the which qualities whiles they be in the elementes altering the substaunce subiect to them do cause the mutuall alteration of y e elementes Yt is necessarie for a Phisition to consider exactlye and diligentlye the nature of the elementes to the ende that he may knowe howe health is made of the temperature of heat cold dry and moyst and of the distemperature of the same sicknes ¶ The seuen chapter Of temperamentes AMongest thynges naturall the temperamentes haue the second place a temperament is no thinge elles but a complexion or a conbination of y e fower elementes or elles of heat coulde dry and moyst of temperamentes there be .ix. differencis of y e which one is temperat be cause it excedeth in no qualitie the rest be all distemperat of the which .iiii. be simple as hot cold dry moyst and .iiii. be compounde as hot moyst to gether cold and dry hot and dry coulde and moyst The ix difference which I sayed before was temperat may be taken .ii. manner of wayes ether temperat simple and absolutly or elles temperate in euerye kynde of thinges loke what is temperate simply and absolutly that in the respect of all thinges is temperat and in it the elementes be equally mingled and such a thinge must be knowen by cogitacion only for other wayes it cannot as Gallen is a manifeste witnesse in the firste boke that he writ in the defence of health And that is temperat in euery kind in the which is the same mediocrity of contrary elementes as is conuenient to the nature not only of man and best but also of trees and plantes and this temperament is in all them that be hole accordynge to there nature and it may be knowen of hys functions and officis who is hole according to hys nature For he that can doe euerie thing well which he is apt to doe naturally is as hole as nature made hym whether it be man or best or it be tree or plant as an apple tre is very well or hole according to his nature whā he bereth a great number of good apples and likewise an horse whan he runneth very swift Therfore this is not the temperament which is mesured by weyght wherin ther is as many degrees of heat as of cold and of drinesse as of moisture for that is no where nor can not be knowen but by cogitation as is a foresayd but in this temperament which is in euery kynd of thinges the elementes be so mixt that the temperament which commeth of the mixture agreeth both to the nature of mē bestes and plantes Therefore it is called a temperament accordynge vnto iustice which mesureth to euery man not by weyght but by dignity wherefore what soeuer thinge exceadeth this temperament ether in heate could drynes or moysture y e same is not temperate and of the same that redoundeth it taketh y e name as if it be hete that is superfluous then it is called hot loke what thinge hath more hete then colde that same is hote contrary yf it haue more cold than heate it is called could lykewise that that hath more moysture then drines is named moyst and agayne yf it haue more drines thē moysture then it may be called dry and here of it commeth y e summer is called hote because it hath more hete then coulde and wynter is called colde because it hath more colde then heate furthermore if a thinge excede in heat and moysture to gether or in colde and drynesse or in hete and drynesse or in colde and moysture then it must take name of the qualities which excedeth as yf heat and moysture excede then it must be called hote and moyste yf colde and drynes cold and dry and so of the other And hereof it is euident that sumtyme one temperament is equall and temperate in one opposicion and distemperate and not equall in an other For yf it be not necessary for that that is hote to be dry but may be moyst then it may also be temperate because the meane is nygher to the dry temperature then is y e moyst and lykewise an other temperature that is colde yf it may as well be dry as moyst may be temperate also because the meane is nigher to the moyst temperature then the dry is The same answere may be made of drye and moyste that before is made of hote and colde Therefore it is no maruayle though there be sumthinge temperate in the one halfe and not temperate in the other But here thou must take hede yf thou be axed of what temperature a man an asse or an oxe is that thou answere not symply and absolutly For to that that is spoken diuersly and is diuerie also of it selfe no man can make absolutely simply a direct answere Therfore before thou make thyne answere y u must bid hym showe y t y e mā the asse or y e oxe whereof he douteth then yf he dout of a man thou muste haue a respect to the perfit man whiche as Gallen sayeth in the firste boke of his tēperamentes is neyther hote nor coulde and as he differeth from hym so make answere sayinge eyther that he is hot or otherwise as thy iudgement shall lede the but yf he doubt of a best then thou must haue an eye to the hole kynde of men For all other kindes compared vnto it are distemperat as he differeth from mankynde eyther in hete or otherwise so shape hym an answere And that thou be not deceyued in makyng thyne answere thou muste vnderstand that heat coulde dry and moyst be taken diuersly For first they be taken absolutely and simply that is to say without any admixtion of other bodyes and of this sorte the only elementes be hot coulde dry moyst secondarely they be spoken by excesse as whan there is in one thing more hete then coulde more drynesse then moysture or other wyse and of this fassion bloud fleme wyne oyle honny be called hot colde dry and moyst and that that is called hote colde dry and moyste of this sort is spoken yet .2 maner of wayes fyrst absolutly that is compared to no one alone but to the hole nature of thinges and of this fasshiō a dog simply absoluetly taken and not compared to any thing alone is dry otherwise that is to say not absolutly but cōpared to sum one alone may be moyst as to a pismyre And moreouer there be .iii. diuers maner of comparisons the first is betwyxt two of diuers kyndes as a man to a beaste The second is whan y e distemperate is compared to the temperate of the same kynde as a man compared to the parfit man whereof we spake before The thirde is whan .ii. distemperate of one kynde is compared together as one man to an other one lyon to an other one horse to an other Whosoeuer dothe diligently examin these thinges may easly iudge of what temperament the iiii tymes of the yere that is
must be remedied by meates that be coulde they that be sicke of colde diseases must haue hote meates and in diseases that be moyste dry meates and in dry diseases moyst meates Therfore suche as haue moyst bodies as childrē must be fed with moyst meates and such as be sicke of dry diseases as of feuers must also be fed w t moyst meates the tone to kepe theyr bodyes moyst styll the other to amende and correcte their drynesse and lykewise of the rest Such as be hote of nature must eat hot meates y t they may kepe theyr heat styll but yf theyr heat once waxe vnnaturall then it must be brought in temper by y e healp of such thinges as are colde and yf they be ouer colde by heat and yf they be ouer moyst by dryeth but if theyr heat colde drinesse or moysture be naturall excede not then it must be cherished styll with meates of like qualities as I said before Next the qualitie consider the custume for that ought not to be broken except there be great cause whye seing that such meates as a man hath accustomed hym selfe vnto although they be worse hurt not so much as the other doe of the which he hath not accustomed to eat of Therfore in diseases the Phisition may not be to busie in pluckyng away their pacientes from theyr accustomed meates drinkes but if it happen so that of necessitie there must be a change then it may not be done rashely or all at ones but fayre softly and by lyttell lytell For all sudden mutations be daungerous And it is mete for the Phisition to obserue in what meates y e sicke deliteth most For suche as he hath pleasure of in the eatinge the same the stomake enbraseth more gredely and digesteth or altereth much soner therfore they must be taken preferred before better though they be worse Furthermore he must take heed what order his pacient kepe in hys diet for it is a preposterous ordar to beginne with quynces or orynges and ende with sallades made of herbes and oyle Take this alwayes as a generall rule that that meat which is most easy to be digested shoulde be eaten before that that is hardar that also that is moyst before that that is drie and that that is leuse and slipperie before that y t is hard and byndinge Amongest other thinges the time of eatyng wolde not be forgotten They that be hole shoulde exercise thē selfes before they eat should not eat against theyr appetite nor abstayne whan ther appetite prouoketh them they that be sicke shoulde vtterlye forbeare vntyll there fittes were in the declination or ful finished Howbeit the disease may be suche the pacientes strength so weake y t it shall be nedefull to fede them both in their fittes out of theyr fittes howbeit I leaue that to the discretion of the Phisition And I thinke it but well doone to put you in remembraunce what your diet should be in the .iiii. seuerall times of the yere In winter more meat and lesse drinke and meates and drinkes that be hot and drye as rosted meates and wyne then may safely be dronken withoute water In the spring we shoulde eat sumdele lesse and drinke a lytell more then in wynter and eate also more of fleshe and change frō rosted to boyled In summar we must endeuer oure selfes y t oure bodies may be soft and colde and therfore we must eat lesse drinke the more and eat for the most part boyled meates such as is colde In Autumne we should eat sumthynge more then in summer and drinke lesse and of byggar drinkes be sumthinge more bolder then in summer And as the tyme is to be considered so is the age also For chyldren must be fed with moyst meates And such as be not yet at their groeth because their bodies be more temperate muste haue more temperate meates And lusty men such as is alredye paste theyr groeth because their bodies be hot and dry shoulde haue lyke meates that is to say suche as is hot dry olde men because their bodies be ouer cold and dry must be fed with meates that be hote and moyste ¶ The .iiii. chapter Of exercise and rest EVery softe mouynge is not an exercise as Gallen sayeth but y t that is sūthing vehement as lepyng coytyng runnyng tennys footbale shootyng and such lyke Exercise hath many notable commodities but .3 in especiall the hardnes of the instrumentes the encrese of naturall heat and the more vehement and quicker mouynge of the spirites eche of these hath hys peculier and particuler cōmoditie The instrumentes by meanes of theire hardnes may endure to labor the bettar and also perfourme theyre actiō more easely The encrese of naturall heat amendeth the alteration and concoction of the meat wherby the body is much y e more luckely nurished The quicker vehementer mouynge of the spirites healpeth to pourge the excrementes bothe by the raynes skinne guttes Exercise bringeth these cōmodities to y e bodye yf it be takē in due tyme or elles it hurteth more then it profitteth for yf it be taken whan ther is ether any cruditie in y e stomake or vaynes it will fill all y e body full of euyll humors by reason that y e crude and rawe iuyse is plucked in to eche part of the bodye Wherfore exercise shoulde ether be taken before meat or elles after that y e concoction of y e stomake liuer is ended y e parfit knowlege of this tyme is taken of y e vryne For whan the concoction of the liuer is donne then the vryne waxeth yelowe Howbeit the very best tyme of exercise is whan yesterdayes meat is throughly digested as one time for exercise is better thē an other so one kynde of exercise profiteth y e body more then an other That is y e beste kynde of exercise in the which euery part of the body susteyneth lyke labor and payne and yet in the same there may be committed many errors and faultes for it may be to much or to littell yet of bothe lesse hurteth to lyttle Therfore the exercise wolde continue so longe vntyll the bodye swellethe and waxinge read beginne to swete all ouer and whan any of these tokens chanceth then the exercise wolde be seased incontinent lest the good iuice be expelled together with the euyll so the body shal be made leaner and dryer which wyll hynder the groinge As exercise yf it be discretely mynistred preuayleth much to the defence of health so rest and quietnes yf it be not taken in his tyme filleth y e body full of sicknes For it causeth cruditie which is y e mother and roote in manner of all daūgerous sicknes There be many good tymes for rest but the very best tyme as Hyppocrates witnessith is whā the body is weried with labor and exercise For then he sayeth that y e rest taketh awaye the werinesse ¶ The .vi.
by the hemorrhoides which is the name of certayne vaynes cūminge to the loweste parte of the fundament by the which nature purgeth the body of melancholye wherby it deliuereth the bodye of many diseases which Hippocrates affirmeth sayinge They that haue the hemorrhoides be safe frō all paine of their sides and inflammatiō of their lunges nor shal be troubled nether with byles scurfe nor no kynde of lepry Therfore the Phisiciō must take great hede in stoppynge of them lest they be the authors of great and perilous sicknessis as of the dropsie consumtions He that requireth a longer disputation of this matter let hym reade ouer Hyppocrates bokes written of the same matter The xvi kinde of euacuatiō is the fleshly or carnall copulation which profiteth y e body much yf it be vsed moderatly and in due tyme For it amendeth the fulnesse of the body and as Aetius in the .viii. chapter of hys .iii. boke Agineta in the 3. chapter of his .i. boke witnesseth whan the body is at the groweth it maketh it strong nymble and quicke and amendeth the hard habyt of the bodye For it mollifieth the instrumentes and dilateth the pores and pourgeth the body of flewme Morouer it quickneth y e wit pacifieth anger wherefore it profiteth all them that haue lost ther wyttes either with anger or elles w t sorowe it profiteth them also which haue the fawling euil such as haue heauinesse in theyr browes and ache in theyr heades many tymes be cured by it Which Hyppocrates confirmeth saying carnal copulation which is called venus ▪ amendeth all diseases that cum of flewme howbe it yf it be vsed to much it hurteth the eyes and all the sensis and the head senewes brest raines loynes thyghes and morouer hasteneth olde age and deth and vtterly dissolueth the strength of the bodye and hereof it commeth that they that vse it to much be forgetfull and be weake full of payne both in their ioyntes loynes thighes it bringeth many to y e strangury many to the gout Of all tymes of the yere it may safest be vsed in thy springe it is vtterly to be abhorred in autumne and in sūmar Winter also by meanes of hys greate colde is not very good the best houre for it is as Gallē sayeth whan the body is in a meane betwixte full and emptie and excedeth nether in heat nether in colde drynesse nor moysture Therefore who so euer wyll vse it let hym beware of cruditie drunkennes hungar werynesse vomittynge pourging of the belly watchyng and all other such as healpeth to dissolue the strength of the body After moderate eatyng is the best time of it and before slepe for that amendeth y e strength and maketh that there foloweth no colde after it For slepe immediatly folowing it taketh away the werines of the muscles and senewes and calleth in the natural heat which maketh the concoction perfit Moreouer this time is best and aptest to the procreation of children for many causes but especially because the woman whyles she slepeth holdeth her husbandes seed beste The .xvii. kynde of euacuation is perspiratiō or euaporation which is done ether by nature or elles by medicine which so finely subtylith the humors that they passe by the insensible poores of y e skinne without any putrifiynge Hitherto I haue declared the kyndes of euacuatiō or emptines the which euery diligent Phisition must so well obserue that he may knowe whan to vse this kynde or that or elles whan to stop for sumtyme it is better to encrease humors ▪ then to diminishe them Finallye the Phisition shoulde obserue and marke howe he should make euacuation and where and what and whan and how much ¶ The .vii. chapter Of the perturbations sudden motions of the minde THe Affections which be the sudden motions and perturbations of the mynde ought not to be neclected of the phisitiō because they be of great might and make great alteratiō in all the body y e whiche amongest al other feare Ioy angar and sorowe declare euidently Feare by drawing the spirite and bloud in to y e innar partes leaueth the vtter pale for colde Anger setteth the body on fire with mouing of the bloud to the vtter partes as in anger the pulse beteth mightely so in fere it beateth almost nothyng at all sorrow is an affection w c the which y e hart as though it were smytten is drawen together and doth tremble and quake not without great sense of payne and so by lyttel and lyttel whiles the sorow goeth not away the strength of the hart is quite ouerthrowen and the generation of spirites is letted by meanes wherof the lyfe is vtterly extinct suche a cruell scourge is sorow vnto mā Feare and sorowe differ of this fashion y e sorowfull mā suffereth that by littell and litell which the fearfull mā doth suffer all a tonse Ioy is a sudden motion with the whiche y e harte reioysing dilateth hym selfe and suddenly sendeth furth al hys naturall heat and spirites wherby sumtyme it chaunseth that a weake body diethe in Ioy because for lacke of strength the hart cā not call in agayne his naturall heat and spirites Aulus Gellius in hys .iii. boke and .xv. chapter writeth ā historye worthy to be remembred of one Diagoras y t had .iii. sonnes which were all crowned of the people in one day at the playes of the hil Olimpia whilest the people and his iii. sōnes reioysing embrased their father castyng theyre garlandes vpon hym he died in theyr armes Philippides also a maker of playes whan he had y e victorie amongest the Poettes whiche he loked not for died by and by amongest them all Howe be it anger kylleth no man because it nether cooleth the naturall heat nor yet dissolueth the strength The phisition shoulde marke earnestlye not onlye these but all other affectes of the mynde also partly that he may know of them what humor redoundeth but especially that he may lerne how to resiste them and by hys counsell master them in the ende †The ende of the seconde boke The third boke ¶ The first chapter of the number of thinges agaynste Nature THynges agaynste Nature be .iii. in number the firste is the cause which goeth before the disease The seconde is the disease it selfe by whome the action is first hurt The third is the accidentes folowyng the disease This same parte of phisicke which inquireth of the causes and the accidētes of diseases is called of the Grekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 soundeth nothing elles but the mouyng of any thing that is affected wherfore he hath hys substance no lenger then he is in mouing altering or changing and so he differeth from affection taken specially the which is nothynge elles but an alteration remayning in a thing that hath suffered by this meanes the disease and the cause with the accidente which be affections of oure body as pale and euyll culour be called affections
of suche as be sycke foloweth death without remedy the whiche thing yf it be true as vndoutedlye it is what be such Phisitions worthye as doe vtterlye necglect the same and thinke that they haue done a great feat whan they haue wrytten a byl or two to the appoticarie takynge no care in the meane tyme what manner of dyet the sicke kepeth The seconde parte healeth by medicins inwarde outwardly taken But there be medicins of .ii. sortes that is to say simple and compounde and first to the parfit curyng of the disease most necessary is the knowledge of the simple and this care whiche is a greate charge is commytted to such as be vnlerned yea and in many places more is the pittie to folish ignorant wemen I wolde rather wishe the handlynge of suche Iuelles to be in the handes of y e best lerned and wysest Phisitions For as it is a thinge to be laughhed at if a Paynter know not his pensill or a coblar hys nall or a tannar his lether so think ye that a Phisition is not to be laught to scorne yf he know not the matter of that arte which he professeth But now adayes he is most set by and had in the gretest estimation which knoeth y e least which can make one medicine serue a thowsande diuerse diseases whiche is as lyke to be true as one shooe to be mete sit for so many feet And as for medicins they be not worth a vyle straw except they com out of Ethiop Arabi or India wheras for vs english men ther is non so good as our owne Englishe simples For it can not be proued y t nature euer brought forthe any wher liuing creatures where as she left nothing to fede them wyth all and lykewyse as she hath prouided meat so hath she medicyns also but the suttylties of men for their owne gayne and priuat Lucre hath browght to passe that al thing is oute of order bothe in the shoppes of the appoticaries and other places elles where The thyrd part is Surgery which is wrought by mannes hand which Gallen commendeth hyghly in many and sundry bokes ¶ The .iiii. chapter The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes QVre forfathers haue distributed and deuided Phisicke into thre formes or orders and that for no other pourpose but that yonge studentes of Phisick might lerne diligently and a gret dele the better remember what so euer they had red in the monumentes of olde writers The first order is of those thinges of y e whiche mānes body is made of and it hath plesed the foresayde elders to call suche thinges as oure body is cōpact made of thinges natural because to the perfection of mannes body they be necessary The seconde order is of those thinges with the which oure bodye is nourished that yt may remayne in healthe these thinges be called not naturall not because they be vtterlye agaynst oure nature but because if they be geuen without discreciō they may make suche alteration in the bodye as may extinguishe and abolishe vtterlye the lyfe The thirde order is of such as hurt and harme the body and corrupt it therfore they be called thinges agaynste nature be cause they be clene contrary to nature ¶ The fyfth chapter Of the number of thinges naturall NOwe it is tyme to speke of the first part of Phisicke whiche entreateth of the naturall cōstitution of mannes bodie this part of Phisicke is not put firste without a cause For no mā can do any good with a medicyne whiche is ignorant in the constitutiō of mannes bodie therfore the thinges naturall wherof mannes bodye is conpact made be seuen in number 1 Elementes as the fiere ayer water and erthe 2 Temperamentes as hote cowlde moyst and drye 3 Humores as blowde fleume chollar bothe yelow black 4 Partes as flesh bone brayne harte liuer heed and handes 5 Faculties as Animall vitall naturall 6 Actions as Animall naturall 7 Spirites as animall vitall and naturall These thinges I entend god willing to expresse so well as the sterillite of my simple wyt will geue me leaue begynnyng first wyth the Elementes ¶ The sixte chapter Of the Elementes TVlly y e eloquent Romain counselleth very wel euery mā first of all and before he make any far procedynge to defyne the thing of the which he pourposeth to entreat to y e entent that euery mā may perceyue what it is y e is spokē of therfore according to his counsell I wyll fyrst define what an element is wherfore an element as Galen sayeth in the .viii. boke of the decrees of Plato and Hyppocrates is the lest part of that thynge of the which it is an element and of these amongest the hole nature of thynges there be but fower in number which is the fyer Ayer water and yearth and as of these all thynges naturall haue there begynnynge so at the length they shall be resolued into the same agayne For Hyppocrates sayeth in a boke which he entytelleth the nature of man that after the soule is once dissolued from the body euery thinge wherof the body was of first is returned in hys owne nature agayne as loke what in the begynnyng was drye that is tourned in to drye what was moyste becōmeth moyste agayne and lykewyse heat is turned into heat and colde becommeth colde agayne but after these elementes be once mixte in the body they can no more be called elementes that is to say pure and simple bodyes that y e is made of them is a bodye mixt and corruptible Therfore as Gallen counselleth in the firste boke of elementes go not about to serche out or to finde in any naturall body any thinge that is simple and not mixt or compounded leste thou lose thy peyne but be contented yf thou se a member that is could hard and drye and a nother that is moyste rare and fluxible to thinke the tone to come of the yearth and the other of the water And lykewyse whan thou considerest with thy selfe in thy mynde the nature of a spirit then remember the ayer For seing that the elementes be the lest partes of owre bodies it is not possible that they should be perceyued by any sense Yf these elementes wer not mixte all together nether man nor no other liuinge creature coulde be made of them for what part of the body they should towch they must of necessitie corrupt the same For ther is no part of the bodie that can abyde safe without hurt or dammage the towchynge of any thynge that is ether extreme hote or extreme colde moyest or drye And herof it is euident that these elementes be not mixt in mannes bodye as wheate or barley is mixt in a hepe for of the grayne ther is no alteratiō seing after the mixture it remaynethe hole but the elementes be so altered and chaunged that after the mixture ther remayneth nothyng but onely a signification of theire qualities
excrementes wolde be taken heede to of the Phisicion because he may diuine diuerse thinges bothe of their substance qualitie and coulour The thirde way to cleanse the bodie is by vomit wherof Nature hath much good For they that vomit often for the most part be alwayes hole For there is euacuation made as well of flewme as of chollar by meanes wherof the stomacke is not filled with euyll humors the head findeth muche ease Vomiting is most profitable for them that be cholerick hauing large brestes short neckes wide mouthes it profiteth also to such as by meanes of great eatynge drinkinge reserue crude and rawe humors in theyr stomakes yet he that wyll be hole and pourposeth to be olde let hym not be to busye with vomittynge For the muche vse of it causeth deafnesse hurteth the eyes it breaketh y e vaynes of the breste and lunges it offendeth the teathe and causeth head ache Therfore it is y e Phisitions dutie to declare who is apt to vomit and who is not For suche as be not apte to vomit shoulde be pourged dounwarde and in no-case constrayned to vomit such as be not apt to vomite be they that be betwixt fat and lene hauynge theyr brestes narrowe and theyr neckes long and such as be leane slender and haue wyde brestes shorte neckes be apt to vomit In vomittyng the excrement must be loked well vpon for the sight of it shall amend the coniecture of the Phisicion The forth way of emptying y e body is by boxyng which as Gallen sayeth in hys boke y t he wrote of boxing doth not only make euacuation and drawe oute muche matter but also easeth the payne and diminisheth the swellyng dissolueth wynde and styrreth vp appetite where it was almost lost confirming the strength of weake stomakes calleth againe life in swounes and fayntynges it draweth also swellynges and fluxes from one part to another stinteth bledyng and stayeth wemens flowers There be .2 kindes of boxing on is withoute any scarifiyng which preuayleth moste in drawing backe of humours as in y e drawing back of wemens flowers whā they rūne to much these be light boxing glasses which be vsed w tout scarifiyng The other is w t scarifiyng which is vsed in hard swellynges cummynge of melancholy or whan y e partes be troubled w t the fluxe of any sharpe matter whiche muste be drawen from one to another in sharpe quicke diseases wheras y e pacient may spare no bloude scarifyinge profiteth watryng eyes and also paines both of head brest backe The .v. kynde of emptying the bodye is by bathe and here ye muste marke that there is .ii. kyndes of bathes one is naturall and an other artificiall That is called natural which springeth of his owne accorde without y e healp of mānes inuention Of naturall bathes summe be hote by the mixture of niter salte allume brimstone chaulke lyme yrō copper goulde syluer tinne which ether lieth in the bothom of the bathe or elles in the rockes or hylles from whence the springe cūmeth whereof water taketh his qualitie by this reasō y e bathes which be in a towne called Bathe here in Englande be hote to the great admiration of all ignorante people These kyndes of bathes be good for suche as be diseased in their ioyntes or haue crude raw matter in theire bodyes and be diseased ether with pockes pyles or emeroides but for men that be in health and haue swete humors they be nothyng mete yea and the vse of them is very perilous Artificiall bathes be made by mannes witte therefore they be not in all places lyke But here in Englande they be nothing so commendable as in Germany and other places For here there is but one hotte house and therefore the subtell parte of the humor is drawen out and y e grosse is left behinde But in Germany in other places they haue diuers houses first one wher they put of their clothes an other where they be annoynted and rubbed and in the thyrde house they sweate and be washed the forthe house is not so warme as the thyrde the fyfthe is sumwhat colde nowe that I haue declared the partes of the artificiall bathes whiche were vsed in the olde tyme and yet be in many places I purpose to shewe in as fewe wordes the commodities of the same begynnyng with the firste part which is a warme house prepared with fire or wyth warme water and swete herbes to the entente that the littell pores of the skynne may open easilye and the hole body with all the humors be sumwhat warmed The nexte house beinge sumthynge warmer stirreth vp the spirites and dissolueth the grosse humors and the rubbyng with the annoyntynge correcteth amendeth the hardnes of the senewes ioyntes and loynes the thirde house by hys greate heat dissolueth mightilye the grosse humours by meanes wherof nature pourgeth the bodye of them and the luke warme water moysteth the hole body taketh away werynesse yf ther be any in the vtter partes y e fowerth house because it is sumwhat coldar reducethe nature by litell and litell to here pristinate state The fifth by meanes of his colde shutteth agayne the pores of y e skinne which beateth the naturall heate in and causeth good concoction amendyng the action bothe of the stomacke and liuer The sixt kinde of those thinges which lewseth the body is sweat and it ought to be prouoked whan any euyll humors is in the innar partes as in feuers pestilent agues It may be prouoked diuersly as by the heate of drye bathes hote stones yrons or by swete herbes and warme water ether in pottes or in blathers But in all vehement and sharpe diseases and especiallye in hote agues the Phisiciō shoulde take great hede of the sweat markynge very dilygentlye which is good and whych is euyll For by them he may coniecture muche of the cause of the grefe but as Hyppocrates sayeth those sweates in feruent and hote diseases which cōmeth in the iudgyng dayes doe ende the feuer be best and most holsume and it is not euyll whan the patient sweateth in euery part of hys body so hys paynes waxe lesse withall but whā y e body sweateth muche and the paynes encrease it is not good Howbeit it is worst of all yf the sweate be cold And whan the face head and necke sweat onlye if it be in any hot ague it declareth dethe whichout any remedy In prouokyng of sweate the Phisition shoulde take hede that it be not to much for feare of dissoluyng of the strength of hys pacient The seuenth kynde of euacuation is exercise wherof we spoke before in the fowerthe chapter of this same boke The .viii. kynde is abstinence or hungar which doth not extenuat nor make euacuation of him selfe but by meanes that that is not restored which w t abstinence or fastinge was wasted Fastyng or abstinēce may be takē .ii. wayes eyther vtterly to forbeare
and yet the same accidentes be called also passiōs The reste which be the faultes of sum action as ouer much inanition or retentiō be alonly called passions not affections because they be not thinges permanent but is only and remayne so long as they be in growing Here it is to be noted that a thyng may suffer .ii. manner of wayes firste whan it suffereth of it selfe as if the guttes suffer payne of anye sharpe or bytynge humors conteyned within them which may be called theyr owne passion Secondarily whan a thynge suffereth not of it selfe but of another as whā the head suffereth payne by reason of euyll vapowres cummynge from the stomacke which is called a passiō by consent of other ye shall finde this matter disputed more at large in Gallenes firste boke of places affected ¶ The .ii. chapter Of the causes of diseases THe cause of y e disease is an affectiō against nature going before the disease and stirring it vp which of it selfe firste hurteth no action but accidentally that is to say by other And secōdarily as by healp of the disease cummynge betwixt as shall be shewed more playnly hereafter There be .ii. manner of causes of diseases one is externall so called because it is outwardly receiued and was not before with in the body as colde and such other The tother is called internall which is within the body as humors putrified within the body growen out of temper Gallē speaketh of no mo causes of diseases then these .ii. Yet Auicen w t other of the same layer affirme that ther is an other cause which ioyneth euer with the disease and the takyng away of it is as they say the curynge of the sicknes as yf rotten or putrifyed humors kindell a feuer thē by theyr saying so soone as the putrified matter is takē away y e feuer must cease of necessitie howbeit it is for y e most part sene that y e feuer remayneth after the putrifactiō is clene gone wherfore it is euident that Auicen and all that be of hys opinion is foule deceyued therin howbeit I thinke this to be y e thing which deceyueth them They define sycknesse as it were the actiō hurt alredye and not that that hurteth the actiō first so that they call that the sicknesse which Gallen calleth but the accidente of the sicknesse I coulde take Auicennes parte in this matter sauinge that he agreeth with Gallen in the defining of sicknesse forgettyng hym selfe to be in contrary tales wherfore I wolde counsel all yonge studentes in phisicke to lerne the causes of sickenesse of Gallē or elles of such as folowe hym as Aetius Paulus Aegineta Howebeit there is none to be compared with Gallen because he hath wrytten of them in suche a good ordar as neuer any other hath wryt the lyke and this I dare affirme that euerye wel lerned man can do no lesse thē confesse the same ¶ The .iii. chapter Of diseases A Disease is an vnnaturall affectiō of the body by which the action is fyrste hurt therfore it differeth frō the cause in that y e the cause neuer hurteth anye action of hym selfe but by meanes of the disease Of diseases ther be .3 chefe principal kindes one is in those partes of the bodye that is called of y e latins similares such be y e bones senewes vaynes with all other simple sparmaticke partes another is in the instrumentes as in the heade eyes handes and feet the thirde consisteth in them both That disease y t happeneth in y e sparmatick partes is such a distemperature ether of heat coulde drynesse or moysture that it hurteth summe action for a man may be distempered in sum part and yet be hole and not sicke but whan the distemperature groweth so much that it hurteth any action of the body then it may be called a disease of the sparmatike partes Wherefore who so is of this sort distempered is sicke and he that is distempered and hath no action hurt may not be called sicke but intemperat For of them that be hole yf sum shoulde not be temperat and sum intemperat one of these .ii. muste nedes be true ether all men alwayes to be sicke or elles all men to haue one distemperature which bothe be very false The same distemperature which before I called a disease of y e sparmaticke symple partes is deuided in to .ii. Egall not egal it is called an egall distēperature whan all partes of the body are distempered alike as in the feuer hectica which is a cōsūptiō wherin al partes of y e body be like hote and the contrary vnto this is the distemperature which is not egal as in that kynde of dropsy that falleth in to the legges and feete and in all kynde of feuers excepte the before named hectica Of vnequall distemperature there is also ii kyndes The .i. is the only alteration of the qualitie as the burnynge of the fire or of the sunne The .ii. is besyde the qualitie the fluxe of sum humor as in y t kynde of swellynge y t is called phlegmon Besyde this of distemperatures one is simple and an other is compound it is called simple whan on qualitie as heat or colde excedeth alone and compound whan many excede together as hot and moyste colde and drye excedynge to gether in one member The tother kinde of disease which only is in the instrumentes may be called the euyll constitution or composiciō of them But there be .ii. kindes of instrumentall diseases for sum be simple and they be .iiii. in number one is to be sene in the vncumly comformation another in the number of partes the thirde in the quantitie of eche part and the .iiii. in the composition The disease of conformation happeneth of the vncumly figure as whan summe part is holowe from the natiuitie or elles after by casualtie which shoulde not and also sum other part rough that shoulde haue ben smothe of number whan there be ether to many or to fewe partes of quantitie whan they be ether to big or to litel of cōposicion whan they be put in wronge places or whā they that shoulde agre together doe not The thirde kynde of disease is common as well to the simple and sparmatick partes as to the instrumentall and it is the deuision of that that is hole and of one pece which diuision yf it be in the riynges or byndynges it is called anulsiō in the fleshe a byle in the bone a broken creuise in the senowes a conuulsion or crampe These diseases sumtyme be compounde whiche is whan they be ioyned to other Hitherto I haue brefly declared the .iii. first kindes of sicknessis of the which sum be verye quicke and sum be dull or slow Such as be very quick wil be at the worste in .iiii. dayes or soone after Of such as be quicke and sharpe there be .ii. sortes for sum wyll be at the worste in .14 dayes and sum not vnder .40 All