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cause_n	cold_a	hot_a	moist_a	1,558	5	9.6254	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A56139	An account of a portable barometer, with reasons and rules for the use of it how to weigh the air, measure its height, and foretell all the alteration of weather, the constitution of the atmosphere, and how the effluvia keep off the airs gravitation : with a new account and experiments, how rain, snow, winds, frost, thunder, lightning, hurricans and tornados are produced, and an inquiry, whether the planetary beams or influence can cause an alteration of weather, to be foretold by them : with a sensible demonstration of their influences and the insufficiency of all hygroscopes, thermometers, and other inventions, to discover the alterations of weather by : and lastly, rules and experiments for the certain knowledge of all the alterations of weather, both in quantity and quality / by Gust. Parker, Med.	Parker, Gustavus.	1699 (1699)	Wing P391; ESTC R1399	37,634	125

swell the Water into Mountains and the People cry out Garde le Mascaret in Summer time and the calmest air So the Gulf of Lions often threatens the adjacent Country with a Deluge the Lake of Geneva and several other places from the same causes CHAP. IV. That violent Tempests Hurricanes or Tornadoes c. seldom happen in cold Countries Winter-seasons Large Plains or great Seas WInds being generated according to the preceding manners they may consist of almost infinite variety of Salts Sulphurs Spirits Mineral and Subterraneous Juices Damps and Aeolian Ejections Mists and rarified Vapours Rain or dissolved Snow broken and dissipated Clouds or agitated Air and so may be hot cold dry moist c. and thereby also more or less lasting or violent according to the matter power and plenty of their Causes yet must be raised in natural ways from their Fountains or proper Productions which are very easily effected without recourse to Occult Causes upon so tender a fluid as Air by the foregoing ways in the preceding Chapter and may be as truly foretold by the Portable Barometer notwithstanding all this variety by the alterations they produce in the weight of the Air but yet violent Winds Storms Tempests Hurricanes Tornadoes c. cannot be so easily produced in cold Countries hard frosty seasons large Plains or great Seas as ●n warmer Regions Rockey Countries or narrow and craggy Seas for in cold Countries or frosty Seasons the Effluvious Air is too much Condensed into a kind of fixation and thereby not only keep the Effluvia in the same posture but walls in very Atmosphere against all other Pneumatick Attacks whatever that the most violent Protrusions of Exotick force can never disorder their Perennial Structure but can only displace some outward Particles which the standing force of the rest will take no notice of nor can there be any internal disturbance to disorder their quiet for the same cold that fixes the Effluvia keeps them so and hinders all other commotions and also shuts the pores of the Earth hinders the Rarefaction of Vapours and stops all manner of Effervescencies and calid Emotions of Subterraneous Mineral Heterogeneous Spirits and Ejections whereby the Atmosphere must needs be much more quiet and free from these raging disturbances in such places and at such times than in hot mountainous or rocky places And so in large Plains or great Seas there can be nothing to interrupt or obstruct the currents or course or the Air but as it comes so it continues its progress and goes away in a great body to a vast distance and meets with neither resilitions nor compressions no Hills Mountains nor Vulcanos but is continued almost in a perennial Course either with the Sun Earth or primum mobile in all such places as well as the whole Torrid Zone and some degrees on each side except in Rocky Countries narrow Seas c. In Trade Etesian or Anniversary Winds or with the Course of the Sea or Air and Water as the Levant and Provincial Winds in continued Streams or at most in gentle puffs and even Gales created by the motion of particular Clouds soft Rains moderate Storms or Effluvious Densities that propell the Air before them in such undulous A sperities but must be something extraordinary or a great Complication of causes that can seldom happen to produce a Hurricane Tornado c. besides in cold Countries great Seas large Plains c. the chief material efficients are wanting a powerful Effervescency confused Eddies Transverse Resilitions strong Compressions and heaping Superonerations therefore besides the freedom from these violent sorts of weather these places must needs enjoy more mild and temperate seasons at all times except heat in the Torrid Zone than any other yet heat and cold as well as all other sorts of weather are caused by the particular temperature disposition of the Atmosphere assisted by the presence or absence of the Calorifick Beams and constitution of the place and so may be as well foretold by the alterations they make in the weight of the Air as any other sort of weather as I shall shew in the Seventh and Eighth Chapters following CHAP. V. That they are easily foretold because they produce the greatest variation in the weight of the Air. WInds being only the motions or agitations of our Effluvious Air it may at first seem strange how they should cause so great an alteration in the weight thereof above any other sort of Weather and will be almost surprising to see a Cylinder of Air that now weighs 2020 or more in a few hours not to weigh above 1970 or less and after the Wind is over in a little longer time to weigh 2020 again or more than it did before til● the matter and causes are considered If our Hemispherical part of the Atmosphere continue of an even thickness and the Effluvia in the same posture a Cylinder of Air must needs continue of the same weight for as there is nothing to alter its density so 't is impossible it should alter its gravity and continuing of the same weight the Effluvia are neither dispersed nor more heaped or crowded together therefore being still there can be no wind and the longer it holds the greater the calm if it continues two or three days a Feather will fall perpendicular from a considerable height so that let the weight be what it will or can when ever it stands it is always calm which may be further said to be almost more than true if possible for it may continue to increase or decrease one two or three parts in 24 hours and yet it will continue calm from the highest to the lowest variation And so for violent Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornados they being produced by such means related in the third Chapter it will be impossible any of them should happen when the weight of the Air does not alter above two three four five or six parts in twenty four hours nor indeed in half that time let the alteration be in what part of the variation it will tho between 2020 and 1980 five or six parts will be near as much as ten in any other part for if it be more than 2020 the Air is too dry or fair so there is nothing to put it into motion and if it be less than 1980 it is too wet or too much filled and thickned every where with the Effluvious vapours to receive any such disturbances and the reasons why none of these violent tempests never come when the weight of the Air alters no faster are that the Effluvious Vapours come smoothly on and the Atmosphere thickens by degrees and by that means our Hemispherical part thereof is gradually filled to a greater or lesser depth and thickness and therefore must be leisurely discharged in the manner related in the second Chapter about Rain for thus our Hemisphere is secured from all manner of violence from outward attacks or inward disturbances of strong Compressions confused

and that not by any subject of Inhaesion but by a privation of heat Paucity of Calorifick Corpuscles and want of motion or lesser agitation and contrary tendency Frost therefore being only an effect or product of Cold is either more or less intense according to the degrees of its Cause and cold more or less freezing according to the privation of heat and Paucity of Calorifick Corpuscles What this heat is and from whence these Corpuscles come must therefore be considered the heat is of two sorts either Terrene or from the Heavens the first from several Vulcanos internal Bullitions and fermenting Emotions all which are subject to intermissions and obstructions because they proceed from no universal matter or cause and several subsidences may both obstruct and extinguish them the other from the Heavens cannot be thus extinguished but may be several ways hindered or obstructed by Hills or Mountains and several dispositions of the Effluvious Vapours or may be carried off some other way by the winds or particular currents of Air or by the Central motion of the Sun to parts of less heat or not extended far enough for the Latitude of the place these obstructions or privations of heat makes a Chasm between these and those incorporated in the parts of all natural Bodies the incorporated particles as all heat and fire do soon fade and die which for want of that continuance as soon leave all the external parts especially less active more extended and therefore more stiff more porose and more bulky which are the common qualificatiens of Frost and from these all the other may be easily deduced CHAP. VII That there never is no settled Frost to hold when the Air continues to weigh 2020 or more nor never no Thunder when it weighs but 1980 or less HAving now given some account what Frost and Thunder is tho my Experiments have not enabled me to observe all the circumstances relating to the Title of this Chapter we having had no great Frosts or Thunders since I have been Master of it yet by reason of many other Meteorological Concurrencies in the alterations of the weather which I have often experienced that are in some sort like a Magnetick Clinatory being plainly applied shew only South and North yet by these we are also shewn East and West and all the other points without removing it to them Plains so I hope by the Experiments I have made in other alterations and some few I have made in these to tell the truth of both without staying any longer for these sorts of weather besides being but the reverse of the former Chapter as to the effects upon the Barometer it will the more easily appear First Then there can be no Frost to hold when the Air continues to weigh 2020 or more yet no settled fair weather except Frost if it weighs 10 or 15 parts less and yet I believe there have been no lasting Frosts yet known but in fair weather how Frost then which is only an effect of ●he privation of heat should continue when there is nothing that appears ●o hinder the Sun Beams and that ●here should be no such frosty wea●her when the Atmosphere continues ●o be crowded with the thickest Clouds of Rain Hail Snow Mists ●r other Vapours which seems whol●● to obstruct them is somewhat ●range till we consider that all these ●ffluvia whether of Rain Hail or ●now c. are the products of some ●●bterraneal Bullitions or other fermentations or of the Sun's reverborations but let it be from which of them it will the same effects will follow for that Heat or Motion that raises them or the Calorifick Corpuscles conjoyned do we see keep them all fluid beneath therefore we may be sure there must much more heat contained amongst those particles that are near a thousand times more dense than those of Air to maintain their fluidity and keep them from freezing thus it is almost impossible we should have any Frost on Earth when we have such a fuming Sea about us yet we oftentimes feel it more Cold in such sorts of weather than in clear and frosty Seasons because our corporeal Emanations can easier keep of a lighter than a heavier Medium or Pressure therefore our Sensories can make no true distinctions of the degrees of Cold but as soon as ever the Rain or Snow is over it will immediately Freeze but can never hold when the Atmosphere is thus filled for the former reasons but when the Air weighs 2005 10 12 or 15 if the Latitude of the place disposition of the Country and Season of the Year be proper it will certainly freeze yet not at the extreamities of the Sun Beams or Earths surface first for those Igneous Atoms incorporated there by their own presence and some few emotions will prevent that and make the first beginnings so far in the Air as those emotions reach from the earth which gradually as these emotions cease and dye for want of renovations is extended more and more down till the outward surface of the earth it self is thus deprived and frozen many of which frozen particles being constantly emitted do as well fill the Atmosphere as other Vapours so that the Air can never weigh 2020 if the frost continues but less and less by the frosty emissions filling the Atmosphere for if it weighs 2020 the Sun Beams will come unobstructed upon us and give no place to any such thing which they can never do near the Poles or in other cold Countries these are the Reasons that the Quicksilver in the Common Barometers in some places is quit lost below the Register Plate and in others far above it which the Portable one discovers before hand Then for Thunder if it be produced by the ways related in the former Chapter we may be almost sure when the Air weighs but 1980 the Atmosphere will be too much filled with the Effluvious Vapours and much more disposed for continual Rains which will too much wet the Fulminous Particles then for Thunder or Storms except Jupiter should send a Messenger amongst them for tho Thunder I suppose is not known to be without Rain yet it is not known neither I believe in continual Rains besides in Summer Seasons and warm weather the Air does for the most part weigh the more and not often times less not long together for if it should I am sure the weather would be very unnatural as well as unseasonable to the Summers products and might rather be called Winter than Summer but when it weighs 2014 2020 25 30 or 40 and the weight decreases 15 20 25 or 30 parts in 12 or 24 hours it will be sure to Thunder more or less according to the parts of variation it has decreased and the time it was made in for then the Sun Beams being more radiant are more powerful and by their dispositions in the former Chapter are more easily collected and thereby greater Thunders and Lightnings produced so that when ever

as we see and know the Blowing of the Wind. These if Life and Leisure last will at some time or other come abroad either by themselves or in another Edition of this to which by their Discovery they do more Properly belong IN the mean time if any Gentlemen Merchants Seamen or others desire any of these Portable Barometers as They are of real worth in all proceeding ways and for many other Discoveries and have been very chargeable so they will not be parted with but by Subscriptions for a Thousand to pay one Guinee a peace down for as many as the Subscriber intends to have to Mr whom I shall be obliged to give a discharge and return the Money if they be not Delivered in three months after Subscriptions but upon delivering the Barometers the Subscribe to pay half a Guinea a piece more for as many as he has subscribed for So the Subscribers shall have them Compleat as easily Portable in a manner as a Knife and Fork or some Ink-Horns and as seeure to be carried any where that neither the heat of the Body Fire nor Air except put into the Fire Frost nor Wet can any ways alter Which if secured from other Makers would not be sold under two or three Guineas THE Table or Contents CHAP. WHat the Portable Barometer is the Constitution of the Atmosphere and that the Effluvia keep off the Airs Gravitation and are the Cause of the variation of its weight Pag. 1 Chap. 2. How Rain and Snow is Generated and Produced and why they make a Cylinder of Air lighter and yet any other particular parcel of Air much heavier Pag. 7 Chap. 3. How Winds Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornados are produced Pag. 19 Chap. 4. That violent Tempests Hurricanes Tornados seldom happen in cold Countries Winter Seasons large Plains or Great Seas Pag. 28 Chap. 5. That they are easily foretold because they produce the greatest variations in the weight of Air. Pag. 32 Chap. 6. What frost and Thunder is a Conjecture at their Causes and Productions Pag. 39 Chap. 7. That there never is no settled Frost to hold when the Air continues to weigh 2020 or more nor never no Thunder when it weighs but 1980 or less Pag. 42 Chap. 8. That tho a Cylinder of Air weight much less in wet or windy weather than it does in dry weather yet in a settled frost tho the Air appears never so clear and dry it weighs much less than at any other time Pag. 48 Chap. 9. Whether the Planetary Beams or Influences can cause an alteration of the weather to be foretold by them Pag. 55 Chap. 10. That it is impossible by an Hygroscope Thermometer or other Invention to know the true state of the Air. Pag. 82 Chap. 11. The use of the Portable Barometer how to weigh the Air Measure its Height and foretell all the alterations of weather Pag. 86 Chap. Rules for the more certain knowledge of all the alterations of weather both in quantity and quality pag. 91. FINIS Books Printed for W. Hawes at the Rose in Ludgate-street A True Account of Germany its Strength and Power together with a Discourse of War and Peace with Remarks and Maxims of Charles V. late Duke of Lorrain General of the Emperor's Forces From a Manuscript left by him and never Printed before A New English Dictionary with the Terms of Gypsies Beggers Thieves Cheats c. Usefull for all sorts of People especially Foreigners to secure their Money and preserve their Lives beside very Diverting and Entertaining never Printed before by Edward Bellamy of Grays-Inn Gent. Ten Pleasant and Delightful Novels VIZ. Rival Ladies The Mistake The Generous Lover The Libertine The Virgin Captive The Perfidious Mistress The Metamorphos'd Lover The Imposter out Witted The Amorous Miser The Pretended Alchymist Being Collected and Printed in 1. Voll