flanders on the 7th of June After which the King and Queen returned to Valencia and thence to Madrid Anno 1600. This Year was very remarkable for the Jubilee at Rome to which a great number of People resorted The Winter was so extraordinary rainy that the Tiber overflowing Rome was 3 days full of Water and great harm done Among 13 Cardinals promoted by the Pope one was Robert Bellarmine of the Society of Jesus Nephew to Pope Marcellus a Man of a good Life and extraordinary Learning as appears by the many notable Books he published The new King of France with the Approbation of the Pope put away Queen Margaret his first Wife and presently after married Mary de Medicis Daughter to Francis Duke of Florence Anno 1601. About March or April the Court of Castile removed from Madrid to Valladolid in favour of that Country which was very poor but many Inconveniences being found there some years after it returned to the same place The famous Bell of Vililla in Aragon is reported to have rung it self several times which is accounted to portend some extraordinary Revolutions or other great matters like to happen but no such strange effects appear'd for many years after At Rome on the 29th of April S. Raymundus Pen̄afort of the Order of S. Dominick was Canonized On the 25th of August Prince Doria the great Admiral sailed to Argiers with a great Fleet came before that City in the night unperceived but was drove off again by contrary Winds On the 22d of September was born at Valladolid the Princess Ann afterwards married to Luis the 13th King of France and conducted to the Frontiers by the Archbishop of Toledo Anno 1602. The Marquis de Fuentes having corrupted the Lanskeneghts that were in Garison at Final made himself Master of that place as he did also of Milesino without any Provocation or just cause given
Elizabeth Queen of England died at London the 23d of March when she had lived 70 Years 6 Months and 16 Days and reigned 44. Her Successor was King James the 1 st of England and 6th of Scotland being the Great Grandson of Margaret Sister to King Henry the 8th His Father and Mother were Catholicks and she a Saint but his Tutor George Buchanan was a perverse Heretick tho a Learned Man This was the first sole Monarch of that Island and consequently took the Title of King of Great Britain Anno 1603. D. John de Tarsis Earl of Villamediana and Post-Master General was sent Embassador into England to compliment that King upon his Accession to the Crown He behaved himself with singular Wisdom and Dexterity and laid the Foundation of that Peace which was afterwards concluded betwixt Spain and England in the Year following At Madrid died Mary the Empress who was Daughter Daughter-in-law Wife and Mother to five Emperors a thing never before heard of and was her self a Person excellently qualified She was there buried in the Monastery of the Barefooted Nuns Anno 1604. John Fernandez de Velasco Constable of Castile was sent by the King Embassador into England He took his Journey through France and was nobly entertained by that King at Paris thence he went to Flanders and so to London There on the 29th of August he concluded the Peace before agreed upon by the Marquis of Villamediana his Catholick Majesties Embassador Anno 1605. On the 3d of March died at Rome Pope Clement the 8th a Person of extraordinary Piety and Zeal Cardinal Alexander de Medicis succeeded him on the 2d of April by the Name of Leo the 11th He was very old and sickly and lived but till the 27th of that Month and on the 16th of May Cardinal Camillus Borgelia born at Rome but originally of Siena was enthroned in his Place He took the Name of Paul the 5th and was at variance with the Venetians which was so high that it threatned a War The Difference was about certain Laws by them established one of them was to enable the civil Magistrate to punish the Clergy another that no Estates real might be settled upon Monasteries which Law is called De Manu mortuis This Dispute was argued and bandied on both sides till at last by the Prudence and Conduct of the Pope all things were pacified Besides because a Difference had many years depended betwixt the Dominicans and Jesuits about Matters of Grace and Free-will he decreed that both Parties might without reflecting upon one another still follow their Opinions till such time as another Decree passed to justify either the one or the other Prince Philip was born the 8th of April at Valladolid D Galceran de Alluanel a Catalonian Gentleman of great Learning and Modesty was appointed his Preceptor and D. Balthasar de Zun̄iga Anno 1606. At Valladolid on the 18th of August was born the the Princess Mary At Toledo died the Lady Stephania Manrique Great Grand-daughter to D. Roderick Manrique Master of Santiago Her Revenue and that of her Brother Peter neither of them being married were given to the Colledge and Monastery of the Jesuits in that City where they both lye with Inscriptions upon their Tombs Anno 1607. At Madrid Prince Charles was born in September The Parliament gave the King 23 Millions payable in 8 years This Tax is raised out of the 8th part of all the Wine and Oyl of the Growth of the Kingdom The first time it was imposed was in the Reign of King Philip the 3d but was not laid so high as this time Anno 1608. In the Church of S. Hierom in Madrid upon Sunday the 13th of January Prince Philip was sworn Heir to the Crown The Cardinal of Toledo said Mass and performed the Ceremony His Grand-mother by the Mother's side the Princess Mary of Bavaria died at Gratz the Capital of Stiria in Germany on the 29th of April Her Daughters she left nobly matched Charles the Archduke was her Husband her Son was Ferdinand the Archduke Brother to Margaret Queen of Spain and Cousin-German to the Emperor Rodulphus About this time the Territory and Government of Cazorla was after great and tedious Disputes restor'd to the Church of Toledo through the Means and Procurement of the Archbishop D. Bernard de Rojas y Sandoval Anno 1609. In the Netherlands on the 14th of April a Truce was concluded with the Dutch Rebels but not well observ'd tho the King ratified it at Segovia in July Prince Ferdinand was born at the Escurial the 17th of May. The 27th of June the Pope Beatified the Holy Father Ignatius de Loyola Founder of the Jesuits Pope Gregory the XV. Canonized him March the 12th 1622. Anno 1610. At Paris on the 14th of May Francis Ravilliac a bloody Villain who had been a School-Master barbarously murder'd Henry IV. King of France stabbing him with a Ponyard His Son Luis XIII succeeded him The Princess Margaret was born the 25th of the same Month at Lerma In November by the contrivance of a certain Moor with whom private Correspondence was held our Forces possessed themselves of the strong Castle of Alarache a place of great importance upon the Coast of Africk on the Ocean About it is a Bay and River called Mamora which was a Den of Pyrats For this reason four Years after D. Luis Faxardo Admiral of the Fleet possessed himself of that place and built a good Castle in which he left a sufficient Garison The Moores at first flocked thither to hinder this Work but prevailed not This Year was very remarkable for the banishing of all the Morisco's that is those descended of the Moores out of Spain This wicked Race held correspondence with the Turks and Barbary Moores So great a Work could not be finished this Year but was afterwards continued however many are said to have remain'd behind not being well known to be such tho the multitude of those that departed was incredible Anno 1611. This Year was unfortunate for the death of Margaret of Austria Queen of Spain who for her extraordinary good Qualities was entirely beloved of all her Subjects She was deliver'd on the 22th of September at the Escuriall of a Son call'd Alonso who lived not out a Year and she died on the 3d. of October Her Body was buried in the Escuriall She built at Madrid a Monastery of Nuns called of the Incarnation Anno 1612. Treaties were a-foot at Paris and Madrid for two Matches the one between our Prince and the Lady Elizabeth Sister to the French King The other betwixt the same King and the Princess Anne the Consummation was put off because the Parties were so young Rodulphus the Emperor by reason of his want of Health lived a long time retired at Prague the Capital City of Bohemia There the last Year on the 11th of August he resigned up his Dominions of Hungary