one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single
and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles
depressed So that the cause of the diuersity of this appearance is onely the swelling of the earth To be briefe the beginnings and spaces of the dayes and nights and that in diuers places of the earth do vary and yet following in a maner one order But this variety could not happen if the earth were not Sphericall and all about equally rounde herein excluding both vallies and the toppes of hilles which applied vnto the body of the earth cause no inequalitie or diuersity at all For the swelling of the earth causeth that the stars be not séene togither in all countries but drawne about by little and little by a certaine succession and order that they so appeare sooner to them in the East part then to them in the West through the swelling as yet not aboue caried which swelling being high betwéene both is a let and cause of the later appearing of them to the west and by that meanes also kéepeth and hideth the stars the longer from their sight So that by these it euidently appeareth that the onely cause is the swelling of the earth If the earth were fashioned with a déepe hollownesse and compassed round about with a light inclosure then should the stars risen be soonest séene to them in the West partes and much later appeare to them in the East For that the higher inclosure to the hollownesse as a wal built about should be a let and hinderance to the sight of the beholders in such sort that those starres arising it shoulde hinder their sight If the earth were formed with places standing in sharp piller forme or in right line vp then should the stars appeare set and be hidden alike to those places and no differences of dayes should be caused but that they shoulde haue one like day and the sun also appearing to that fide which they shewed so that whiles the Sun runneth and compasseth about the backe parts they should be without light of the sun and should remaine al the time in shadow and darknesse And if it should haue a Cubicke for me then should they sée the sun sixe houres and loose or be without light and sight of the sun other eightéene houres If in round piller-wise as if the howndes were playne vnto both the Poles and the hollow partes should decline vnto the East and West then should no stars continually appeare to them dwelling in the hollow but that certaine stars should arise vp and set in the West and other certain stars néere to both the Poles should alwaies be hid To conclude if the whole earth were framed with an equal playnesse throughout then should the stars appeare at one moment to all countries and setting againe should hide the like out of sight and by that meanes shoulde the dayes begin and end alike and no differences shoulde bée obserued To all such arguments seing experience onely doth repugne or contrary them It is therefore manifest that the earth from the West towarde the East riseth vp into an equall swelling If the earth also were plaine from the East vnto the West then shoulde the starres arise so soone to them in the West as to those of the East which is a manifest error Also if the earth wéere playne from the North vnto the South and like from the South vnto the North then the starres which were to some of a continuall appearance should alwaies séene the fame and like which way or into what quarter soeuer a man goeth which also is vntrue But the cause which maketh the earth séene plaine is through the ouer great quantity which causeth it so to appeare to euery mans sight But that the earth is round according to latitude the diuers eleuations of the Pole and stars eyther alwaies in sight or continually hidden doth euidently declare For from the Equatour in going forth easilie towardes the North and that the Pole Articke be higher raysed and the stars néere to the Pole raysed vp then are the Stares right against like depressed and as they were out of sight and so much the more as they go further from the Equatoure nor the Northerly stars neuer set but continually drawne about in sight with heauen But the contrarie happeneth by going from the saide Cyrcle or Equatoure vnto the contrary part So that there is no greater cause of this diuersitie than the swelling of the earth which if the same shoulde bee plaine the starres opposite or right against according to latitude about the Poles shoulde offer and appeare togither to all countries which the swelling of the earth hindreth to be séene An instrument by which the round nesse of the Earth according to latitude may be proued and all those may easily be shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall That the Water hath a like swelling and runneth round THis by two reasons is prooued the first is most certaine by a mark or marks standing on the sea banke like as a tower stéeple or such like erected of purpose so that a shippe sayling into the déepe and carried so far off that no more of the sides or bottom can be descerned sauing the top of the mast which only appeareth to the sight Or thus that a marke stoode on the sea banke and a ship passing forth of the hauen sayling so far into the sea that the eie of the beholder being néere the foote of the mast cannot decerne the marke the ship in the meane time staying or standing still so that his eie being in the top of the mast shall perfectly sée that marke but the others eie being néere the foote of the mast shoulde rather better sée the marke than he which is in the top of the mast as may more euidently appeare by lynes drawne from either place vnto the mark so that the manifest cause of this appeareth to bee none other then the swelling of the water But here are all other impediments excluded that may otherwise hinder as mists foggs and such like vapours ascending Also a like reason of the impediments of this aboue written is for that the water ariseth into a swelling which hindreth the sight of the bottom or sides of the ship that being in a high place doeth not hinder the sight of the same as the top of the mast which either excéedeth or is equall with the swelling of the water For men sayling on the mayne sea sée nothing round about but the Sky and the Sea but comming nearer the banks do by litle and litle descry and sée either high hilles or cliffes as if they were rising forth of the water Also to those that dwell on a high ground the sun first ariseth and last setteth And to this agréeth that out of the higher places both more and further may bée séene into the sea then in vallies or lower places By all these therefore it is euident that the vpper face of the water swelleth as by the example following more plainly shall appeare but an other example of the same shall
is so much the more increased as by how many degrées either of the Poles are néere to the earth and beeing further distant from the Equatoure is raysed and caried higher which is the cause of many obscure differences which that they may the plainer be expressed and vnderstanded the skillfull practisioners haue deuided Cyrcles in the first mouer by lynes drawn vnto certaine stars or prickes from the Center of the earth and drawn about either by a continuall or dayly motion by which they imagined them to be described That the Circles of the Sphere be some greater some lesser and the number of the Circles HEre it is not to be omitted that one Cyrcle is greater then another by foure meanes First by reason of the magnitude of the celestiall body in which it is imagined to be And of this is the Equinoctiall Cyrcle of the first mouer greater then the Equinoctial Cyrcle of the eight spher in that the first mouer is greatest of all the bodies And although the Equinoctiall of the eight Sphere doth deuide it into two equall halfes yet of the first mouer it is named the greater for that the same includeth all other bodies By the second it is euident that the Equinoctiall Cyrcle is greater by reason of the appearaunce in that the whole is séene aboue the Horizont And by the same reason the Northerly Cyrcle which is named the Arcticke Cyrcle is the greater for that it alwaies appeareth to vs aboue the Horizont By the thirde the Equinoctiall is accompted greater then the other in regarde of the influxiue vertue and for this cause also is the Zodiacke called greater then the others through his greater working into these inferior bodies For that vnder it the sun and all other Planets are drawne And Happarchus writeth that this Cyrcle is the life of all thinges which are in the world c. In that by the ascending of the sun to vs generation is caused and by his falling or going from vs diminishing that is corruption getteth the vpper hand By the fourth is a Cyrcle called greater then the other insomuch as it is one Sphere and thus the equinoctiall is greatest of all the Parallel Cyrcles in the first moouer which is euidently demonstrated by the diameter of the Cyrcle Therefore by the definitions and reasons aboue shewed the equinoctial is the greater Cyrcle described in the vpper face of the first mouer according to each part or the whole of it beeing equally distant from either Pole of the worlde And it is further to bee considered that all the Cyrcles of the Materiall Sphere are imagined to bee in the first mouer which also a materiall Sphere doeth especially represent So that these Cyrcles may also bee imagined in the other Spheres aswell as in the eight Sphere c. And although a man may enter into conference betwéene these Cyrcles and the diameter yet he shall be forced to confesse that they be on such wise vnto the sphere as the Cyrcle is vnto the diameter So that as the diameter deuideth the Cyrcle into two equall partes in that it passeth by the Center of the same euen so doeth euery of the greatest Cyrcles deuide the Sphere into two equal parts because the playne vpper face of it passeth by the Center And by this it may easily bee perceyued that those which are named the lesser Cyrcles of which is a farre greater number than is here set down haue diuers Centers from the Center of the Sphere and yet the playne vpper face of them passeth not by the Center of the same Sphere Of which ensueth that they cannot deuide the sphere into two equall halfes no more then the lyne drawne without the Center into a Cyrcle can deuide the same into two equal halfes And both the greater and lesser of these is mente according to the distance of his Center from the Center of the sphere The inward Cyrcles that be mouable are those which are descrybed in the first moouer and are drawne with it about as is the equinoctiall the Zodiacke the Colures the Tropickes the Polare Cyrcles and others descrybed from the poyntes of the first moouer But the outwarde Cyrcles are they that are as immoueable and not drawn about with the first mouer but abide steady The number of which are these the Meridiane the Horizont the houre Cyrcles the verticiall Cyrcles and Cyrcles of the progressions Further it is to bee noted that many are the Celestiall Cyrcles as is aboue declared whose vse partely vnto Astronomy and partly vnto Astrologie is necessary As the verticiall Cyrcles the Cyrcles of the altitudes the Cyrcles of the celestiall houses The Cyrcles with the which the materiall sphere is descrybed and to bee briefe there are so many celestiall Cyrcles as there may bée poynts ymagined in the first mouer Yet are there but onely ten Cyrcles which are required vnto this sphericall treatise whose names are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Colures the Meridian the Horizont the twoe Tropickes and the twoe Polare Cyrcles The greater Cyrcles are those which haue the same or a like Center with the earth whose playn vpper face doth passe by the Center of the earth so that they deuide the sphere into two equall parts and especially the equinoctiall which for that it is a greater Cyrcle doth cut the spher into two equall halfes so that his playne vpper face passeth by the Center of the earth according to the definition of the greater Cyrcles And by this consequent when the Sun is in the equinoctiall he falleth into the Center of the earth that is hée is in the vpper face which passeth by the Center of the earth And the sun is neuer in such an vpper face but when he is in y e two equinoctial poynts for other wise he runneth without that vpper face For the greater Cyrcles are a like vnto the Sphere as the diameters vnto the Cyrcle in that as the diameter cutteth the Cyrcle in two equall halfes for that it doeth passe by the Center of the same euen so doth the greater Cyrcle deuide the Sphere into twoe equall halfes in that the playne vpper face of the same doth passe by the Center of the sphere But the lesser Cyrcles are those which haue diuerse Centers from the Center of the sphere so that the playne vpper face of them doeth not passe by the Center of the sphere For how much nearer the Center of the same is to the Center of the sphere and somuch the greater is that Cyrcle as the Tropicke But the further it is from the Center euen so much â—he lesser in sight is the Cyrcle as are the Polare circle And here none may suppose that either these or other like cyrcles to be verily in the first moouer but only to be vnderstoode or imagined For the cause of deuiding heauen into certaine spaces and regions through the helpe of which the courses of the Planets are obserued brought vnto a rule Further the
Equinoctiall poynt is then imagined to be drawne aboute with the motion of the first moouer that hath the same Center with the earth at that time by which the playne of the Equatoure is then noted to passe So that this is the cause why Plinie giueth that name to it séeing a like day and night is caused the sun then running vnder the Equatoure throughout the earth as no man of skill maketh doubt of It is named the cyrcle of the high solstice but this commeth to passe by reason of those which dwell vnder the equinoctiall and haue foure solstices as two on hie two below hauing foure shadowes in the yeare and the sun passing twise a yeare by the Zenith right ouer their heads as when the sunne is in the beginning of Aries and Libra And to them also dwelling vnder the Equinoctial are two summers and two winters and the heat is mightiest and strongest when the sun draweth from them into the North or South yet doeth the sun alwaies burne the earth right vnder it causing a burning Zone and not parteth far from their heades So that their winters are not perfectly and simply named winters as with vs which are cold seasons in déede bnt rather with them is a continuall summer yet for that the causes of heate with them are not vnformally and in a like maner alwaies for that the sun doth not approch equally the Zenith of that parte as the same is known to many whereof the heat to them is not vnifourme and a like in burning But sometimes hotter and sometimes slacker and meaner of heate So that when the sun is in the Zenith as in the beginnings of Aries and Libra and that they are in their high solstices then is the heate most vehement with them yet not without the sun this heate can bee called mighty But when as the sun is gone from their Zenith which happeneth in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorne where their low solstices are the heate is then slacker that is lesser burning So that the weaker heate hapning in the lowe solstices may in a manner bée named colde in respecte of the most burning heate hapning in the high solstices yet it hath the nomination of winter although no cold may bée felt What the offices or vtilities of the Equinoctiall are THe causes whie the skilfull practisioners tooke and vsed the Equinoctiall with the offices which they attributed to it and the mani fold vses that it offereth is herein declared 1 It measureth the motion of the first and vppermost Orbe and sheweth the same to bée drawne about by a continuall and equall swiftnesse For that in euery equall houre doe fiftéene of the thrée hundereth and thrée score degrées of the same arise and so many degrées right against set and are hidden vnder the Horizont and that all the thrée hundreth and thrée score degrées in 24. houres are turned about in the appoynted times and in their periods continually agréeing And as the Equatour from the Poles of the worlde about which the first mouer is drawne and is of either side distant by equall spaces nor the Angle which is comprehended fashioneth with the Horizont doth neuer change euen so by the same order and like motion doeth the first heauen or moouer euidently shew it selfe to be caried about For the Equinoctiall measureth and determineth the motion of the first mouer in declaring his reuolution and yeare which yeare of the first moouer is the time of 24. houres equall But by what meanes the auncient astronomers first found that the Equinoctiall is drawne about in so many houres and it is supposed they came to the knowledge thereof by the office of some starre either in the Equinoctiall or placed neare it they perceiued the same as that the Equinoctial from some note marked of them did returne to it in such a certaine space as afore shewed 2 The diuers motions of the Zodiack which hapneth to it through the twart standing or lying as a cannon or rule doth dyrect and point out the beginnings boundes and time with the which each parts or degrées of the Zodiacke arise or doe set and with which they touch these or those quarters of the worlde For all the arckes of the Equatoure are drawne by a certaine and agréeable motion continually The parts of the Zodiacke drawne thwartly the Equatoure doeth not varie or is distant by like spaces from the Poles of the world nor turned about his but the same Poles of the worlde which doe differ by a long space from his and drawn about by a most vnlike motion and nothing at all agréeing in it selfe For that some parts or degrées are caried vp sooner or quicker and others appeare slower and later So that these vseth a more space of time in the rising slower and those other passe vp by a shorter and quicker space But séeing that in the Zodiack the wandring stars or Planets doe wander continually hither and thither and from one side of it to another and that vnto the middle cyrcle of it or ecclipticke line the places of all the fixed stars are referred and applied therefore cannot the times of the rising or setting of the starres bée knowne and noted except they shoulde be guessed and attained by the next arks of the equinoctiall It also declareth the equinoctialles which are caused in those proper dayes in which the sun hapneth to come into the equinoctiall cyrcle For these are caused the sun being in the first degrées of Aries and Libra in that the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall doe crosse each other in those places whereof Manilius thus writeth That these signes Aries and Libra cause a right Throughout the earth a like day and night 3. It defineth and measureth the spaces both of the naturall and artificiall dayes And although the sun which drawne about with the motion of the first moouer and in the proper motion caried forth in the meane time by force into the contrary when as hee causeth the times of the daies and nightes so wel as the differences of the natural daies mooued and runneth in the Zodiacke yet of his motion the day and night spaces cannot bee gatherrd through the diuersity and vnlikenesse of the ascending or arising of diuers parts or degrées of the Zodiacke But seeing the same motion is of all the partes of the Equatoure therefore are the ascentions of the arcks of the Zodiacke caried vp with the ascending of the nighest parts of the Equatour like arising So that both the dayes and houres by the equall motion of these are not founde and distinguished by the vnlike and vnequall motion of them in that these ascentions can be of these two cyrcles The Greekes by no meanes like of the same in that by a stedfast order they do mark the day and night times therefore they parte and deuide them into equall houres which they named times that from the degrées of the Zodiacke they might distinguish them For euerie fiftéene
regarded then any of the others in that at the appearance of them Summer is signified and at the setting of them which is sixe moneths after winter is then in entrance like which is not shewed in the other signes And in our time they are in the 22. and 23. degrée of Taurus the sun ioyneth with them euery yeare in the thirde and fourth day of May. So that after those daies through the suns departing from them they are knowne to arise Heliace before the sun and then is summer entred which in our time hapneth about the 7. 8. 9. or 10. day of may And when the sun is come by his course vnto the 22. and 23. degrée of Scorpio which hapneth in our time in the 5. and 6. day of Nouember then is the sunne directly against Pleiades and the sun then arising in the morning they doe set and aboute these daies as in the 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. and 10. day of Nouember winter is entred These as Ptholomie writeth are of the nature of Mars and the Moone but all the others being some of the third and fourth and some of the fist bignesse are of the nature of Saturne and a litle of Mercurie THe signe Gemini is placed in heauen as that betwéen them and Taurus is that constellation Orion standing Their headed deuideb from the rest of the body yet imbracing one the other by bodies and doe dyrectly set with the féete and arise together bended as they were lying Of which those two be the notablest that stand in the heads and that clear star in the head which goeth before named Castor and of some Appollo hauing besides in eyther shoulder a cleare starre in the right elbowe one in either knée one and in either foote one star And the other which followeth beeing next to Cancer hath in the heade a star named Pollux of others Hercules on the left shoulder one in the right another and in the other partes sundry other stars to the number of 18. knowne in both There is an other star standing without the forme of Gemini going before the foote of Gemini and following after called Propus and is in our time in the 24. degrée of Gemini Of which two are of the second bignesse as those in the heads but the others are of the thirde fourth and fifte bignesse And are all of the nature of Saturne sauing the head going before is of the nature of Mercurie and that in the heade following of the nature of Mars THe signe Leo looking vnto the West is placed on the body of Hydra and not in the head by which Cancer is nigh vnto the halfe of it hauing the middle deuided by the summer cyrcle in such sort that vnder that Orbe hée hath the fore féet placed setting and rising with the head Also he hath in the head thrée stars in the nape of the neck two in the breast one in the space betwéene the shoulders vnder the necke or behiude the necke thrée in the middle of the taile one in the ende of the taile another and in the belly one cleare or bright star named the hart of the Lion which also is called aroyal star in that it is more about the Zodiack then the other great fixed stars and for this cause called a star of the first bignesse although in truth it is but a star of the second bignesse being of the nature of Iupiter and Mars All the stars which this signe hath as Ptolomie writeth are 27. Of which many are of a greate brightnesse as the two in the nape of the necke of the second bignesse that on the heart of the first bignesse another on the backe of the second bignesse another in the end of the taile of the first bignesse and all the rest of the third fourth and fift bignesse THe image named the Carter or driâ—â—â— of the Car Ptolomie doeth decke with 14. staires being all nowe in Gemini and of the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. and 6. bignesse of the nature of Mars and Mercurie Also this image named the Carter hath a cleare starre named the Goate standing on his left shoulder being a starre of the first bignesse and in our time in the 15. degrée of Gemini borowing nature of Mars and Mercurie And that image or constellation named the Kiddes beeing two small stars standing on the left hand of the Carter are in our time in the 12. degrée of Gemini of the fourth bignesse and of the nature of Mars and Mercurie THe image named Perseus hath 26. stars which forme two perticuler images of which that which is séene on his left side is named Gorgon or the head Algoll And hereof it commeth that they are called the Gorgon stars The other séene on his right side the ancient astronomers name the Cyrcle oâ— sithe Also Ptholomie in the description of Perseus attributeth to the heade of Algoll that is Medusa as to a perticular image foure starres And the brighter stars of them being in the heade of Algoll is the 12. star is in our time in the â—9 degrée and twenty minutes of Taurus The following star being of the fourth bignesse is in our time in the 18. degrée of Taurus And Ptholomie writeth that the head of Algoll beeing of the second bignesse is of the nature of Saturne and Iupiter and that on the right side of Perscus of the second bignesse is of the nature of Saturne and Iupiter and is in our time in 24. and 28. minutes of Taurus ON the head of Aries not far from the féete of Andromedâ— standeth a figure which the Gréekes for the likenesse of the letter Delta â—aâ—e Deltoton and the Latines for the similitude of the fourme called a Tryangle This figurâ— hath 〈◊〉 equall sides but the third not so perfect fashioned yet easily to bee knowne for that it shineth brighter then many other starres about it To which the starres of Aries are a litle Southerly And to it Ptholomie attributeth foure stars although all other authors affirme onely thrée stars except Alphonsus which in our time are in Taurus being of the thirde and fourth bignesse and altogether of the nature of Mercurie THe image of Andromeda placed in heauen with the armes stretched abroad and each hand bound Ptholomie declareth it to haue 23. stars of the thirde fourth and fift bignesse and in our time are in Aries and Taurus whose nature resembleth Venus This Cassiopia is figured like to a woman sitting in a chayre with the handes lifted vp after a wayling maner and in the turning of the world about she is drawne with the head alwaies vpward Ptholomie doeth number 13. stars in that image of the 3. 4. 5. and sixe bignesse which in our time are in the signes Aries and Taurus and of the nature of Saturne and Venus Among the Astrologians onely Ptholomie and Alphonsus doe place twoe horses in heauen or as I may more rightly speake the two partes of horses of which the one is called the fore
subtracted from the miles and minutes of the former eleuation there doe 9. minutes remaine These thus founde and knowne séeke the proportional part to bee subtracted in saying if one degrée or 60. minutes in this Parallel doe yéeld 9. minutes of a Germaine mile howe many minutes of a mile doe 45. minutes yéelde or make which depende to the degrées of the middle latitude To know this multiply 45. by 9. and the product deuide by 60. then will 9. minutes remaine in the quotient The part proportionall must also bee subtracted which deducted from the miles and minutes assigned to the latitude 36 as from the 12. miles and 8. minutes doe 12. miles and 2. minutes remaine By which appeareth that so many miles and minutes do answere to one degrée in the Parallell of the middle latitude This now is as a preparation and entrance vnto the second working To haue therefore the distance of the fore saide citties multiply first the 12. miles and minutes with the difference of the longitudes 29. degrees and 40. minutes and they shall bring foorth 356. Germaine miles and â—9 minutes which 356. miles that may bee wrought togither with the minutes 59 are to be resolued into minutes the same is performed if they bee multiplied by 60. To the same product being 21369. adde the 59. minutes and they make 21419. These minutes againe multiplied in theÌ„selues do offer the first quadrate that is 458773561. Thus you haue the vnderstanding and knowledge of the working of the first place After this multiply the 10. degrées of the difference of the latitude by 15. and you shall readily haue the miles 150. to which ad for the 10. minutes depending 2 miles and a halfe of a Germaine mile and you shall haue in this second part of the working 152. miles and a halfe or 30. scruples of a Germaine mile Which miles as they may with the minutes bee multiplied togither in themselues so are they to bee resolued by that 60. multiplied into minutes which then bring foorth 9120. to which adde the halfe or 30. miles and you shall then haue the whole to be 9150. minutes which againe multiplied in themselues doe make the later quadrate to be 8372â—500 Nowe vnto the last conioyne these two quadrates and the whole summe shall bee 542496061. minutes The roote of this nuÌ„ber that is 23299. séeing it representeth the minutes of miles deuided by 50. doth then shew the space which is betwéene Icrusalem and Roome in Germaine miles to be 388. with a third part almost of a mile Another THe longitude of Hamburge is of 37. degrées only the latitude hath 45. degrées and 24. minutes The longitude of Magdeburge hath 29. degrées and 38. minutes the latitude is of 52. degrées and 20. minutes The difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrées and 38. minutes The difference of the latitudes is of 2. degrées and 4. minutes The halfe of the difference of the latitudes is one degrée and 2. minutes The middle latitude is of 53. degrées and 22. minutes The miles assigned to the eleuation 53. are 9. and 2. minutes The miles assigned to the degrées of the eleuation following beeing 54. are 8. and 49. minutes The difference now of these two manner of miles and minutes hath 13. minutes The proportionall parte subtracted is of 4. minutes which minutes let foure be deducted out of the 9. miles and 2. minutes assigned to the eleuation 53. there will then remaine 8. miles and 58. minutes Therefore so many miles and minutes doe answere to one degrée in the Parallel of the middle latitude These miles and minutes now found multiplied with the difference of the longitudes doe bring foorth 23. miles and 36. scruples And these 23. miles wrought togither with the minutes that is multipled in it selfe and that resolued into minutes to the producte also adde the minutes 36. and the whole then shall appeare 1416. minutes This number againe wrought into it selfe doth offer the first quadrate which is 2005056 minutes After multiply the difference of the latitudes by 15. miles and the increase shall be 31. miles These miles againe resolued doe yéeld or giue 1860. minutes which multiplied againe in themselues doe offer the later quadrante which containeth 3459600. minutes The whole summe that is the numbers increased of these two quadrats are 5464656. The roote of the minutes which is of 2337. minutes deuided by 60. doth declare the distance which is betwéene Hamburge and Magdeburge to bee 39. Germaine miles almost An easier working and lesse curious THis great labour perhaps after the kind may feare some from the practise of these and the rather in that this curious or diligent multiplication of the minutes néedeth not in all or at all times especially if the space of the two cities doeth not containe many miles or that the cities offered be but alitle space distant one from the other For where the distance is great as of Viteberge Frankforde Noriberge and Roome c. The minutes then neglected do cause great errour But if the space be small betwéene the cities giuen without the acompt also of the minutes for that seldome in the onely minutes as are the neare places togither doe they onely differ the distaunce then by the onely degrées miles whole cannot be found But if any be minded not so curiously to search the distances of places then let him or them omit the minutes depending aswell to the degrées of the longitudes and latitudes as the miles and according to the instruction of the third rule the minutes beeing neglected or omitted you shall then finde without any difficulty the distance of places giuen An Example THe longitude of Franckeforde is of 25. degrées the latitude is of 53. degrees The longitude of Viteberge is of 30. degrees the latitude hath 51 degrees The difference of the longitudes is of 5. degrees The difference of the latitudes is 1. degree The halfe of the difference of the latitudes in whole degrées is nothing wherefore the middle latitude is the like nothing The miles assigned to the lesser latitude as to the 51. degrées are 9 multiply nowe these 9. miles with the difference of the longitudes with 5. degrées and the increase shall be 46. which multiplied in it selfe doe offer the first quadrate that is 2025. After multiply the difference of the latitudes that is one degrée with 15. miles which 15 miles multiplied againe in it selfe do produce or bring forth 225. which is the later quadrate These two quadrates conioyne and of the increase séek the root which then declareth the distance betwéene Franckforde and Viteberge to bee of Germaine miles about 74. Another THe longitude of Brunsweeke is of 28. degrees the latitude of 52. degrees The longitude of Viteberge is 30. degrees the latitude of 51. degrees The difference of the longitudes is of 2. degrees The difference of the latitudes is 1. degrée The miles assigned to the lesser latitude are 9. The difference of the
and reasonable well furnished of all things néedfull for mans life So that in the same middle Region of the earth vnder the Equatour it appeareth that through the coldnesse of the night it doth there temper sufficiently the burning heat of the day Besides these after the mind of Hiero. Cardane in that Saturne Mercurie and the moon which properly are cold and moyst planets haue a great force in the Regions vnder this zone but especially the moon that worketh her most force there in the night time more then the other twoe and of this cause more temperatnesse in the day time Besides these it is well known that those people haue two summers and two winters in the yeare For in the yeare of our Lord 1530. at the will and charge of Charles the fift Emperor a parte of America westward was discouered where Peru among the rest was found richest both of Gold and other rich things and costly drugges which is situated in longitude of 290. degrées from the West toward the East and is distant 5. degrées from the Equatoure toward the South But what substance of Gold and other rich things hath yearely bene brought from this yle néedeth not here any further rehersall And the like is to be considered and noted of the other two zones contained betwéene the Polare cyrcles and Poles of the worlde Although Albertus Mag. denieth a commodious dwelling for men in those places and confirmeth the same by probable reasons yet experience reclaimeth and denieth those opinions of his and other ancient writers In that it is well knowne that Gothland Norway Russia Lapeland Groueland and diuers other countries towarde the North pole is inhabited and well peopled And Galeottus Naruiensis proueth that men dwell vnder the North pole affirming the same not to bee true that the cause of the cold there is onely the far distaunce of the sun as not of the heate by nearenesse of his comming In that the sun by reason of the signe in which he is either increaseth or diminisheth them with vs. Besides he affirmeth that the colde is not so dispersed rounde about as that it compasseth rounde after the forme of a cyrcle nor that the heate in like sort doeth run round about the whole body of the earth Further Cardane writeth that vnder the poles there is no such coldnes as some suppose in that the Moone Venus and Mars haue the greatest latitudes in respect of the sun and the others besides For the moon hath fiue degrées to the North Venus and Mars excéed vnto eight degrées Northward but Saturne which is the author of cold scarcely performeth thrée degrées Northward Besides these the Moone more auaileth Northward and Southward neare to the poles then the sunne in that she nearer approacheth those parts For the Moone as aboue said hath fiue degrées of latitude as well to the North as South so that when she shall be in the first degrée of Cancer with her greatest latitude Northward that is in the head of the Dragon she shal then be néerer by fiue degrées to the Northerly pole then the sunne And in like maner when she shalbe in the taile of the Dragon at the entrance and beginning of Capricorne she shall bee nearer the pole antarcticke by fiue degrées than the sun Although in the winter the moone should be in the beginning of Capricorn with the Southerly latitude of foure or fiue degrées yet may she worke and cause more in the change of weather and shall cause more in Scotland than the sun in that her power and vertue there is such But in Brasilia and vnder the antarcticke pole for two causes the one in that shee is there of such power and the other for that in her working she is nearer What the longitudes and latitudes of the celestiall Zones are THe longitude of Zones beginneth from the West and is extended by the Noonestéede into the East and from the East againe by the midnight pointe into the West The motions of the sun in the zodiacke and Poles of the zodiacke doe describe the latitude of the zones For the suns motion or the zodiacke do describe the burnt zone séeing the sun on the one parte of the zodiacke goeth toward the North vnto the elongation of 23. degrées 28. minutes and being by his dayly motion in the beginning of Cancer doth describe the Tropick of Cancer which is the bound of the two zones the burnt zone and Northerly temperate Zone And on the other part of the zodiacke doeth the sun goe into the South vnto the same elongation and being in the beginning of Capricorne doth likewise describe the Tropicke of Capricorne which is the bounde of the other twoe zones in that it distinguisheth the burnt from the southerly temporate zone And the space also included in these two cyrcles vsing the middle place is called the burnt zone and thus the burnt zone doth imploy 46. degrées and 57. minutes The Poles of the Zodiacke which are dayly about the Poles of the worlde from which they differ 23. degrées and 28. minutes and are drawn by the motion of the first mouer doe describe two cyrcles in the diuers parts of heauen as the Polare cyrcles which also be the bounds of the zones that distinguish the twoe temperate from the colde zones So that the latitude of either colde zone vnto the poles of the world is of 23. degrées and 28. minutes The other degrées of the semicyrcle are atributed to the temperate zones so that either zone containeth 43. degrées and 3. minutes What is the Longitude and Latitude of the earthly Zones THe longitude of the earthly zones is like to the longitude of the celestiall as from the West by the noon stéed into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West And the latitude of them is like to the latitude of the celestial zones for as the maner of the latitude of the celestiall burnt Zone is vnto the whole cyrcumference euen so is the maner of the earthly burnt zone vnto the compasse about of the earthly Globe that is as 47. degrées is vnto 360. and so likewise conceiue of the others And that this may plainer appeare vse the figure following in which a l h e. is the meridian or Colure of the solstices e x l. the Equatoure a x h. the meridian s u p. the earthly Globe s n. the earthly Tropicke of Cancer k o. the Tropicke of Capricorne t u. and q p. the arcticke cyrcles To these answere f r o k b b. and d s m c c. also c ff b a g e e i. the celestiall cyrcles And what the proportion f d. is vnto the whole cōpasse d a k g f the same is as aboue written the proportion r s. vnto the whole cyrcumference of the earthly Globe and on this wise conceiue of the other cyrcles The letters f d. bee the latitude of the celestiall burnt zone and r s. of the earthly d c.