Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	civil_a	court_n	criminal_a	1,645	5	10.8192	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A64345	An account of Poland containing a geographical description of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and the wars they have been engag'd in, the constitution of that government, particularly the manner of electing and crowning their king, his power and prerogatives : with a brief history of the Tartars / by Monsieur Hauteville ... ; to which is added, a chronology of the Polish kings, the abdication of King John Casimir, and the rise and progress of Socinianisme ; likewise a relation of the chief passages during the last interregnum ; and the election and coronation of the new King Frederic Augustus ; the whole comprehending whatsoever is curious and worthy of remark in the former and present state of Poland.; Relation historique de la Pologne. English	Tende, Gaspard de, 1618-1697.	1698 (1698)	Wing T678; ESTC R20715	178,491	319

is a Twisting of the Hair in such a manner that 't is impossible to unravel it These Twisted Locks cannot be compar'd to any thing more fitly than to those long and nasty Ropes of Hair upon some Spaniels The Polanders give this Account of the Original of this Distemper They say That the Tartars having made a Furious Irruption into Poland in the Year 1279 and having killed a great Number of People they Poyson'd their Hearts and threw 'em into the Waters which Infected those who drunk 'em with this Loathsome Disease the True Cause whereof is still a Secret to Physitians Strangers generally believe that the Plica is the effect of Slovenliness and not of any Distemper and they are confirm'd in this Opinion because they are never troubled with it even tho they live a long time in the Countrey for if their Hair begins to Twist when they fall Sick they cause it immediately to be Cut off which the Polanders dare not do for fear of losing their Sight which they imagin is an unavoidable consequence of Cutting off the Hair in this Distemper Yet I have known some whose Hair was actually Cut off without any dangerous Accident But the People are so perswaded that the Plica is a Distemper that there are some Old Women who pretend to bring it out upon Children that are troubled with Languishing Diseases by mixing and twisting their Hair and making their Mothers believe that the Children are only Sick because the Plica cannot break forth CHAP. XXIV Of the Religion of the Polanders THE Polanders Received the Faith of Christ in the Reign of Mieceslaus in the Year 964. and have ever since remain'd in Subjection to the See of Rome except some who in the last Age Embrac'd the Doctrins of Luther and Calvin At present the Polanders are generally Roman Catholicks except in Russia where there are still a considerable number of Persons who observe the Rites of the Greek Church and in Prussia where there are many Lutherans as at Dantzick Elbing Thorn and Mariemburg There were also some Socinian formerly but King John Casimir Expell'd 'em out of the Kingdom in 1658 and oblig'd 'em to sell their Estates in Three years In the Reign of Sigismund Augustus Nicholas Radziwill was the first who turned Calvinist and Protected those of that Perswasion in his House at Vilna where they Sung the Psalms Translated into the Vulgar Tongue But that Branch of the House of Radziwill is now wholly Extinct the last having left only one Daughter who was Marry'd to the Elector of Brandenburg's Second Son The Ecclesiasticks in General are very much Respected in Poland but the Monks or Regular Clergy are more esteemed than the rest and well entertain'd every where They Read Homilies in the Churches and carry the Sacrament privately to Sick Persons and even sometimes Bury the Dead without asking the Consent either of the Bishop or Curat The Mendicant Friars who go about Begging Alms enter boldly to the very Closets without Knocking at the Door The Monks in Poland are generally Rich but they are neither Regular nor Modest for they usually Drink in Cellars which are the Taverns of that Country and sometimes to that Excess that they are not able to walk in the Streets without fearing either to be Censur'd by their Superiors or to give any occasion of Scandal to the People The Fasts that are observ'd by the Monks and by all the Polanders in General consist only in Abstaining from Milk Eggs and boiled Fish at Night for they may eat dry'd Fish for their Collation and provided they Fast at that time they imagine that they may Eat and Drink all the Day long They Abstain from Butter Eggs and Milk on Friday and Saturday for they believe there is no difference betwixt Milk and Flesh As for the Secular Clergy there are some of them who have not only Two Canonships but Two Parsonages but there are none of them who take care to perform the Duties of their Function The Curates make the Monks Instruct their Parishioners and leave the other Duties of their Offices to be perform'd by Vicars The Canons are never present at the Offices and give a poor Scholar Two pence a day to say their hours for them in the Quire And the Bishops themselves are so careless of their Episcopal Functions that they dare not Correct the Inferior Clergy The Polanders seem very Devout and bestow considerable Gifts upon their Churches but they are neither Liberal to the Poor nor careful of their Sick Servants They Pray aloud in the Church and at the Elevation of the Sacrament at Mass they Beat themselves and knock their Heads against the Pavement or against the Bench on which they sit with so much Violence that on such occasions there is always a great Noise in the Church The Women commonly use their Prayer-Books with a Chaplet of Beads drawn thro' the middle of ' em In Winter all the Ladies of Quality and even some Men cause a Furr'd Bag to be brought to Church in which they put their Feet for the Weather is extreamly Cold especially for the Women who have Fine thin Shooes they wear also a little Furr'd Mantle upon their shoulders The Churches of Poland are very Fine and well-adorn'd The Jesuits of Leopold have a Chasuble cover'd so thick with Pearls and so heavy that they cannot use it when they say Mass 't is valu'd at above 100000 Livres They Sing somewhat in the Polish Tongue every where especially in the Parishes at High-Mass The Rosary is also daily repeated in the same Language in all the Churches of the Dominicans where the Women are seated on one side and the Men on the other the Men alone Singing the Ave Maria and the Women alone the Sancta Maria. There are Monks of all Orders in Poland except Carthusians and Minimes CHAP. XXV Of the Administration of Justice THERE are two sorts of Jurisdiction in Poland Ecclesiastical and Civil The former is in the hands of the Bishops who execute it by their Officials from whose Judgment there lies an Appeal to the Archbishop of Gnesna the Primate of the Kingdom And besides the Authority of the Pope's Nuncio is so great that he may Judge all Ecclesiastic Causes by Appeal The Civil Jurisdiction is in the hands of several sorts of Judges The Starosta's hold Courts within the Extents of their Territories and each City has a Right to give Judgment in certain Cases Every Palatin Marshal and Chancellor has his respective Jurisdiction The King the Senate and the General Diets determin Civil and Criminal Causes And besides the Nobility have Three Courts where they give Final Judgment in Causes without further Appeal There are Two of those Courts for the Kingdom and one for the Dutchy Those of the Kingdom Sit at Peotrkow in Lower and Lublin in Upper Poland and that of the Dutchy is held one Year at Viina and another at Minsk or at Nowogrodeck by turns They are compos'd

of a certain number of Gentlemen both of the Clergy and Laity who are chosen in each Palatinat the Lay-members once in Four Years and the Ecclesiasticks every Two Years The Judgments are given by Plurality of Voices but in Matters that are purely Ecclesiastical the Number of the Ecclesiastical Judges must be equal to that of the Secular There are also Two Courts for Affairs relating to the Finances one at Radom in Upper Poland and the other at Vilna The Palatins take Cognizance of nothing but such Matters as relate to the Jews The Marshals give Final Judgment without further Appeal in all Causes both Civil and Criminal relating to the Officers of the King's Houshold and to the Domestick Servants of the Senators who remain with the King The Jurisdiction of the Marshals extends over the Merchants and over all Forreignners who are scarcely able to procure Justice in this Countrey The Chancellors only determine such Causes as are brought before them by Appeal as the Judgments of the Magistrates of Cities and of Palatins when the Difference is between a Christian and a Jew The Punishments of Malefactors are of several kinds some for Example are Hang'd and others Beheaded The variety of Punishments does not proceed from the different Qualities of the Criminals but from the difference of the Crimes For they Hang a Robber of what Quality soever he be and they Behead all sorts of Persons for all other Crimes but Robbery unless for some Enormous Villanies which are Punish'd by Breaking the Malefactor on the Wheel or by Cutting off two Thougs or Long Pieces of the Skin of his Back Masters have also a power to Correct and Chastise their Servants which they do in this manner if the Servant that is to be Punish'd be a Gentleman they make him lye down upon his Belly on a Carpet that is spread upon the Ground then a Man Beats him on the Back with a Cord or Stick giving him as many Blows or Lashes as the Master who is usually present orders after which he who is Beaten embraces the Knees of him who caused him to be Beaten and calls him his Benefactor This Correction seems a little too severe but the Humour of the People makes it Necessary Since I have mention'd the way of Punishing Servants who are Gentlemen 't will not be improper to observe that Polish Gentlemen may serve as Coachmen Grooms Cooks and do all the meanest Offices without derogating from their Nobility or rendring 'em incapable of the Highest Preferment For I have known some of them who after they had been Foot-boys to some Great Lord and others who after they had been Drummers to a Company of Dragoons were advanc'd to the Dignity of Senators And in the General there is nothing but a Handicraft-Trade that derogates from Nobility in this Countrey CHAP. XXVI Of Marriages and Funerals MArriages and Funerals are extreamly Chargeable in Poland For when a Gentleman Marries whether he be Rich or Poor the Wedding must last three days The Marriage of a Waiting-Gentlewoman puts her Lady to almost the same charge as if one of her own Daughters were Marry'd As for the Marriages at Court of the Queen's Maids of Honour or of the Daughters of some Great Lords on the first and second day the King makes the Wedding-Feast which is held in a Great Hall where Three Tables are spread the King and Queen sit at the first fronting all the rest of the Hall the Bride and Bridegroom are Seated by the Queen's side and the Pope's Nuncio and Archbishop of Gnesna sit next the King The Ambassadors are also seated at the same Table opposite to the King and Queen so that they are all under the Canopy of State Yet there are some Examples to the contrary For at the Feast which Sigismund III. made at Cracow upon occasion of His Marriage with Constance of Austria in the Year 1606 he caused the Cardinal Maciejowski the Pope's Nuncio who was nominated to the Archbishoprick of Gnesna to be remov'd from under the Canopy The Ladies Senators and all the Officers except those who are to serve the King are seated on both sides of the other two Tables which are very long Before they sit down they are all call'd over in order that they may take their Places according to their Rank The Feast begins usually about Four or Five a Clock in the Afternoon and they continue Drinking and Dancing till Two in the Morning The Senators rise from time to time from the Table and go before the King to Drink His Health and do Him Obedience by bending the Knee Tho the Tables are cover'd with all sorts of Provisions yet they Eat but little at those Feasts but they Drink abundance of Hungary Wine which is very Excellent and one may say that tho 't is very dear 't is more common and less spared than Water and there is not a Lady at Table who has not before her a Dozen of Glasses of Wine of all the Healths that were Drank round For their Modesty obliges 'em only to touch the Glass with their Lips so that they spill more Wine upon the Tables and in the Dishes than they Drink After the Entertainment has lasted Five or Six hours they begin to Dance to the Musick of several Violins and small portable Organs All sorts of People Dance in Poland both the Old the Young the Poor and the Rich. The Old Senators and the Old Ladies begin the Dance which they do so softly and modestly that one would think it was a Company of Monks and Nuns walking in Procession But the Exercise grows warm by degrees and ends at last with a Great Noise On the Second Day every one Presents the Bride with a Piece of Plate all those Presents are made before the Queen and the Bride who sits by her Those who Present 'em make Harangues which are oftentimes long and troublesom and the Queen's Chancellor Answers them all So that this Ceremony which commonly does not begin till Noon lasts sometimes till Three a Clock after which they begin to place themselves at the Tables On the Third Day the Ceremony of the Marriage is perform'd all the Young People Accompanying the Bridegroom and Bride to Church on Horseback In their return they pass before the King's Pallace the Trumpets and Kettle-drums continually Sounding from the Balconies on each side After which the same Train Conducts the King and the Queen with the Bride to the Bridegroom's House where there is a Magnificent Entertainment prepar'd for them After they rise from the Table they Dance and the Ball being over every one retires Then the Bride begins to Weep for 't is the Custom of all the Polish Gentlewomen to shed Tears on that occasion and to seem very much afflicted because otherwise they would run the hazard of being lookt upon as Impudent and Shameless Women Having given an Account of the Weddings I proceed to speak something of the Funerals which are so Pompous and