and gaue it vnto his friends commaunding them to depart and to seeke to saue them selues They aunswered him weeping that they would nether doe it nor yet forsake him Then Antonius very curteously and louingly did comfort them and prayed them to depart and wrote vnto Theophilus gouernor of CORINTHE that he would see them safe and helpe to hide them in some secret place vntil they had made their way and peace with Caesar. This Theophilus was the father of Hipparchus who was had in great estimation about Antonius He was the first of all his infranchised bondmen that reuolted from him and yelded vnto Caesar and afterwardes went and dwelt at CORINTHE And thus it stoode with Antonius Now for his armie by sea that fought before the head or foreland of ACTIVM they helde out a longe tyme and nothing troubled them more then a great boysterous wind that rose full in the prooes of their shippes and yet with much a doe his nauy was at length ouerthrowen fiue howers within night There were not slaine aboue fiue thowsand men but yet there were three hundred shippes taken as Octauius Caesar writeth him selfe in his commentaries Many plainely sawe Antonius flie and yet could hardly beleeue it that he that had nyneteene legions whole by lande and twelue thowsand horsemen vpon the sea side would so haue forsaken them and haue fled so cowardly as if he had not oftentimes proued both the one and the other fortune that he had not bene throughly acquainted with the diuers chaunges and fortunes of battells And yet his souldiers still wished for him and euer hoped that he would come by some meanes or other vnto them Furthermore they shewed them selues so valliant and faithfull vnto him that after they certainly knewe he was fled they kept them selues whole together seuen daies In the ende Canidius Antonius Lieuetenant flying by night and forsaking his campe when they saw them selues thus destitute of their heads and leaders they yelded themselues vnto the stronger This done Caesar sailed towards ATHENS and there made peace with the GRAECIANS and deuided the rest of the corne that was taken vp for Antonius army vnto the townes and cities of GRAECE the which had bene brought to extreme misery pouerty cleane without money slaues horse other beastes of cariage So that my grandfather Nicarchus tolde that all the Citizens of our citie of CHAERONEA not one excepted were driuen them selues to cary a certaine measure of corne on their shoulders to the sea side that lieth directly ouer against the I le of ANTICYRA yet were they driuen thether with whippes They caried it thus but once for the second tyme that they were charged againe to make the like cariage all the corne being ready to be caried newes came that Antonius had lost the battel so scaped our poore city For Antonius souldiers deputies fled immediatly the citizens deuided the corne amongst them Antonius being arriued in LIBYA he sent Cleopatra before into AEGYPT from the citie of PARAETONIVâ—â— he him selfe remained very solitary hauing onely two of his friends with him with whom he wandred vp down both of them orators the one Aristocrates a GRAECIAN the other Lucilius a ROMANE Of whom we haue written in an other place that at the battell where Brutus was ouerthrowen by the citie of PHILIPPES he came willingly put him self into the hands of those that followed Brutus saying that it was he bicause Brutus in the meane time might haue liberty to saue him selfe And afterwards bicause Antonius saued his life he still remained with him and was very faithfull and frendly vnto him till his death But when Antonius heard that he whom he had trusted with the gouernment of LIBYA and vnto whom he had geuen the charge of his armie there had yelded vnto Caesar he was so madde withall that he would haue slaine him selfe for anger had not his frendes about him withstoode him and kept him from it So he went vnto ALEXANDRIA and there found Cleopatra about a wonderfull enterprise and of great attempt Betwixt the redde sea and the sea betwene the landes that poynt vpon the coast of AEGYPT there is a litle peece of land that deuideth both the seas and separateth AFRICKE from ASIA the which straight is so narrow at the end where the two seas are narrowest that it is not aboue three hundred furlonges ouer Cleopatra went about to lift her shippes out of the one sea and to hale them ouer the straight into the other sea that when her shippes were come into this goulfe of ARABIA she might then carie all her gold siluer away and so with a great companie of men goe and dwell in some place about the Ocean sea farre from the sea Mediterranium to scape the daunger and bondage of this warre But now bicause the ARABIANS dwelling about the citie of PETRA did burne the first shippes that were brought alande and that Antonius thought that his armie by lande which he left at ACTIVM was yet whole she left of her enterprise and determined to keepe all the portes and passages of her realme Antonius he forsooke the citie and companie of his frendes and built him a house in the sea by the I le of PHAROS vpon certaine forced mountes which he caused to be cast into the sea and dwelt there as a man that banished him selfe from all mens companie saying that he would lead Timons life because he had the like wrong offered him that was affore offered vnto Timon and that for the vnthankefulnes of those he had done good vnto and whom he tooke to be his frendes he was angry with all men and would trust no man This Timon was a citizen of ATHENS that liued about the warre of PELOPONNESVS as appeareth by Plato and Aristophanes commedies in the which they mocked him calling him a vyper malicious man vnto mankind to shunne all other mens companies but the companie of young Alcibiades a bolde and insolent youth whom he woulde greatly feast and make much of and kissed him very gladly Apemantus wondering at it asked him the cause what he ment to make so muche of that young man alone and to hate all others Timon aunswered him I do it sayd he bicause I know that one day he shall do great mischiefe vnto the ATHENIANS This Timon sometimes would haue Apemantus in his companie bicause he was much like to his nature condicions and also followed him in maner of life On a time when they solemnly celebrated the feasts called Choae at ATHENS to wit the feasts of the dead where they make sprincklings and sacrifices for the dead and that they two then feasted together by them selues Apemantus said vnto the other O here is a trimme banket Timon Timon aunswered againe yea said he so thou wert not here It is reported of him also that this Timon on a time the people being
in great disorder For Antigonus had placed the GAVLES in the rereward of his army to close it in which were a conuenient number and did valliantly defend the first charge and the skirmishe was so hotte that the most of them were slaine After them the leaders of the elephantes perceiuing they were enuironned on euery side yelded them selues and their beastes Pyrrus seeing his power to be now increased with such a supply trusting more to his good fortune then any good reason might moue him thrust further into the battel of the MACEDONIANS who were all afrayed and troubled for the ouerthrowe of their rereward so as they would not once base their pykes not fight against him He for his parte holdinge vp his hande and callinge the Captaines of the bandes by their names straight wayes made all the footemen of Antigonus turne wholly to his side who flying saued him selfe with a few horsemen and kept certaine of the cities in his realme apon the sea coast But Pyrrus in all his prosperity iudging nothing more toâ—edownde to his honor and glory then the ouerthrow of the GAVLES layed aside their goodliest and richest spoyles and offred vp the same in the temple of Minerua Itonida with this inscription VVhen Pyrrus had subdude the puisant Gaules in fields He caused of their spoyles to make these targets armes and shields The vvhich he hanged vp intemple all on high Before Minerua goddesse here in signe of victory VVhen he had ouercome the vvhole and hugie hoast The vvhich Antigonus did bring into his contries coast Ne maruell should it seeme though victory he vvonne Since valliantnes bringes victory and euermore hath done And valliantnes alvvayes hath constantly kept place From age to age and time to time in AEacus his race Immediatly after this battell all the cities of the realme of MACEDON yelded vnto him but when he had the citie of AEGES in his power he vsed the inhabitantes thereof very hardly specially bicause he left a great garrison of the GAVLES there which he had in pay This nation is extreame couetous as then they shewed them selues for they spared not to breake vp the tombes wherein the kinges of MACEDON lay buried there tooke away all the gold and siluer they could finde and afterwards with great insolency cast out their bones into the open winde Pyrrus was tolde of it but he lightly passed it ouer and made no reckening of it either bicause he deferred it till an other time by reason of the warres he had then in hande or else for that he durst not meddle with punishing of these barbarous people at that time But whatsoeuer the matter was the MACEDONIANS were very angry with Pyrrus blamed him greatly for it Furthermore hauing not yet made all thinges sure in MACEDON nor being fully possest of the same new toyes and hope came into his head and mocking Antigonus sayd he was a mad man to goe apparrelled in purple like a king when a poore cloke might become him like a priuate man Now Cleonymus king of SPARTA being come to procure him to bring his army into the contry of LACEDAEMON Pyrrus was very willing to it This Cleonymus was of the blood royall of SPARTA but bicause he was a cruell man and would do all thinges by authority they loued him not at SPARTA nor trusted him at all and therefore did they put him out made Areus king a very quiet man. And this was the oldest quarrell Cleonymus had against the coÌ„mon wealth of SPARTA but besides that he had an other priuate quarrel which grewe vppon this cause In his olde yeares Cleonymus had maried a fayer younge Lady called Chelidonide which was also of the blood royall and the daughter of Leotychides This Lady being fallen extreamely in loue with Acrotatus king Areus sonne a goodly young gentleman and in his lusty youth she greatly vexed and dishonored her husbande Cleonymus who was ouer heade and eares in loue and iealousie with her for there was not one in all SPARTA but plainely knewe that his wife made none accompt of him And thus his home sorowes being ioyned with his outwarde common greues euen for spight desiring a reuenge in choller he went to procure Pyrrus to come vnto SPARTA to restore him againe to his kingdome Hereupon he brought him into LACEDAEMONIA forthwith with fiue and twenty thowsand footemen two thowsand horse and foure and twenty elephantes by which preparacion though by nothing else the worlde might plainely see that Pyrrus came with a minde not to restore Cleonymus againe vnto SPARTA but of intent to conquer for him selfe if he could all the contrie of PELOPONNESVS For in wordes he denied it to the LACEDAEMONIANS them selues who sent Ambassadors vnto him when he was in the city of MEGALIPOLIS where he tolde them that he was come into PELOPONNESVS to sette the townes and cities at libertie which Antigonus kept in bondage that his true intent and meaning was to send his young sonnes into SPARTA so they would be contented to the end they might be trained after the LACONIAN manner and from their youth haue this aduantage aboue all other kinges to haue bene well brought vp But faining these thinges and abusing those that came to meete him on his way they tooke no heede of him till he came within the coast of LACONIA into the which he was no sooner entred but he beganne to spoyle and wast the whole contry And when the Ambassadors of SPARTA reproued and founde fault with him for that he made warres vpon them in such sorte before he had openly proclaimed it he made them aunswer no more haue you your selues vsed to proclaime that which you purposed to do to others Then one of the Ambassadors called Mandricidas replied againe vnto him in the LACONIAN tongue If thou be a god thou wilt doe vs no hurt bicause we haue not offended thee and if thou be a man thou shalt meete with an other that shal be better then thy selfe Then he marched directly to SPARTA where Cleonymus gaue him counsell euen at the first to assault it But he would not so do fearing as they sayd that if he did it by night his souldiers would sacke the city and sayd it should be time enough to assault it the next day at broad day light bicause there were but few men within the towne and beside they were very ill prouided And furthermore king Areus him selfe was not there but gone into CRETA to aide the GORTYNIANS who had warres in their owne contry And doutlesse that only was the sauing of SPARTA from taking that they made no reckening to assault it hotly bicause they thought it was not able to make resistaunce For Pyrrus camped before the towne throughly perswaded with him selfe that he should finde none to fight with him and Cleonymus frends and seruauntes also did prepare his lodging there as if Pyrrus should haue come to supper to him
make them gouernors and heades of the same Pitheus grandfather to Theseus on the mothers side was one of his sonnes and founded the litle city of TROEZEN and was reputed to be one of the wisest men of his time But the knowledge and wisedom which onely caried estimacion at that time consisted altogether in graue sentences and morall sayinges As those are which wanne the Poet Hesiodus such fame for his booke intituled The workes and dayes in the which is read euen at this present this goodly sentence which they father vpon Pitheus Thou shalt performe thy promise and thy pay to hyred men and that vvithout delay And this doth Aristotle the Philosopher himselfe testifie and the Poet Euripides also calling Hippolytus the scholler of the holy Pitheus doth sufficiently declare of what estimacion he was But AEgeus desiring as they say to know how he might haue children went vnto the city of DELPHES to the oracle of Apollo where by Apolloes Nunne that notable prophecy was geuen him for an aunswer The which did forbid him to touch or know any woman vntill he was returned againe to ATHENS And bicause the words of this prophecy were somewhat darke hard he tooke his way by the city of TROEZEN to tell it vnto Pitheus The wordes of the prophecy were these O thou vvhich art a gemme of perfect grace plucke not the tappe out of thy trusty toonne Before thou do returne vnto thy place in Athens tovvne from vvhence thy race doth roonne Pitheus vnderstanding the meaning perswaded him or rather cunningly by some deuise deceiued him in such sorte that he made him to lye with his daughter called AEthra AEgeus after he had accompanied with her knowing that she was Pitheus daughter with whom he had lyen and douting that he had gotten her with child left her a sword and a payer of shoes the which he hidde vnder a great hollow stone the hollownes wherof serued iust to receiue those things which he layed vnder it and made no liuing creature priuy to it but her alone straightly charging her that if she happened to haue a sonne when he were come to mans state of strength to remoue the stone and to take those things from vnder it which he left there that she should then sende him vnto him by those tokens as secretly as she could that no body els might knowe of it For he did greatly feare the children of one called Pallas the which laye in wayte and spyall by all the meanes they could to kill him only of despight bicause he had no children they being fiftie brethern and all begotten of one father This done he departed from her And AEthra within fewe moneths after was deliuered of a goodly sonne the which from that time was called Theseus and as some say so called bicause of the tokens of knowledge his father had layed vnder the stone Yet some others write that it was afterwardes at ATHENS when his father knewe him and allowed him for his sonne But in the meane time during his infancie childehood he was brought vp in the house of his grādfather Pitheus vnder the gouernmēt teaching of one called Cōnidas his schoolemaster in honour of whom the ATHENIANS to this daye doe sacrifice a weather the daye before the great feaste of Theseus hauing more reason to honour the memorye of this gouernour then of a Silanion and of a Parrhesius to whom they doe honour also bicause they paynted and caste mowldes of the images of Theseus Now there was a custome at that time in GRECE that the yong men after their infancie and growth to mans state went vnto the cittie of DELPHES to offer parte of their heares in the temple of Apollo Theseus also went thither as other did and some saye that the place where the ceremonie of this offering was made hath euer sence kept the olde name and yet continueth Theseia Howbeit he dyd not shaue his head but before only as Homer sayeth like the facion of the ABANTES in olde time and this manner of shauing of heares was called for his sake Theseida And as concerning the ABANTES in trothe they were the very first that shaued them selues after this facion neuertheles they learned it not of the ARABIANS as it was thought of some neither dyd they it after the imitation of the MISSIANS But bicause they were warlike and valliant men which did ioyne neere vnto their enemie in battell and aboue all men of the worlde were skilfullest in fight hande to hande and woulde keepe their grounde as the Poet Archilochus witnesseth in these verses They vse no slynges in foughten fields to have nor bended bovves but svvords and trenchant blades For vvhen fierce Mars beginneth for to raue in bloody field then euery man inuades His fiercest foe and fighteth hand to hand then doe they deeds right cruell to reconpt For in this vvise the braue and vvarlike bande Doe shevv their force vvhich come from Negrepont The cause why they were thus shauen before was for that their enemies should not haue the vauntage to take them by the heares of the head while they were fighting And for this selfe same consideration Alexander the great commaunded his captaines to cause all the MACEDONIANS to shaue their beards bicause it is the easiest holde and readiest for the hande a man can haue of his enemie in fighting to holde him fast by the same But to returne to Theseus AEthra his mother had euer vnto that time kept it secret from him who was his true father And Pitheus also had geuen it out abroade that he was begotten of Neptune bicause the TROEZENIANS haue this god in great veneration and doe worshippe him as patron and protector of their cittie making offerings to him of their first fruites and they haue for the marke and stampe of their money the three picked mace which is the signe of Neptune called his Trident But after he was comen to the prime and lustines of his youth and that with the strength of his bodie he shewed a great courage ioyned with a naturall wisedome and stayednes of wit then his mother brought him to the place where this great hollowe stone laye and telling him truely the order of his birth and by whom he was begotten made him to take his fathers tokens of knowledge which he had hidden there gaue him counsell to goe by sea to ATHENS vnto him Theseus easilye lyft vp the stone and tooke his fathers tokens from vnder it Howbeit he answered playnely that he would not goe by sea notwithstanding that it was a great deale the safer waye and that his mother and grandfather both had instantly intreated him bicause the waye by lande from TROEZEN to ATHENS was very daungerous all the wayes being besett by robbers and murderers For the worlde at that time brought forth men which for strongnesse in their armes for swyftnes of feete and for
that Theseus also should enioye it after his death Whereupon they determined to make warre with them both and diuiding them selues into two partes the one came openly in armes with their father marching directly towardes the cittie the other laye close in ambushe in the village GARGETTVS meaning to geue charge vpon them in two places at one instant Nowe they brought with them an Heraulde borne in the towne of AGNVS called Leos who bewrayed vnto Theseus the secret and deuise of all their enterprise Theseus vpon this intelligence went forth and dyd set on those that laye in ambushe and put them all to the sworde The other which were in Pallas companie vnderstanding thereof dyd breake and disparse them selues incontinently And this is the cause as some saye why those of Pallena doe neuer make affinitie nor mariadge with those of AGNVS at this daye And that in their towne when any proclamation is made they neuer speake these wordes which are cryed euery where els through out the whole countrye of ATTICA Aconete Leos which is as muche to saye as Hearken O people they doe so extreamely hate this worde Leos for that it was the Herauldes name which wrought them that treason This done Theseus who woulde not liue idelly at home and doe nothing but desirous there withall to gratifie the people went his waye to fight with the bull of Marathon the which dyd great mischieues to the inhabitants of the countrye of TETRAPOLIS And hauing taken him aliue brought him through the citie of ATHENS to be seene of all the inhabitants Afterwardes he dyd sacrifice him vnto Apollo Delphias Nowe concerning Hecale who was reported to haue lodged him and to haue geuen him good enterteinment it is not altogether vntrue For in the olde time those townes and villages thereaboutes dyd assemble together and made a common sacrifice which they called Hecalesion in the honour of Iupiter Hecalian where they honoured this olde woman calling her by a diminutiue name Hecalena bicause that when she receyued Theseus into her house being then but very younge she made muche of him and called him by many prety made names as olde folkes are wont to call younge children And forasmuche as she had made a vowe to Iupiter to make him a solemne sacrifice if Theseus returned safe from the enterprise he went about and that she dyed before his returne in recompence of the good chere she had made him she had that honour done vnto her by Theseuscommaundement as Philochorus hathe written of it Shortely after this exployte there came certaine of King Minos ambassadours out of CRETA to aske tribute being nowe the thirde time it was demaunded which the ATHENIANS payed for this cause Androgeus the eldest sonne of king Minos was slayne by treason within the countrye of ATTICA for which cause Minos pursuing the reuenge of his death made very whotte and sharpe warres vpon the ATHENIANS and dyd them greate hurte But besides all this the goddes dyd sharpely punishe and scourge all the countrye aswell with barrennes and famine as also with plague and other mischieues euen to the drying vp of their riuers The ATHENIANS perceyuing these sore troubles and plagues ranne to the oracle of Apollo who aunswered them that they shoulde appease Minos and when they had made their peace with him that then the wrathe of the goddes woulde cease against them and their troubles should haue an ende Whereupon the ATHENIANS sent immediately vnto him and intreated him for peace which he graunted them with condition that they should be bounde to sende him yerely into CRETA seuen younge boyes and as many younge gyrles Nowe thus farre all the Historiographers doe very well agree but in the reste not And they which seeme furdest of from the trothe doe declare that when these yonge boyes were deliuered in CRETA they caused them to be deuowred by the Minotaure within the Laberinthe or els that they were shut within this Laberinthe wandring vp and downe and coulde finde no place to gett out vntill suche time as they dyed euen famished for hunger And this Minotaure as Euripides the Poet sayeth was A corps combynd vvhich monstrous might be deemd A Boye a Bull both man and beast it seemd But Philochorus writeth that the CRETANS doe not confesse that but saye that this Laberinthe was a gayle or prisone in the which they had no other hurre sauing that they which were kept there vnder locke and keye coulde not flye not starte awaye and that Minos had in the memorye of his sonne Androgeus instituted games and playes of prise where he gaue vnto them that wanne the victorie those younge children of ATHENS the which in the meane time notwithstanding were carefully kept and looked vnto in the prisone of the Laberinthe and that at the first games that were kept one of the Kings captaines called Taurus who was in best creditt with his master wanne the prise This Taurus was a churlishe and naughtie natured man of condition and very harde and cruell to these children of ATHENS And to verifie the same the philosopher Aristotle him selfe speaking of the common wealth of the BOTTIEIANS declareth very well that he neuer thought that Minos dyd at any time cause the children of ATHENS to be put to death but sayeth that they poorely toyled in CRETA euen to crooked age earning their liuing by true and painefull seruice For it is written that the CRETANS to satisfie an olde vowe of theirs which they had made of auncient time sent somtimes the first borne of their children vnto Apollo in the cittie of DELPHAS and that amongest them they also mingled those which were descended of the auncient prisoners of ATHENS and they went with them But bicause they coulde not liue there they directed their iorney first into ITALIE where for a time they remained in the realme of PVGLIA and afterwardes from thence went into the confines of THRACIA where they had this name of BOTTIEIANS In memory whereof the daughters of the BOTTIEIANS in a solemne sacrifice they make doe vse to singe the foote of this songe Lett vs to ATHENS goe But thereby we maye see howe perilous a thing it is to fall in displeasure and enmitie with a cittie which can speake well and where learning and eloquence dothe florishe For euer sence that time Minos was allwayes blased and disgraced through out all the Theaters of ATHENS The testimonie of Hesiodus who calleth him the most worthie King dothe nothing helpe him at all nor the prayse of Homer who nameth him Iupiters famillier friende bicause the tragicall Poets gott the vpper hande in disgracing him notwithstanding all these And vpon their stages where all the tragedies were played they still gaue forth many ill fauored wordes and fowle speaches of him as against a man that had bene most cruell and vnnaturall Yet most men thincke that Minos was the King which established the lawes and Radamanthus
seeinge the blacke sayle a farre of being out of all hope euermore to see his sonne againe tooke such a griefe at his harte that he threw him selfe headlong from the top of a clyffe and killed him selfe So soone as Theseus was arriued at the porte named Phalerus he performed the sacrifices which he had vowed to the goddes at his departure and sent an Herauld of his before vnto the city to carie newes of his safe arriuall The Heraulde founde many of the citie mourning the death of king AEgeus Many other receiued him with great ioy as may be supposed They would haue crowned him also with a garlande of flowers for that he had brought so good ridinges that the children of the citie were returned in safetie The Heraulde was content to take the garlande yet would he not in any wise put it on his head but did winde it about his Heraulds rodde he bare in his hande and so returneth foorthwith to the sea where Theseus made his sacrifices Who perceiuinge they were not yet done did refuse to enter into the temple and stayed without for troubling of the sacrifices Afterwardes all ceremonies finished he went in and tolde him the newes of his fathers death Then he and his company mourning for sorowe hasted with speede towardes the citie And this is the cause why to this day at the feast called Oscophoria as who woulde say at the feast of boughes the Herauld hath not his heade but his rod onely crowned with flowers and why the assistantes also after the sacrifice done doe make suche cryes and exclamations Ele leuf iou iou whereof the first is the crye and voyce they commonly vse one to an other to make haste or else it is the foote of some songe of triumphe and the other is the crye and voyce of men as it were in feare and trouble After he had ended the obsequies and funeralls for his father he performed also his sacrifices vnto Apollo which he had vowed the seuenth day of the moneth of October on which they arriued at their returne into the citie of ATHENS Euen so the custome which they vse at this day to seeth all manner of pulse commeth of this that those which then returned with Theseus did seeth in a great brasse potte all the remaine of their prouision and therewith made good chere together Euen in such sorte as this came vp the custome to carie a braunch of olyue wreathed about with wolle which they call Iresione bicause at that time they caried boughes of supplication as we haue told ye before About which they hang all sortes of fruites for then barrennesse did cease as the verses they sang afterwards did witnesse Bring him good bread that is of savry tast vvith pleasaunt figges and droppes of dulcet mell Then sovvple oyle his body for to bast and pure good vvine to make him sleepe full vvell Howbeit there are some which will say that these verses were made for the Heraclides that is to say those that descended from Hercules which flying for their safety and succour vnto the ATHENIANS were entertained much made of by them for a time But the most parte holde opinion they were made vpon the occasion aforesaid The vessell in which Theseus went and returned was a galliot of thirtie owers which the ATHENIANS kept vntill the time of Demetrius the Phalertan alwayes taking away the olde peeces of wodde that were rotten and euer renewing them with new in their places So that euer since in the disputations of the Philosophers touching things that increase to wit whether they remaine alwayes one or else they be made others this galliot was alwayes brought in for an example of doubt For some mainteined that it was still one vessell others to the contrarie defended it was not so And they holde opinion also that the feast of boughes which is celebrated at ATHENS at this time was then first of all instituted by Theseus It is sayed moreouer that he did not carye all the wenches vpon whome the lotts did fall but chose two fayer young boyes whose faces were swete and delicate as maydens be that otherwise were hardie and quicke sprighted But he made them so oft bathe them selues in whotte bathes and kepe them in from the heate of the sunne and so many times to washe anointe and rubbe them selues with oyles which serue to supple and smoothe their skinnes to keepe freshe and fayer their colour to make yellowe and bright their heares and withall did teache them so to counterfeare their speache countenaunce and facion of young maydes that they seemed to be like them rather then young boyes For there was no manner of difference to be perceiued outwardly and he mingled them with the girles without the knowledge of any man Afterwards when he was returned he made a procession in which both he and the other young boyes were apparelled then as they be nowe which carie boughes on the day of the feast in their handes They carie them in the honor of Bacchus and Ariadne following the fable that is tolde of them or rather bicause they returned home just at the time and season when they gather the fruite of those trees There are women which they call Deipnophores that is to say supper caryers which are assistantes to the sacrifice done that day in representing the mothers of those vpon whom the lottes did fall bicause they in like sorte brought them both meate and drinke There they tell tales for so did their mothers tattle to their children to comforte and encorage them All these particularities were written by Demon the historiographer There was moreouer a place chosen out to build him a tēple in and he him selfe ordained that those houses which had payed tribute before vnto the king of CRETA should nowe yearely thenceforth become contributories towardes the charges of a solemne sacrifice which shoulde be done in the honor of him and he did assigne the order and administration of the same vnto the house of the Phytalides in recompence of the curtesie which they showed him when he arriued Furthermore after the death of his father AEgeus he vndertooke a maruelous great enterprise For he brought all the inhabitantes of the whole prouince of ATTICA to be within the citie of ATHENS and made them all one corporation which were before dispersed into diuerse villages and by reason thereof were very hard to be assembled together when occasion was offered to establish any order concerning the cōmon state Many times also they were at variance together by the eares making warres one vpon an other But Theseus tooke the paines to goe from village to village and from family to familie to let them vnderstand the reasons why they should consent vnto it So he found the poore people and priuate men ready to obey and followe his will but the riche and such as had authoritye in euery village all against it Neuertheles
their voyces also there in deede are they most bounde and subiect bicause they doe but obaye the rich in all they doe commaund But yet in this acte there is a thinge more wonderfull and worthie to be noted That commonly discharging of dettes was wont to breede great tumultes and seditions in common weales And Solon hauing vsed it is a very good time as the phisitian ventring a daungerous medecine dyd appease the sedition already begonne and did vtterly quenche through his glorie and the common opinion they had of his wisdome and vertue all the infamie and accusation that might haue growen of that acte As for their first entrie into the gouernment Solons beginning was farre more noble For he went before and followed not another and him selfe alone without any others helpe dyd put in execution the best and more parte of all his notable and goodly lawes Yet was Publicolaes ende and death much more glorious and happie For Solon before he dyed sawe all his comon wealthe ouerthrowen but Publicolaes common weale continued whole as he left it vntill the broyle of ciuill warres beganne againe among them Solon after he had made his lawes and written them in wodden tables leauing them without defence of any man went his waye immediatly out of the cittie of ATHENS Publicola abiding continually in ROME gouerning the state dyd throughly stablishe confirme the lawes he made Furthermore Solon hauing wisely forseene Pisistratus practises aspiring to make him selfe King he could neuer let him for all that but was himselfe ouercome and oppressed with they tyrannie he sawe stablished in his owne sight and in dispight of him Where Publicola ouerthrewe and dyd put downe a mightie Kingdome that had continued of long time and was throughly stablished his vertue and desire being equall with Solons hauing had besides fortune fauorable and sufficient power to execute his vertuous and well disposed minde But as for warres and marshall deedes there is no comparison to be made betweene them For Daimachus Plataian doth not attribute the warres of the MEGARIANS vnto Solon as we haue written it where Publicola being generall of an armie and fighting himselfe in persone hath wonne many great battels And as for matters of peace and ciuill gouernment Solon neuer durst present him self openly to persuade the enterprise of SALAMINA but vnder a counterfeat madnes and as a soole to make sporte Where Publicola taking his aduenture from the beginning shewed him selfe without dissimulation an open enemie to Tarquine and afterwardes he reuealed all the whole conspiracie And when he had bene the only cause and autor of punishing the traitours he dyd not only driue out of ROME the tyrannes selues in persone but tooke from them also all hope of returne againe Who hauing allwayes thus nobly valiantly behaued him self without shrinking backe or flying from ought that required force a manly corage or open resistaunce dyd yet shewe him selfe discreete where wisedome was requisite or reason and persuasion needefull As when he conningly wanne king Porsena who was a dredfull enemie vnto him and inuincible by force whom he handled in such good sorte that he made him his friend Peraduenture some might stand in this and saye that Solon recouered the I le of SALAMINA vnto the ATHENIANS which they would haue lost Publicola to the contrarie restored the lands vnto Porsena againe which the ROMAINES had conquered before within the countrie of THVSCAN But the times in which these things were done are allwayes to be considered of For a wise gouernour of a Realme and politicke man doth gouerne diuersely according to the occasions offred taking euery thing in his time wherein he will deale And many times in letting goe one thing he saueth the whole and in losing a litle he gayneth much As Publicola dyd who losing a litle pece of another mans countrie which they had vsurped saued by that meanes all that was assuredly his owne And whereas the ROMAINES thought he should doe very much for them to saue their cittie only he got them moreouer all the goodes that were in their enemies cāpe which dyd besiege them And in making his enemie iudge of his quarrell he wāne the victorie winning that moreouer which he would gladly haue geuen to haue ouercome and haue sentence passe of his side For the King their enemie dyd not only make peace with them but dyd also leaue them all his furniture prouision and munition for the warres euen for the vertue manhood and iustice which the great wisedome of this Consul persuaded Porsena to beleeue to be in all the other ROMAINES The end of Publicolaes life THE LIFE OF Themistocles THEMISTOCLES parentage dyd litle aduaunce his glorie for his father Neocles was of small reputation in ATHENS being of the hundred of Phrear tribe of Leontis of his mother an allien or straunger as these verses doe witnesse Abrotonon I am yborne in Thracia and yet this highe good happe I haue that into Grecia I haue brought forth a sonne Themistocles by name the glorie of the Greekishe bloods and man of greatest fame Howbeit Phanias writeth that his mother was not a THRACIAN but borne in the countrie of CARIA and they doe not call her Abrotonon but Euterpé And Neanthes sayeth furthermore that she was of HALICARNASSVS the chiefest cittie of all the Realme of CARIA For which cause when the straungers dyd assemble at Cynosargos a place of exercise without the gate dedicated to Hercules which was not a right god but noted an alien in that his mother was a mortall woman Themistocles persuaded diuers youthes of the most honourable houses to goe down with him to annointe them selues at Cynosargos conningly thereby taking away the differēce betwene the right alien sorte But setting a parte all these circumstaunces he was no doubt allied vnto the house of the Lycomedians for Themistocles caused the chappell of this familie which is in the village of PHLYES being once burnt by the barbarous people to be buylt vp againe at his owne charges and as Simonides sayeth he dyd set in forth and enriche it with pictures Moreouer euery man doth confesse it that euen from his childhood they dyd perceyue he was geuen to be very whotte headed sturring wise and of good spirite and enterprising of him selfe to doe great things and borne to rule weighty causes For at such dayes and howers as he was taken from his booke and had leaue to playe he neuer played nor would neuer be idle as other children were but they allwayes founde him conning some oration without booke or making it alone by him selfe and the ground of his matter was euer comonly either to defend or accuse some of his companions Whereupon his schoolemaster obseruing him ofte sayed vnto him suer some great matter hangeth ouer thy head my boye for it cannot be chosen but that one daye thou shalt doe some notable good thing or some extreme mischief Therefore when they went about to
Pericles the last man vnto him he sayed Truely thou hast novv brought vnto vs here that dvvell the chief of all the captaines that come from darksome hell And as for musicke the most authors write that Damon dyd teache him musicke of whose name as men saye they should pronounce the first syllable shorte Howbeit Aristotle sayeth that he was taught musicke by Pythoclides Howsoeuer it was it is certaine that this Damon was a man of deepe vnderstanding and subtill in matters of gouernment for to hide from the people his sufficiency therein he gaue it out he was a musitian and dyd resorte vnto Pericles as a master wrestler or fenser but he taught him howe he should deale in matters of state Notwithstanding in the ende he could not so conningly conuey this matter but the people sawe his harping and musicke was only a viser to his other practice wherefore they dyd banish him ATHENS for fiue yeres as a man that busilie tooke vpon him to chaunge the state of things and that fauored tyrannie And this gaue the Comicall poets matter to playe vpon him finely among which Plato in a comedie of his bringeth in a man that asketh him O Chiron tell me first art thou in deede the man vvhich dyd instruct Pericles thus make aunsvver if thou can He was somtime also scholler to the philosopher Zenon who was borne in the cittie of ELEA taught naturall philosophie as Parmenides dyd but his profession was to thwarte and contrary all men and to alledge a world of obiections in his disputation which were so intricate that his aduersarie replying against him knewe not howe to aunswer him nor to conclude his argument The which Timon Phliasius witnesseth in these wordes Zenon vvas subtill sure and very eloquent and craftilie could vvinde a man by vvaye of argument if so he vvere disposed his cunning to descrie or shovve the sharpenes of his vvitt to practise pollicie But Anaxagoras Clazomenian was he that was most familliar and conuersaunt with him and dyd put in him the maiestie and grauity he shewed in all his sayings and doings who dyd farre excell the common course of ordinarie Orators that pleaded before the people and to be shorte he it was that dyd facion his manners altogether to carie that graue countenaunce which he dyd For they called Anaxagoras in his time Nùśs as much to saye as vnderstanding Either bicause they had his singular wit and capacitie in suche great admiration being growen to searche out the cause of naturall things or that he was the first man who dyd ascribe the disposition and gouernment of this world not vnto fortune or faitall necessitie but vnto a pure simple and vnderstanding minde which doth separate at the first mouing cause the substaunce of suche like partes as are medled and compounded of diuers substaunces in all other bodies through the world Pericles made maruelous touche of Anaxagoras who had fully instructed him in the knowledge of naturall things and of those specially that worke aboue in the ayer and firmament For he grewe not only to haue a great minde and an eloquent tongue without any affectation or grosse countrie termes but to a but to a certen modest countenaunce that scantly smyled very sober in his gate hauing a kynde of sounde in his voyce that he neuer lost nor altered and was of very honest behauiour neuer troubled in his talke for any thing that crossed him and many other suche like things as all that sawe them in him and considered them could but wonder at him But for proofe hereof the reporte goeth there was a naughty busy fellowe on a time that a whole daye together dyd nothing but rayle vpon Pericles in the market place and reuile him to his face with all the villanous wordes he could vse But Pericles put all vp quietly and gaue him not a worde againe dispatching in the meane time matters of importaunce he had in hand vntill night came that he went softly home to his house shewing no alteration nor semblaunce of trouble at all though this lewde varlet followed him at the heeles with wordes of open defamation And as he was ready to enter in at his owne doores being darke night he commaunded one of his men to take a torche and to bring this man home to his house Yet the poet Ion sayeth that Pericles was a very prowde man and a stately and that with his grauity and noble minde there was mingled a certaine scorne and contempt of other and contrarilie he greatly prayseth the ciuillitie humanitie and curtesie of Cimon bicause he could facion him selfe to all companies But letting passe that which the poet Ion sayed who would that vertue should be full of tragicall discipline bringing in with it a certaine saryticall discourse to moue laughture Nowe Zennon contrariwise dyd counsell all those that sayd Pericles grauity was a presumption and arrogancie that they should also followe him in his presumption For to counterfeate in that sorte things honest and vertuous doth secretly with time breede an affection and desire to loue them and afterwardes with custome euen effectually to vse and followe them So Pericles by keeping Anaxagoras company dyd not onely profit him selfe in these things but he learned besides to put awaye all superstitious feare of celestiall signes and impressions seene in the ayer For to those that are ignoraunte of the causes thereof suche sights are terrible and to the godly also feareful as if they were vtterly vndone and all is bicause they haue no certaine knowledge of the reason that naturall philosophy yeldeth which in steade of a fearefull superstition would bring a true religion accompanied with assured hope of goodnes Some saye a man brought Pericles one daye from is farme out of the countrie a rammes head that had but one horne and that the prognosticator Lampon considering this head that had but one strong horne in the middest of his forehead interpreted that this was the signification thereof That being two tribes and seuerall factions in the cittie of ATHENS touching gouernment the one of Pericles and the other of Thucydides the power of both should be brought into one and specially into his parte in whose house this signe dyd happen Further it is sayed that Anaxagoras being present dyd cause the rammes head to be clouen in two peces and shewed vnto them that stoode by that the brayne of this ramme dyd not fill the panne of his naturall place but inclosed it selfe in all partes being narrowe like the poynte of an egge in that parte where the horne tooke his first roote of budding out So Anaxagoras was maruelously esteemed at that present by all those that stoode by but so was Lampon sone after that Thucydides was driuen awaye and that the gouernment of the whole common weale fell into the handes of Pericles alone And it is not to be wondred at in my opinion that the naturall philosopher and the
might escape his mouthe but that he might consider before whether it would serue the purpose of his matter he treated on yet are there none of his workes extant in writing vnles it be some fewe lawes he made and but very fewe of his notable sayings are brought to light saue only these He sayed on a time that they must take awaye the cittie of AEGINA bicause it was a strawe lying in the eye of the hauen PIRAEA And another time he sayed that he saw the warres a farre of comming from PELOPONNESVS Another time as he tooke shippe with Sophocles his companion in commission with him as generall of the armie who commended a fayer young boye they met as they came to the hauen Sophocles sayed he a gouernour must not only haue his handes but also his eyes cleane And Stesimbrotus writeth that in a funerall oration he made in the prayse of those that were slaine in the warre of SAMOS he sayed they were immortall as the goddes For we doe not see the goddes sayed he as they be but for the honour that is done to them and the great happines they enioye we doe coniecture they are immortall and the same things are in those that dye in seruice and defence of their countrie Nowe where Thucydides doth write the gouernment of the common weale vnder Pericles to be as a gouernment of Nobilitie and yet had apparaunce of a popular state it is true that in effect it was a Kingdome bicause one alone dyd rule and gouerne the whole state And many other saye also he was the first that brought in the custome to deuide the enemies landes wonne by conquest among the people and of the common money to make the people see playes and pastimes and that appointed them rewarde for all things But this custome was ill brought vp For the common people that before were contented with litle and got their liuing paynefully with swet of their browes became nowe to be very vaine sumptuous and riotous by reason of these things brought vp then The cause of the alteration doth easely appeare by those things For Pericles at his first comming sought to winne the fauour of the people as we haue sayed before only to get like reputation that Cimon had wonne But comming farre shorte of his wealthe and abilitie to carie out the porte and charge that Cimon dyd entertaining the poore keeping open house to all commers clothing poore olde people breaking open besides all inclosures and pales through all his landes that euery one might with more libertie come in and take the fruites thereof at their pleasure and seeing him selfe by these great meanes out gone farre in good will with the common people by Demonides counsell and procurement who was borne in the I le of IOS he brought in this distribution of the common money as Aristotle writeth And hauing wonne in a shorte time the fauour and good will of the common people by distribution of the common treasure which he caused to be deuided among them aswell to haue place to see these playes as for that they had rewarde to be present at the iudgementes and by other suche like corruptions he with the peoples helpe dyd inuey against the courte of the Areopagites wherof he neuer was any member For it neuer came to be his happe to be yerely gouernour nor keeper of the lawes nor King of the sacrifices nor master of the warres all which were offices chosen in auncient time by lot And further those on whom the lot fell if they had behaued them selues well in their office they were called forwards raised to be of the bodie of this courte of the Areopagites Pericles nowe by these meanes hauing obteined great credit and authoritie amongest the common people he troubled the Senate of the Areopagites in suche sorte that he pluckt many matters from their hearing by Ephialtes helpe and in time made Cimon to be banished ATHENS as one that fauored the LACEDAEMONIANS and contraried the common wealthe and authoritie of the people Notwithstanding he was the noblest and richest persone of all the cittie and one that had wonne so many glorious victories and had so replenished ATHENS with the conquered spoyles of their enemies as we haue declared in his life so great was the authoritie of Pericles amongest the people Nowe the banishment wherewith he was punished which they called Ostracismon was limited by the lawe for tenne yeres In which space the LACEDAEMONIANS being come downe with a great armie into the countrie of TANAGRA the ATHENIANS sent out their power presently against them There Cimon willing to shewe the ATHENIANS by his deedes that they had falsely accused him for fauoring the LACEDAEMONIANS dyd arme him self and went on his country mens side to fight in the companie of his tribe But Pericles friends gathered together and forced Cimon to departe thence as a banished man And this was the cause that Pericles fought that daye more valliantly then euer he dyd and he wanne the honour and name to haue done more in the persone of him selfe that daye then any other of all the armie At that battell also all Cimons friends whom Pericles had burdened likewise to fauour the LACEDAEMONIANS doings dyed euery man of them that daye Then the ATHENIANS repented them much that they had driuen Cimon away and wished he were restored after they had lost this battell vpon the confines of the countrie of ATTICA bicause they feared sharpe warres would come vpon them againe at the next spring Which thing when Pericles perceyued he sought also to further that the common people desired wherefore he straight caused a decree to be made that Cimon should be called home againe which was done accordingly Now when Cimon was returned he adulsed that peace should be made betwene both citties for the LACEDAEMONIANS dyd loue Cimon very well and contrarily they hated Pericles and all other gouernours Some notwithstanding doe write that Pericles dyd neuer passe his consent to call him home againe before suche time as they had made a secret agreement amongest them selues by meanes of Elpinice Cimons sister that Cimon should be sent out with an armie of two hundred galleys to make warres in the king of Persia his dominions that Pericles should remaine at home with the authoritie of gouernment within the cittie This Elpinice Cimōs sister had once before intreated Pericles for her brother at such time as he was accused before the iudge of treason For Pericles was one of the committees to whom this accusation was referred by the people Elpinice went vnto him besought him not to doe his worst vnto her brother Pericles aunswered her merilie Thou art to old Elpinice thou art to olde to goe through with these matters Yet when his matter came to iudgement that his cause was pleaded he rose but once to speake against him for his owne discharge as it were went his waye when
so much as it was for spite and displeasure he thought to doe them Antipater in a letter of his writing of the death of Aristotle the philosopher doth not without cause commend the singular giftes that were in Alcibiades and this inespecially that he passed all other for winning mens good willes Wheras all Martius noble actes and vertues wanting that affabilitie became hatefull euen to those that receiued benefit by them who could not abide his seueritie and selfe will which causeth desolation as Plato sayeth and men to be ill followed or altogether forsaken Contrariwise seeing Alcibiades had a trimme entertainment and a very good grace with him and could facion him selfe in all companies it was no maruell if his well doing were gloriously commended and him selfe much honoured and beloued of the people considering that some faultes he did were oftetimes taken for matters of sporte and toyes of pleasure And this was the cause that though many times he did great hurte to the common wealth yet they did ofte make him their generall and trusted him with the charge of the whole citie Where Martius suing for an office of honour that was due to him for the sundrie good seruices he had done to the state was notwithstanding repulsed and put by Thus doe we see that they to whome the one did hurte had no power to hate him and thother that honoured his vertue had no liking to loue his persone Martius also did neuer any great exployte beinge generall of his contry men but when he was generall of their enemies against his naturall contrie whereas Alcibiades being both a priuate persone and a generall did notable seruice vnto the ATHENIANS By reason whereof Alcibiades wheresoeuer he was present had the vpper hande euer of his accusers euen as he would him selfe and their accusations tooke no place against him onlesse it were in his abscence Where Martius being present was condemned by the ROMAINES and in his person murdered and slaine by the VOLSCES But here I can not say they haue done well nor iustly albeit him selfe gaue them some colour to doe it when he openly denied the ROMAINE Ambassadors peace which after he priuatly graunted at the request of women So by this dede of his he tooke not away the enmity that was betwene both peoples but leauing warre still betwene them he made the VOLSCES of whome he was generall to lose the oportunity of noble victory Where in deede he should if he had done as he ought haue withdrawen his armie with their counsaill consent that had reposed so great affiance in him in making him their generall if he had made that accompt of them as their good will towards him did in duety binde him Or else if he did not care for the VOLSCES in the enterprise of this warre but had only procured it of intent to be reuenged and afterwards to leaue it of when his anger was blowen ouer yet he had no reason for the loue of his mother to pardone his contrie but rather he should in pardoning his contrie haue spared his mother bicause his mother wife were members of the bodie of his contrie and city which he did besiege For in that he vncurteously reiected all publike petitions requestes of Ambassadors intreaties of the bishoppes priestes to gratifie only the request of his mother with his departure that was no acte so much to honour his mother with as to dishonour his contrie by the which was preserued for the pitie and intercession of a woman not for the loue of it selfe as if it had not bene worthie of it And so was this departure a grace to say truly very odious and cruell and deserued no thankes of either partie to him that did it For he withdrew his army not at the request of the ROMAINES against whom he made warre nor with their consent at whose charge the warre was made And of all his misfortune and ill happe the austeritie of his nature and his hawtie obstinate minde was the onely cause the which of it selfe being hatefull to the worlde when it is ioyned with ambition it groweth then much more churlish fierce and intollerable For men that haue that fault in nature are not affable to the people seeming thereby as though they made no estimacion or regard of the people and yet on thother side if the people should not geue them honour and reuerence they would straight take it in scorne and litle care for the matter For so did Metellus Aristides and Epaminondis all vsed this manner not to seeke the good will of the common people by flatterie and dissimulation which was in deede bicause they despised that which the people coulde geue or take awaye Yet would they not be offended with their citizens when they were amerced and set at any fines or that they banished them or gaue them any other repulse but they loued them as wel as they did before so soone as they shewed any token of repentaunce that they were sorie for the wrong they had done them and were easely made frendes againe with them after they were restored from their banishment For he that disdaineth to make much of the people and to haue their fauour shoulde much more scorne to seeke to be reuenged when he is repulsed For to take a repulse and deniall of honour so inwardly to the hart commeth of no other cause but that he did too earnestly desire it Therefore Alcibiades did not dissemble at all that he was not very glad to see him selfe honored and sory to be reiected and denied any honour but also he sought all the meanes he could to make him selfe beloued of those amongest whome he liued Whereas Martius stowtnes and hawry stomake did stay him from making much of those that might aduaunce and honour him and yet his ambition made him gnawe him selfe for spite and anger when he sawe he was despised And this is all that reasonably may be reproued in him for otherwise he lacked no good commendable vertues and qualities For his temperaunce and cleane handes from taking of bribes and money he may be compared with the most perfect vertuous and honest men of all GRAECE but not with Alcibiades who was in that vndoutedly alwayes too licentious losely geuen and had too small regard of his credit and honestie The end of Caius Martius Coriolanus life THE LIFE OF Paulus AEmilius WHEN I first beganne to write these liues my intent was to profit other but since continuing and going on I haue muche profited my self by looking into these histories as if I looked into a glasse to frame and facion my life to the mowld and patterne of these vertuous noble men For ronning ouer their manners in this sorte and seeking also to describe their liues me thinkes I am still conuersaunt and familliar with them and doe as it were lodge them with me one after another And when I come to peruse their histories and to waye
the least if those thinges be to be credited which so many graue and auncient writers haue left in writing to vs touching so great and holy things The THEBANS returning backe from ORCHOMENE and the LACEDAEMONIANS on the other side returning also from LOCRIDE both at one time they fortuned both armies to mete about the citty of TEGYRA Now so sone as the THEBANS had discouered the LACEDAEMONIANS passing the straite one of them ranne sodainely to Pelopidas and tolde him Sir we are fallen into the handes of the LACEDAEMONIANS Nay are not they rather fallen into ours aunswered Pelopidas againe with these wordes he commaunded his horsemen that were in the rereward to come before and sett apon them and him selfe in the meane time put his footemen immediately into a pretie squadron close togeather being in all not aboue three hundred men hoping when he should come to geue charge with his battell he should make a lane through the enemies though they were the greater nomber For the LACEDAEMONIANS deuided them selues in two companies and euery company as Ephoreus writeth had fiue hundred mens and as Callistenes sayed seuen hundred Polybius and diuers other authors saye they were nyne hundred men So Theopompus and Gorgoleon the Captaynes of the LACEDAEMONIANS lustely marched agaynst the THEBANS and it fell out so that the first charge was geuen where the chiefetaynes or generalles were of either side with great furie on eyther parte so as both the generalls of the LACEDAEMONIANS which sett vppon Pelopidas together were slayned They being slayne and all that were about them being either hurt or killed in the fielde the rest of the armie were so amased that they deuided in two and made a lane on either side for the THEBANS to passe through them if they would But when they saw Pelopidas ment not to take the passage they offered him and that he came on still with his men to set apon those that were yet in battel raye and slue all them that stoode before him then they turned tayle and tooke them to their legges Howbeit the THEBANS did not chase them farre fearing the ORCHOMENIANS who were not farre from them and the new garrison besides that were come from LACEDAEMON not long before And this was the cause they were contented that they had ouercomed them by force and had passed through their armie in despite of them and broken and ouerthrowen them So when he had set vp markes of triumphe and spoyled their slayne enemies they returned home againe glad men for their obteyned victorie For in all the warres the LACEDAEMONIANS euer made as well with the GRAECIANS as with the barbarous people also there was neuer chronicle mencioned at any tyme that their enemies being so fewe did ouercome them that were so many nor that they were ouercome also by any number equall in battell Whereuppon they grewe so coragious and terrible that no man durst once abyde them for their onely same did so terrifie their enemies that came to fight agaynst them that they thought with no equall force to be able to performe asmuche as they had done But this battell of TEGYRA was the first that made both them and the other GREECIANS knowe that it was not the ryuer of EVROTAS alone nor the valley that lyeth betweene the tyuers of CNACION and of BABYCE that breedeth the valiant and hardy fighting men but that it is in all places else where they learne young men to be ashamed of dishonest and vyle thinges and to venter their liues for honest causet◠fearing more dishonorable reproche then honorable daunger These are the people most to be feared are most terrible also to their enemies And for the holy bād we mēcioned before it is saide Gorgidas was the first erector of the same They were three hundred chosen men entertained by the state and they alwaies kept within the castell of CADMEA and the bande was called the townes bande for at that time and specially in that part of GREECE they called the castels and great holdes in citties the townes Other say it was a bande of fooremen that were in loue one with another And therefore Pammenes pleasaunt wordes are noted saiying that Nestor coulde no skyll to set an armie in battell raye seeing he gaue the GREECIANS counsell in the ILIADES of HOMER that they should set them in battell raye euery countrie and tribe by them selues That by affections force and lynkes of kyndly loue that one might alvvaise helpe at hande that other to behoue For saide he one frende should rather be set by another that loues togeather bicause in daunger men commonly do litle regarde their contrie men or suche as are of their tribe But men that doo loue one another can neuer be broken nor ouercome for the passion of loue that entertaineth eche others affection for affection sake dothe kepe them from forsaking one another And those that are beloued being ashamed to doo any vyle or dishonest thing before those that loue them for very loue will sticke one by another to the death And sure3 the reason is good if it be true that louers doo in deede more regard them they loue though they be absent then other that be present As appeareth by the example of hym that being striken downe to the ground his enemie lifting vp his swoorde to kyll him he praied him he woulde geue him his deathes wounde before lest his frende that loued him seeing a wounde on his backe shoulde be ashamed of him It is reported also that Iolaus being beloued of Hercules did helpe and accompanie him in all his labors and quarrels Whereupon Aristotle writeth that vnto his time such as loued hartily togeather became sworne brethren one to another apon Iolaus tombe And therefore me thinkes it is likely that this bande was first called the holy bande by the selfe same reason that Plato calleth a louer a diuine frende by goddes appointment It is written also that this bande was neuer broken nor ouerthrowen before the battel of CHAERONEA After that battel Philip taking vewe of the slaine bodies he stayed in that place where the foure hundred men of that bande laye all dead on the grounde one harde by another and all of them slayne and thrust through with pikes on their brestes whereat he wondred muche and being tolde him that it was the louers bande he fel a weeping for pittie saying Wo be to them that thinke these men did or suffered any euyll or dishonest thing And to be short the misfortune of Laius that was slaine by his owne brother Oedipus was not the first originall cause of this custome that the THEBANS beganne to be in loue one with an other as the POETS write but they were their first lawmakers who perceiuing them to be a stout fierce natiō of nature they sought euen frō their youthe to make them gentell and ciuill and therefore in all their actions both of sport and earnest they
maruelous plaine man without pride and of a good nature Then they tolde him what notable wise sayinges and graue sentences they heard him speake Valerius Flaccus hearing this reporte of him willed his men one day to pray him to come to supper to him Who falling in acquaintance with Cato and perceiuing he was of a very good nature and wel giuen that he was a good griffe to be set in a better ground he perswaded him to come to ROME and to practise there in the assembly of the people in the common causes and affayres of the common weale Cato followed his counsail who hauing bene no long practiser among them did grow straight into great estimacion and wanne him many frends by reason of the causes he tooke in hand to defend and was the better preferred and taken also by meanes of the speciall fauour and countenaunce Valerius Flaccus gaue him For first of all by voyce of the people he was chosen Tribune of the souldiers to say colonell of a thousand footemen afterwards was made treasorer and so went forwards and grew to so great credit authority as he became Valerius Flaccus cōpanion in the chiefest offices of state being chosen Consul with him then Censor But to begin withal Cato made choise of Quintus Fabius Maximus aboue all the Senators of ROME gaue him selfe to follow him altogether not so much for the credit estimacion Fabius Maximus was of who therein exceded all the ROMAINES of that time as for the modesty and discrete gouernment he sawe in him whome he determined to followe as a worthy myrror and example At which time Cato passed not for the malice and euil will of Scipio the great who did striue at that present being but a young man with the authoritie and greatnesse of Fabius Maximus as one that seemed to enuy his risinge and greatnesse For Cato being sent treasorer with Scipio when he vndertooke the iorney into AFRIKE and perceiuing Scipioes bountifull nature and disposition to large giftes without meane to the souldiers he tolde him plainly one day that he did not so much hurt the common wealth in wasting their treasure as he did great harme in chaūging the auncient maner of their auncesters who vsed their souldiers to be contented with litle but he taught them to spende their superfluous money all necessaries prouided for in vaine toyes and trifles to serue their pleasure Scipio made him aunswere he woulde haue no treasorer shoulde controll him in that sorte nor that should looke so narrowly to his expences for his intent was to go to the wars with full sayles as it were and that he woulde and did also determine to make the state priuie to all his doinges but not to the money he spent Cato hearing this aunswer returned with spede out of SICILE vnto ROME crying out with Fabius Maximus in open Senate that Scipio spent infinitely and that he tended playes commedies and wrestlinges as if he had not bene sent to make warres inuasions and attemptes apon their enemies Apon this complaint the Senate appointed certeine Tribunes of the people to goe and see if their informations were true and finding them so that they should bring him backe againe to ROME But Scipio shewed farre otherwise to the commissioners that came thither and made them see apparaunt victorie through the necessary preparacion and prouision he had made for the warres and he confessed also that when he had dispatched his great businesse and was at any leasure he would be priuately mery with his frends and though he was liberall to his souldiers yet that made him not negligent of his duety and charge in any matter of importance So Scipio tooke shippinge and sayled towards AFRIKE whether he was sent to make warre Now to returne to Cato He daily increased still in authority and credit by meanes of his eloquence so that diuerse called him the Demosthenes of ROME howbeit the maner of his life was in more estimacion then his eloquence For all the youth of ROME did seeke to attaine to his eloquence and commendacion of wordes and one enuied an other which of them should come nearest but few of them woulde fyle their handes with any labor as their forefathers did and make a light supper and dinner without fire or prouision or woulde be content with a meane gowne and a poore lodging finally woulde thinke it more honorable to defye fansies pleasures then to haue and enioy them Bicause the state was waxen now of such power wealth as it could no more retaine the auncient discipline and former austeritie and straitnes of life it vsed but by reason of the largenes of their dominion and seigniory and the numbers of people and nations that were become their subiects it was euen forced to receiue a medley of sundry contry facions examples and maners This was a cause why in reason men did so greatly wonder at Catoes vertue when they sawe other straight wearyed with paines and labor tenderly brought vp like pulers and Cato on the other side neuer ouercommen either with the one or with the other no not in his youth when he most coueted honor nor in his age also when he was gray headed and balde after his Consullship and triumphe but like a conqueror that had gotten the maistery he would neuer geue ouer labor euen vnto his dying day For he writeth him selfe that there neuer came gowne on his backe that cost him aboue a hundred pence that his hyndes and worke men alwayes dronke no worse wine when he was Consull and generall of the armie then he did him selfe and that his cater neuer bestowed in meate for his supper aboue thirty Asses of ROMAINE money and yet he sayed it was bicause he might be the stronger and apter to do seruice in the warres for his contry and the common wealth He sayd furthermore that being heire to one of his frends that dyed he had a peece of tapestry by him with a deepe border which they called then the babilonian border and he caused it straight to be solde and that of all his houses he had abroade in the contry he had not one wall-plastered nor rough cast Moreouer he would say he neuer bought bondeman or slaue dearer then a thowsande fiue hundred pence as one that sought not for fine made men and goodly personages but strong fellowes that could away with paynes as carters horsekepers neatheardes and such like and againe he woulde sell them when they were olde bicause he would not keepe them when they coulde do no seruice To conclude he was of opinion that a manne bought any thinge deere that was for litle purpose yea though he gaue but a farthing for it he thought it to much to bestow so litle for that which needed not He would haue men purchase houses that hadde more store of errable lande and pasture then of fine orteyardes or gardeins
this young maide went somewhat boldly by the chamber of young Cato to go into his father the young man sayd neuer a word at it yet his father perceiued that he was somewhat ashamed and gaue the maide no good countenaunce Wherefore findinge that his sonne and daughter in lawe were angry with the matter sayinge nothinge to them of it nor shewinge them any ill countenaunce he went one morninge to the market place as his maner was with a traine that followed him amongest whome was one Salonius that had bene his clearke and wayted vpon him as the rest did Cato calling him out alowde by his name asked him if he hadde not yet bestowed his daughter Salonius aunswered him he had not yet bestowed her nor woulde not before he made him priuie to it Then Cato tolde him againe I haue founde out a husbande for her and a sonne in lawe for thee and it will be no ill matche for her vnlesse she mislike the age of the man for in deede he is very olde but otherwise there is no faulte in him Salonius tolde him againe that for that matter he referred all to him and his daughter also prayinge him euen to make what matche he thought good for her for she was his humble seruaunt and relyed wholly vppon him standinge in neede of his fauor and furtheraunce Then Cato beganne to discouer and tolde him plainely he woulde willingely mary her him selfe Salonius therewith was abashed bicause he thought Cato was too olde to mary then and him selfe was no fitte manne to matche in any honorable house speciallie with a Consull and one that hadde triumped howebeit in the ende when he sawe Cato ment good earnest he was very glad of the matche and so with this talke they went on together to the markette place and agreed then vpon the mariage Now while they went about this matter Cato the sonne taking some of his kinne and frendes with him went vnto his father to aske him if he had offended him in any thinge that for spight he shoulde bringe him a steppe mother into his house Then his father cried out sayd O my sonne I pray thee say not so I like well all thou doest and I finde no cause to complaine of thee but I do it bicause I desire to haue many children and to leaue many such like citizens as thou art in the common wealth Some say that Pisistratus the tyran of ATHENS made such a like aunswere vnto the children of his first wife which were men growen when he maried his seconde wife Timonassa of the towne of ARGOS of whom he had as it is reported Iophon and Thessalus But to returne againe to Cato he had a sonne by his second wife whom he named after her name Cato SALONIAN and his eldest sonne died in his office beinge Praetor of whome he often speaketh in diuerse of his bookes commendinge him for a very honest man And they say he tooke the death of him very paciently and like a graue wise man not leauing therefore to do any seruice or businesse for the state otherwise then he did before And therein he did not as Lucius Lucullus Metellus surnamed Pius did afterwards who gaue vp medling any more with matters of gouernment and state after they were waxen olde For he thought it a charge and duety wherevnto euery honest man whilest he liued was bounde in all piety Nor as Scipio AFRICAN hadde done before him who perceiuing that the glory fame of his doings did purchase him the ill will of the citizens he chaunged the rest of his life into quietnes and forsooke the citie and all dealings in common wealth and went dwelt in the contry But as there was one that told Dionysius the tyran of SYRACVSA as it is wrytten that he could not die more honorably then to be buried in the tyranny euen so did Cato thinke that he could not waxe more honestlie olde then in seruing of the common wealth vnto his dying day So at vacant times when Cato was desirous a litle to recreate and refresh him selfe he passed his time away in makinge of bookes and lookinge vppon his husbandry in the contry This is the cause why he wrote so many kindes of bookes and stories But his tillage and husbandry in the contry he did tende and followe all in his youth for his profit For he sayed he had but two sortes of reuenue tillage and sparinge but in age whatsoeuer he did in the contry it was all for pleasure and to learne some thinge euer of nature For he hath wrytten a booke of the contry life and of tillage in the which he sheweth howe to make tartes and cakes and how to keepe frutes He woulde needes shew such singularity and skill in all thinges when he was in his house in the contry he fared a litle better then he did in other places and would oftentimes bid his neighbours and such as had lande lying about him to come and suppe with him and he would be mery with them so that his company was not onely pleasaunt and likinge to olde folkes as him selfe but also to the younger sorte For he had seene much and had experience in many thinges and vsed much pleasaunt talke profitable for the hearers He thought the bord one of the chiefest meanes to breede loue amongest men and at his owne table woulde alwayes praise good men and vertuous citizens but would suffer no talke of euill men neither in their praise nor dispraise Now it is thought the last notable acte and seruice he did in the common wealth was the ouerthrow of CARTHAGE for in deede he that wanne it and rased it vtterly was Scipio the seconde but it was chiefely through Catoes counsell and aduise that the last warre was taken in hand against the CARTHAGINIANS and it chaunced apon this occasion Cato was sent into AFRICKE to vnderstande the cause and controuersie that was betwene the CARTHAGINIANS and Massinissa kinge of NVMIDIA which were at great warres together And he was sent thither bicause king Massinissa had euer bene a frend vnto the ROMAINES and for that the CARTHAGINIANS were become their confederates since the last warres in the which they were ouerthrowen by Scipio the first who tooke for a fyne of them a great parte of their Empire and imposed apon them besides a great yearely tribute Now when he was come into that contrie he founde not the citie of CARTHAGE in miserie beggerie and out of harte as the ROMAINES supposed but full of lusty youthes very riche and wealthie and great store of armour and munition in it for the warres so that by reason of the wealth thereof CARTHAGE caried a high sayle and stowped not for a litle Wherefore he thought that it was more then time for the ROMAINES to leaue to vnderstande the controuersies betwext the CARTHAGINIANS and Massinissa and rather to prouide betimes to destroye CARTHAGE that hadde beene euer an
very well armed wearing a lawrell garland and Sylla after he had saluted him and his souldiers made an oration vnto them exhorting them to do their duty in fighting And as he was in his oration there came two citizens of CHAERONEA to him one his name was Omoloichus and the other Anaxidemus who promised him to driue the enemies from mount Thurium which they had taken if he would but geue theÌ„ some small number of souldiers For there was a litle path way which the barbarous peoples mistrusted not beginning at a place called Petrochus hard by the temple of the Muses by the which they might easily go to the toppe of this mountaine Thuriumâ— so that following that pathe it would bring them ouer the barbarous people heads and they might easily kill them with stones or at the least they should driue them mawgre their heads downe into the valley Gabinius assuring Sylla that they were both very valliant men and such as he might boldly trust vnto Sylla gaue them men and commaunded them to execute their enterprise and he him selfe in the meane season went and set his men in order of battell in the plaine deuiding his horsemen on the winges placed him selfe in the right wing appointinge the left vnto Muraena Galba Hortensius his Lieutenauntes were placed in the tayle with certaine bandes of the reregard which they kept vpon the hils to watch and let that the enemies should not inclose them behinde bicause they perceiued a farre of that the enemies put forth a great number of horsemen and footemen light armed in the wings to th end that the poyms of their battell might the more easily bowe and enlarge them selues to compasse in the ROMAINES on the backe side Now in the meane time these two CHAERONEIANS whome Sylla had sent vnder Hircius their Captaine hauing compassed about the mountaine Thurium before the enemies were aware of them sodainly came to shew them selues vppon the toppe of the mountaine which did so feare the barbarous people that they began immediatly to â—iâ— one of them for the most parte killing an other There was no resistaunce but flying downe the mountaine fell apon the pointes of their owne partisans and pykes and one of them thrusting in an others necke tombled hedlong downe the mountaine together hauing their enemies besides on their backes which draue them from the hill and strake them behinde where they lay open vnto them so as they were slaine a three thowsande of them about this mountaine Thurium And as for them that sought to saue them selues by flight Muraena that was already set in battell ray met with some cut them of by the way and slue them downe right The other fled directly to their campe and came in great companies thrusting into the battell of their footemen put the most parte of them quite out of order maruelously troubled their Captaines before they could set them againe in order which was one of the chiefest causes of their ouerthrowe For Sylla went and gaue a charge vppon them in this trouble and disorder and had quickely wonne the ground that was betwene both armies wherby he tooke away the force of all their armed cartes with sythes which are then of greatest force when they haue the longest course to geue them a swift and violent stroke in their chase whereas when their course is but short the blow is so much the weaker and of lesse strength euen as arrowes are that a farre of enter not deepe into the thing they be shot at as at that time it fell out with the barbarous people For their first cartes set foorth so faintly and came on with so feeble a force that the ROMAINES sent them backe easily repulsed them with great slaughter and clapping of handes one to an other as they commonly vse in the ordinarie games of horse running at ROME When they had thus repulsed the cartes the battell of Syllaes footemen beganne to charge the barbarous people who basing their pykes stoode close one to an other bicause they would not be taken the ROMAINES on thother side bestowed first their dartes among them and then sodainly drewe out their swordes in the heate they were in and put a side the enemies pykes whereby they might come neerer to their bodies There were fifteene thowsand slaues in the fronte of the battell of the barbarous people whom Mithridates Lieutenaunt had made free by open proclamation and had deuided them by bandes amongest the other footemen By occasion whereof there was a ROMAINE Centurion spake pleasauntly at that time saying that he neuer saw slaues before haue liberty to speake and do like free men but only at Saturnes feastes Neuerthelesse they against the nature of slaues were very valliant to abide the shocke and the ROMAINE footemen could not so readily breake not enter into them nor make them geue backe bicause they stoode very close one to an other and their ranckes were of such a length besides vntill such time as the ROMAINES that were behinde the first ranckes did so pelt them with their slinges hurling stones bestowing their dartes arrowes apon them that in th end they compelled them all to turne their backes and â—ie a maine And when Archelaus did first thrust out the right wing of his army supposing to inclose the ROMAINES behinde Hortensius straight wayes caused the bands he had with him to run charge vpon the flanckes Which Archelaus perceiuing made the horsemen he had about him turne their faces forthwith which were in nuÌ„ber aboue two thowsand insomuch as Hortensius being set apon with all his trowpe was compelled to retyre by litle and litle towardes the mountaine perceiuing him selfe farre from the battell of his footemen and enuironned round about with his enemies Sylla seeing that being in the right wing of his battell and hauing not yet fought went straight to the rescue of Hortensius But Archelaus coniecturing by the dust which the horses raised what the matter was left Hortensius there and with speede returned againe towardes the right wing of his enemies from whence Sylla was gone hoping he had left it vnfurnished of a sufficient Captaine to coÌ„maund them Taxilles on thother side caused his copper targets also to march against Muraena so as the noyse they made on both sides caused the mountaines to ring againe wherewithall Sylla stayed standing in dout which way to take At the last he resolued to returne to the place froÌ„ whence he came sent Hortensius with foure ensignes to aide Muraena and him selfe with the fift in great speede went towardes the right wing of his army the which was now already bickering and ioyned with their enemies fighting hand to hand with Archelaus By reason whereof when Sylla as comen with his aide they did easily distresse them and after they had broken their array they chased them flying for life to the riuer vnto the mountaine Acontium But Sylla notwithstanding forgate
the way as they went in his procession so nobly set forth euen vnto the very temple of Apollo And when the sacrifice the feast and games that were to be played were finished he gaue a goodly palme tree of copper which he offered vp to Apollo bought landes besides that cost him tenne thowsande Drachmas which he consecrated also vnto the god Pâ—â—â—on of the Ileâ— and ordained that the profittes of the same should be yearely bestowed by the Dâ—LIANS apon an open sacrifice and feast in the which they should pray to their god for the health and prosperity of Nicias and so caused it to be wrytten and grauen apon a piller be left in DELOS as a perpetuall monument and keeper of his offring and foundation Afterwards this copper palme tree being broken by windes it fell apon the great image of the NAXIANS gift and threw it downe to the ground Surely in this ceremony and act of his there was a maruelous pompe great shew of popular ambition neuerthelesse he that shall consider of his life and actions may easely perswade him selfe that aboue all he did it of very pure zeale deuotion and secondly to geue pleasure and pastime to the people For by Thucydides reporte of him he was one that feared the gods with trembling and was wholly geuen to religion We finde wrytten in one of the dialogues of Pasiphoon that Nicias did sacrifice dayly to the goddess and kept a soothsayer continually in his house geuing out abroade that it was to counsayle with him what should happen about the affayers of the common wealth but in troth it was to inquier of his owne busines and specially of his mynes of siluer For he had many great mynes about LAVRION side that were very profitable to him but withall they digged with great daunger and he was driuen continually to kepe a maruelous number of slaues at worke there The most parte of Nicias riches was in ready money and thereby he had many crauers and hangers on him whome he gaue money vnto for he gaue as well vnto wicked people that might doe mischiefe as vnto them that deserued reward and were worthie of his liberalitie Thus was his feare a rent to the wicked as his liberalitie was also a reuenue to the good and hereof the comicall Poets doe deliuer vs auncient testimony For Teleclides speaking of a certaine informer sayth thus Charicles did refuse to geue one Mina for to stay The bruting of his secret birth conueyed close avvay But Nice the sonne of Nicerate did vvillingly bestovv A brace of Minaze doble told And though I vvell doe knovv The cause of his so doing yet I vvill not him bevvray For vvhy The man is my good frend and vvise I dare vvell say And he whom Eupolis mocketh in his comedy intituled Maricas bringing a plaine simple man apon the stage doth aske him The informer Hovv long is it a goe since thou didst speake vvith Nicias The plaine man. I savv him standing euen right novv vpon the market place The informer This man affirms be savv him there And vvherefore should be say He savv him but of some intent his levvdnes to bevvray Novv sâ—rs ye see hovv Nicias here is taken in the trip For all his vvalking close in clovvdes to geue the priuy-slip The Author O foolish folke suppose ye that so good a man as he In any fault or shamefull fact vvill tardy taken be And Cleon threatning in the comedie of Aristophanes intituled the Knightes sayth these wordes The Orators if by the throte I take Then sure I am that Nicias streit vvill quake Phrynichus selfe also telleth vs glaunsingly that he was so timorous and easie to be frayed when he sayd speaking of an other man A good stovvt man I knovv full vvell he vvas And not a covvard like to Nicias Now Nicias being thus timerous of nature and fearing to geue any litle occasion to the Orators to accuse him kept himselfe so warely that he neither durst eate nor drinke with any man in the city nor yet put foorth him selfe in companie to talke or passe the time amongest them but altogether auoyded such sportes and pleasures For when he was in office he would neuer out of the counsayle house but still busied him selfe in dispatching causes from morning till night and was euer the first that came and last that went away And when he had no matter of state in hande then was he very hardly to be spoken withall and would suffer no accâ—sse vnto him but kept close in his house and some of his frendes did euer aunswere them that came to his gate and prayed them to pardon him saying that he was busie then about affayers of the common wealth One Hieron whom Nicias had brought vp in his house and had him selfe taught him both learning musicke was his greatest procurer and instrument to keepe him from speech with any man and brought him to this reputation of greatnes and grauety This Hieron as it is reported was the sonne of Dionysius Chalcus of whom they finde certaine Poeticall workes at this day who being Captaine of a certaine number of men that were sent to dwell in ITALIE did build there the citie of THVRIES Hieron I say did serue his turne and holpe his secretly to inquier what he would vnderstande of the Soothsayers and gaue out these wordes among the people that Nicias led too miserable and painefull a life for the ouergreat care he tooke to serue the common wealth insomuch as though he was in his hotte house to wash him or at his table at meate his minde ranne still of some matters about the common wealth and to serve the state did neglect his owne priuate affayers so that he scant beganne to sleepe take rest when others commonly had slept their first sleepe and that he looked like no body Furthermore that he was growen crabbed and vncurteous euen to such as before had bene his familiar frendes So that sayd he he loseth them together with his goodes and all for seruice of the common wealth where others grow rich and win frendes by the credit they haue to be heard to the people and can make mery among them and sporte with the matters of state which they haue in their handes Now in troth such was Nicias life that he might truely say that which Agamemnon spake of him selfe in the tragedie of Euripides called Iphigenie in AVLIDE In outvvard shovv of stately pompe all others I exceede And yet the peoples vnderling I am in very deede And Nicias perceiuing that the people in some thinges did serue their turnes with the experience of them that were eloquent wiser then others although they yet mistrusted their sufficiency and had a speciall eye to them plucking downe their corage by taking their authority from them as for proofe the condemnation of Pericles the banishment of Damon and the mistrust they had of Antiphon
also one Philotas the sonne of Parmenio a man of great authority among the MACEDONIANS who next vnto Alexander was the most valliantest man the pacientest to abide paine the liberallest and one that loued his men frends better then any noble man in the campe whatsoeuer Of him it is reported that a frend of his came to him on a time to borrow money and he commaunded straight one of his men to let him haue it His purse bearer aunswered him that he had none Why sayd his master doest thou tell me so Hast thou not plate and apparell to sell or gage to helpe him to some Howbeit otherwise he had such a pride glory to shew his riches to apparell himselfe so sumptuously and to be more fine and princked then became a priuate man that this made him to be hated bicause he tooke vpō him to be a great man to looke bigge on the matter which became him ill fauoredly and therfore euery man through his owne folly fell in misliking with him Insomuch as his owne father said one day vnto him sonne I pray thee be more humble lowly This Philotas had long before bene cōplained vpon vnto Alexander bicause that when the cariage of king Darius armie which was in the citie of DAMAS was taken after the battell of CILICIA among many prisoners that were taken and brought vnto Alexanders campe there was one Antigona a passing fayer young curtisan borne in the citie of PIDNA Philotas founde meanes to gette her and like a young man that was in loue with her making merie with her at the table fondly lette fall braue wordes and boastes of a souldier saying that what notable thinges were done they were done by him selfe and his father and called Alexander at euerie worde young man and sayd that by their meanes he helde his name and kingdome This courtisan tolde one of his frendes what he sayd and that frede tolde an other frende and so went from man to man as commonly it doth till at the length it came to Craterus eares He tooke the courtisan and brought her vnto Alexander vnto whom she told as much as she had sayd before Alexander bad her still make much of Philotas and to tell him euery word what he sayd of him Philotas knowing nothing that he was thus circumuented did euer frequent her companie and would be bold commonly to speake many foolish and vndiscreete words against the king somtime in anger somtime againe in a brauery Alexander this notwithstanding though he had manifest proofe and cause to accuse Philotas yet he dissembled it for that time and would not be knowen of it either for that he knew Parmenio loued him or else for that he was affrayed of their great power and authoritie About that time there was one Limnus Chalaestrian a MACEDONIAN that layed great and secret waite to kill Alexander and being in loue with a young man called Nicomachus entised him to helpe him to doe this deede The young man wisely denied it told the same to his brother called Batinus He went vnto Philotas and prayed him to bring them both before Alexander for they had a matter of great importance to impart vnto him Philotas would not let him speake with the king but why no man could tell telling them that the king had greater matters in hande and was not at leasure Then they went vnto an other and he brought them vnto Alexander vnto whome first they opened the treason of Limnus conspired against him and by the way they tolde also how they had bene twise before with Philotas who would not let them come in nor speake with them That angred Alexander greatly and he was the more offended also when Limnus was slaine by him whome he sent to apprehende him resisting him for that he would not be taken and thought that by his death he had lost a great meanes to come to the light of this treason and conspiracie Then Alexander frowning vppon Philotas brought all his enemies vpon his backe that of long time had hated him For they beganne to speake boldly that it was time for the kinge to looke about him for it was not to be supposed that this Limnus Chalaestrian of him selfe durst haue entred into that treason but rather that he was a minister and a chiefe instrument set on by a greater personage then he and therefore that it stoode Alexander vpon to examine them straightly which had cause to keepe this treason secret After Alexander once gaue eare vnto such wordes and vehement presumptions there was straight brought in a thowsand accusations against Philotas Thereupon he was apprehended and in the presence of diuers Lordes and familliars of the king put to the torter Alexander selfe being behinde a hanginge to heare what he would say It is reported that when he hearde howe faintly and pitiefully he besought Hephaestion to take pitie of him he sayd vnto him selfe alas poore Philotas thou that hast so faint a hart howe durst thou take vppon thee so great matters In fine Philotas was put to death and immediatly after he was executed Alexander sent also with speede vnto the realme of MEDIA to kill Parmenio who was his Lieutenaunt there and one that had serued king Philippe his father in his greatest affayers and who onely of all other the olde seruauntes of his father had procured Alexander to take in hande the conquest of ASIA and who also of three sonnes which he brought out with him had seene two of them dye before him and afterwardes was slaine him selfe with the third This crueltie of Alexander made his frendes affrayed of him and specially Antipater who secretly sent Ambassadors vnto the AETOLIANS to make league with them bicause they them selues also were affrayed of Alexander for that they had put the Orniades to death Alexander hearing that sayd that he him selfe and not the sonnes of the Orniades would be reuenged of the AETOLIANS Not long after that followed the murther of Clitus the which to heare is simplie tolde would seeme much more cruell than the death of Philotas But reportinge the cause and the time together in which it chaunced it will be founde that it was not of sette purpose but by chaunce and vnfortunately that Alexander being ouercome with wine did vnluckely wreake his anger vpon Clitus The manner of his misfortune was this There came certaine men of the lowe contries from the sea side that brought apples of GRAECE 〈…〉 nto Alexander Alexander wondering to see them so greene and fayer sent for Clitus to shewe him them and to geue him some of them Clitus by chaunce did sacrifice at that time vnto the goddes and left his sacrifice to goe vnto Alexander howebeit there were three weathers that followed him on whome the accustomed sprincklinges had bene done alreadie to haue sacrificed them Alexander vnderstandinge that tolde it to his Soothsayers Aristander and Cleomantis LACONIAN who both did aunswere
GRAECIANS doings adding thereunto all the fables and deuises which they doe write and reporte he was hindered of his purpose against his will by many open and priuate troubles that came vpon him at once whereof notwithstanding he him selfe was cause of the most of them For first of all he did put away his wife Terentia bicause she had made but small accompt of him in all the warres so that he departed from ROME hauing no necessarie thing with him to enterteine him out of his contrie and yet when he came backe againe into ITALIE she neuer shewed any sparke of loue or good will towardes him For she neuer came to BRVNDVSIVM to him where he remeyned a long time and worse then that his daughter hauing the hart to take so long a iorney in hand to goe to him she neither gaue her company to conduct her nor money or other furniture conuenient for her but so handled the matter that Cicero at his returne to ROME founde bare walles in his house and nothing in it and yet greatly brought in det besides And these were the honestest causes alleaged for their diuorse But besides that Terentia denyed all these Cicero him selfe gaue her a good occasion to cleere her selfe bicause he shortly after maried a young maiden being fallen in fancie with her as Terentia sayd for her beawtie or as Tyro his seruaunt wrote for her riches to th ende that with her goods he might pay his dets For she was very rich Cicero also was appointed her gardian she being left sole heire Now bicause he ought a maruelous summe of money his parents and frends did counsell him to mary this young maiden notwithstanding he was too olde for her bicause that with her goodes he might satisfie his creditors But Antonius speaking of this mariage of Cicero in his aunswers Orations he made against the PHILIPPIANS he doth reproue him for that he put away his wife with whome he was growen olde being merie with him by the way for that he had bene an idle man and neuer went from the smoke of his chimney nor had bene abroade in the warres in any seruice of his contrie or common wealth Shortly after that he had maried his second wife his daughter dyed in labor of child in Lentulus house whose seconde wife she was being before maried vnto Piso who was her first husband So the Philosophers and learned men came of all sides to comfort him but he tooke her death so sorowfully that he put away his second wife bicause he thought she did reioyce at the death of his daughter And thus muche touching the state and troubles of his house Nowe touching the conspiracie against Caesar he was not made priuie to it although he was one of Brutus greatest frendes and that it grieued him to see thinges in that state they were brought vnto and albeit also he wished for the time past as much as any other man did But in deede the conspirators were affrayed of his nature that lacked hardinesse and of his age the which oftentimes maketh the stowtest and most hardiest natures faint harted cowardly Notwithstanding the conspiracie being executed by Brutus and Cassius Caesars frendes beinge gathered together euerie man was affrayed that the citie woulde againe fall into ciuill warres And Antonius also who was Consul at that time did assemble the Senate and made some speache and mocion then to draw things againe vnto quietnes But Cicero hauing vsed diuers perswasions fit for the time in the end he moued the Senate to decree following the example of the ATHENIANS a generall obliuion of thinges done against Caesar and to assigne vnto Brutus and Cassius some gouernmentes of prouinces Howbeit nothing was concluded for the people of them selues were sorie when they sawe Caesars bodie brought through the market place And when Antonius also did shew them his gowne all be bloodied cut throst through with swordes then they were like madde men for anger and sought vp and downe the market place if they coulde meete with any of them that had slaine him and taking fire brandes in their handes they ranne to their houses to set them a fire But the conspirators hauing preuented this daunger saued them selues and fearing that if they taried at ROME they should haue many such alaroms they forsooke the citie Then Antonius began to looke aloft and became fearefull to all men as though he ment to make him selfe king but yet most of all vnto Cicero aboue all others For Antonius perceiuing that Cicero began againe to increase in credit and authoritie and knowing that he was Brutus very frend he did mislike to see him come neere him and besides there was at that time some gealousie betwext them for the diuersitie and difference of their manners and disposicions Cicero being affrayed of this was first of all in minde to go with Dolabella to his prouince of SYRIA as one of his Lieutenaunts But they that were appointed to be Consuls the next yeare following after Antonius two noble citizens Ciceroes great frends Hircius Pansa they intreated him not to forsake them vndertaking that they would plucke downe this ouergreat power of Antonius so he would remaine with them But Cicero neither beleuing not altogether mistrusting them forsooke Dolabella and promised Hircius and Pansa that he would spend the sommer at ATHENS and that he would returne againe to ROME so soone as they were entred into their Consulship With this determination Cicero tooke sea alone to goe into GRAECE But as it chaunceth oftentimes there was some let that kept him he could not saile and newes came to him daily from ROME as the manner is that Antonius was wonderfully chaunged and that nowe he did nothing any more without the authoritie consent of the Senate that there lacked no thing but his person to make all things well Then Cicero condemning his dastardly feare returned foorthwith to ROME not being deceiued in his first hope For there came suche a number of people out to meete him that he coulde doe nothing all day long but take them by the handes and imbrace them who to honor him came to meete him at the gate of the citie as also by the way to bring him to his house The next morning Antonius assembled the Senate and called for Cicero by name Cicero refused to goe and kept his bedde fayning that he was werie with his iorney and paines he had taken the day before but in deede the cause why he went not was for feare and suspicion of an ambushe that was layed for him by the way if he had gone as he was informed by one of his verie good frends Antonius was maruelously offended that they did wrongfully accuse him for laying of any ambush for him and therefore sent souldiers to his house and commaunded them to bring him by force or else to sette his house a fire After that time Cicero and he were
Annibal was but would by voluntary banishment dye out of the citie The ende of the whole volume of Plutarkes liues Three things necessary for a Magistrate or Captaine Prouerbe Sossius Senecio a Senator of Rome Theseus and Romulus very like The linage of Theseus Pelops king of Peloponnesus Pitheus the grandfather of Theseus The wisedom of Pitheus AEgeus the father of Theseus AEthra the daughter of king Pitheus the mother of Theseus The Palla 〈…〉 tides Pallas had fiftie sonnes VVhy Theseus vvas so called Connidas Theseus schoolemaster A custome to offer heares at Delphes Theseia Theseus manner of shauing The Abantes The cause of shauing their heares before Alexander Magnus made the Macedonians shaue their beardes Theseus said to be Neptunes sonne The Troezenians coyne stamped vvith Neptunes three picked mace Theseus youthe Great robbing in Theseus time Thucid. lib. 2. Hercules a destroyer of theeues Hercules serueth Omphale Theseus foloweth Hercules â—â—she of saue pricketh men forward to great enterprises Theseus and Hercules nere kynsemen Periphetes Corinetes a famous robber slayne of Theseus Theseus caried the clubbe he wanne of Periphetes at Hercules did the lions skin Sinnis Pityocamtes a cruel murtherer slaine Perigouna Sinnis daughter Theseus begaâ—te Menalippus of Perigouna Ioxus Menalippus sonne Ioxides Phaea the wilde sowe of Crommyon slaine Phaea a woman theefe Sciron a notable robber throweÌ„ downe the rocks by Theseus AEacus Cychreus Cercyon the Arcadian slaine of Theseus by wrestling Damastes Procrustes a cruel murtherer slaine of Theseus Hercules doinge Termerus euill Cephisus aviâ—er of Caâ—â—â— The Phytalides the first men that feasted Theseus in their houses This sacrifice Pâ—â—â—che calleth Milâ—â—â—â—â—hia Medea perswaded AEgeus to poyson Theseus AEgeus acknowledgeth Theseus for his sonne The Pallantides take ernes against AEgeus and Theseus Leos an Herauld bewrayeth their treason to Theseus Theseus killeth the Pallantides The bull of Marathon taken aliue by Theseus Apollo Delphias Iupiter Hecalian The Athenians payed tribute to Minos king of Creta for the death of Androgeus his sonne The manner of the tribute conditioned The Minotaure what it was The Laberinthe a prison in Creta Taurus one of Minoes captaines Of the Bottieians Plin. lib. 4. cap. 2. King Minos defated by the Poets in the theaters as Athens RadamaÌ„thus The thirde time of payment of the tribute The Atheniâ—â—e are grieued to depart with their children Theseus offereth to goe with the children into Creta Lotts dreâ—m for the children that should goe The Athenians sent their children into Creta in a shippe with a blacke sayle AEgeus geueth the master of the shippe a white sayle to signifie the safe returne of Theseus Cybernesia games Hiceteria offering Theseus taketh shippe with the tribute childreÌ„ the sixt of Marche and sayleth into Creta Venus Epitragia Theseus slewe the Minotaure by meanes of Ariadne king Minoes daughter Theseus returne â—â—e of Creta Taurus ouercome of Theseus was a men Taurus suspected with Pasiphäe king Minoes wife How Ariadne fell in loue with Theseus Minos sendeth Theseus home with his prisoners and releaseth the Athenians of their tribute 〈…〉 Daedalus 〈…〉 King Minos dyed in Sicile Deucalion King Minoes sonne sent to Athens to demaunde Daedalus Theseus sayled into Creta and a anne the cittie of Gnosvs and slewe Deucalion Diuers opinions of Ariadne O Enopion Staphylus Theseus sonnes Theseus leaueth Ariadne in Cyprus Ariadne dieth wish childe in Cyprus The ceremonie of the sacrifice done to Ariadne in Cyprus Venus Ariadne Two Minoes and two Ariadnees Corcyna Ariadnes nurce Theseus returneth out of Creta into the I le of Delos Theseus daunce called the Crane Palme a tokeÌ„ of victory Theseus master of his shippe forgate to see out the white sayle AEgeus death Theseus arriueth safe with the tribute children in the hauen of Phalerus The Herauld bare a rodde in his hand The feast Oscophoria October called Pyanepsion in the Aâ—ucan tongue Persd of Iresione in the life of Homer and Suidas Theseus went into Creta with the tribute children in the galliot of 30. owers Disputation about increase The galliot alleaged for a doubt Theseus thanksfullnes to the Phytalides â—hâ— were the first that frosted him in their houses Theseus brought the â—â—cabiâ—ants of the contrie of Arciâ—â— into cue cin Asty the towne house of the Athenians The feastes Panathenea and Metaecia Theseus resigneth his kingdome maketh Athiâ— a common wealth The oracle of Apollo in Delphes Theseus maketh differeÌ„ce of states and degrees in his coÌ„mon weals Theseus the first that gaue ouer regall power framed a populer state An oxe stamped in Theseus coyne Hecatomboeon Decaboeon Olympia Theseus erected the games Isthmia in the honour of Neptune Theseus iornye into mare Maior Antiopa the Amazone rauished by Theseus Solois fell in loue with Antiopa Solois droâ—â—ed him selfe for loue Pythopolis built by Theseus Solois fl The cause of the warres of the Amazones against the Athenâ—â—s Bosphorus Cimmericus an arme of the sea Theseus fighteth a battell with the Amazones The order of the Amazones battell Peace concluded as feâ—â—e moneths ende by meanes of Hyppolita Oreemosion the name of a place Auncient toÌ„bes of losenge facion Thermodon nowe called Haâ—monst Hippolytus Theseus senne by Antiopa Phâ—dra Theseus wife and Minos daughter king of Creta Theseus mariages Theseus battels Prouerbe Nots witheus Theseus Prouerbe This is another Theseus Theseus valliantnes the cause of Pirithous friendshippe with him Pirithous Theseus sworne brethern in the field Pirithous maried Deidamia The Lapithae ouercomen the Centauari Theseus and Hercules met at Trathina Theseus fiftie yere olde wheÌ„ he rauished Hellen. The manner of Hellens rauishement Diana Orâ—hia Theseus lefte Hellen in the cittie of Aphidnes Theseus went with Pirithous into Epirus to steale Proserpina Aidonius daughter Pirithous terne in peces with Cerberus Theseus close prisoner The warre of the Tyndarides against the AtheniaÌ„s Academia why so called Marathon Aphidnes wonne raced by the Tyndarides Alycus Scirons sonne slayne at the battell of Aphidnes The Tyndarides honoured at godds and called Anaces Cicer. de Nasdeâ—r lib 3. King called Anactes Anaces why so called AEthra takeÌ„ prisoner and caried to Lacedaâ—mon Diuers opinions of Homers verses Sperchius â— Theseus deliuered one of prison by Hercules meanes The AstheniaÌ„s disdaine to obey Theseus Theseus fled from Athens into the I le of Sciros Theseus cruelly slayne by Lycomedes Menestheus king of Athens Theseus sonnes Cimon taketh the I le of Sciros and bringeth Theseus bones to Athens Theseus tumbe Neptune why called Asphalius and Gaiochus Diuers opinions about the name of Rome Tybria st The beginning of kissing their kinsefolkes in the mouthe came from the Troian women Fables of Romulus byrthe An oracle of Thetis in 〈…〉 Thuscans See the fragments of Fabius Pictor and of Cato See also Haelitarnasseus T. Linius Romulus kinred Romulus mother Faustulus Cermanum Ruminalis The goddesse Rumilia Acca Laurentia Faustulus wife that nurced the twynnes The Greeke soâ—â—â— Larentia Lâ—reÌ„tia fâ—â—t Laurentia a curtisan Tarrutius Vâ—labrum