refrigeration of the outward parts CHAP. II. Of things which are the Causes of a Disease and first of Non-naturals MOreover the efficient causes of Diseases considered absolutly or as they are such all things are the causes of Diseases which can hurt the natural constitution and turn it into a preternatural and such things are either without the body or within it Things that are without our bodies are either necessary External Causes and to be suffered by all and none can avoid them or not necessary but may be avoided Of the first sort are those things called non-naturals and are in number six Air Meat and Drink Necessary Unnecessary Non-natural things Sleeping and Waking Exercise and Rest Repletion and Inanination and the Passions of the Mind whereof the four latter are rather to be called evident then external Things befalling us not necessary are those that wound us knock us or in such like manner hurt our bodies which befall us by chance which are not included within a certain number But both those as well necessary as unnecessary Four ranks of things non-natural Those which are taken Which are carried may be reduced to four heads those things which are taken in those which are carried those that are put out and retained and lastly those that befal us externally Under the notion of those things which are taken are comprehended Air by breathing Meat and Drink and Medicine inwardly taken By those things that are carried about we comprehend all the motions of the body and mind of what kind soever such as the perturbations of the minde anger griefe joy sleep waking rubbing the body navigation the course of our lives and such like By Excretion and Retention is understood whatever is thrown out of the body such are the Ordure Urine Which are retained and rejected all sorts of Humors Seed Menstruis for these as those that are emitted alter the constitution of the body belong to those which are called Excretions and the same when they are deteined are referred to Retentions Moreover those things that externally happen to us Those which happen outwardly comprehend them that encompasse us as the Air Baths and those things that are applyed to our bodies as Garments and Coverings Oyls Unctions and such like Lastly those things that by force and impulsion befal us as Wounds Contusions and such like but since there is no certain number of them we will onely speak of non-naturals as they are the causes of Diseases First from the air is made a great alteration Air. as being that wherin we continually live and without which we cannot live a moment for it alters us in a twofold manner namely as we draw it in by breathing and as it encompasseth us and by the Pores penetrates us and communicates that distemper which it hath to our bodies The effect of hot Air. for the hot Air heats our bodies dissolvâ— humours melts attenuates increaseth choler and whets inflames the spirits so begets hot Diseases for by calling forth and dissipating the natural heat it weakens the concoction The cold Air Of Cold. Of moist on the contrary cooleth condenseth closeth the Pores thickens the humours The moist moistens the body hapeth up superfluous humours drives out the natural heat generates crude distillations especially joyned with cold But if joyned with heat Of dry it is the greatest cause of putrefaction Dry Air dries our bodies and being joyned with heat burns them First the constitution of the Air depends upon the season of the year The constitution of the Seasons of the year Of Wind and of Situation Pestilent Air. whereof the Spring is temperate the Summer hot and dry Autumn cold and dry Winter cold and moist and hence several Diseases happen at the several seasons of the year of which Hypocrates in the third of his Aphorismes 4 5 6.7 8 9.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23. The winds also conduce to the alteration of Air so do Countries and Situations of which Hypocrates 3. Aphorisme 15 17. And in his Book of Air Water and Places and it doth not onely affect our bodies with primary qualities but impresseth in us a malignant and pestilent disposition if it be infected therewith and can communicate to us those effects which it hath and so excite malignant and epidemical Diseases in us of which is spoken in the doctrine of malignant and pestilent Fevers Secondly Meat and Drink It offends in quantity Meat and Drink if either it be taken in too great measure or be unwholsome or if any fault be committed in the taking of it may be the occasion of many diseases Dyet then offendeth in quantity manner of taking it and quality for if too great a quantity of meat stuff the stomach it cannot be well concocted but sendeth aboundance of vapours to the braine which offend it and is the cause of divers fluxes of Rhumes and when the error of the first concoction is not corrected in the second that Crudity is the occasion of many Diseases which arise afterwards in the whole body and as an immoderate quantity of meat and drink is the occasion of many Diseases So the want of them is hurtful for thereby the good humours of the body are wasted and the body dryed 1. Aphor. 14. In an impure body it stirs up ill humours Manner of using whence divers parts are ill affected for it is hurtful to eat meat whilest any is unconcocted in the stomach variety of meats is also hurtful As for the qualities of meats Quality those which have in them certain qualities by which they can alter our bodies are called medicamental and they are changed into humours of a like qualities with them and in a sound body cause a like distemper and in a sick body may introduce an unlike and contrary distemper to wit if they are contrary to the preternatural distemper but if they agree with it they encrease it Meats differ not onely in the first qualities but also in others nay in the whole substance some thick others thin some much others little some cause good Asiment some bad of which Galen in his books of the faculties of the Aliments and in his book of good and evil Juice treateth and we shall speak more in our fourth Book Thirdly sleeping and waking moderately preserve health Sleeping and waking immoderately destroy it 2. Aphor. 3. For too much sleep hindreth the natural evacuations and excrements and dulls the heat of the body and so is the occasion of cold diseases and principally of Distillations On the other side too much waking dissipates the Spirits dryes the body and whilest the humours are kindled and become adust they are of themselves the causes of hot distempers and whilest they dissipate the Spirits the native heat is weakned and the radical moisture is consumed and by accident are the causes of cold diseases Fourthly there is the same reason of exercise
and hence venenate humours bred of poyson and poysonous matter do not seem so properly to be referred to Choller Phlegm Melancholly although in colour it seems to have some affinity with some of these yet their nature is far different and therefore are to be described by their Powers Hyppocratically The Melancholly humour explained Lastly of the Melancholly and black humour It is to be noted that by it selfe it is thick earthy feculent or salt and for the most part 't is so much moystened by many serous and watery humours that it becomes like unto Lee which consist of watery adust and salt parts and therefore it is called by some Water CHAP. IX Of the generation of Stones and Worms BEsides Wormes there are other things found and generated in the body Stones which are the causes of diseases as stones and worms that Stones for the most part are generated in all bodies experience and the observations of Physitians do manifest They are generated of feculent matter earthy slimy muddy and of moisture apt to putrifie which when the passages are straiter and narrower in the body sticks and of its own accord tends to coagulation and concretion Wormes also may be generated in most parts of the body Worms out of corrupt and putred matter containing in it Seed or some proportionable principle to Seed namely some vital principle CHAP. X. Of the causes of Diseases of Intemperature without Matter HItherto we have explained the causes of Diseases general The eauses of hot distemoen now we will handle them severally And First for Diseases of Intemperature Galen accounts five sorts of Diseases of distemperature by heat Motion of the body and mind Exercise which causes heat by too much stirring of the humours and spirits Putrefaction which is the cause of heat because in putrefaction the internal heat Putrefaction is called forth by the external and being outward is more sensibly hot Hot things touching our body The proximity of a hot thing and impressing their qualities on our bodies Costivenesse of body and Retention of the hot steeme which should passe through our Pores Lastly mixture with some hot thing or hot things taken into our bodies as Air Meat Drink hot Medicines Galen in his fourth Book of the Causes of Diseases of Distemperature by cold Costiveness reckons these The presence of cold things the quantity and quality of meats and drinks condenseing rarifying Mixtures of a hot thing Causes of a cold distemper idleness and immoderate exercise all which and if there be any other may conveniently be reduced into four ranks For whatsoever brings a cold distemper to the body do it either by altering and by its proper force cooling the body such are cold things whether outwardly applyed to the body or taken inwardly or suffocating the innate heat such are those things that prohibit the ventilation and blowing of the fuliginous vapours or extinguish the heat by their too great aboundance Dissipation or dissipate the same by overmuch exercise of the body or mind a hot constitution of Air and such like or through want of food which poverty may occasion or by letting too much blood Hence it is manifest that the causes of hot Distempers when they are in excesse become the causes of cold Distempers Drawing away food Moist by dissipating extinguishing or suffocating the innate heat The causes of overmoist Distempers may be reduced unto two the proximity to moist things or those things that hinder transpitation and so retain the cold steem of the body Dry distemper is occasioned by the contrary causes to wit Dry by alteration of drying things and want of aliment Compound distempers are from compound causes Of compound distempers and if the causes of simple distempers are joyned together there ariseth a compound distemper yet complication of causes is not always necessary for production of compound distempers since there are many causes which have in them double qualities which therefore if they have equal strength and force cause a compound distemper so that the body be so disposed as it be fit to receive the actions of them both alike CHAP. XI Of the causes of distemper with matter SInce every humour hath its peculiar Temperature The causes of distemper with matter and communicates it and impresseth the part which it adheres to The blood which is hot and moist heats and moistens yellow Choller which is hot and dry heats and dryes Phlegm which is cold and moist causeth a cold and moist distemper Melancholly which is cold and dry causeth a cold and dry distemper The matter which is the cause of distemper in the affected A collection of matter either is collected by degrees or else falls on it on a suddain 'T is collected either through the error of the Aliment or default of the part through the fault of the part it is collected when either the faculty of concoction is weak and doth not rightly elaborate the Aliment and from thence causes excrements which either the expulsive faculty can expel or the weaknesse of expulsion is such that it cannot expel that too great quantity or some disease of conformation and straitnesse of the passages suffers not the Excrements to be cost forth But by default of the Aliment the matter is collected when that is not good but such by reason whereof great store of excrements are generated or slimy and viscious humours are produced that the expulsive faculty cannot expel them A flux is either when humours are drawn to a part A flux made by drawing or sent to a part Attraction is principally through heat and pain not because they draw but because they afford occasion for humours to flow to the part to which you may adde for the supply of vacuity But humours flow to the parts affected Transmismission though they are not drawn for two reasons first because the humours collected in the vessels by their own violence begin to flow into some part according to its situation and its respect to the vessels Secondly because the parts which have strong expulsive power tire or decay in their strength or quality or being burthened with plenty of humours unlade themselves and lend that which is troublesome to another part either the whole body sends forth vencmous humours or else some parts Yet that there be made a flux there is required not onely the part flowing but the part receiving which is either weak or apt and disposed to receive fluxions CHAP. XII Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance DIseases of the whole Body Causes of diseases of the whole substance or of Occult qualities which are in the similar parts besides diseases of intemperature are all produced from causes of the whole substance or acting in a hidden manner such are all venomous malignant things and such as act in a hidden manner Of such causes some are produced in the Body
of Excretions and Retentions THe third sort of Symptomes comprehend the errors of those things which we ought to be cast out of the body Errors of Emission and Retention or use to be retained in it contrary to nature in which kind of Symptomes regard is not to be had to the excression it selfe or action of casting forth whose faults are the Symptomes of actions hurt but onely to the matter which is cast out which as it recedes from the natural state constitutes this or that sort of Symptomes Retentions and Excretions offend either in the whole substance or in quality or in quantity First Excression and Retention offend in substance in the whole substance they offend which ought never to be found in the whole body in the stead of an Excrement such are Stones and divers sorts of Wormes little Hairs and such like Secondly those which in their whole substance are not contrary to nature but are cast forth in this or that manner or place contrary to nature such are the Courses out of the Nose Eys or Teats the Ordure by the Mouth Thirdly those things which are plainly natural yet ought rather to be retained then evacuated as too much profusion of blood by the Mouth Panch Nose Bladder Pores of the Skin which happens in a bloody swear To these belongs particular ejections out of the Lungs and other parts In quality they offend many wayes in heat and cold moisture and drinesse In colour smell and taste in quantity excretions offend when either more or lesse then ought to be are cast forth which often happen in the dregs of the Panch Urine and Courses The end of the third Part and first Section of the second Book Book II. PART III. SECT II. OF THE CAUSES OF SYMPTOMES CHAP. I. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty SIthence we have reckoned all the differences of Symptomes The cause of want of nourishment order now requires that we may shew their Causes in the same order we have set down them and as for the Symptomes of the Natural Faculty amongst them the first is Atrophy or want of nourishment and that is either in the whole or in some part In the whole Atrophy in the whole is occasioned through the debility of the faculty or default of the nourishment the vertne is weakned through a dry distemper and sometimes hot which principally proceeds from the Heart labouring with the like distemper as in Hekticks and other Fevers yet sometimes from the defect of other parts which may communicate their affects also with the Heart diseases may perform the same Atrophy is occasioned through defect of Aliment when either it is not communicated in sufficient quantity or when it is affected with some ill quality 'T is wanting when too small a quantity is received or although sufficient quantity be taken yet 't is not concocted through the weaknesse of the bowels or being concocted 't is not distributed by reason of the narrownesse of the Veines about the Liver or it is disperst or not conglutinated by reason of distempers of the parts especially hot and dry Atrophy is made through the pravity of nutriment when ill blood by reason of the distemper of the bowels is generated especially hot and dry and not so profitable In part Atrophy is in some part whilest its force is weak through cold distemper and defect of native heat or through want of nourishment by reason of the straitnesse of the passages by which it should be communicated to the part or occasioned by what cause soever The immediate cause of depravation of nutrition The cause of ill habit of Body and of ill habit is vitious and raw nourishment in the bowels appointed for publike concoctions arising from the vitious disposition there to which sometimes a cold and moist dsstemper and habit of the body is added The Scabs Of the scab leaprosie c. the Leprosie and other known cutanious diseases have their original from ill nourishment but not crude but sharp salt nitrous or having some other pravity which since it is various various diseases from thence do arise But amonst the Symptomes which happen to the concoction which is made in the stomach The cause of the appetite taken away and diminished The first is when the appetite is hurt and the reason of abolishing or diminishing of the appetite is because either little or no juice is made or else is not perceived juice is not made or very little is made when many crude and watery humours compâ—ess the mouth of the stomach or the chyle hither to sticks in the stomach or because aliment abounds in the body which may be when it is not evacuated by reason of the thicknesse of the skin or idlenesse or weak heat or because it is not attracted through some distemper of the Veins or straitnesse of the Meseraick veins and of the hollow Vein of the Liver or because concoction and distributiis hindred in the stomach The sucking is not perceived either through the error of the sensitive faculty when the animal spirits which should flow are desicient or when the action is converted another way as in such as are out of their wits or when the nerves of the conjugation are defective or when the mouth of the stomach is ill with some distemper as swelling or ulcer or by the dulnesse of the stomach occasioned by some stupefactive Medicines The cause of daily abstinence Hitherto belongs the daily abstinence of those men who abstained not onely some dayes and months but years also from all meats of which wonderful Symptome although it be not easie to render a reason yet it is probable that all such had not need of restoring and that because nothing is taken away or not in a long time wasted because of the humours which preserves our bodies is so disposed and proportioned to the heat of the same that it could not be destroyed by it On the contrary The cause of the appet ite encreased the cause of the encrease of the appetite is too much sucking which comes to passe either from some humour sticking in the stomach such is Melancholly which by its sharpnesse and austereness binds the stomach or through want of nourishment which happens by reason of Wormes which consumes the Chyle or by too much labour and exercise watchings long fastings evacuations of blood vomiting or from some old distemper binding the stomach But the appetite is depraved by a vitious humour peculiarly corrupted and fixed to the Tunicles of the stomach which is either generated in the stomach by ill food or else flowes from some other part especially the Womb into the stomach Thirst is abolished or diminished either from cold sweat The cause of diminishing of thirst unsavory petuitous aqueous many humours generated in the stomach want of meat and drink or flowing from some other parts continually moistening the stomach or because the
humors and vapors are elevated in the brain which often happens in Fevers and Delitiums The same causes also for the most part have a power of stirring up the common sense and besides those principally grief which in what part of the body soever it is when it violently affects the sense of touching it also stirs up the common sense which once moved irritates also the rest of the senses and so it is necessary that over much watchfulness must ensue Cause of too much sleep The causes of too much sleep and first the cauâ—es of non-natural are all those things that hinder the spirits from being sent forth to the external parts Non-natural in due manner and season such are those which dissipate and consuâ—ne the heat of the spirits beyond measure or they are called back too much into the internal parts or hinder the spirits that they cannot go out to the remote parts as too much exercise paines taking too much watching baths and such like which fill the braine with halituous vapours Moreover the causes of a preter-natural and diseased sleep so called are also against nature namely Preternatural those things which detaine the spirits against nature so that they cannot freely passe to the Organs of the senses The cause of a Coma Coma and Cataphora or a dead sleep is a plentiful vapor whether cold and moist or hot and moist either generated in the brain or sent thither out of the whole body or part of it but principally stupifactive rendring the animal spirits heavy and drowsie When there is too greedy desire of sleep Coma vigil the same stupifactive vapor is the cause but because hot and sharp vapours are mingled with it and many various and absurd imaginations are brought to the fancy the sleep is troubled and interrupted The causes of immoderate dreams are impure vapours Of immoderate dreams black and melancholy arising from food and humors causing exhalations of the same nature and stirring up the animal spirits or a distemper of the brain stirring the vapors ascending from the inferiour parts and spirits in the brain A natural extasie hath for the most part the same causes Of an extasic for those which are troubled therewith have in their deep sleep various shapes and images represented to their fantafie about which the imagination being too much busied and fixed the rest of the senses ceasing when they awake they account those dreams by reason of the too much intentiveness of the fantasie for truths and think and say to themselves that those things did really happen The cause of such as walk in their sleep Sleep walkers is a stronger imagination from an internal object represented by a dream the fantasie being violently affected stimulates the desire and thence the motive faculty to perform something the senses for the most part being bound and the rational faculty obscured but the imagination doth depend either on some vehement diurnal disease which hath gone before or on the disposition of the spirits which the vapours thicken which are not onely mingled with the spirits but also have force of binding all the spirits and set before you many cleare dreames The memory Abolishing and diminishing of the mentory fantasie as the imagination is either abolished or diminished principally through the fault of the instrument which is the brain through its too cool a distemper thereof whereunto belongs not onely innate heat but default of spirits the default of innate heat is either native and contracted from our birth or happening afterwards from our birth Heat is deficient to those who have too great heads or a brain weak and cold by nature and mixt with too much moisture or a head too little and therefore little brains or a figure too concise the figure also it self of the head may hinder these actions After a mans birth the native heat is deficient through old age and what other causes soever which may destroy and debilitate the innate heat and may cause foul spirits whether they be internal and diseases and vitious humors or external as cold meat moist thick corrupt and impure air over-much watching stroaks and wounds of the head Besides the defect and cold distemper of the native heat the memory also is weakned yea and taken away sometimes by too much moisture of the brain the same also is hurt sometimes by external error namely through the fault of objects whilest in certain diseases it is confounded and distracted by almost innumerable objects which may likewise happen to such as are well who whilest they are busied in telling any story by reason of some object happening by chance they are so called aside that they cannot make an end of their story But the reasonable faculty is not diminished nor abolished of its self nor by reason of its instrument but because the fantasie is hurt and sometimes the memory and sometimes both The depravation of the imagination and ratiocinatination happens in divers kinds of Deliriums and all have their rise from some default of the animal spirits which being ill disposed represent objects so disposed to the fantasie and whereas for the most part the imagination and ratiocination are both affected in a Delirium and the imagination useth a corporeal Organ with its Spirits but the ratiâ—â—ination useth none but onely beholdeth fantasms In every Delirium the next cause of the hurt of the imagination is the vitiousnesse of the animal spirits but the depravation of the rational faculty is caused by the fantasms The imagination and understanding hurt called Paraphrosune hath its beginning from hot vapours which in burning Fâ—ve s and inflammations of the interiour parts are elevated to the brain and disturb the animal spirits yet moderately which thing also may happen if any one should take in his meat or drink that which may trouble the spirits On this manner commeth sottishness and such as is caused by Wine the weed Darnel Hops and such like A Frensie is caused by a hot Tumor of the Brain and its Membranes from whence the hot vapours being advanced continually trouble and stir the spirits in the brain A Frenzy The cause of offending the imagination in Melancholy Of Melancholy is dark animal spirits but the causes of depraving of the rational faculty are dusky fantasms but the animal spirits are become dark and black two ways first when the spirits themselves are pure in their own nature but some strange foul and blackish matter is mingled with them Secondly when the spirits themselves are darkish in their own nature and geneâ—ate such the former is caused three wayes the first is when the matter dark and impure clouding the spirits is contained in the vessels in the head Secondly when the matter is communicated to the brain from the whole body and principally from the greater veins Thirdly when it is transmitted principally from the Hypocondries which is thence named Hypocondriacal Melancholy the
were degenerated from their nature and are made altogether unfit to perform animal actions bring forth vapors which contain in them a stupefactive power moreover the effusion of animal spirits by deep wounds and troubling of them by a stroak and by a great fal and commotion of the Brain may take away all sense and motion from a man but that Apoplexy which ariseth from a pituitous and stupefactive power is the chief and is understood for the most part when mention is made of a perfect Apoplexy to wit which is occasioned by its sefe when the other Apoplexies by reason of the differences of causes either are occasioned by some external and violent cause as by a stroak by a fall or they follow other diseases An Epilepsie is occasioned from a vaporous and thin matter Of an Epilepsie whether by its acrimony or venomous and malignant quality vellicating and molesting the Brain and all the Nerves and together afflicting the animal spirits darkning and troubling of them and there are to help this matter forward not onely certain humours corrupted in a peculiar manner and fit for an Epileptical disposition but also parts of the body corrupted in like manner as Worms After-birth and such like An imperfect Epilepsie hath the same cause with the perfect Epilesie but mote gentle and less store of humours which otherwise could not vellicate all the Nerves yet may trouble them all but cannot trouble and darken the animal spirits in the Brain CHAP. VII Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed ANd these are the causes of the actions hurt Causes of colour changed or of the first kind of Symptomes which conâ—ist in the actions hurt the second kind or colour of the whole body or of its parts changed contrary to nature are humors of the body such are the colours of the whole body or its parts as are the humors in them so in the yellow Jaundice by reason of yellow choller effused into the body the whole body is coloured with the yellow choller in a Dropsie by stegm it waxeth pale The teeth grow black either through default of aliment Causes of change of the colour of teeth or when any slimy matter flowing from the Stomach Brain or elsewhere or also from meat left behind sticks to the teeth and putrifying corrupts and make them black The Nailes change their colour through peccant matter nourishing them Of Nails Fifthly Of stinking smells smells and exhalations are breathed out of the whole body when hot and moist bodies produce plenty of crude humours which when they cannot be overcome by heat become putrid and send forth a stinck from the whole body A stink is sent out of the mouth Of stinking breath when either many crudities are heaped together in the Stomack which are corrupted and send forth putrid and stinking exhalations by the Pallate or when filthy vapours exhale from the putrifaction in the Lungs or when such matter cleaves to the Teeth Gums or Pallate and infects the air which is breathed out with its stink The smell of the Arm-pits which they call Goats smel Stink of the Arm-pits proceeds from excrementitious humors which are sent from the heart and internal parts in such aboundance to these places and emunctories that all of them cannot easily be discussed but corrupt and send forth filthy smells The faetid smell of the Groin comes from the same cause namely Of the Groin too great plenty of excrements which are sent out from the Liver and Veins to those emunctories The foul smell of the Nostrils is caused by excrementitious humours there collected and putrifying by a Polipus a Canker or an Ulcer in the Nostrils Of the Nostrils The ears stink by an Imposthume and Ulcer in the internal Ear or by vitious humours sent out of the Brain Of the Ears Lastly Of the Feet the Feet send forth an ill smell when the moist excrements in them which are of a hot and moist constitution and given to surfeit are collected and putrifie in the Feet being drawn thither by their motion especially when they are covered with such garments that they cannot freely expire vapours The câ—uses of tactil qualities changed Of tactil qualities changed appears by those things which are spoken of the Causes of Diseases when sometimes they are referred to the rank of Diseases sometimes to the number of Symptomes namely as sometimes the actions are hindered by them sometimes they hinder not the actions but onely cause trouble to the touch CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Symptomes in those things that are sent forth and retained AS for what belongs to excretion and those things which in their whole kind are contrary to nature Causes of excrements contrary to nature and may be generated in the body as stones worms since the same belongs to the causes of Diseases they are spoken of before in the second Part and the ninth Chapter but artificial things as instruments of Iron Knives and such like cannot be generated in mans body but by the inchantments of the Devil are insinuated into the body or are fitted to parts without through which they cannot come back and are there shewen as it were going back If those things which are wont to be cast forth naturally are cast out another way â—â—eressions through unaccustomed passages which comes to passe because the accustomed ways either are grown together or obstructed or some way or other shut for then nature by reason of plenty of matter which it was wont to evacuate through the usual ways they being shut it wearied seeks new ways either more open or otherwise to which some pricking humor leads it or which it chuseth of its own accord Thirdly the effusion of blood contrary to nature through what place soever happens because the Veins and Arteries are opened contrary to nature Of bleeding contrary to nature for those reasons which before in the Second part and thirteenth Chapter are explained and particularly sweating of Blood happens through the thinnesse of the Blood rarity and laxity of the skin and debility of the retentive faculty Small paâ—cels are cast out of the body when from any internal part which was wont to be evacuated that way or in that way by an Ulcer Putrifaction and eroded by a sharp humour and separated from the body As for the causes of excretions offending in quality hot ordure is cast out if choller and hot humours are mingled If the Liver and Guts are too hot if hot meats are used The siege is cold by the extinguishing of the native heat the use of cold meats and the mixture of cold humours Moist Excrements are cast out either through crudity when the meat is not concocted or by obstruction of the Meseraik Veins Causes of excretions peccant in quality Hot. Cold. Moist Hard. by reason whereof the Chyle cannot passe to the Liver and therefore being mingled with the ordure
generation of flegme if they have preceded Flegme of which above Lib 2. part 2. ch 4. Moreover those which abound with flegme are dul flow lazy and unapt for motion more stupid in their senses dullet of apprehension propense to sleep and sleep more soundly they dream of waters and raine snow haile ice and of drowning their manners are unbeseeming they are not easily angry the pulse is little dul thin and soft they are not troubled with thirst their desire is weaker they are affected with cold diseases moist and durable they send forth many flegmatick excrements and abound with spittle their urine is white pale sometimes thin sometimes thick and troubled their dejected ordure is crude pituitous the whole body is thick white soft and more cold to the touch heating and drying things cutting and atenuating and evacuating flegme advantage them they easily indure fasting On the other side all cooling and moistning things and thickning and those which retaine and increase Flegme offend them if the Flegme be sour all those signes are the more vehement but salt Flegme is known from the preceding causes of which is spoken before thirst is present a salt taste those things which are cast out are crude but withall biting Moderate salt things delight them too much drying and heating things hurt them Choler is known to abound if the causes Of Choller and dispositions of the body have gone before which conduce to the generation of Choler proposed before lib 2. part 2. chap 9 as if a man be not drowsie but watchful if he dreame of fire thunder and lightning and contentions and is ful of activity in motion and rash or precipitate in consultation is easily angry the pulse vehement swift frequent hard if his concoction be depraved and turned into a nitrous crudity if the appetite of meat be less then the appetite of drink hot and dry diseases afflict him and those which have a swift motion and symptomes arising from choler if the urine be yellow and splendid the excrements coloured with cholour the habit of the body is dry and leane and carries with it lively heat the colour of the body is yellow cold and moist things and such as purge choller as also acid things delight them hot and dry things as also fasting hurts them Melancholy is known to abound from the causes and dispositions going before Melancholy propounded aboue lib 2. part 2. chap 6. For what belongs to the consequences those which abound with a melancholy humour are silent full of thoughts stable and pertinacious and slow to anger who nevertheless are not easily pacified their sleep is turbulent perplext with horrid and terrible dreams they are sad and fearful without any manifest cause they have a little pulse dul thin and indifferent hard their colour is yellow dun or duskie almost black they desire meat and Venery moderately they are void of thirst and abound with spittle they make much Urine and if none of the melancholy be evacuated therewith it is thin and white or if some of it flow with it it is thick and black and they sweat plentifully in their sleep the Hemorhoids either flow or are suppressed much wind is in the body and they are apt to four belchings the habit of the body is lean sharp and hard the colour yellow the spleen sometimes swels and grows hard within them tubercles appear in the veins and they are affected with other melancholy diseases Black choler is a signe of yellow choler and melancholy mixed together Black Choler and the indications of melancholy appear but joyned with manifest signes of heat whence madness a canker a Leaprosie and such like diseases arise Aboundance of serous Humours are collected Of the serous humor not only from the antecedent causes whereof we have spoken before but also from a somewhat moist and pale body and the Urine is crude and aqueous Moreover Winde winds discover themselves by those signes which are reckned above in the lib 2 part 2 chap 7 moreover fluctuations rumblings tumblings in the guts and Hypochondrias are perceived and switching pains without gravity wandring such as suddenly arise suddenly vanish also a humming and buzzing in the ears pantings of some parts of the body belching breaking wind backward or in the paunch are discovered and the Urines are frothy Malignant and pestilent humors Poysons how they may be known is spoken amongst fevers but the signes that poison is drank are if any biting happen in the stomack or guts to any sound man after eating and drinking and if the belly or stomack be moved to expel and their colour within six hours turn yellow and spottie if the extream parts of the body grow cold and swounding palpitation of the heart and swelling happens but if one be hurt by the biting of any living creature or with a prick or sting or froth and the offended part should mortifie become putred should be inflamed and swel and the paine be great and those symptomes before mentioned appear it is a token that the living creature was venemous CHAP. III. Of the Signes of Diseases SOme signes of diseases indicate the kind of diseases Causes what diseases they shew others the magnitude others the manner and they are taken from those three fountains the causes those things which necessarily inhere and the effects of the causes and what force each hath is spoken of in lib 2. part 2 Disposition of the body and therefore if any causes are present or hath gone before it is a signe of a disease which that cause is apt to produce but amongst the causes the dispositions or inclinations of the body are to be weighed which are apt to produce this or that kinde of disease for every body either fals into a disease like its own constitution sooner then contrary to it and that disposition depends on the age sex course of life and manner of dyet Neither are those things to be past over which help and hinder for if hot things are advantagious cold things are mischeivous and a cold disease is understood the contrary comes to pass if the disease be hot the same reason is of other tempers also Out of those things essentially inhering Essentially inhering or in the proper essence diseases are easily known in the external parts and are obvious to the senses but diseases of the internal parts although they may be known by those things which essentially inhere yet not immediatly but others coming between so a tumour of the bowels is known by the skin mediating which is lifted up by the subjacent parts and it self is become swolne As for what belongs to the effects and symptomes Effects and symptomes an action that is hurt if it be not by some external error it signifies that a disease is present in that part whence the action is hindred and indeed an action abolished and diminished signifies a cold distemper
that a greater this a lesser but depraved actions signifie for the most part a hot distemper and since an alteration cannot be made suddenly nor doth the distemper suddenly cease when the alteration is introduced if the action be suddenly taken away and suddenly restored it doth not indicate a disease of intemperature Excretion and retentions but an organnick but if the actions are presently taken away and remain absent long either obstructions occasioned by thick matter or a cold intemperature is signified the excrements too much coloured signifies a hot disease as also doth dry ordure but clammy thick and white dreggs shew a cold distemper Qualities changed qualities also changed indicate diseases softness signifies a moist distemper a pale colour of the body signifies a cold distemper but a red colour a hot As for the magnitude of a disease Signes of a great disease if a great cause and that which hath great force of acting hath gone before in what kind of disease soever without doubt 't wil generate a great disease the proper nature of a disease wil easily betray it self for by how much the more the pathognomick signes or the signes that discover a disease shal be greater or lesser by so much it shews a greater or lesser disease hither to belongs also the worthiness of the part affected for by how much the part affected is more noble or can draw more noble parts into consent by so much the disease is counted the greater moreover the symptomes by how much the more and greater they shal be to which this happens that if the disease do not give way to exquisite and great remedies by so much the greater the disease shal be it is deservedly accounted great A malignant disease is likewise known by malignant venemous causes preceding Of a Malignant Moreover 't is the nature of certain diseases that in the same manner is they are known they indicate malignity such are the Morbus Gallicus Leaprosie and such like Thirdly malignity discovers it self by the effects for when no dangerous or vehement symptome is present which might trouble the sick nevertheless is unquiet and weak and the disease after smal remisness is swiftly and vehemently exasperated by sweats and other excrements and the sick perceives no manner of ease especially if frigidity of the extream parts or watchings should happen if in the beginning of sleep sleep seemetroublesome if the sick without a cause be afraid waxeth exceeding hot drops blood and the other ill signes be present which are spoken of amongst malignant feavers it argues amalignant disease Acute diseases are known from hence Of Acute diseases that they are suddenly moved and immediatly after the beginning afford grievous symptomes CHAP. IIII. How to know the parts affected The fountains of the signes whereby the parts affected are known Signes of places affected Galen in his first Book of the places affected Chap the 5th accounts five the actions hurt excrerions scituation proper accidents and propriety of paine which notwithstnding are comprehended under those foundations before proposed Amongst the causes the first are those things which are taken in whereof some have power of hurting this Causes others of offending that part moreover to those things which are carried about us belong arts and course of life from whence it happens that sometimes this sometimes that part is more hurt as sleeping and watchings which principally offend the braine anger which principally hurts the heart as also other passions of the mind Thirdly those things which are retained they more offend that part wherein they are detained 4ly Those things which happen and befal us externally they also shew the part affected if any one use mercuriall vunctions it is probable that the nervous parts are hurt that evil which commonly overspreads signifies that part to be hurt which is manifest doth labour in other sick persons By things essentially inhearing here are understood both the proprieties of the parts and the diseases themselves inhearing for although diseases are not of the essence of a part as it is a part yet as it is an effect centrary to nature diseases themselves seem to be in a part essentially inherent diseases therefore indicate parts affected a tumour appearing any where signfies either that part is affected or the part which is placed above it and the scituation and figure of the Tumour and the motions hurt will shew it in its kinde a falling of the guts into the codds signifies a rupture of the peritoneum or rim of the belly gibbosity signifies hurt of the spine or marrow the propriety of parts shews places affected as they are proper to those parts so if we see stones come forth with Urine without doubt we conjecture the veines or bladder to be affected As for the effect Effects actions hurt first an action hurt shews that member by which it is offended unless it be hurt by some external error so ratiocination being hurt imagination memory they signifie the brain to be affected as likewise by sleep watchfulness exercise of the whole body The visive faculty is hurt by an affect of the eye the hearing of the ear the smelling of the nose the taste spoiled is a token of a disease of the tongue if the urine be suppressed the cause is to be sought in the reines uriters bladder or urinary passages if yellow choller be not purged from the blood blood it is a token that the bladder of the gall is distempered Paine Hitherto belongs paines which shews that some sensible part is affected yet a differing paine may be a signe of divers parts a pricking paine is proper to inflamations of membranes a striking paine is caused by parts sensible which are inflamed containing arteries a burthensome paine agrees to the whole substance of the bowels lungs liver spleen reines inward deep and profound paines as it were breaking the part signifies the membrances of the bones to be affected a broad paine spreading it self every way about is a token that the membrances are affected streightness shews somewhat belonging to the extending of the nerves The vital actions being hurt shews that the heart labours Lastly natural actions hurt in what part soever shew a signe of that part which is affected but more manifestly in publick parts more obscurely in private parts Excretions Secondly in excrements which also afford signes more things are to be considered namely the kinds qualities manner of casting them out quantity order the kinds of excrements are two-fold for either something is cast out of the substance of some part signifies that part to be affected as if a little skin orflake or little peece of flesh should be cast out of the mouth it shews the lungs the wind-pipe the Epiglotis the gullet or ventricle to be corroded and if it be cast out by a cough it is a signe that it comes from the brest but if it be cast out by vomit it
parts of Physick the Hygeeinall and Therapeuticall or the preservative and restorative yet first of all we will place before hand certaine common Axioms and Maximes to be observed in the method of them both 1. Nature doth nothing rashly 2. Too much of any thing is an enemy to Nature Common Maximes 2. Apho 51. 3. Nature is the Physitian of Diseases but the Physitian the Servant of Nature and ought to imitate her she acting aright 4. Custome is a second Nature and those things which are accustomed along time although they are worse they are wont to be lesse troublesome then those things which are not accustomed or which men are not used unto Now concerning the Doctrineof the preservation of Health The Doctrine of the desence of health it may conveniently be comprehended in two parts the first is the knowledge of those things which are as it were the materialls of health or the knowledge which is required of wholsome causes and of things called Non-naturall Secondly a method necessary for preservation of health which teacheth how or in what manner those non-naturall things are to be used to preserve health First for the causes which are necessary for the maintaining of health they are comprehended under the notion of things called non-naturall and are conveniently reduced into foure ranks into those things which are taken those things which are carried those which befall the body without and those things which are emitted and retained First therefore we are to speak here of Aire Meat and Drink Passions of the Mind motion and exercise of body and rest sleep and watchings Venery Bathes Excretions and retentions CHAP. II. Of Aire THe Aire affects our bodies two waies Aire either as it incompasseth us extrinsically and insinuates it self through the pores of the skin or as it is attracted by inspiration both waies it alters our bodies and impresseth its force on them but that Aire is the best which is temperate The best Aire as to the primary qualities and is pure and infected with no pollutions but is serene moved or stird with the winds breathing sweatly with pleasant gales and which is sometimes moistned with wholsome showres Corrupt On the contrary that Aire is vitious which is infected with exhalations and vitious vapours breaking forth on every side or is incompassed with Marish grounds where are standing waters or after what manner soever it be impure and such as cannot be purified by the blowing of winds Situation of places change the constitution of aire that which is troubled or too hot too cold too dry or too moist But the constitution of the Aire may be polluted through divers causes first the constitution of the Aire depends on the scituation and nature of places for some Regions are hotter then others others colder for by how much the more any Regions receives the direct beames of the Sun and by how much the longer the Sun remains above their Horizon by so much the Country is the more hot for the contrary reasons t is so much the colder Yet this cause only doth not suffice The earth and nature of the place neither is the same constitution of aire in all the inhabitants under the same paralell secondly the mould and proper nature of the earth conduceth to the constitution of the temperature of the aire where in is to be observed what the nature of the ground is fat dirty filthy gravelly stony sandy whither the place be high or low what scituation there is of mountains and vallies what winds it often admits and from what climates whether the the sea or any lakes be neere it whether it brings forth mettalls from whence malignant aire may be exhaled The mountains also change the constitution of aire Scituation of Mountaines according as the blowings of certain windes drive away and admit it and if the mountains drive away the North-wind but admit the South it comes to passe that the places are hotter and moister but on the contrary if by scituation of the Mountains the blowing of the South be hindred and the North admitted the place is colder and dryer The winds bring forth great mutations Winds also the Orientall winds are more temperate as also the Occidentall but these are moister the Notherne are cold and dry and have power to bind and dry our bodyes the Southerne are hot and moist therefore as the Region or scituation is more or lesse disposed to this or that wind so it obtains this or that constitution of Aire Regions and Countryes exposed to the Orientall Sun are more wholesome then those which are exposed to the Septentrionall and hot winds as also then those which are exposed to the West The vicinity of the Sea also and lakes conduce much to the peculiar nature of Aire The vicinity of the Sea and of lakes unlesse interjected Mountains prohibit for from moist places of this nature many exhalations are drawn up which mingles themselves with Aire and moisten it and indeed the humidity will be increased if the Sea or a lake be scituated on the South but if towards North the frigidity increase if a lake of the Sea be Orientall and the rising Sun not far off it drawes aboundance of moist exhalations to those places but if the Sun be more remote the Vapours with the beams of the Sun wax hot and bring drynesse to that place but lesse moisture comes from lakes and waters scituated to the West Metallick pits for the most part sends forth filthy malignant Vapours Metallick Mines and communicates them to the neighbouring places Dens do the same and Caves exhaling venemous Aire Woods that are too thick take away the light of the Sun and Moone and hinder the motion and agitation of the Aire Thirdly the seasons of the yeare change the Aire which indeed Astronomers constitute equall according to the motion of the Sun Times of the year and Zodiack being divided into foure parts but Physitians principally regard these times according to the temper of the Aire and call that the Spring when the constitution of the Aire is more temperate when we neither grow stiffe with cold nor sweat with heat but the Summer when the same is hot and dry Winter when it is cold and moist neither do they appoint these seasons to be equall in all Regions Hence the Spring as being the most temperate The spring or as Hippocrates calls it hot and moist that is when calidity moderatly overcomes frigidity and humidity moderatly exceeds drynesse it is the most wholesome time of the yeare and although diseases are generated in the Spring time yet the Spring of its selfe doth not produce them but the vitious humours which are gathered together in the Winter time are driven out by the heat of the Spring The Summer Summer because t is hot and dry makes bodies hotter and dryer rarifies dissolves and renders them weaker it attenuates humours and kindles them
dry Cabbage yet in the juice thereof a certain bitternesse and acrimony is perceived which hath a force to stir the paunch t is hard of concoction affords little nourishment and that thick and Melencholy from whence fuliginous Vapours fly into the head and produce turbulent sleep and weaken the sight its malignity is corrected if it be boyled with sat meates the staulks are worse then the broad leaves and are to be eaten only by those which are used to much labour Spinnage cools and moistens Spinage affords little nourishment yet not so evill as Orach or Blitum which is a kind of Beet it generates cold and serous humours in the stomach unlesse it be corrected with pepper and oyle or butter it is not laudable and it begets wind Beets Beets Blitum Orach and Mallowes can scareely be used with profit or benefit for aliment only but are more beneficially taken when there is need to loosen refrigerate and moisten the belly and Be et indeed is hot and dry and takes away obstructions of the Liver and Spleen and hath a different substance the juice is detergent wherefore it loosneth the belly but the substance stops the same Blitum Blitum Orach Mallows Orach and Mallowes loosen the belly only by humectation they nourish little they yeeld a watry juice and have of themselves no pleasing savour unlesse they are dressed with Butter or Oyle and other Sawces Asparagus Asparagus Young Hops to which the young branches or tender sprigs of Hops are next like unto neither heat nor manifestly cool they are gratefull to the tast and cause appetite yet afford little nourishment and therefore do afford not so good nourishment they have a detergent faculty and provoke Urine they cleanse the Reines and open obstructions of the Liver and of the other Intralls Garden Cresses Mustard-seed or Water Cresses and Mustard-seed may be used instead of Sawces but not as nourishment they are hot and dry and of a biting tast they attenuate crude meats as also crude and thick humours Onions afford little nourishment Onions they are acrid and have a heating cutting and extenuating faculty and inflame the blood and together with the discussed thinner parts they leave behind them a thick juice they irritate Venus they are all hurtfull to the head eyes teeth and gumms they cause turbulent Dreams In raw Garlick there is almost no nourishment Garlick in boyled very little and that bad but there is manifest heat and drinesse in it and a power of extenuating thick and viscide humours and of cutting them and taking away cold and t is the best remedy to convert the pravity of waters as also against the Plague Leeks and venemous aire Leeks have almost the same power Raddish The Roots called Raddishes which we use being dipped in Salt affords little nourishment but are rather instead of medicinall knacks they heat beyond the second degree and have a tart tast they cut phlegme attenuate provoke Urine and expell sand from the Veines Wild Raddishes have the same force Wild Radish but are more powerfull which are fit for sawce but not of aliment Turnips Rape-roots round are slowly concocted Rape and fill the belly with wind especially when they are raw but boyled they are easier digested and afford aliment enough and therfore not so hurtfull but are hot and moist Long Turnips are almost of the same nature Tuâ—nips but of a better tast and yeeld lesse thick and flatulent juice and afford strong nourishment they stimulate Venus Parsley is hot and dry provokes Urine and courses Parsley opens obstructions purges the Reines and bowels yet it afford little nourishment Garden Parsnips yeild little hot and dry Parsnips and not very good nourishment they cause lust provoke Urine and bring down courses Red Beets which are pickled with Vinegar Red Beets the seed of Carawayes and the roots of wild Raddishes are used rather instead of Sawces then as food since they nourish very little The fruit of Plants are various Melons Melons are pleasant to the tast and send forth an Aromatick smell but they are of a watry moist substance not without coldnesse whereby they quench thirst and causes Urine they cleanse the Reines but they are easily corrupted and being corrupted become as it were of a venemous nature and stir up choler or generate Feavers whereby many great men are killed and therfore they ought to be eaten at the first course that they may the easier descend through the Paunch and after the eating of them some food of good juice is to be taken and good Wine is to be drank that the corruption of them may be hindred Cucumbers are also cold but not so moist Cucumbers and the juice not so hurtfull nor are they so easily corrupted in the stomach they are most conveniently taken before they are ripe being pickled in Vinegar or Brine and Pepper and they are least offensive to those which have hot stomachs Artechocks Artechocks heat and dry to the second degree they are hard of concoction and afford not very good nourishment they are windy and stimulate Venus unlesse this be rather to be attributed to the seasoning or dressing of them Strawberies Strawberies are cold and moist they are profitable to those that are troubled with choler in the stomach they coole the liver they restraine the heate of the blood and cholerick humours they allay thirst and therefore are beneficiall in hot constitutions of bodyes they have thin juice purge the reines cause urine but are easily corrupted in the stomach and therefore ought to be eate the first Now followes the fruits of Trees Peares and frutices first of peares there are divers kinds nor are they all of the same faculty the austere and sharpe are astringent and cooling and hurtfull to the stomach and Guts sweete are more temperate yet almost all are of a cold and moist nature only some are hot and moist and moreover more apt to corruption they are not unpleasing to the stomach in the first place being taken they stop a loosenesse but being taken after other meate they loosen the belly and shut the mouth of the stomach they are better boyled then raw There are divers sorts of Apples which discover themselves by their taste Apples the sower are colder then the sweete and of a thinner and lesse flatulent substance the austere and sharpe are yet colder and of a thick substance and descend more slowly through the paunch and stay it yet their violence is corrected by boyling and sower austere and sharpe Apples are to be used rather instead of medicines then aliment they all afford ill juice but those are most hurtfull which are watry and for the most part have no taste the best are sweete ones with an aromatick taste and smell and such as afford an indifferent quantity of aliment and that not evill they strengthen the heart
a Ptisan the meat should be savoured with juyce of Lemmon Pomegranates Goose-berries Their drink should be barley-water or small beer Fernelius 5. cap. of Fevers Synoch Bilios Fernal makes mention of another sort of Synocha which is made by the kindling of the Spirits and cholerick humours without putrefaction and which ariseth from the same causes as an Ephemera if it happen in a cholerick body which opinion indeed may take place if it be meant of the thinner and subtiler part of the hotter blood which somtimes useth to be called choler but not if it be spoken of excrementitious cholar The end of the first Book BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers CHAP. I. Of Putred Fevers in General WHereas there is a two-fold sort of Fevers whose heat is inherent in the parts according to habitude whereof the one hath it's rise and is continued by the kindling of the Spirits and thinnest parts of the blood without putred humours the other hath it's original from vapours and putred humours of the former kind 't is already spoken The next business is that we handle the putred Fevers That there are putred Fevers many things shew Putred Fevers For neither is it dissonant from the nature of humours but that they may putrifie since that may happen to every mixt body and we see humours putrifie otherwise in mans body as it happens in inflamations wherein quitture is generated as Galen in the 1 of the differences of Fevers cap. 6. he compares the putridness whereby the humours putrifie in the brain with that by which Sanies is generated in the humours And that they do actually putrify sufficient reasons are given which hereafter we shall propound and the matter it self shews that humours do putrifie in the veins For both blood which cometh forth from breathed veins and those things which are evacuated by stooâ— Urine sweat sufficiently by their smell and otherwise argue putridity of humours And the way of cure proves the same for 't is not performed by things that alter but evacuate humours which is partly instituted by nature partly by the Physician For if humoral Fevers could be made without putrefaction they might also be cured by altering things only And indeed such Fevers are not only malignant as some think but the same signs appear and the same way of cure is exhibited to intermittent and continued What Putrefaction is which are void of all malignity and pestilency Aristotlc 4. Met. c. 1. defineth putrefaction to be the corruption of the proper and natural heat in every moist body by reason of external ambient heat but by Galen 11 Meth. med c. 8. without doubt not so much regarding the common and adequate subject of putrefaction as to mans body subject to medicinal consideration It is says he a change of the whole substance of the body putrifying to corruption by reason of extraneous heat the ultimate end of putrefaction is the dissolution of the parts whereof the mixt body consists and the corruption of the whole mixture That we may here pass by the tedious disputations which are extant amongst Philosophers and Physicians concerning putrefaction this is to be taken notice of How manifold it is that putrefaction in respect of the mixt body putrifying the one is according to the whole and perfect according to the whoâ— whereby mixt bodies are plainly dissolved into Elements out of which they are bred The other is in some part and imperfect whereby these which are full of moisture in some part putrify For seeing the moisture wherewith it aboundeth cannot wholly be drawn out only some parts thereof especially the thinner are And such putrefaction namely according to parts agrees to humors also namely when some particles of theirs are really corrupted and they loose their form Yet the whole humour must not necessarily loose it's form thence it continues it's name and those corrupted parts being evacuated it returns to its former nature unless the corruption have so far gone that mutation is made into another kind Which putrefaction is putrefaction indeed and not alteration only For although the whole be not corrupted yet some parts thereof are really corrupted Putrefaction in a body is caused by extraneous heat The cause of putrefaction and when the humours are no longer governed by the natural heat but are destitute thereof they are corrupted Therefore all things whatsoever which may be an occasion to hinder the innate heat so that it cannot in its due manner govern the humours may be said to be the cause of putrefaction of the humours Putrefaction of humours though oftentimes it be caused by obstruction and bowels and prohibiting of free transpiration since that as Galen 11. Meth. med c. â— writeth things hot and moist in a hot and moist place not being fanned and cooled by wine easily putrifie Yet putrefaction may be occasioned without this by the meeting with putred things and other causes which debilitate the native heat and bring in an extraneous heat First certain humours by reason of some internal defect Default of humours of heir own accord tend to putrefaction or at least are casily overcome come by small causes of putrefaction and having gotten the least occasion fall into putrefaction Such vice humours contract first from bad meats of the which they are generated whether they are such by nature or any other wayes corrupted Moreover by meats which are easily corrupted such are fruits rareripe Thirdly from the ill dressing of meats or ill concoction or when they are taken in excess or at unseasonable hours or after a preposterous manner Fourthly by the default of the parts appointed for concoction by reason whereof even the best aliment may be corrupted Lastly by reason of other causes which either impede concoction or retain execrements as also the preposterous use of the six Non-naturals Therefore by how much the more of such humours are cumulated in the body by so much the more easily they putrify For nature doth not defend excrementitious humours so carefully as those which are fit to nourish the body whence they are easily corrupted and putrify Blood also out of the veins being out of it's natural place and of a hot and moist nature easily is corrupted But although such humours turn to putrefaction of their own accord and being in a hot and moist place yet it happens sooner if any other cause be added Nay good humours also in a sound body if they are the cause in pâ—sse of putrefaction may become putted Amongst all these causes the first and chiefest is the hinderance of transpiration and ventilation Transpiration hindred whether it happen by straitnes of the pores of the skin or by obstruction of vessels passages in the more inward parts of the body For hot and moist things in a hot place unless they are ventilated easily putrify Narrowness of pores is occasioned either by constriction from cold or astringent things or driness as staying
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the 〈◊〉 is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ— oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâ—sition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâ—atarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
stomach doth not perceive its want of drink as it often comes to passe in Frensies and burning Fevers Again the Thirst is encreased through want Of encreased and drinesse of humours which proceed from those things which have drying faculties and such as consume the primogenial humidity of the stomach such are all drying and heating things as hot humours sharp and salt a hot and dry distemper in the mouth of the stomach proceeding either from the whole which is in Fevers or in some part neer to the stomack which either sends hot and dry vapours and humours to the stomach or by reason of the communion of the Tunicles and Membranes which cover the stomach the orifice of the stomach the Wind-pipe and the neighbouring parts communicating a hot and dâ—y distemper to the Oâ—fice of the stomach external causes which are evident perform the same as those which have a power of heating drying and consuming the humidity in the Oâ—ifice of the Ventricle Vitious thirst is caused by some vitious humour in its whole kinde contrary to nature Vitious thirst sticking in the mouth of the stomach The swal owing is hurt either when the faculty is offended Of swallowing hurt or through some external error and indeed the faculty either natural or animal may be hurt the natural is hurt whilest either the attractive faculty cannot draw meat through the strait fibres of the internal Pannicle into the parts or the expulsive through the Transuerse fibers inserted into the external Tunicle cannot thrust food which is drawn into the mouth of the stomach farther down into the stomach which is caused through the relaxation of the fibers of the Orifice of the stomach by reason of a cold and moist distemper when the matter flows from the head to the chops or by reason of their driness occasioned by some Tumour Ulcer or Excoriation The animal faculty is hindered when the Muscle which is before the gullet either is inflamed which use to be in the Quinsie or 't is contracted either by Convulsion or Palsie it is hindered also by reason of the straitness of the entrance into the stomach which proceeds from divers causes as Tumours in the Throat Relaxation of the Vertebraes of the Neck and Back external things being swallowed as when Fish-bones Pins and other things stick in the mouth of the stomach as also Wormes The swallowing is hindered by some external error when any thing hard dry sharp rough viscid or ungrateful is swallowed The retention of meat swallowed is hindered when it is abolished The causes of Retention of meat hurt diminished or depraved Retention taken away and diminished proceed from the same causes the one from the greater the other from the lesser and this comes to pass if the Retentrix be weak The Oblique fibres loosned by a cold and moist distempers or if any Tumour as an Inflammation or Ulcer be present The cause of windiness in the stomach is windy meats and a stomach not cold enough but the cause of floating with a noise is when the stomach is freed from that which might be turned into wind yet still remaining full of drink or extreamly cooled But the retentive faculty is depraved when the stomach doth not â—ightly infold the meat Of Palpitation and indeed a Palpitation with floating and noise happens through the weakness of retention and thick winds pen'd into the stomach Of Convulsion which arise either from the causes or crudity or from flatulent meat or yellow or black choller spread over the stomach But a constriction and a certain sighing or Hiccock happens when after emptinesse and defect of aliment the stomach too violently contracts it self having newly received meat Tâ—embling is caused by the imbecility of the retentive faculty from a cold distemper and the wait of the meat oppressing Of trembling Of Shaking The cause of abolishing and diminishof concoction in the stomaâ—h Faculty hurt External error and a certain Quavering when the Ventricle is molested by any biting thing especially choller For as much as what belongs to the concoction hurt is either abolished or diminished in the stomach they both proceed from the same causes they onely differ according to Major and Minor and the concoction is hindered either primarily and by it selfe when it cannot do its office withour the hurt of the rest of the faculties Or secondarily and by accident when it is vitiated by the retentive or expulsive faculty For unlesse meat can be retained so long as it ought The concoction cannot be rightly performed The concoction is hurt by its self either when the faculty is hindered or by some external error the faculty being hurt is hindered through some distemper of the stomach from what cause soever ariseth or other diseases of the stomach tumours ulcers and such like which hinder concoction the concoction is hindered through external errors first by reason of Excrements which if they abound in the stomach and offend with cold they are the cause of abolition and diminition thereof Secondly by meats which offend either in quantity or else divers and various kinds are taken or in quality if the meats are cold or hard and clammy and hard to be concocted Thirdly by reason of the time of taking food namely if meat raw betaken before it is boyled Fourthly after the taking of meat if a man watch the whole night or sleep very little or exercise himselfe violently or suffer the passions of the mind The corruption of meat is two-fold the one nitrous Depraved the other acide the nitrous hath its beginning from a hot distemper of the stomach the chollerick excrements being collected in the ventricle by hot aliments which are obnoxious to corruptions such as are sharp oyly pinguious things Milk Mushrooms garden Fruit and such like but crudity produceth acidity through the cold distempers abounding with cold aliments cold pituitous and melancholy humours in the stomach We have said the Symptomes of the expulsive faculty of the stomach are Hiccock Loathing Vomiting Choller Belching The immediate cause of Hiccock is something troublesome to the superiour part of the stomach Hiccock especially to the Orifice thereof which it endeavours by that motion to put away and expell but the causes which trouble the stomack on this manner are either in the Stomach it selfe or in the parts which can draw the Ventricle by consent The cause of Hiccock in the Stomach it selfe is matter either oppessing by its plenty or offending in quality as sharp meats and biting and such like humours sharp medicines malignant and foul vapours either generated in the stomach or sent thither from elsewhere Worms an immoderate cold distemper and those things which outwardly press the stomach which may happen by the pressing and bending the extremities of the ribs to the stomach But Hiccock by consent happens when the nerves of the sixth conjugation suffer together in an inflammation and percussion of the braine as also
Convulsion of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles by reason of something troublesome which draws the part joined to it into consent and stirs it up to this motion whereby the Fibres being contracted the Muscle is drawn back to its original Emprosthotonos Emprosthotonâ—s Opisthotonos is made in the Muscles which bends the body of such as are affected forwards Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected bends the body backward Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles Tâ—tanos Spasmus Cynious The Spasmus Cynichus or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor Of grinding Teeth Of convulsive motions or a vapor an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves irritating the expulsive faculty in them and stimulating them to expulsion yet is not fixed but hath various motions through all nervous parts and so the member is agitated in various motions and for the most part it happens that the braine is affected and matter is seâ—â— from thence into all the Nerves When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate Of the complication of the Crump and Palsie Privation of speech the â—â—mour is of a mixt nature which hath force partly oâ— loosening Nerves partly of vellicating and twitchiâ—â— them Privation of speech happens through default either 〈◊〉 the Spirits and Nerves which carry them or of the parâ— which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy Epilepsie anâ—â— Dumnesse properly so called Men are become duâ—â— through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerveâ—â— of third pair are affected from whence the tongue also receives its Nerve which defect if it be native for the most part the hearing is abolished by reason of the communion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear that felowship is hurt or when the Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugations and those going back and vocâ— Nerves are either cut or stretched or cooled or intercepted or hurt by what means soever The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof if either the Membranes of the Larinx or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour and grow soft or some chink thereof be shut by what means soever or if the tongue be cut about or maimed or the Muscles which move the Larinx Tongue or Throat are hurt or relaxed or knockâ— or wounded or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe if that be cut exulcerated or closed The same causes are if they are lesse Of the voice and speech diminished diminution of voice and speech is occasioned yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue namely if the ligament be too long from one birth so that it extends to the extremity of the tongue or if after a childs birth it be wounded exulcerated swoolen or be affected with a Palsie on the other side The cause of depravation of voice and speech Of stammering and first of stuttering and stammering is principally a moist distemper of the instruments of voice and speaking and sometimes a dry also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles a Tumor borne under it as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat and want of the fore teeth Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech Of hoarsenesse whether that matter flow from the head or be cast out of the brest from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat as also from external and evident causes first from air violently straining the voice daily which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing whether they be internal Of a cough or external causes either by Idiopathy or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy an unequal distemper principally cold causeth the Cough which is the greatest enemy to the brest sometimes also distempers hot and dry moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper or through biting humors flowing from the head or by Medicines or sharp drinks or obstruction by a humour thick or thin a pimple gravel worms a little hard swelling clod of blood By Sympathy the Cough is raised if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into consent be affected namely the Midriff Liver Spleen Stomach which by reason of the common Tunicle they have vellicate the instruments of breathing or send vapors to them or presse the Midriffe by reason of some Tumor ot obstruction But the external causes are cold air dry cold water too much desire of drink cold medicines applied to the brest dust smoak sharp vapors soure aliment sharp things and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe straying or wandring in the gullet if it intercept the way or stop it or exasperate the Artery or any way molest the Wind-pipe Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimulate the Nostâ—ils Of sneezing and the fore part of the Brain to excretion whether generated in the body as humours flowing from the Brain or those things which affect the Nostrils by communion with the interior skins by Sympathy which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts or whether they happen from without as whatsoever sharp things are dâ—awn by the nose smells also and sharp vapours the splendor of the Sun and over much light Gaping Of yawning or Yawning is when â—alitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing and moving the lower chop which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off but some times imagination is the cause thereof Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores Of stretching which neverthelesse are not sharp but being store of them they cause trouble in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive faculty to expel which the nature may discusse it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them Lastly Shaking fits and trembling Horror and Trembling which are Symptomes neer alike as also are vehemency and greatnesse of motion and so is the difference of the cause they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts and stimulates them to expulsion which it strives to perform by a natural concussion But the causes which bring forth that twitching are either external and evident as whatsoever befalls the body or vellicates the sensitive parts or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumference of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on scalding water thrown upon a biting medicine applyed to an Ulcer piercing cold and such like for internal as humors or sharp vapors either
exhilerate the minde and are very beneficiall to those which are troubled with Melancholy Quinces are cold and dry Quinees and have an astringent faculty they are harder of concoction afford little nourishment and that thick they strengthen the stomach and stop vomiting and if they are taken after meate they hinder Vapours so that they cannot easily ascend to the head and they loosen the belly but being taken before meales they stop a loosenesse being taken raw they hurt the nerves and often cause fits of the cholick Peaches are cold and moist and are easily corrupted Peaches and afford little nourishment and therefore are to be eaten sparingly and warily and indeed before meales not after other meates neither is water nor any cold drink to be drunke after them but wine being dryed they are lesse hurtfull and especially being boyled in Wine their pravity if they had any it is taken away Apricoks which are well known to the Persians Apricocks in goodness are beyond Peaches and more pleasing to the stomach and are not so easily corrupted Medlers are cold and dry Medlers and are not eaten till they are rotten they afford little nourishment and are slowly concocted they stop the belly and all fluxes they stay vomitting and agrece well with a cholerick stomach Sowre Sherryes have a chooling faculty Cherryes are easily concocted and descend through the belly they coole the stomack and liver they quench thirst and raise an appetite and are not so easily corrupted nor are they of so hurtfull a juice but the sweet ones are far inferior to the sharpe ones in goodnesse by reason of the moisture abounding and are easly corrupted and generated urred humours and Wormes in putred feavers There are divers kinds of Plumbs all of them cold Plumbs and moist the sweet ones are not so cold by nature yet they mitigate the acrimony of choler and therefore agree most with colerick persons they are easily concocted and passe through the belly those that are fresh alter most powerfully they mollify the paunch being taken before meate but with their moisture they scatter abroad many excrements and that crude neither do they generate so good juice yet some are softerthen others those which abound most with a crude and moist iuce they are the worst the white and waxen colour or yellow are the worst and afford ill juice but the best are Damask Prunes and those which are neerest to these are green but the dry are more fit for nourishment and afford better aliment for those which are weaker in stomach Plumbs are not convenient for they loosen itstone Mulburies moisten coole quench thirst Mulburies mitigare the heate of choler they nourish little they easily passe through the belly but if they are retained they easily are corrupted and become putred and acquire an ill nature wherefore they are to be eaten when the stomach is empty only and not overspred with peccant humours that they may on a sudden descend and passe through the paunch Figs are hot and moist Figs. by nature they nourish more then other fruits they easily descend and go through the belly they have a penetrating and abstergent faculty yet too much use of them begets wind dry Figs are hotter and dryer yet acquire a power of cleanseing opening and attenuating yet they also loosen the belly drive humours to the externall parts being often taken and plentifully they cause sweates and generate blood not very good but such as is apt to putrify Sweete grapes are hotter Grapes and for that reason cause thirst sharpe and austere are colder those that are fit to make Wine are betwixt these extreames those that are fresh gathered afford little nourishment and are flatulent and if they are detained long in the stomach they are corrupted and dilate the belly and stir up cholick fits they cause the spleen to swell and fill the stomach and liver with crude humours and allwayes the fresh gathered serve rather for pleasure then for health the austere and sower Grapes are colder and strengthen and bind the belly the sweete ones are hotter and afford more nourishment those which have a mixed taste obtaine mixt faculties but the sweet which participate something of sharpnesse are commended before the rest they are pleasing to the stomach gratefull to the liver as also they are said by a certain propriety to be advantagious to the whole substance they are helpfull to the brests and strengthen all the naturall members those which are without stones are called Corinthian they loosen the belly more but those which have seed strengthen the stomach Amongst Nuts Almonds the best are sweet Almonds they are temperately hot and moist and yeelds store of nourishment and of good juice and moderate they attenuate and cleanse for which reason they are the best food for immaciated bodies and they replenish the intrails and the whole body with convenient nourishment and such as is not apt to corruption they purge the brest open the passages of urin and cause sleep but they are not so convenient for a cholerick stomach nor to be given in cholerick Feavers Walnuts are hot and dry especially dryed Walnuts for your green ones are moister and are not so hot and therefore are eaten safer but the dry generate choler and offend the Orifice of the stomach and hurt the Gullet and Wind-pipe and cause a cough and generate pain in the head commonly the use of them is commended after Fish because with their heat and drinesse they prevent the corruption of Fish Hasle-nuts afford more nourishment then Walnuts Haslenuts but they are colder yet they are hot and dry they are hardly digested and afford a thick juice more earthly then Walnuts Chestnuts are hot and dry Chestnuts and Galen conceives they have no ill juice as all the rest of the fruits of Trees if they are well concocted in the stomach yet they are harder of digestion and are distributed more slowly yet they afford more durable nourishment they bind the belly and if they are eaten in too great plenty they cause wind Toadstools and Muskeroms for the most part are cold Musheroms they yeild a watry and thick nourishment Toadstools are preferred before Musheroms yet all of these are not to be taken without danger because they do not only generate ill juice but oftentimes there is poyson in them Lastly Oyle Oyle drawn out of ripe Olives affords nourishment temperate and for the most part agreeable to our nature and can correct the pravity of other aliments and amend the crudity of Herbes it also mollifies and loosens the belly is takes away all sharpnesse it helps Ruptures and such as are bursten and mitigates pain Meates from living Creatures IN the second place many living Creatures supplies us with convenient nourishment agreeable to our nature Aliments of living Creatures as being neerer and more familiar to our nature and lesse exceed in the
t is not to be taken in too great plenty and it ought to be of a hotter nature and other things good and generous middle aged but thick Wines which cause obstructions and have an astringent faculty or hinder urines are not convenient for old men wine mingled with hony is good for old men also Old men should use moderate exercises before meate Exercise yet so that no lassitude may thence ensue but principally moderate frication is commodious for them especially in the morning Old men should sleepe longer Sleepe and if they are troubled with waking that remedied with the use of sweet Almonds Lettice boyled with Sugar and dill being taken the last course and with Somniferous lotions of the feet and hands First of all let them avoid vehement perturbations of the mind Perturbations of the mind Excre ments and let them rather refresh their minds and bodyes with honest pleasures Lastly let old men be carefull that they void their excrements well and therefore if the body be costive the belly is to be moistned with convenient meates or with hony of Roses solutive but stronger and more Phyficall things are not to be given to old men CHAP. VI. Of the Dyet of such as are out of temper and of neuters AS for what belongs to the Dyet of bodyes Bodies that are neuters how manyfold that are neutrals there art two kinds of bodies deviating from perfect health for some are more remote from a sickly constitution others are neerer to it and these are twofold as before is spoken lib. the first Chap. the third neuters falling away which governing part of the Method of the defence of health is called Prophylactick in neuters tending to health and waxing strong the governing part of the Method of restoration of health is called Analyptick But those former neuters which are as yet far from difeased yet decline from the best health whether from their birth or whether they have contracted such a habit from custome and dyet it is hard to change neither can it be done suddenly but by degrees and with long diligence but if leasure doth not permit t is neither commodious nor possible for as Galen 2. of the defence of health Chap. the third those who are busied in civill affaires and distracted with many businesses t is safer for such a one not to indeavour to change his temperament Such bodyes therefore Dyet of untemperate men if either leasure will not permit and their minds are not bent to reduce them into a better state they ought to be preserved so by their likes but if you intend to reduce them to a better condition you must use contraries by degrees yet a hot and moist distemper since that t is more agreeable to our nature is by no meanes to be changed because it introduceth no disease but bodyes which are become too dry are alwayes to be moistned as much as may be during the whole terme of life Hot bodyes therefore should avoid hot Aire Of such as are hot hot and sharpe meates their drink ought to be more plentifull but smaler and strong drink rather then wine their exercise ought to be moderate the use of bathes of fresh waters warme frequent they must shun anger too tedious meditations and their sleepe ought to be longer If drynesse be joyned to the heate let them avoid the use of hot and drying things and therefore let them beware of a hot and dry constitution of Aire and vehement exercises if humidity be joyned and that be moderate fince that temperament is most agreeable to man and conduceth to the prolongation of life t is to be preserved as much as may be and only to be fore-warned that no more of the heat and humours may be added and cause diseases and stir up putrifaction wherefore let these avoid Aire that is too hot and moist let meat be given which hath attenuating force and let them endeavour that it may be well concocted let their exercises be such as may discusse excrements yet not dry the solid parts let all other things be moderate and principally let them endeavour that the excrements of the belly and the urine may freely passe from them Those which are cold are to be nourished with hot meates let them use exercises which may stir up heate Oscold let them evacuate timely the pituitous excrements Dry constitutions should use moist meates Of dry and moistning drink and bathes of fresh water but the most unhappy constitution is cold and dry which represents old age from the beginning and hastens to it and therefore such are to use heating and moistning things and to be nourished with hot and moist food their exercises should be moderate such as only stir up the naturall heate their sleepe longer and the use of bathes of fresh water frequent Venery is very hurtfull cold and moist if the constitution of the body be so Moist the frigidity is to be corrected and the humidity preserved to which purpose moderate exercise conduceth and excrements if they are timely and duly evacuated Neuters declining which now incline to sicknesse Dyet of neuters declining diseases are imminent to them especially for two reasons Plethory and Cacochymie both of them therefore are to be taken away if the falling away from health be but little it may be done with rest and abstinence but if it be greater opening of a veine and purging is to be used which is spoken of in the following book for this Prophylactick part is placed in the end of a cure Only we here admonish two things first that the Spring-time is best for preservation as Hippocrates 6. Apho. 47. teacheth he sayes to those that the breathing of a veine or purging are profitable to them the opening of a veine and a purgation is to be commanded in the Spring it is also profitable to purge black and Melancholy humours before Autumne Moreover the use of aloes doth much conduce to the preservation of health Vse of the aloes since it gently purgeth the excrements which stick in the first passages which are oftentimes the causes of many diseases it resists putrifaction and corruption and seldome reacheth the Liver but because aloes if it comes to the Liver offends it it is not to be used too often and in too great plenty least it should penetrate to the Liver but it purgeth onely the first passages which is performed profitably if it be taken in a small quantity a little before Supper Lastly Dyet of neuters growing better for what belongs to the dyet of those newters that are inclinable to health two things in the first place are to be obserued in their dyet first that they fall not againe into the disease secondly that they may suddenly recover their former health first when as it is 2. Apho. 12. those things which are left in diseases after a crisis are wont to cause relapses if ought of the peccant matter
under the Sun-beams or by Obstructions which either plenty or vicosity or thickness of humours brings forth Moreover the internal passages are stopped either through store of blood over-flowing in the body or plenty of it contracted up and down in many parts or by the thickness and viscousness of humours Secondly Causae califacientes those things cause putrefaction which can kindle preter-natural heat in humours and call out the native heat in which number is the Fever Ephemera which for this cause is often changed into a putred in hot and moist bodies Moreover the other causes heating as hot air a hot bath too much exercise of body and mind Meetings with putreâ— things Lastly the meeting with putred things seeing that which is touched by what is putred is defiled and putrifieth From all which it is manifest that a putred Fever is short having it's rise from hot vapours stirr'd up by putred humours and heating the heart and thence the whole body against nature CHAP. II. Of the differences of putred Fevers ALthough there are many differences of Fevers nevertheless those which are necessary to be known for the performance of their cure The difference of putred humors are taken either from the matter putrifying or the place putrified For first either solid parts putrify or humours or even the Spirits themselves concerning which it is controverted as in it's own place shall be shewn Humours that putrify are as well natural as preter-natural And those of every kind blood Phlegm choller melancholy which both the variety of those things which are evacuated by stool vomit and sweats and the difference of Symptomes which happen in Fevers doth shew moreover the diversity of causes which went before it whereof some generate this some that humour and moreover some afford matter for this other for that humour And the humours either simply putrify or a malignant venemous quality and contagion is joyned with it Furthermore the place wherein the humours putrefie is not alwayes the same For sometimes the humours putrefie within the veins and arteries sometimes without them And that putrefaction which is within the vessels is either equally in all the vessels or in the greatest or in certain parts of a vein Whence these differences of Fevers do arise First some Fevers are simply putred without any malignity or contagion others malignant postilent contagious Moreover some Fevers are continual others intermittent according as the putred vapour which is the cause containing of putred Fevers or heat stirred up by putred humours either continually heats the heart and from thence is diffused over all the body or by certain intervalls Of either of which kinds of Fevers there are again many differences For either the putrefaction is kindled in the common vessels and not in private passages whence arise continued Fovers called Primary Or the putredity comes by the inflammation of some peculiar part and from thence putred vapours are continually communicated to the heart which Fevers are called Symptomatical Primary continued again are two-fold for some have no augmentation nor remission which they call Fevers containing or fiery Synochaes Others are continued yet there is some increase of heat and sometimes remisness which are called Synochaes and by the general name of continual Fevers The continual for the time of their increase and decrease of heat some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan according as the heat is exasperated dayly each other day or the fourth day likewise Intermitting also according to the time of their invading some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan Nay it is observed that there are Fevers that have a longer distance between the Paroxismes CHAP. III. Of the signes of putred Fovers in general APutred Fever is known The Diagnosticks 1. From it's heat which is more gnawing and acrid then of any other Fever and that in the increase and state For in the beginning of fits the heat doth not at the first touch of the Pulse discover it's acrimony but if the hand be continued longer it may be perceived which proceeds from fuliginous vapours which exhale out of putred humours 2. Because it begins without any manifest cause Which indeed is a proper sign but not an inseparable one for as often as any Fever is kindled without any manifest cause you may well determine it to be a putred Fever Yet sometimes humours are so disposed to putrefaction that upon any light occasion they 'l become putred 3. Urines in putred Fevers either are crude or else at least afford but obscure notes of concoction unless an Ephemeral be degenerated into a putred Fever otherwise there is no putred Fever wherein the Urine in the beginning doth not appear crude or obscurely concocted 4. The pulse is more changed then in other Fevers 5. Putred Fevers begin with a cold shaking Which is a proper but not an inseparable sign 'T is a proper sign because neither Diaries nor Hecticks do ever begin with cold shaking yet it is not inseperable because all putred Fevers do not begin with a cold fit as a putred Synocha 6. It is the property of putred Fevers to return by fits and Paroxismes and no other Fever hath fits Yet this is not an inseperable sign because it doth not agree with all putred Fevers 7. Lastly if any sign be present which is proper to any sort of putred Fevers 't is a sign it may admit of the general appellation of a putred Fever Concerning the event of putred Fevers in general not much can be spoken The Prognostick since there is great variety and difference of putred Fevers and the event various Only this that the event is best to be known by comparing the magnitude of the disease with the strength of the Patient For if the patient be very strong there is much hope of a good end of it if the party be weak there is great danger CHAP. IV. Of the cure of putred Fevers in general NOw seeing a putred Fever is cherished by the cause containing Indications in putred Fevers Indications in putred Fevers are taken some from the Fever it self others from the cause thereof Nor indeed ought vital indications to be neglected First a Fever as it is a Fever indicates cooling things Moreover as that heat of the whole depends on a hot putred vapour as on the cause containing the removal of that is also indicated but because putred vapours depend on putred matter they cannot be removed unless the matter putrified be taken away putrefaction cannot be taken away except its cause be removed as we said before First all evident causes which are present are to be removed the antecedent causes and whatsoever is in the body either of superfluous blood or peccant humours they are to be prepared and if occasion require to be evacuated streightness of passages if it be external or interal in the bowels they are to be opened and free ventilation and respiration for the humours
of strength do require you may give more drink but sithence drink is to be considered not as drink only but as medicinal hence it comes to pass that at certain times certain drinks are to be chosen Drink considered as drink ought to be given according to the rules for meat But as it is considered as altering by how much the dry heat is more intense by so much the more hotter drinks are to be avoided and the colder to be chosen Yet regard is to be taken of the cause and oftentimes there will be need of attenuating and absterging drinks and not of cooling only and the matter being deeper fastened in the part admits not cooling drink The drinking of cold water is only useful in acute Fevers 't is never proper in intermittent Fair water is often altered with barley which is called a decoction and barley-water Instead of drink Juleps are also exhibited water mixed with Honey Oxymel Emulsions Whey strong beer wine But seeing certain drinks for certain Fevers are most convenient we may more properly handle them severally amongst the different kinds of Fevers of which sorts are peculiar for such a particular Fever then in general to treat thereof The air in all Fevers ought to be pure cold rather then hot yet so temper'd Air. that the drawing in thereof may rather allay the fevourish heat then meeting with a naked body cause it to shut its own pores which hinders the discussion of vapours and sweats and therefore the sick is to be covered with outward garments but such as are light that so the heat may be drawn to the outmost parts of the body Sleep ought to be moderate Rest in putred Fevers is most advantagious Sleep rest Excrements passions of the mind Excrements ought not to be retained beyond measure but to be ejected in due time The passions of the mind ought to be at peace and sadness and anger are to be avoided CHAP. X. Of the differences of putred Fevers HItherto we have spoken of putred Fevers in general The differences of putred Fevers it remains that now we speak of them particularly First their differences are a little more cleerly to be explained And they are taken chiefly from the matter putrifying and the place of putrefaction As for the matter Feversarise either from choller or phlegm From the matter blood or melancholly To which not without reason is added a serous humour especially that Ichor which is very evil easily obnoxious to putrefaction A serous humour and causeth the blood and other humours to putrefie more easily Whence some are of opinion that Ephemeral Fevers which commonly are said to arise from Spirits kindled do all proceed from the ebullition of the serous part of the venous or arterious blood And much more a Synocha without putrefaction although the vital Spirits being heat may first allure the heat to the serous humour The same shew that all Synochaes or Fevers containing as they are called which have no periods as well putred as not putred do arise from the same aqueous and serous humour whether putrefying or not putrefying whereof the Tract of Fevers may be seen Those Fevers which proceed from blood do all keep a certain continuity and equality and are neither exasperated daily From blood Phlegm Choller nor each other day nor the fourth day but those which do arise from Phlegmatick chollerick or melancholy humours all have their periods whether they are continued or intermittent Besides these there are other Fevers Melancholy which although they are exasperated yet have no certain periods such are those which arise from inflammation putrefaction worms corrupted milk From other causes as in Infants blood out of the Vessels chyle and blood imperfect putrefying in the Mesaraicks The matter whereof putred vapours are bred in Fevers From the place is either contained within the vessels or without The vessels which carry the perfect blood as the vena cava and the arteries or the more imperfect as the Meseraick veins within the vessels Whilest blood putrifies in the vena cava there arise continued Fevers whereof some are called Synochaes or containing Fevers others continued instead of a genus and periodick continued If excrementitious humours putrefie in the Mesaraicks intermittent Fevers are stirred up but if imperfect blood putrifie in the Mesaraick veins continued Fevers are raised but calm ones Putrifying matter without the veslels Without the vessels sending putred vapours to the veins and arteries kindles continued Fevers Such are first Symptomatical which proceed from inflammations of certain parts Moreover calmer Fevers which proceed from the stubborness of the guts and their obstructions Thirdly those that are caused by an Ulcer Fistula and all putrefaction Fourthly from corrupt milk as in Infants from blood putrefying without the vessels also the matter of Catarrhs whence they are called Catarrhal Fevers Lastly there are Fevers called Comitatae or Companions which are occasioned from matter putrefying in the veins Fevers accompanied part whereof when nature either expells out of the body which happens in a Diarrhaea Dysentery and a Catarrh or protrudeth into some part which happens in the Meazles Small Pox Stragling pains Quinsey Peripneumonie Phrensie Erisipelas oftentimes Another disease then accompanies the Fever CHAP. XI Of a continued putred primary Fever and first of a Synocha in particular NOw concerning putred Fevers in particular A primary continued Fever and first we will handle a primary continued Fever A primary continued Fever is that which comes not to apurexie before it be plainly taken away and hath its rise from putred humours contained in the greater branches of the vena cava and arterie For since that thence putred vapours are continually sent to the heart a continued heat is also caused thence until it fully be cured there is no absence of fire neither doth it return by intervalls with tremblings and shaking fits Primary continued Fevers are two-fold Some without any remission or exacerbation of the heat continue from the beginning to the end But there are others wherein the heat before the Fever be throughly cured doth never totally depart yet at certain periods is increased The former are called fiery Synochaes and Fevers containing the other are called Synoches or continued instead of a genus The Fever Synocha putred A Puered Synocha is a Fever which without any slacking or increasing afflicteth from the beginning to the end arising from putrefaction of the blood in the greater branches of the vena cava Although continued Fevers may arise out of vessels of determinate parts yet such are Symptomatical And if they are true Synochaes which have their original from the default of any part as from the womb offending Yet that part only affords an occasion the polluted putredity being communicated that the blood in the greater vessels might corrupt But there are Fevers risen from determinate parts for the most part continued Periodicks So
colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
inflammations of the Midriff the Eungs the Liver the Gutflion Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor Causes of loathing and vomiting either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak or from something contrary to nature tearing the stomach The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper or by conformation thereof or by a certain native straitnesse thereof by reason of drynesse and leannesse swelling an Ulcer whereunto belongs frequent vomiting which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vomiting as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ventricle by some tumour as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts The diseases called the Chollick and Stone by the communion of the Membranes and lastly wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to expel either loading it with its plenty or twitching it with its sharpnesse or moilifying the superior Orifice or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it whether it be meat and drink or medicines poysons worms blood quitture choller effused into the stomach which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body and the sight of loathsome things The cause of Choller is offensive Moist Choller and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty and its quality to expulsion and stimulating it to evacuate upwards and downwards Such is Choller collected about the Liver Pancreas and parts adjacent also sharp adust humours salt nitrous and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food as Mushrooms Garden-fruits and such like strong purging Medicines and Poysons do the same and stir up this matter As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this Dry Choller which we have newly explained that is dry this is moist the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow black and adust Choller spread over the stomach Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward and stimulating the stomach to expulsion Belching Concerning a loosenesse Alientary and Celiack affects the causes of a Lyentary and Coeliack affects are for the most part the same differing onely in magnitude And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts then of the Stomach although its name seems to signifie otherwise For in a Lyentary as hath been said the meat is cast forth crude In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted descends into the Guts and is cast out And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt Nor can it be that meat unconcocted can be cast forth out of the Panch unless it be sent too soon into the Guts by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines because Chyle generated in the stomach ought to remain some time in the Guts that it might there be in some manner elaborated and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines and the ordure should be throughly elaborated If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt all these things cannot be performed but the Chyle untimely and in some as measure crude is cast out of the Panch but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe or by accident of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper and that either alone or joyned with a phlegmatick humour as also by cicatrising after a disentary and the immoderate use of fat things and such as cause Lubricity By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly drives the meat presently downward by reason of the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by biting and sharp humours sometimes also by a hidden quality or from hurtful and poisonous meats or ill disposition of air A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours A Diarhaea crudity or pravity whether they proceed from corruption in the stomach and guts or flow from the wholebody or any part to the guts from what cause soever they are generated and collected The more remote causâ—s of Diarhae a are imbecility of concoction and distribution through the distemper of the stomach and parts adjacent ill diet untemperate air omitting exercises of the body or taking a strong purge The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines A Dysentary either by too great plenty of this blood or by crudity by reason of the concoction of the Liver or being retained too long in the Liver Veines and by a burning with a preternatural heat But as for Dysentery properly called the causes are sharp and biting humours whether they flow from the whole or from some part to the Guts or are generated in them and are peculiarly troublesome to them of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs â—speciplly violent purges sharp quitture and poysons A Tenesmus or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood A Tenesm comes for the most part from the same cause yet principally salt phlegm and a sharp humour clammy thick closely sticking to the skin of the Gut called Rectum The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the expulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt Suppression of the helly or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel or because the ordure doth not stimulate or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of pricking and stirring up the expulsive faculty doth not expel either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error or fault in the object 'T is hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed first from astringent and drying things Secondly from their inflammation or a Tumor bred in them Thirdly from growing together especially of the Fundament Fourthly from the going out and turning of them which happens in a Rupture Fifthly from obstruction by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge Worms Stones viscous Phlegm Sixthly from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned shutting the Gut Rectum The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick viscid and hard the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel either because they are
weak or because they or the parts under them endure pain the Ordure doth not stimulate when either there is but little or when there is no mordication or it hath no sharpnesse or by reason of eating of cold meats or because yellow Choller is not mingled therewith The Guts are not sensible of stimulation either because their preception is dull or becavse through long retention they are accustomed to and become familiar with the Ordure or because they are stopt with phlegm The Illiack passion hath its original from the inverted motion of the fibres of the Intestines Illiack which proceed from some inflammation or obstruction from hard dung or from a Rupture or from Exulceration or a Canker or from a high flowing of humours Moreover for what belongs to elaboration of blood Sanguification hurt that is hindered either primarily and by its selfe or secondarily and by accident Primarily it is offended either when the faculty is hindered or by some external accident when the faculty is offended 't is done by reason of some diseases of the Liver distemper by reason of which alone without any other manifest disease of the Liver those which are troubled with its imbecility are called Hepaticks obstructions tumors ulcers But it is hurt by some external error when either the Chyle is not rightly elaborated in the stomach or when it is throughly elaborated some peccant matter is mingled therewith Secondarily or by accident it is hurt either when the attractive faculty is hindered by reason of diseases of the Liver or obstâ—uction of the Mesentary or because the retentive faculty in like manner is hindered through some disease of the Liver and especially through its moist distemper opening and gnawing of the ressels and thinnesse of Chyle or by the expulsive faculty principally by cold distemper and obstructions of the gibbous parts of the Liver by reason whereof the blood cannot be distributed But as for the Symptomes which happen in making of Urine The cause of an Iscury and of little Uria the first is an Iscury or suppression of Urine and making of lesse Urine 't is properly to called when the Urine is in the Bladder and is not ejected or very little is cast ouâ— which Symptomes arise from the same causes differing only according to Major and Minor but the Urine is suppressed or little is made because the xepulsive faculty is either hurt and weakened or hindered It is hurt whilest either the sensitive faculty oâ— the Bladder being hurt doth not perceive the pricking of the Urine namely when the proper Nerves of the Bladder are affected either by some stroak sliding loosening of the Vertebraes in that part wounds of the spinal Marrow and Tumors as also stupefactive Medicines being applied thereto or it may happen when the expulsive faculty is hurt and the transverse fibres of the Bladder appointed for expulsion or affected with some cold moist distemper or are extended over much that they lose their tune or note so that afterwards they cannot be contracted which comes to passe when the Urine is too long retained or the Muscles which help and assist the Bladder to expel Urine are affected so that they cannot be contracted But the expulsive faculty is hindered whilest the Neck of the Bladder and Urinary Passages are not open and is either stopt by a little Flesh or Callous Substance in the passages or is obstructed by Gravel clotted Blood Quitture or thick humours or it is comprest by a Tumour in compassing the Neck of the Muscle of the Bladder or of the neighbouring parts or it is shut by contracting of the Muscle of the Neck or it is pressed and wreathed by the falling of the Bladder out of its place Urine also is not made when too great plenty thereof is long retained too much dilating the fibres of the Bladder so that afterwards they cannot contract themselves nor cannot squeeze out nor expel Urine which comes to passe either when the Urine mens businesse being urgent of its own accord is retained long or when the pricking of the Urine as is said before is not perceived Lastly Urine is not cast out through its accustomed passage if by some Wound Ulcer Fistula of the Bladder and Urinary passages the Urine which ought to passe through them goes out by a way opened elsewhere There is another Iscury lesse properly so called or suppression of Urine when little or no Urine is sent and comes into the Bladder which happens when the attractive faculty of the Reins is hurt through distemper especially cold or is hindered by obstruction and straitnesse of the emulgent vessels or when the Urine is carried to another place and is cast out of the Panch or by Sweats or is collected in the Panch and stayes in the first passages as in a Dropsie But a Dusury properly so called Difficulty of making Urine or difficulty of making Urine is when the time of making water and the quantity is a little altered yet in the very making water the Urine doth not passe out freely but is made with great striving pain and burning which comes to passe by some fault of the Urinary passage namely whilest it is affected with some Ulcer and is eroded or the Vrine it self being sharp doth it or the passage was formerly ulcerated The cause of a Strangury is either some sharp thing which stimulates nature continually to expel Of a Strangury but because nature is sensible of pain it hinders free emission the Urine is made drop by drop and dribling which is caused by crude Urine unconcocted or having a sharp humour mixt with it by Gravel sticking in the neck of the Bladder or some fault of the Urinary passage whereunto belongs Intemperature of the Bladder and inflammations of the same and of the parts neer thereunto hot humours also exulceration of the neck of the Bladder and Urinary passage Involuntary pissing Of Involuntary pissing which happens both to those that are sleeping and waking is caused for the most part when the contractive power of the Muscle Sphincter of the bladder is taken away which is occasioned by a Palsie proceeding either from a cold and moist distemper of the same or by hurting of the Nerves which come to this Muscle by compression in loosening the turning joynts of the back neer the Hucklebone by a stroak a fall or some tumor or obstruction or by hurting of the same Muscle or certain fibres in cutting the stone of the bladder yet sometimes Urine is made against our wills when the Muscles of the Panch are exceedingly drawn together so that the Urine by reason of their constriction and compression of the belly is as it were forced out of the bladder as also sometimes it happens to those that are great with Child in their last months For the same reason they cannot contain their Urine But if a man contain his Urine waking Of pissing in ones sleep and in his sleep let
it go from him That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder Yet there concurs a more deep sleep and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty as also custome It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed To this obscure matter I say Diabetes It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines by too great plenty of Urine which when the Reines cannot endure they suffer it to flow into the bladder This plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels liver and spleen and the veins drawing drink very powerfully and melting of the humours in the veins to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver and Spleen by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these The cause of defect of milk and belong to the generation of milk seed and courses of women milk either is wanting or corrupt it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity or through some distemper of the Paps or some disease or straitnesse of passages by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffitient quantity of blood Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pravity of the matter Vitious and fault of the blood or by some distemper of the bâ—ests Lastly Coagulated Milk grows thick and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat or if it abound in quantity and is retained 100 long in the brests or if any vitious humour be mingled the ewith which hath a power to coagulate A Gonorliaea Gonorhaea or emission of Sperm against ones will happens without erection of the Yaâ—d and desire of Venery 't is occasioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty or some exrernal error the faculty is weakned through distemper principally moist rendring the spermatick vessels more loose whether it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours or too much coition or other causes But from external hurt or fault of the seed whether it be too cold watry thin or crude sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion as in such as have the falling sicknesse The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed Of nocturnal polution heat and sharpnesse stimulating the expulsiye faculty and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels and then especialiy when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed or their loyns are become hot by lying on their backs But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed A Vencreal Gouorhaeâ— corrupt sharp and foul stirring up and stimalating the expulsive faculty The cause of suppression of Courses The cause of suppressions of Courses is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb and the foulnesse of the Blood as for the straitnefle of the veins they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues by reason of thick blood and dull humours sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion or compression of the same by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto or from condensation contraction and driness of the â—â—â—tance of the Womb but by default of the blond the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick viscid and unapt to move The same cause Causes of diminishing of Courses The dropling of Courses but more gently occasâ—oneth small evacuation of Couâ—ses viz. They eithâ— flow in lesse quantity or else more slowly The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much and is thick viscid biting and sharp and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence some way obstructs the passages and extends them and stirs up pain or else through default of the passages or veins about the Womb and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought Too much slowing of the monthly Terms Of too much flowing aâ—iseth when the vessels are opened either by an Anastomasis when the mouths of the veins are opened or a Diairâ—sis when they are divided or when the blood being hotter thinner more moveable sharp and troublesome to narure stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms Causes of encreasing vittated 't is manifest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof from what is spoken of want of nourishment But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood from too plentiful use of meat and drink full of nourishment an idle life much sleep too frequent use of baths of fair water and manly strength which converts the blood into the substance of the parts And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty so far The causes of generation hurt as they belong to the preservation of individuals Now follows the causes of Generation hurt and that either tâ—ken away or depraved there is no generation made and bartennesle happens either in respect of the Man or of the Woman In regard of the Man In respect of the man it is hurt either through default of the seed or by vitious ejaculation of the same unfruitful seed or not sufficient is generated or the faculty is hurt through some distemper of the Stones especially cold and moist whence unripened thin and lesse spirituous is generated or else some hot whence too sharp seed proceeds or through default of matter whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed or by old age or some disease drying the body or its principal parts or by fasting are defective or when the vessels which are necessary for generating and carrying of the seed be wanting or when the nutriment turns into fat or when the blood is vitious The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard either shorter whether by nature or by a disease or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament The action is hurt by default of the Woman In respect of the Woman either when no seed or unfruitful seed is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned Secondly if she do not draw and receive the mans seed by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb or by reason of a Tumor Ulcer or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly if she cannot retain the seed received because of the moist distemper of the Womb an Ulcer opening of the mouth of the Womb a flux of Courses and other humours Fourthly if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb or being some other way affected is not rightly cherished Fifthly if the
the Optique Spirits where we also conclude the errors of the Optique Neâ—ves if they are deficient in the brain Diseases of the visive spirits and of the Optique Nerve being hurt through cold distemper compression obstruction and then for the most part the other senses both internal and external are affected or at least that part of the braine is affected from whence the Optique Nerves have their oâ—iginal and then the sight onely is taken away or by default of the Nerve Optique it self which is its narrowness or by rupture which proceeds from obstruction of the Optique Nerves compression percussion a stroak by chance contorsion or by any violent motion whatsoever Lastly the cause of Splendor and Glittering of the Eyes is reflection of the Rayes of the internal light Causes of glittering eyes by reason of the Object a more thick body or vapours or thick humours if they are mingled with the Christaline or vitrious humours or cover them The hearing is hindered through default of the Organ of hearing Causes of deafness or of the spirits and first of all if the external eares are wanting sounds and articulate voices seem like the warbling or purling of Waters or singing of Grashoppers Secondly if the auditory passage either wholly or in part br hindered either from an external cause as a little Stone a Kernel Water or an internal cause as a Tubercle an Ulcer and such like and so either deafnesse is occasioned or hearing diminished or depraved Thirdly if the Membrane which they call the Drum is too thick or moistened too much or is loosened whether it be from the first birth or afterwards from internal or external causes the hearing is hurt Also if it be too much dryed by any grievous diseases or old age deafness doth arise But if it be broken either by internal force as by the violent putting in of an ear-picker or by an extream shrill sound or is eroded by an Ulcer deafness is occasioned Fourthly if the other parts of the ear be not rightly constituted and the air implanted be impure or deficient or the Nerve being dilated is cooled or is made thicker or affected with a Tumor or those three little bones either are not well framed by nature or are moved by some violence out of their places or the internal passages are filled with vapors and humors flowing contrary to Nature or the Arteries passing under the ears are filled with too much spirit and heat and too much agitated or lastly the auditory Nerue either is not rightly framed from our first beginning or is obstructed and compressed by a humor according to the diversity of the disease the hearing is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished or depraved Lastly the hearing is hurt through default of the Spirits either through the straitness of the passages of the braine as in an Apoplexy or through its perturbation as in an Epilepsie or through cold distemper by reason whereof difficulty of hearing is occasioned The smelling is hurt through default of the Organs Causes of smelling hurt or Spirits or some external error the faults of the Organs are the narrowness of the Adaequate senses and external Nostrils whether from compression or constipation or obstruction of the Scive-like bone and its Membrane as happens in such as are great or by the distemper of the chief Organ of smelling the mammillary precess but especially moist distemper or obstruction of the same from matter flowing which happens in Catarrhs and according to the variety of these diseases the smelling is sometimes abolished sometimes diminished the smelling is offended by reason of the animal spirits if either they are deficient which are in those which are ready to dye or are hindered from flowing as in an Apoplexy an Epilepsie and such like diseases of the brain Lastly the smelling is depraved through some external errors whilest a vapour or some filthy and stinking matter sticks in the wayes through which the smell passes for here it is infected by the foul smell thereof to that things having no ill smell seem to the sense of smelling to stink The taste also is hurt through default of spirits Cause of taste hurt or by some disease of the Organs or some external error The taste is hurt by reason of spirits when they are deficient which useth to happen to such as are dying or the taste cannot flow to the Organ either through straitness of that part of the brain from whence the Nerves appointed for the taste arise or from obstruction compression or wounds of the said Nerves The taste is hurt through default of the tongue as of an instrument whilest it is troubled with cold and moist distemper or cold and moist matter is poured on it or whilest it is dryed or is troubled with Pustuls or an Ulcer and according to the magnitude of diseases the taste is either wholly abolished or diminished Lastly the taste is depraved by external error or from external causes as from something taken into the mouth whose savour is not easily taken away or from an internal cause as a humour or a vapour wherewith the tongue is imbued being communicated from the stomach the Lungs the Brain and other parts to the tongue Lastly Cause of fieling hurt for what belongs to the causes of hindering the touch insensibility and dulness happens through defect and diminition of the animal spirits of the Oâ—gan touching this come to pass either because the animal spirits are not generated through imbecility of the native heat which happen to them in years or defect of matter by reason of great evacuation or whilest they are resolved or scattered or cooled or stupified by a Narcottique Medicine or when they cannot flow to it through the narrowness of the Nerves obstruction constipulation compression solution of continuity of the same The proximate cause of pain is solution of Unity in a membranous part Cause of pain whether it be occasioned by some primary quality or secondary whereof this stirreth up solution of continuity not so manifest but rather contemplable by reason but that is manifest which therefore is properly called solution of Unity Lastly Itching itching is stirred up from thiâ— salt and sharp Exerements collected in the skin moving man to scratch CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses OVer much watching is occasioned by too much effusion of the animal spirits Causes of too much watching to the Organs of the senses through defect of restraint of the first sense and too much irritation of the common sense the bond of the first sense or sweet exhalations are defective either because they are not generated in the body which comes to pass by long fasting or the use of meats which do not produce such exhalations or because they are consumed scattered and called away from the brain which comes to pass in a hot and dry distemper either of the whole body or of the brain and when hot
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
sends it out moist or by taking of meats that loosen the belly or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts or by the effusion of Choller and other thin humours to the Guts But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity whether it be that internal heat of the Liver or of other parts neer thereunto or of the whole body either natural or preter-natural moreover from the drinesse of the Guts or of the whole body Thirdly if there be too much Urine or if there be a continued sweat Fourthly by thickning and astringent meats Fifthly by long stay in the Guts by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out Sixthly through want of aliment in the parts Of sharp Faetid and too much attraction of the members The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours use of sower meats 'T is become faetid through the use of stinking meats and ill concoction especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats as also by the humidity and heat of the body which disposeth it to putrifaction Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently breaking forth It becomes white White when choller is not mingled therewith as in the yellow Jaundice through the use of meats that are whitening being mixt with plenty of flegm also Yellow It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller It becomes green through aeruginous choller It grows black by reason of a black humor by the use of Cassia and such like Red. Black Frothy It becomes red by the mixture of blood or adust yellow choller It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head and mixture of wind The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following bâ—ok Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot Causes of sweat preter 〈◊〉 or especially when the matter is overcome is attenuated and concocted cold are caused through plenty of cold matter which cannot be so easily overcome as heat or by the resolution of spirits and extinction of the native heat or through the malignancy of the matter â—he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller Green by mixture of leek-coloured choller red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood loosenesse of the skin and weaknesse of the retentive faculty yet there are administred Wines which being drunk in some discolour their sweat They are salt for the most part which consist of a salt and serous excrement Bitter by the mixture of Choller sharp by the mixture of sharp humours The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white Of vitious Courses yellow black or has any ill colour moreover whilest it smells foul and is too watry which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body or about the womb and goes out through it with the menstruous blood The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth Of the spittle changed and its thinner parts consumed or if thick matter distil from the head or be mingled with it or if it be thickned by heat which happens in Fevers It becomes frothy through the mixture of spirit and much air Spittle borrows its tastes from salt bitter sower humours especially cleaving to the Stomach It receives its colour from humours in the bowels and the vapours going out of them 'T is become white from flegm Yellow from Choller Red from Blood Black from Melancholy or thick dryed Blood Green from aeruginous Choller it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs At length the excressions erre in quantity Causes of excrements changed the excrements of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient First by reason of moist food especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken Secondly by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice but much excrementitious Thirdly through the ill distribution of Chyle Fourthly by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts But fewer then is convenient are ejected for contrary reasons namely if the meat be hard and principally if little drink be taken after it if the meat be of good juice and nourishment and be taken in small quantity if the Chyle be greedily snatched from the Meseraik Veines and if Choller which is as it were the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs come not much into the Guts The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity the causes whereof shall be shewed in the following Book The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body Cause of store of sweat strength of the expulsive faculty aboundancy and tenuity of Excrements and therefore in the Crysis of a disease great sweats arise whilest all the excrementitious matter together and at once is put forth Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes namely by the smalnesse or thicknesse of Excrements straitnesse of passages weaknesse of expulsion by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully Of Courses sometimes more sparingly then is convenient above in the Third Part Second Section and First Chapter where we have spoken of suppression diminution and flowing of Months The end of all the Second Book Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF SIGNES In General Of the Difference and Heads of Signs CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs SInce we have hitherto explained what health is Necessity of the Semiotick Method and wherein it consists and what is the difference of things contrary to nature we now rightly come to the Method of healing and preserving health and are to teach by what means health may be preserved and diseases taken away The benefit of it but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals and a Physitian doth not cure in general man but Peter and Paul c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man both sick and well may be known which now lies hid in individuals they may be found out by the signs of a disease and what may be known and hoped for of the event and end of diseases and the Method of signs are to go before Moreover there is that benefit of this Method that whilest the sick see those things that may happen to them being known to the Physitian they may trust the more to him and obey him for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar whilest he foretells those things which
accustomed to much and profound sleep they have store of excrements thin hair soft whitish and durable and they are seldome or never bald they are comforted by dry things and offended by moiâ—t Those who have a hot and dry braine Of a hot and dry are ingenious and industrious in taking in hand and performing of business the force of apprehension is most exquisite in them and they are fit for motion yet more active for the most part then behooves them to be they are also most vigilant and sleep very little and have few excrements of the brain to those that touch them their head appears hot their face until they come to full ripeness of years is red afterwards the heat decaying more pale they are offended with air and other hot and dry things Those which have a hot and moist brain Of a hot moist if either quality a little exceed the excrements of their heads are many the colour of the head is white mingled with red the veins in the eyes great the hair strait and yellowish and do not easily fall away they are easily hurt by heating things and are pained in the head and many excrements are collected to the other especially if they are moist but if both qualities abound the senses are not so sharp they cannot watch long yet their sleep is not pleasing and continued they have divers dreams and strange ones their heads are obnoxious to many diseases since it collects more excrements then it can discusse they are easily hurt by heating and moistning things and principally by the South Wind but if one quality overcome the other there shall be more evident signs of the one and more obscure of the other which is to be taken notice of in the other temperaments also Those which have a cold and dry brain are too ripe witted but in process of time Of a cold and dry sharpness of the wit and senses abateth and they grow old and dye before their time especially if a distemper of the Heart and Liver concur with that of the Brain the same are unhealthy and are easily offended by external causes by cold aire and error in their dyet the head to the touch is cold nor have they good complexions unless they have the better colour from the hot distemper of the Heart and Liver the Veins of the Eyes do not appear their hair grows slow and is thin and reddish and if the dryness overcome the cold they are well Lastly whosoever have cold and moist brains Of a cold and moist are slow and dull of apprehension and their senses not so sharp they collect many excrements they sleep much and sound they are easily offended with the coldness and moisture of the air and are apt to cold distillations they have long and soft hair and whitish from their childhood they are never bald CHAP. IV. Of the signs of the constitution of the heart IF the heatt be temperate Signs of a temperate heart mediocrity is observed in its motion the Pulse of the Arteries and respiration and those who have such a heart they are endued with good manners not effeminate nor mad headed or angry but humane not covetous nor prodigal but liberal not dissemblers nor proud but candid without haughtiness of mind benigne temperate not precipitate nor medlers nor busie-bodies but mature in counsels not envious but desirous of others good Those who have a hot heart Of a hot their whole body is hot the motion of the heart the pulse respiration through urgent use exceeds all mediocrity in magnitude celerity and frequency they are couragious and swift and unweary of undertaking enterprises and bold in undergoing dangers they are rough and full of brisilely hairs in their brest and the brest in comparison of the head is great The signs of a cold heart Of a cold are contrary to those which are of a hot the whole body is less hot unless the liver be hotter the motion of the heart puise and respiration when custome doth not so require it is not so great and sometimes small and slow if there be a greater recesse to frigidity and such a heart argues slowness to anger fear distrust slothfulness and lingering whence such are effeminare contemners of glory and honour their brests are without hairs and in comparison of their heads little Whose heart soever is dry Of a dry their pulse is hard they are not prompt to anger but being stin'd up to anger are implacable and mad and they can dissemble their anger they are obstinate and covetous the whole body for the most part is too dry unlesse the moisture of the liver correct it Moreover be whose heart is too moist Of a moist his pulse is soft they are apt to anâ—e but easily pleased the habit of the body is dryer except the dryness of the liver resist it The signs of a hot and dry heart are a hard pulse Of a hot and dry great swift frequent great respiration swift and frequent those who have such a heart are fit to take in hand and perform actions couragious and bold apt to anger and unplacable envious proud and if there be excess of heat and drouth are mad cruel unmerciful and sparing none the same are hairy especially in the Brests and Hypocondries the whole body is hot and dry unlesse the constitution of the Liver hinder it the Brest broad and wide The signs of a hot and moist heart are soft pulses Of a hot and moist great swift and frequent and the respiration answers to the pulse so that the brest answers to the heat of the heart and those who have such a constitution of the heart are industrious and prompt to actions and not wild they are apt to be angry yet it is not sharp and durable but placable and this temperature so that humidity do not too much exceed most fit to prolong life but if the humidity doth much overcome the heat putrifaction is easily caused and putted fevers are generated Those who are cold and moist in the heart Of a cold and moist bring forth a soft pulse little slow thin those which have such a temperament are not bold but fearfull and distrustfull effeminate slow and not apt to anger and if they are stirred up to anger it is not violent but easily appeased they are also gentle shame-faced desperate in adversity and altogether endued with a soft and effeminate mind their brests are bare and the whole body and the brest answers to simple constitutions in amplitude Moreover in those who have a cold and dry heart there is found in the pulse hardness smallness thinness Of a cold and dry and slowness and such is their breathing if their breasts be ample they are no ways propense to anger but being stirr'd up and as it were forced to anger retaine it very long they are also covetous and of all others most naked in the brest Yet
body when changed contrary to nature From the colour and especially in the yellow Jaundice is a good signe In Feavers if it come to passe by natures driving the cholerick humours critically to the out side of the body and the skin but that which is contrary is to be adjudged evill Those signes which are in the face are of great force From the face but that face is best which is like to theirs which are in health but if it be contrary t is vitious Hip. 1. Prog. 5. but a face may be unlike to their faces that are well many waies and by how much the more it recedeth from the face of sound people by so much the greater evill it denotes All which signes Hippocrates in his description of a face Hippo. face which differs from a face of a sound person produceth which therefore is called an Hippocraticall face 2. Prog. 6 7. sharp Nose hollow Eyes the Temples streightned or narrow the Eares cold and contracted and their fibres inverted the skin also about the Forehead hard fixed and dry and the colour of the whole countenance green or black which change of the countenance is very deadly especially in the beginning of a disease unlesse it so happen to be from some evident cause and mends night and day but that face which is of a purple colour mixt with blew unlesse the Hemerodes of the Nose or an Imposthumation behind the Eares be to follow after is an ill figne and denotes a very hot disease of the brain As the eyes are affected so the body By the eyes and principally the head 6. Edip. Comm. 4. tom 28. for if the eyes are like to theirs that are well have a naturall colour are full splendid and indure the light without trouble if they open their eye lids well and shut them without teares and without excrements they are good signes But there are divers mutations in the eyes and as Hippo. 1. Prog 10. writes if the eyes avoid the light or shed tears against the will of the sick or are perverted or one shall be lesse then the other and the white become reddish or of the colour of lead or black Veines or phlegme appears about the sight or look divinely upward or are hollow or the colour of the whole countenance varies all these are to be accounted evill and destructive but worst of all if the sick see not hear not and if this happen in a weak body death is nigh at hand A sharp Nose and a Nose that is turned or wreathed By the Nostrill after what manner soever is an ill signe if the Nose itch contrary to custome unlesse it indicate a flux of blood imminent it shewes that a Delirium will follow The Eares if they are of a wan colour By the ears black contracted and cold t is a signe of death The grinding of the teeth is an ill signe By the teeth t is an ill signe also when any glutinous humours sticks to the teeth When the Tongue is like theirs who are in health By the Tongue t is a very good signe but t is very evill if it be green black and exceeding dry cleaved or chopped rough and as it were burnt But principally dry hard and black Tongues indicate danger if they appeare with other ill signs most of all if when the Tongue is rough and dry the sick be not thirsty The Chops ulcerated with a Feaver is hard to be cured By the Cheps 3. Prog 15. and if in acute diseases of the Chops if paines and abjectnesse and stoppings without a tumour happen they are pernitious 1. Prorrh 11. and if the Feaver being detained he suddenly turn his neck awry and can scarce swallow no tumour being present t is mortiferous 4. Apho 35. T is a good signe if the Hypocondries are without paine By the Hypocondries if they are soft and equall on either part if they are not extenuated yet somtimes when the Hypocondries are stretched it shewes a crisis to come but then also other criticall signes are present on the contrary t is an ill signe if the Hypocondries are troubled with inflamation or paine or are stretched or unequally affected on the right or left part also when extenuated By the extremities of the body and beating unlesse a Crisis be present Lastly as to the extremities of the body if in intermitting feavers the extreame parts grow cold and the internall burne and they thirst t is mortall 7. Apho. 1. but t is very good if all the body be equally hot and soft it is evill also and for the most part deadly if all the body be heavy and especially if the nailes and fingers are black and blue or black if the genitalls and stones are drawn up together also filthy smells indicate great putrifaction and danger CHAP. VIII Of knowing the time longitude brevity and event of a disease THe length Which diseases are ended in the fi st quartarnary brevity time and event of a disease are known principally by the signes of concoction and crudity and the vehemency of a disease by the celerity and tardity for if in the first day in an acute feaver the signes of concoction are present in the urine and no danger be perceived it argues the disease will end about the first quartarnary third fourth or fifth day if the disease be contrary to this and presently after the beginning have the worst Symptomes Which are extended to the second the fifth day or before he will dye But if signes of concoction appeare the first and second dayes and the disease be neither benigne nor vehement the disease may be extended to the second quarternary but as long as such seavers can continue the first day it can scarce be known but afterwards each quartarnary are to be considered and the signes of concoction in them are to be wieghed compared with the vehemency of the disease towit if in the fourth day signes of concoction appear in the urine t is a signe that the matter is apt to be concocted and that the disease will terminate on the seventh day on the contrary if in such a feaver on the fourth day there appeare no signes of concoction but ill signes are also increased t is an argument that the sick growes worse and may dye about the seventh day unlesse some error be committed or some other cause of change be present But if the signes of crudity remaine till the fourth or Which to the third seventh day the disease shall indure beyond the third quartarnary but if on the fourteenth day it shall have an end the eleventh which is the index of the fourteenth will shew it for if then signes of concoction appeare either before the fourteenth day judgment may be given or on the seventeenth day but if on the eleventh day there appeare not as yet sufficient signes of concoction there is no hopes that the
dayly labours although they are weake and old easier endure exercises then those that are unaccustomed thereunto although they are strong and yong regard also is to be had of the time of the yeare for in summer lesser and shorter exercises in Winter greater and stronger are to be appointed so long also onely the body is to be exercised untill a fresh colour appeare in the body and the body begin in some measure to swell and sweat to flow out exercise and motion is to be used when the concoction is performed in the stomack and liver and as Hippocrates 6. Epid. Sect. 4. Apho. the last labour ought to goe before meate wherefore the most convenient time for exercise is the morning when the Stomack is empty and the excrements of the Paunch and Bladder are first sent out the same time is most fit for study regard is also to bee had of the place where exercises are for exercise under the Sun heates the body very much powers out humors and are very obnoxious to those whose heads are weake or full of humors but all exercises that are in the shade are safer Rest is no lesse necessary then motion for this is the remedy of wearinesse and repaires decayed strength and therefore exercise and rest take their interchangeable turnes Sleeping and waking The time also is to be appointed for sleeping and waking the most fit time for sleep is the night appointed for man by God himselfe but we ought not to sleep presently after meat but an houre or two after supper otherwise the head will be filled with many vapours diurnall sleep likewise fils the head with vapours but if any one hath contracted a sence of wearisomenesse or hath past an unquiet night without sleep t is lawfull to cherish sleep so long in the day time and especially for old men who seldome sleep the whole night but wee are to sleep so long untill the meate be concocted in the Stomack and Liver and the spirits that are taken away are restored which space is not equally in all lesse then six houres scarce sufficeth but beyond 9. houres sleepe is scarce to be extended for the most part the space of seven houres is sufficient But those which are studious principally offend in their sleep if they wake long after supper Sleep for those that are studious and sleep after the rising of the Sun for they do not onely pervert the order of nature but also much hinder the concoction whilst they impeade the instauration of spirits which were wasted with diurnall labours and watchings and call them from the Stomack and fill the head with vapours But we ought to lie downe with our legs and armes a little bent our head something elevated on either side Manner of lying since lying supine hurts much and first to lie on the right side that the concoction of the Stomack may bee helped by the Liver not under the canopy of Heaven nor the Beames of the Moone and the windowes are to bee shut and the nocturnall aire to be kept out the bed-chamber ought to be without any smell the bed should bee soft and fitted to drive away the frigidity of the Aire when you please the Head also is not to be wrapt with too many cloathes Watchings after sleep should bee moderate Watchings for too much consumes the native heate and dissipates Spirits dries the body brings forth crudities dulls the senses and ofâ—â—nds all the actions There is no small profit also of Bathes Bathes for the preservation of health as is said before part the first chap. the seventh yet the right use of them is to be appointed neither are we to go into a Bath before the meate be concocted in the stomach least crud humours should be carried into all the parts of the body In a Bath we must abstaine from all meat and drink and we are to go out before we are weary and to defend the whole body from cold nor must we eate nor drink before the heate of the bath be expired Lotions of the head open the pores of the skin and discusse Vapours Lotions of the head yet they are not to be used when either a Catarrh or paine of the head offendeth but are to be used in the morning or an houre before Supper and after the washing of the head it should be throughly dryed with warme linnen cloathes Lastly the washing of the feet is not profitable to hinder their sweating but to avert humours which would flow from the head thither Lastly we must endeavour that presently after sleep Exâ—rements the dregs of the paunch may be cast out if the paunch answers not to desire t is to be moistned with Raisins of the Sun the broath of a Cock a decoction of the staulkes of Burrage Mallowes Beares breech or six or seven Pruins boyled in the broath where Senna hath been infused to be taken for the first course or a little before meate the excrements of the third concoction are to be expelled by dayly exercise the head is to be combed in the morning the mouth to be washed with water the eares nose and palate to be cleansed the eyes and the whole face are to be washed in cold water and the body especially the Armes and the Legs are to be rubbed And if so any error be committed in the use of these things which may easily happen afterwards it is to be mended the next day by its contrary and an inequality being introduced the contrary cause is taken away CHAP. V. Of the dyet of old men THat part of Physick which rules Diet for old men or governs the age of old men is called Geronomick but because in old age the body every day is more and more dryed and the native heate is consumed we are to endeavour that drynesse may be prevented and the native heate so much as may be preserved Hotter and moister Aire therefore is agreeable to this age Aire and unlesse it be such of it selfe t is to be corrected by art especially in Autumne and Winter which Aire is cheifly offensive to old men The Aliment it selfe also ought to be hot and moist Aliment of good juice and easie of concoction but thick meates hard glutinous and which fill the head grow sowre in the stomach and are easily corrupted are to be avoided and if hurt be contracted by the use of such things t is to be corrected by the use of Diatrion Pipereon Diacalaminth and such like Of the usuall quantity also every day something is to be abated for as Hippocrates writes 1. Apho. 10. there is little heate in old men and therefore they need little nourishment sith thence their heat is extinguished with much and therefore meate is to be given sparingly but often and indeed very conveniently thrice aday viz. break-fast dinner and supper The best drink for old men is Wine Drink from whence Wine is called old mens milk yet
which also a Synocha without putrefaction is referred and a putrid There is another thing worth the noting that one Fever is Primary another Symptomatical Primary is that which follows no former disease but depends on its proper cause Secondary or Symptomatical is that which ariseth from the inflamation of any member See Galen 4. Aphor. 7. But of Symptomatical this is to be noted that those which by the ancients were accounted Symptomatical were indeed primary many of them and inflamations of the parts of the Membrane that covers the ribbs of the lungs or chopps rather happened to those parts then the Fever to take it's rise from them Feavers accompanied Which Fevers may be called Comitatae or such as accompany the Fever CHAP. V. Of the cure of Fevers in general NOw to the cure Cure A Fever as it is a Fever being a hot distemper indicates cooling things are to be used Galen 8. Meth. Med. Cap. 1. But because there is no small difference amongst Fevers and that a Fever is often joyned with it's cause regard is to be had of the cause of the same Nay indeed because the cause often offends more then the Fever it self the Fever is so to be cooled as that the cause may not be cherished and those things be detained in the body which ought to be evacuated And oftentimes error is committed in this whilest regard is had only of the heat cold things are administred by which the cause of the Fever being detained the Fever is prolonged Whereas on the other side heating things as likewise either opening or sudocifick things without cooling medicines often with happy success cure the Fever For the cause being taken away the Fever it self ceaseth of it's own accord Whereof more particularly hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the Fever Ephemera THere are two sorts of Fevers whose heat are inherent in our bodies in habitude Feavers in habitude For that the hot distemper of the parts is cherished either by the heat of the Spirits or humors and the humors are inflamed either with or without putrefaction Those Fevers which are sustained by the heat of the Spirits and humours without putrefaction The name Ephemeros are called Ephemerae and Humorales without putrefaction Those which are kindled by putrifying humours are called putred Fevers That Fever which is cherished by the kindling of Spirits is called by the Greeks Puretos Ephemeros by the Lattines Diaria and Ephemera by a name not taken from the nature of the disease but from it's duration In respect of the Essence thereof it may be defined thus Definition It is a Fever arising from and depending on the heating and inflaming of the vital Spirits The proximate cause of this Fever is the heat of the vital Spirits kindled contrary to nature The next cause which being spread over the whole body through the arteries heats the whole against nature That heat is stirr'd up from all those causes before mentioned in the second Chapter only except from putrefaction Remote cause which sometimes immediately sometimes remotely by means of the natural and animal Spirits heat the vital to wit perturbations of the mind sadness fear sollitude anger over much watching too much intentiveness of the mind too much exercise of body grief hunger thirst hot meats and drinks drunkenness crudities in bodies cholerick heat of air fire hot Baths retention of the hot Effluvium inflamations of Kernels and Buboes from the which heat alone without putred vapours is conveyed to the heart according to the vulgar opinion Yet it seemeth not impossible but that those putred vapours by the veins and arteries next to the part affected may be communicated to the heart And so these Fevers should rather be Symptomatical then absolute putred then Ephemeral Those that are hot and dry easily fall into this Fever Disposition of body in whom many hot dry vapours are coliected which are easily inflamed by causes heating them more Amongst the Signs by which this Fever is known and discerned from others in the first place Galen 1 de differ Diagnostick signs Febrium c. 7. saith it beginneth from some procatartick or evident cause which indeed is an inseperable sign but not a proper sign for although a Fever that doth not arise from a manifest cause is not an Ephemera yet every Fever which ariseth from a manifest cause is not therefore an Ephemera 2. Moreover the Urine in substance colour and contents is most like unto the Urine of healthy men or at least recedes not much from them which in an Ephemera which proceeds from crudity it useth to do in which the Urine useth to appear more crude and whiter 3. The Pulse is neerer to a natural one then in any other Fever only that it useth to be extended in magnitude celerity and frequency Yet in regard of the cause which occasioned the Fever some change may be made in the Pulse 4. The heat of this Fever is gentle and weak in respect of other Fevers 5. Nay in the very state and height thereof it is somewhat more gentle and moderate 6. This Fever invades without shakings or tremblings it 's increase and augmentation in heat and pulse is free and equal 7. The declination is performed by moisture or moist evaporation by sweat like theirs who are sound in health which by a little exercise more then ordinary comes forth and a perfect apurexsie follows that moisture so that after the declination no footing is left for the Fever either discernable by Pulse or any other circumstances And in case any footing be left it is a sign that it will turn into another sort of Fever The causes are most perfectly to be known by the relation of the sick which may instruct the Physician whether from passion of the mind exercise of the body or any other evident cause this disease hath been occasioned These causes also affords some signs of themselves which the Physician cannot be ignorant of These Fevers are the shortest of all others Prognosticks and continue not above twenty four hours There is no danger in them unless some error be committed and for the most part they are conquered by nature wherefore Physicians are seldom called to their cures Yet according to the diversity of their causes some are cured more easily others with more difficulty For those causes which are hardly taken away and the humours are apâ— to corrupt a Fever introduced from such easily degenerates into a putred which happeneth when it is extended above four and twenty hours or no sweat appears and pain in the head be present and persevere And it degenerates either into a Synocha without putrefaction if the body be youthful and plethorick or into a putred if the body be cacochymick or into a Hectick if the body be hot dry and lean And the proper signs of those Fevers shew into what sort of them the transmutation will be made Moreover sithence this Fever
easily be seperated concoction is performed Although in intermitting Fevers in every fit some of the peccant matter be evacuated yet notwithstanding the humour which is the fuel of such Fevers is not first taken away before the concoction be performed and the bad are seperated from the good That which in quartanes useth to be long in doing For although each Paroxism some may be expelled yet as Galen 2. of the difference of Fevers cap. the last teacheth superfluities in the part wherein the fewel feeding the Fever is contained being left behind cause new fits and purgation is appointed in vain before the humour be concocted and rendred fit to be purged whereof shall be spoken amongst the intermitting Fevers Preparing of humers But besides this concoction and preparation of humours there is yet need of other things which when the humours are concocted are to be exhibited For considering purgation that it may be happily used the passages ought to be open and the humours fluid if the passages are obstructed and thick sluggish humours be present the wayes through which the humours ought to pass are to be opened and the humours to be cut and taken away CHAP. VIII Of Sudorificks and Diureticks BUt because nature for the most part expells the concocted matter by sweats Causing sweat so that almost no Fever without them ceaseth and is well cured The Physician ought to imitate nature and the body being evacuated to discuss the remainders by sweats The Sudorifiques that at this day are in use are Carduusbenedictus Scabions Fumetary Tormentill Zedoarie Harts-horn Elder Bezoar-stone Methridate and such like but no sudoriferous medicine ought to be administred if any Crisis by stool vomit or Hemerrhodes at the nose be extant lest nature should be disturbed in it's work They are most conveniently exhibited at that time when nature her self useth to remove humours which happens either before any paroxysm or at the end thereof By Urine also sometimes part of the fevourish matter is evacuated Urine provoked and therefore Diureticks after other evacuations are to be appointed and the most temperate amongst them are to be chosen which together attenuate the humours and free the passages from obstructions as Maiden-hair Sparagus Agrimony c. But those things which are cold may timely be used also since they correct the hot distemper of the humours and parts CHAP. IX Of Diet in putred Fevers LAstly concerning dyet Dyet and first of meat and drink not only regarding the use of them for the comfort and refreshment of our strength but in respect of what is to be permitted and what prohibited for when nature is most busied in concoction and evacuation of matter she ought not to be called from that work to the concoction of meat hence Hippo. 1. Aphor. 8. When the violence of the disease is great dyet is to be used most sparingly and ibid. Aphor. 11. In the Paroxism it self food is to be taken away for it affords mischief and when by circuit the Fever returns in the fits we ought to abstain In the administration of dyet in Fevers we are to observe form Form of Diet. quantity quality and time The form of dyet is threefold thick indifferent and thin Which of these are most proper for every one is to be collected by comparing the strength of the sick with the morbifique cause neither ought we to give more meat then the strength can concoct and we ought to consider whether the strength do more require food or the disease forbid it or the contrary for by how much the busier nature is in oppugning the morbifique cause by so much the less thre ought to be burthened with food She is by so much the more busied in opposing the disease by how much the paroxism is neerer at hand hence Hippocrates 1. Aphor. 8. When the disease is in it's vigour then 't is necessary to use the thinnest food and 1. Aph. 7. When the disease is peracute there are extream labourings and at height the thinnest nutriment is to be taken But when 't is not at height and that we may use more nourishing things by so much is to varied from the thinnest of all by how much the disease is remitted and abated and ibid. 10. Those who expect the vigour forthwith to come ought presently to take a little nourishment They who expect it afterwards much and should both in the vigour of it and a little before it abstain But before-hand the sick should be more plentifully nourished that he might be the better able to endure the disease But how dyet is to be moderated according to the strength Hippocrates teacheth 1 Aphor. 9. We ought to conjecture by the sick whether he can hold out to the vigour of the disease by the prescribed dyet or not or whether he will first faint and being insufficient with such food should dye before the disease depart and be overcome And 1. Aphor. 13. Old men that are not decrepid easily endure to fast according to these middle aged men young men less children least of all and amongst them especially such as are endued with the choicest and most acute wits Custom also and course of life is to be considered in prescribing of dyet The quantity of meat also is to be considered by comparing of the disease with the strength of the sick Quantity For since that we must never give more food then can be concocted at the time when nature is most busied in opposing the morbifique cause the least quantity of food is to be taken which is in the height thereof Concerning the quality of meat Quality since it is to be considered either as it is meat or as it is medicinal meat in the former respect those meats are to be chosen that are of easiest concoction full of good juyce facile to be distributed and which hath the least excrements But if it be considered as Medicinal First it ought to be contrary to the Fever and therefore it should be cold and moist 1. Aphor. 16. moreover it should be repugnant to the causes and all excess of qualities in them The time for food is most proper when 't is indicated Time when the body requires nourishment which is when the former meat is concocted and no sign is present which may prohibit the taking of it to wit no combate betwixt nature and the disease therefore during the fits we ought to abstain 1. Aphor. 11. unless the strength be much decayed and spent Care also is to be taken what drink is fittest in Fevers for although it be easier concocted then meat Drink and by it's cooling it mitigates the heat and the driness is hindred Yet we are to be careful that nature be not burthened with it and the concoction of matter hindred by it and therefore in intermitting Fevers during the Paroxism we should abstain from drink as neer as we can But in continued Fevers when heat thirst and debility
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
thus known Signs in that it is continued and the third day it is exasperated Yet there are present other signes and Symptomes of continued and burning Fevers But what is to be hoped concerning their event Prognosticks is manifest from things which are spoken of the Prognosticks of burning Fevers Concerning the indications for cure Cure this Fever if it be pure since it is exceeding hot and burning and the cause thereof hot and dry it requires extraordinary cooling and moistening and indeed more then any other Fever The humour it self indicates evacuation but crudity for the most part forbids it but if the Fever be spurious regard is together to be had to the humour which is mixed with choller if the Symptomes need it they are to be resisted likewise Therefore a vein is to be opened so that the strength will permit it by which means both some part of the peccant humour may be evacuated Opening a vein and the blood cooled and revell'd from the more noble parts And nature her self sometimes useth to make evacuation by the nose in the beginning of these Fevers whereby the Fever is wont to be abated but the vein should be opened in the cubit forthwith in the beginning or certainly in the augmentation and blood is to be taken in such plenty as the strength of the patient requires But you are not to appoint purgation unless the matter be turged Lenitives Yet 't is very necessary that the belly and first passages be evacuated before a vein be opened but the medicines which perform that ought to be cold and moist not hot or if they are hot they should be tempered with the mingling of cold Afterwards altering namely Alteratives cooling and moistening medicines are to be exhibited both which prepare the humour appointed by nature for concoction such as are Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple compound Oxysauharum simple Syrrup of Sorrel Wood-sorrel the juice of Lemmon Pomegranate the accidity of Endive Cichory Violets Gooseberries the four greater cold seeds Purcelane Lettice thâ— flowers of Water-lillies Santalum Water of barley Sorrele Endive Cichory Strawberries Water-lillies Purcelane spec Diamargariti frigidi and such like to which for the resisting of putrefaction and hindring inflamation may be added Spirit of Vitriol and Salt Nitre prepared is also commended If Phlegm be mixed opening and attenuating things are to be added such as the roots of Fennel Sparagus graminis and medicines prepared of them In leek colour'd aeruginous choller John Langius l. 3. epist 1. c. 4. commends Chrystal Topical medicines are also profitable to mitigate the heat as Epithems Oyles and Unguents made of cooling things Topicks which should be applied to the heart liver or back Yet you must be careful that you close not the pores of the skin thereby and hinder transpiration and therefore before the height they are seldom used unless it be when the heat is equally distributed through the whole body and it is more commodious if they are applied hot then cold The matter being concocted that nature might be strengthned and stimulated to expulsion and that the matter might be expelled either by stool or sweat the Ancients used great quantities of cold drinks as Galen teacheth 9. meth cap. 5. and 4. de rat vict in acut 12. But if so be that after concoction nature do not institute evacuation Purgation it is to be done by the Physician with Syrrup of Roses and Violets solutive the pulp of Tamarindes Manna Rubarb Trypheta Persica such as have Scamony in them are not to be admitted yet sometimes some of Electuarii rosati Mesua de psyllio and of juice of Roses may be given For causing Urine in these Fevers an emulsion is profitable prepared of the four great cold seeds Diureticks with the whey of Goats milk or barly and strawberry water or with a decoction of the roots of Parsley Sweats also ought to be provoked with medicines proper for that purpose Sydorificks which hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers Diet ought to be thin but according as the height of the disease is neerer or farther off Dyet it ought to be thicker or thinner The meat and drink ought to be cooling and moistening whence a Ptisan is profitable in these Fevers the rest should be seasoned with juice of Lemmon and Pomgranates The drink should bâ— barley water or water boiled with the juice of Lemmon or Pomegranates and suggar or small beer The air should be cold and if it be not so by nature it should be prepared by art If Phlegm be mingled with choller and the Fever be a continued Tertian or burning Notha blood is to be taken away more sparingly In the preparation of humours those things are to be added which attenuate Phlegm Agarick is to be mixed with the Purgers CHAP. XIV Of a continued Quotidian A Continued Quotidian vulgarly called Latica because it hath a certain hidden and obscure heat A continued Quotidian is indeed a Fever continually lasting yet having every day exasperations arising from indigested phlegmatick humours in the vena cava The cause of this Fever is Phlegm mixed with blood in the vena cava and there putrifying Cause and therefore those fall into these Fevers which are of such an age and nature as that their bodies are moister as children and infants as also old men and such as have grosser bodies and are given to their bellies and to idleness and dwell in moist places but not young men and such as are cholerick The signs of continued periodick Fevers are also manifest in this Fever only the violence is most about the evening Signs The heat first is gentle a little afterwards more sharp and sometimes seems to abate and sometimes to increase by reason of the thickness of the phlegm which purrisieth The pulses are not so thick and frequent the urine is not so fiery and red as in other Fevers but thicker nor are the other Symptomes so vehement as in other Fevers Concerning the event 1. Prognosticks This Fever by reason of the thickness of the humour is long and hard to be cured and therefore dangerous And by how much the thicker the phlegm is by so much the more violent and durable so that it is not ended before the swetieth or sixtieth day and the beginning is scarce past before the twentieth 2. It continueth lesser time where many evacuations happen That which is pure is also longer then that which is mixed with choller and by how much the worser Symptomes are present and the strength weaker by so much the greater danger there is which if they are not health is to be hoped for 3. By reason of the duration of the Fever and weakness of the Liver the sick for the most part fall into Cachexy and Dropsie As to the cure this Fever is more dangerous in respect of the cause then of its heat Cure and therefore since it
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
the roots of Grass Sparagus Fennel Maidenhair red Parsnips Bindweed flowers of Camomil and Wormwood are convenient But principally the Physitian ought to imitate nature Sweats which at the end of the paroxisme useth to move sweats and should discuss the Reliques of the vitious humours by fudoriferous medicines given either before or after the paroxism and indeed in pure Tertians wherein nature usually causes sweat in the end of the fit it often sufficeth that the sick drink only Barley water or the water of Sorrel or Carduus benedictus may be given with the Syrup of the juice of Citron or Limmon In spurious hotter medicines are to be used such as hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers which being given some hours before the paroxism often prevents or cures the same If the Fever be not cured with these remedies Coroloratives and that there be any signe of viscous matter and that the Liver and Spleen are likewise affected regard thereunto must also be had and since the Liver for the most part in bastard Tertians is obstructed by thick choler or choler mixed with thick humours which pollutes the blood those things which cleanse the body from choler are to be used to which purpose Wormwood is very good to be used which hath a force of deterging choler and bringing away the same by stool and urine as also hath century the lesser Troches also of Wormwood of Rhubarb Gentian and such like are also profitable care also must be taken of the Spleen and Stomack if they are debilitated There are certain other medicines given somtimes Febrifuga which are called Febrifuga of which 't is spoken in the fore-going chapter And besides these Topical Medicines there are yet others which are externally applyed to the body to cure Fevers namely a plaister of cobwebs with unguento populio the leaves of Shepherds pouch nettles crowfoot and other vesiccatories Concerning Diet Diet. in a pure intermitting Tertian the same diet useth to be kept for the most part as in a continued Tertian they are to abstain from honey sweet things and all those things which ingender choler wine is not to be drunk before concoction but when the notes of concoction have appeared you may use it so it be thin and watry meat is to be given when the paroxism is past unless Syncope imminent perswade the contrary Galen 10. Meth. Med. c. 5. In bastard Tertians two things are principally to be observed concerning diet first that the disease by too plentiful a diet may not be increased Secondly that the strength by too slender a diet may not be debilitated which should hold out most in a long disease and therefore the magnitude of the disease and the greatness of the strength are to be compared one with another and in case the strength be greater and the matter harder to be concocted the thinner diet is to be used but the larger diet if the strength be weak and the matter easier to be concocted The drink should not only cool and moisten but also cut and therefore it may be mixed with Hysop and wilde Marjerom and if water sweetned with honey be exhibited Vinegar being thereunto added that Choler may be thereby corrected CHAP. XIX Of a Quotidian Intermittent THe second sort of intermitting Fevers is that which proceeds from Flegm A Quotidian Fever which because it takes them every day is called a quotidian Fernelius writes that this is the rarest of all Fevers and that which scarce happens once amongst six hundred Nay there are some who plainly deny it and although many are affected every day yet they are sick of a double Tertian or treble Quartan The cause of this Fever sithence it is Flegm putrifying in the meseraick veins all those things may be causes of this Fever The cause which conduce to the generation of Flegm namely weakness of the bowels especially of the stomack heat cold and moist aliment and too great plenty of them This Fever is known by the causes generating Flegm which went before Diagnostick signs and also by the signs of Flegm abounding in the body explained in lib. 3. of Institutions part 2. cap. 2 This Fever chiefly comes to invade in the night only with coldness of the extreme parts and trembling The heat after refrigeration slowly invades so that somtimes heat somtimes cold is perceived and the heat at the first doth not seem sharp but habituous yet if the hand put thereunto continue some time it appears a little sharp and when it is diffused over the whole body it doth not burn much so that the sick do not breath extraordinarily neither are they very thirsty The face is not very red but for the most part yellowish or a little puffed up the eyes in the beginning are white thin and crude afterwards when the matter is concocted they become thick troubled and oftentimes also red In the first paroxisms also they sweat not but in the progress of the disease they sweat a little the Pulse also is exceeding little thin and more then in Quartans but equally slow the paroxism is extended to eighteen hours and the interval which is six hours is seldome pure and free nay 't is often extended to four and twenty hours But how long this Fever shall continue Prognosticks may be conjectured by the signs of concoction appearing sooner or later in the Urine and by the longitude and brevity of the paroxism for if nature timely aim at some evacuation it affords hopes of shortness of the disease But this Fever as being that which ariseth from a pertinacious humour is long and continueth unto forty days three moneths or more and is not without danger and when the Stomack and Liver are much affected with it the sick are often cast into a Dropsie and Cachexy The cure for the most part is the same with a Quotidian continued The Cure for the pituitous humour is to be prepared and evacuated to wit the first passages are to be opened with Clisters accommodated to the pituitous humour breathing a vein is scarce used but a Vomit is more useful then in any other sort of Fever because the stomack is principally affected but 't is to be occasioned by seed of Radish Orach of Dill flowers of Broom in those that are strong with Spurge and others that are every where known The Flegmatick humour is to be prepared with convenient medicines Preparers the opening roots Hysop wilde Marjoram Betony Mayden hair Agrimony Groundpine Camomil and other things convenient for Flegm Syrup of Sorrel simple and compound Syrup of the two and of the five Roots Honey of Roses Syrup Byzant simple and compound of Hysop Oxymel simple and compound with Squills spirit of Salt and Vitriol The matter in the first place being prepared Purgers it should be evacuated with Agarick Mechoachan Turbith Troches of Alhandal Elect. Indo Diaphaenico Diacarthamo pills of Hieca with Agarick
and such like Sweat and Urine also should be provoked with medicines made of Fennel Movers of Urine and sweat Carduus Benedictus Salsa Parilla wood of Sassafras Treacle and Mithridate and lastly the Bowels but especially the Stomack and Liver are to be strengthned CHAP. XX. Of an Intermitting Quartan THe third sort of intermitting Fevers which ariseth from a Melancholy humour putrifying in the meseraick veins A Quartan and seizeth on the fourth day also whence it is called a Quartan The proximate cause of a Quartan Fever is a melancholy humour collected in the meseraick veins about the spleen and adjacent Bowels The cause and there putrifying and that somtimes natural by its own nature cold and dry and somtimes it participates with some adustion But the more remote causes are all those things which conduce to the generation of black and melancholy humours namely meats and drinks apt to generate this humour amongst the which is vinegar of the which Hypocrates 3. vich rat in acut t. 38. writeth it attenuateth melancholy humours raiseth them and frames many visions in the mind For Vinegar is a Leader or stirrer of Melancholy The time is principally in Autumn especially if a hot Summer have preceded This Fever is known by its quartane circuit Signs and signs of melancholy abounding in the body and it invadeth with a certain unequal disturbance of the body the which a cold shaking fit followeth which at the first is little or at leastwise instead thereof there is at the first refrigeration and horrour in the progress of the disease the cold paroxism is alwaies greater and at length most vehement with pain causing the bones to knock together The heat is kindled by degrees neither is it burning but somwhat milde The pulse is thin and slow and although in the vigour of the paroxism it become swift and frequent yet in comparison of Tertians it is thin and slow The Urines at first are thin and white but in the progress of time higher coloured and thicker Sweats in the beginning are not frequent but in the progress of the disease plentiful And thus things are in a pure quartan but in a bastard one tokens of some humour mixed do appear and heat thirst watchings and other symptomes are more grievous This Fever continueth the longest of all other Prognosticks and oftentimes is not only extended to some moneths but years and if it be not gone by the next solstice or aequinectial after it was first taken it lasteth for the most part till the next after and for the most part goes away in the Spring 'T is safe and without danger if it be legitimate and without any disease of any of the bowels But that which is joyned with black choler is more dangerous as also that which is with some grievous distemper of some of the intrals and casteth the sick into a dropsie the scurvie or a consumption As concerning the cure Indications if this Fever proceed from a pure melancholy humour that since 't is cold dry thick 't is to be moistned and attenuated or if it be also adust it is in some measure to be cooled afterwards to be purged with convenient medicines The causes generating are to be removed and in case other humours are mixed regard must be had of them The Fever it self indicates cooling and moistning yet regard of the strength must be had least by the duration of the disease that be impaired as also of the stomack spleen and liver least they are offended This Fever is to be handled gentlâ— at the first Cure neither are strong medicines to be used at the beginning of cure sithence the melancholy humour may be exasperated by the use of them and out of a simple Quartan a double or treble may easily be raised Galen 1. Opening a vein ad Glauc cap. 11. yet there is least danger in Vomits The first passages of the Body therefore are first to be evacuated with clisters lenitive medicines and vomits also afterwards in case blood abound therewith a vein is to be opened and in case it issue forth black and thick the greater quantity is to be taken that by this means both the plenty of blood may be diminished and that part of the melancholy humour which is poured out into the vena cava may be evacuated but if the blood coming forth appear to be thin and yellow 't is forthwith to be stopped And indeed where there is store of blood the first passages being cleansed a vein may be opened but if this Fever begin without store of blood a vein is not to be breathed presently at the beginning but when some of the peccant humour is drawn into the veins and mingled with the blood The Basilick or median vein either may be opened most commend the opening of the Salvatella yet they have not as yet rendered any sufficient reason why that should be preferred before others The blood being evacuated the peccant matter must be prepared and concocted Preparers and likewise that disposition of the body to generate vitious humours is to be corrected And indeed in case a Quartan Fever proceed only from natural melancholy moistning things are to be first used but heating things should be more moderate but if adust humours are mixed there will be use of things moderately cooling but in the progress of the disease there will be need of cutting and attenuating medicines If the pituitous humour be mixed therewith in the beginning there will be need also of attenuating and cutting things and it may be more safe to heat a little Hence are to be administred Burrage Bugloss Violets Maidenhair Cichory Fumitory Ceterach Hearts-tongue Germander Ground-pine Carduus Benedictus the Roots of Marsh-mallows Licoras Chichory the opening roots Polipody Gentian Fern the barks of Tamarisk Capparum Roots of Walnut Trees Flowers and seed of Broom of the Vine Ash Citron juice of Apples and compounds of these and somtimes this or that may be chosen or mixed according as the nature of the peccant humour requireth The concoction and evacuation of the matter must be by intervals repealed Purging Medicines and when the matter is in some measure prepared purging medicines are to be prepared of Polipody Epithynum leaves of Senna roots of Jalop black Hellebore lapidis Lazuli and compounds of these Syrup of Apples Regis Sapor Electuary called Diacatholicon Confection of Hameck with the compound powder of Senna and Diasenna Tartarious pills or pills evacuating melancholy of lapis Lazuli Armoniack beginning with the more milde or gentle ones A Vomit also is convenient by which oftentimes pertinacious Quartans are cured So Galen of Treacle ad Pisonem cap. Vomits 15. the day before the fit after Supper he gives a vomit the next day after early the juice or dilution of Wormwood and two hours before the paroxism Treacle the gentler Vomits are of the decoction of Dill and Radish with Oxymel the stronger are
generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câ—ld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not â—nly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it
be yet remaining that is to be taken away by degrees and by helping and the principall parts are to be strengthned but if nothing of the vitious matter be present the body is carefully to be refreshed with moist aliment and that which is easie to be concocted namely the yolkes of eggs broathes with Bread Chickens Hens Capons Fish lastly Goates flesh Mutton Veale sleepe helps concoction unctions strengthen the stomach before meate are appointed frications also moderate walking Baths of fresh warme waâ—â—r lastly strengthening things are to be used and such as may resist the reliques of the causes of imbecility and of sickly disposition but those things which may call back the distemper which trouble sick these are to be avoided THE FIFTH BOOK PART 1. Of the Materialls for Cure SECT I. Of Medicines CHAP. I. What a Medicine is THere remains the last part of Physick which is the Therapeuticall which restores men that are fallen into diseases to their former health and expells those diseases from mens bodyes which torment them but that the Physitian may obtaine this end it is necessary that he be instructed in two things first a Method whereby he may find those things that are helpfull by Indications secondly Instruments or Materialls for cure whereby he may performe that which he found out by Indications The matter fit for cure is properly reduced to three heads Instruments of Physick dyet manuall operation and making up of Medicines First you are to be admonished that you are to distinguish cures from the materialls used in curing for cure is that whereby instruction is given from the Indicant to performe or act something and is alwayes one as to heate or make hot but the Matter of helpe is that whereby that is performed by the Physitian which the Indicant commands which may be manifold as whilst you are to heat it may be done with Pepper Ginger Wormewood c. But since that of Dieteticall matter is spoken sufficiently in the former book it remaines that wee speake of Medicines Medicine what is it and Manual operation and first as for Medicines by amedicine wee understand every thing that is a different thing from nature which may alter our bodies and reduce them to a naturall state from a preternaturall In which respect it differs from aliment and Poyson for Aliment as it is aliment is onely that which increaseth the substance or it renewes and increaseth our bodies a Medicince alters but doth not repaire but if any thing can together nourish and alter our bodies t is alimentall Medicine or medicinall aliment but poysons neither nourish nor alter our bodies but are destroyers of our bodies and have power to corrupt them CHAP. II. Of the faculties of Medicines in generall MEdicines are two-fold Medicines how manyfold Simple Compound some are simple other compound a simple is that which is such by nature onely and hath nothing mixt with it by art compound are when more naturall things are mingled by art into the forme of one medicine Simple Medicines are taken from Plants Simple how many fold Plants Animalls Mineralls and Plants are either taken whole or their parts Roots Woods Piths Barkes Leaves and Branches Flowers Seeds Fruits Juices Gumms Rosins Oiles and Liquors as Wine Animals also are used whole Living Creatures or their parts as Harts-Horn Marrow Flesh or those things that are generated in them as Milke Eggs or their workes as Hony Wax or their excrements as Gall Urine Under Mineralls are comprehended not onely those things which are properly called Mineralls Mineralls Vitriall Antimony Sulphure and Mettalls and the excrements but also divers kinds of earths as Uermillion Irish Slat Bole-Arminack as also all Stones and Gemms also divers kinds of Salts and concreted juices in the earth of which Naptha is one also bathing-waters in which ranke Manna may be put if there be no other place fit for it The faculties are various of so many different things The difference of Medicines Actuall and from hence the divisions of Medicines are various for first some Medicines are said to bee such in action others in power to be such things as are said to be such in action which in them containe that which they are said to be the act being as it were present and absolved and so the operation is in a readinesse and can affect our bodies at the first touch with that quality wherewith they are endued so Water and Ice are cold in action because after what manner soever they are applyed to a body they can presently coole the same but those things are such in potentia Potentiall whose force is not perceived at the first touch but lyeth hid and as it were asleep nor doth it discover it selfe by action untill it be some way changed by our heat and be burnt and reduced into action so Pepper and Wine although to the touch they are cold yet neverthelesse they heate But although the force of Medicines are various Facultiei of Medicines manifest yet they may conveniently be divided into manifest and occult those are called manifest which affect our senses or which excite qualities in the patient which are discerned by our senses and whereof a manifest cause may be rendred But occult are such which doe not produce qualities in a Patient obvious to sence Occult but performe something by a hidden propriety to wit they purge a certaine humor they strengthen a certaine member they resist poyson or being hung or carried externally worke upon the body the manifest causes whereof cannot be explained and no other reason can be given then that such a power or force is in them by a peculiar propriety of nature although there are some who reject hidden qualities yet I. C. Scaliger rightly thinks that t is a high peice of impudence to reduce all things to manifest qualities in the 218. of his exercises Sect. 8. and those which endeavour this bring foolish and ridiculous reasons or deny those things which are confirmed by experience and these faculties and actions are different from those in their whole kinde as also from others which are spoken of before in the 2. Booke 2. Part. Cap. 12. both from hence in the first place because the strength of these qualities are far greater then theirs of the primary qualities and their efficacy is great oftentimes in the smallest body But both of them The first the second the manifest and occult faculties and actions of Medicines are various of manifest qualities some are primary others secondary others of a third kind The third kind of qualities the first have power of heating cooling moistning and drying the second to soften to harden condense rarify resolve attenuate thicken to draw to repel the third to provoke Urine to cause and stay courses to move vomit generate flesh and to breake stones although the power of breaking stones may more fittly be attributed to the propriety of