the daies in the right Sphere and of the vnequalnesse in the thwart or bowing sphere and where the day spaces are encreased and lengthened there the night spaces be lessened and decreased and being otherwise they shew the contrary In the second the Parallels which the verticial points forme when they expresse the boundes of the latitudes of places then are they standing vnder by which their longitudes or distances from the West are accompted In the third the Parallels which either the Planets or the fixed stars describe referred vnto the Equatour do expresse the boundes of their drawings or motions from the equatour The others or rest which applied vnto the ecclipticke described doe shew the bounds of the latitudes and that for how long time they tarry aboue the earth or otherwise hid within the earth and vnder the Horizone doth either shew In the fourth the greatest and chiefest vtilities of the Parallels are that which on the habitable earth the practisioners seuer by such distances as by how much y e greatest artificiall daies are by a quarter of an houre longer increased and extended For they distinguish the habitable earth and that by obseruation into certain necessary spaces and doe iudicate the regular increasings of the daies and what is common to each dwelling vnder those parallels in asmuch as the quantities the increasings and deminishings of the dayes and nightes the risings and settings of the stars the Noonstéede shadowes and the nature of the Winter and Summer but those which are contrary as that there is a difference diuersity of the dwelling places being vnder diuers Parallelles they indéede bee necessary vnto the distribution and description of the clymate Although the number of these cyrcles bee so infinite as is the infinite variety of the stars and verticall points yet are there foure vsually rehearsed in these Elements or introduction that be especially noted and described by peculiar names and for the same cause as séemeth to mée in that they deuide the whole Globe of heauen and earth into fiue Zones and these applied vnto the plaine or flat of the equatour The tropicke of Cancer or summer tropicke The tropicke of Capricorne or winter tropicke The articke or Northerly Pole The antarticke or Southerly Pole Which Circles are called the Tropickes THe Sun according to the former words through the motion of the first mouer is in 24 houres drawn once about and for that hee is caried in the thwart Cyrcle and in the same by his proper motion chāgeth dayly vnto other places of the Zodiacke it must néeds ensue that he describeth in each day a new parallel And those doeth the sun repeat in the partes of the Zodiack which be equidistant from the solsticiall points in such wise that they be in the whole 182. cyrcles And these do they call the cyrcles of the natural daies of which the vttermost and furthest that include the suns way are named the Tropicks which is in English the sun boūds in that the sunne neuer passeth them neither toward the North nor toward the South but after his touching of each he returneth againe The one of these called the tropicke of Cancer and the other the tropicke of Capricorne Why these are called the Tropickes THey are named the Tropicks of the Gréeke word Tropikoi which is in English the turnings againe in that when the Sun is digressed from the Equatoure and come vnto those hee turneth backe againe Also the Tropicke cyrcles touch the Zodiack at the beginnings of Cancer and Capricorne of which the one is called the Tropicke of Cancer and the other of Capricorne the one being Northerly and the other Southerly And as to our dwelling the one is called the summer Circle and the other the Winter So that when the sun toucheth any of these he turneth againe and is carried toward the other As by this example further appeareth where all that season and time from the twelfth day of December vnto the eleuenth day of Iune a manne may perceiue the Sunne euery day arising higher and higher and when he is at the highest ouer our heades that day doth he by his course describe the summer Tropicke from which againe turning the sunne euery day after draweth lower and lower from our verticall pointe vntill he be come againe vnto the lowest In which twelfe day of December not going any further toward the South but being come vnto the beginning of Capricorne he describeth the winter Tropicke The Tropicke of Cancer is a lesser Circle which the sunne describeth at the entring into the beginning therof and is drawne by the daily motion whose plaine or flat passeth not by the center of the earth and it is one of the naturall Circles which is outermost described of the sun toward the North and drawne by the beginning of Cancer And it hath also his name of the standing in that the same is the bound of the sunnes iourney or course toward the North and the nighest comming vnto vs vnto which being brought he turneth backe and directeth his course into the South of which that place is called Trope It is continually distant from the Equatour by the quantity of the suns greatest declination which at this day is of 23. degrées 28. minutes and two fifts almost and it encloseth also the suns way and doth besides with the other 3. Parallels deuide the Zones of heauen and earth Further this is named the cyrcle of the summer solstice by the same reason in that it is drawne by the pointe of the summer solstice And the Northerly Tropicke in that it is the Northerly part of the world And the summer cyrcle for that the Sun in the summer falleth into this cyrcle Also this cyrcle in all the Northerly tract is on this wise that the greater part or portion is aboue the Horizone and the lesser part as to vs vnder the Horizon so that the sunne runing in that cyrcle causeth the longest day of summer And whiles the sun describeth these cyrcles the dayes bee longer then the nightes For the longest day increaseth from minute to minute from houre to houre and from the latitude of one degrée vnto the latitude of 66. degrées and 30. minutes In which the day artificial is of 24. houres and is thereof called a whole day For in the latitudes following and beyonde hee increaseth into many whole daies A like definition hath Proelus where hee writeth that the summer Tropicke is the furthest cyrcle Northwarde that the sun describeth into which when the sun is come he then maketh his summer turne and causeth also at that time the longest day and shortest night of the yeare from which turning backe he goeth againe toward the contrary coast of the world so that of the same Proclus it is called a Tropicke which is in English a returning cyrcle For it is euident to all men that after the sunne beginneth to turne he may in short time after or at the least within 5. dayes
Tropicks all heauen into fiue parts or Regions which they call zones The descriptions names qualities and vtilities of the Zones THe foure lesser cyrcles called Parallels that were afore described doe deuide the whole heauen towarde the Poles into fiue spaces which that heauen might bee compassed aboute with these larger swathes the astronomers of the same called them Zones or otherwise of the Latines Gerdils The Cosmographers by the same imagination applied doe also dispose and distribute the whole Globe of the earth into fiue roomes or spaces lying directly vnder and agréeable in proportion to them in heauen Wherefore a zone after the minde of the Gréekes is a portion tract or space of heauen or earth betwéene the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles being nighest equidistant or contained betwéene the roome equidistaunt and Pole of the world and gyrdeth or compasseth as it were the heauen or earth Or thus a zone is a space of earth like to the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles aboue which the astronomers imagine to run on the vpper face of the sphere And as the whole portion included by the two Tropicks called the burning zone doth compasse heauen as a gyrdle euen so imagine the roome of the earth lying right vnder the Tropicks The zones haue sundry names for of the Gréekes they be called zóne and of the Latines by a borowed word Zona as may appeare by Iulius Firmicus Macrobius Virgilius Ouide and other Latines That heauen or earth is imagined to bee gyrded about with these Martianus nameth them swathes Tully and Macrobius nameth them by the like reason gyrdles Ouide nameth them plagues that is roomes or spaces And how many zones they bee may easily appeare in that the astrologians Geographers Phisitions and Poets do deuide as well the heauen as earth into siue roomes or spaces by the foure Parallels or lesser cyrcles of which there bee two maner of zones the celestiall and the earthlie The celestiall are the cause of the earthly in that the earthly lie directly vnder them And of the zones the celestiall bee they which the astronomers by imagination describe and distribute in the hollow of heauen the earthly be they which lie perpendicularly vnder And both also be temperate and vntemperate zones The celestiall zones in that they haue nothing of the elementary qualities therefore doe they not by heat burne and scorch nor by cold make stiffe nor cause a temperate mixture of qualities or temperatnesse yet are they noted and descerned by the names of the qualities as the earthly zones which being the author of the sun and fountaine both of light and heate and running continually in the middle zone of heauen is diuersly felt according to the maner of the distance Or thus there are no qualities formally attributed to the celestiall zones but to them onely vertually which is on this wise to be vnderstoode as that the celestiall zones of themselues be neither cold hot nor temperate but are so called through the suns declination from the equatour as well into the North as into the South quarter of the world In the which declination is the like matter felte as well in the suns right sending downe of beames as in the thwart proiection of thē on the vpper face of the earth which diuersly changeth the heat 〈◊〉 The scorching or vntemperate middle Zone which through the heat and burning beames the sun there causeth when he is ouer the head or in the Noonestéed place is contained betwéene the boundes of the sunnes iourney which the two Tropicks make and includeth 47. degrées of heauen For the two Tropicks are on either side the equatoure so that it vseth the middle roome in the burning zone from which the sun towarde the North and South neuer declineth aboue 23. degrées and 29. minutes By which appeareth that it is there as hot in the middle of winter as it is in Spaine in the middle of summer and therefore not disagréeing to that which the auncient Cosmographers wrote that the countries lying vnder this space or rather vnder the equatour is vnhabited through the burning heate and of them for this cause named the burning or scorching zone But of later yeares it is found contrary in that at Molucca Good-hope Calicute and Samatra rich drugges and other fine spices haue beene there gotten by the Spantards and Portingals and yéerly haunted by them as at this day the same is throughly known to many which also confesse that the places vnder the Equinoctiall and the rich City Calecute being by the sea coast of Inde standing betwéene the equatour and our Tropicke of Cancer and vnto the other Tropicke South vnder the Burning zone that the places is habitable and peopled although very cumbersome with extremity of heat Also that space on earth containeth 685. Germaine miles or 23500. furlongs Ptholomie and Auicen affirme that the places betwéen the equatour and summer Tropicke is habitable and that many Cities bee there although the sunne in those places through his direct beames and especially vnder the equatour doth by the ouer much heat and continual heat burn and mightily scorch The like doe sundry others affirme which write that those places is conuenient for the life of creatures in that vnder the equatour there bee many waters which although resolued and run through the heate yet doe they breath and send vpward colde vapors which the sun continually maintaineth in drawing vp through his vehement heat and sending down mighty showers of raine which vapors in the night through the suns furthest distance vnder the earth and especially at midnight cause a mighty cold and chilling ayre which the sun after his rising vntill he be somewhat ascended aboue the earth cannot sodainly ouercome and put away that cold impression of the ayre So that the people there inhabiting bee monstrous of forme and haue rude wits wondrous wild and terible conditions like to wilde and furious beasts The countries which lie vnder the Southerly Parallels as those which are described by the Equinoctiall line vnto the summer Tropicke where the sun is drawne and runneth ouer the tops of them there through the aboundance of vapors rayne and night colde is the suns heate repressed mitigated and dulled so that the heades of the Ethiopians or Moores be litle hauing but litle and withered braines their bodies short hauing thicke crisped haire on their heades grosse and dull of senses blacke scorched or burned bodies withred or wrinckled faces crooked of stature being in a maner hot by nature and cruell condicions through the mightinesse of heat in those places And the constitution also of the ayre is there such that al liuing and cresent things on that earth are found and known to agrée with them Further it is to be noted and vnderstood that any there trauailing from the Northerly places the further they goe towarde the South somuch the stronger heat or burning they shalbe annoyed with The two temperate zones be next adioining to the burning zone the
one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single
where the places bound of colde and moysture be white of body hauing long heare on the head tall and comely of stature and personage cold of qualitie yet in maners or condicions wilde and cruell through the force of the cold in those places and agréeing with these is the greatnes of the winter and the greatnesse of fierce and cruel beasts and other liuing things there bréeding with a furious people inhabiting called generally the Scythians Last those dwelling vnder the temperate zones be a gentler and ciuiler people beeing some tawnie especially toward the South and others toward the North reasonable white of skin and bodie being meane of stature and temperate in nature and quality and of the same like in condicions and behauiuor c. And thus much for the second part of this Treatise FINIS The Table of all the speciall and seuerall points handled in this Booke OF the Rudiments of the Sphere of Heauen of the Stars of the Orbs of the Stars and of the Earth Folio 1 What a Sphere is 2 What the world is and into how many parts the same is deuided with the motion of the celestiall Orbs. 8 What the Stars are and that as to the motion of their Orbes they are caried about 11 That Heauen is drawne round 13 That there are but eight celestiall Orbs that may be seen 14 A generall figure declaring the number disposition and order of the Celestiall Spheres aboute the Globe of the earth 16 That there are two first motions of the celestiall Orbs. 17 That there are two kindes of Starres the fixed and the Planets 19 Of the celestiall images and of their diuers names being in number 48. 21 The 12. signes of the Zodiacke 22 Of the Southerly 23 Of the Planets 25 That Heauen hath a rounde fourme and is carried circularly 29 That the water and earth are round bodies and by a mutuall embracing doe make one body and one hollowe vpper face 31 An Instrument by which the roundnesse of the earth according to latitude may bee prooued and all those may easily bee shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall 33 That the water hath a like swelling and runneth round 36 That the earth emploieth the middle place of the world and is the Center of the whole 42 If the earth be not in the middle of the world then of necessity it must possesse some of the standings described in the figure there demonstrated 46 That the earth abideth fixed and vnmoueable in the middle of the world 49 The phisicke reasons 50 That the earth compared vnto heauen is as a point 52 To finde the compasse of the earth and by it the Dyameter 55 The second Part. What the summe of the second part is 59 That the Sphere of the world is either right or thwart 90 That the Circles of the Sphere be some greater some lesse with the number of the Circles 92 The description names and vtilities of the Equinoctiall 62 That this worthy Circle hath diuers names 71 What are the offices of the Equinoctiall 73 What are the Northerly images in respect of the Equinoctiall 78 The description names and offices of the Zodiacke and Ecclipticke line or way of the Sun 98 What are the names of this Circle 100 What is the cause of the thwartnesse of the Zodiacke 109 Of the Ecclipticke line or way of the Sun 113 What the latitude of a Planet is after two destinctions 115 What is the longitude of a Star where he beginneth 116 What are the vses and vtilities of the Zodiacke and Ecclipticke 124 The description names and offices of the Colures 125 What the offices and vtilities of the Colures are 133 The description names and offices of the meridian Circles and Horizon 135 What are the offices and vtilities of the meridian 144 A Table of the Suns declarations c. 155 The common way of measuring of places with their spaces by the rules of longitude and latitude 167 What is to bee done if places differ in the longitudes 169 Other briefe examples 171 The finding of the distances of places or Citties in a more easier manner 173 The first rule 174 An Example 175 Another Ibid Another Ibid Another 179 Another Ibid Another Ibid Another 177 The second Rule Ibid Another excellent Table c. 178 An example of the vse of this Table 179 The second Rule 180 An Example Ibid Another 183 Another Ibid Another 184 Another Ibid An easier working Ibid An Example 185 Another Ibid Another 186 If of two places c. Ibid. A third rule 190 An example of the third rule Ibid. Another 193 Another 124 Another 196 An easier working and lesse curious 197 An Example 198 Another Ibid Another 199 Another Ibid A demonstration of the third rule 200 The declaration of the first rule 201 The declaration of the second rule Ibid. The declaration of the third rule 202 The definition appellations diuision and offices or vtilities of the Horizon 204 The appellations and diuers names of the Horizon 205 The offices or vtilities of the Horizon 215 Of the verticall Circles 217 The Circles of the Altitude 219 The houre Circles 221 The Circles deuiding the twelue houses of heauen 226 The Circle of position 230 The definitions names and vtilities of the foure lesser Circles 231 Which Circles are called the Tropicks 235 Why they are called Tropicks Ibid. The offices or vtilities of the foure lesser Circles 245 The descriptions names qualities c. 247 What the longitude latitude of the celestial zones are 261 What is the longitude and latitude of the earthly Zones 263 Where the beginning and end of euery Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones 264 How the Zones and Clymates doe differ 267 What are the qualities of the Zones Ibid What be the vtilities of the Zones 268 FINIS
depressed So that the cause of the diuersity of this appearance is onely the swelling of the earth To be briefe the beginnings and spaces of the dayes and nights and that in diuers places of the earth do vary and yet following in a maner one order But this variety could not happen if the earth were not Sphericall and all about equally rounde herein excluding both vallies and the toppes of hilles which applied vnto the body of the earth cause no inequalitie or diuersity at all For the swelling of the earth causeth that the stars be not séene togither in all countries but drawne about by little and little by a certaine succession and order that they so appeare sooner to them in the East part then to them in the West through the swelling as yet not aboue caried which swelling being high betwéene both is a let and cause of the later appearing of them to the west and by that meanes also kéepeth and hideth the stars the longer from their sight So that by these it euidently appeareth that the onely cause is the swelling of the earth If the earth were fashioned with a déepe hollownesse and compassed round about with a light inclosure then should the stars risen be soonest séene to them in the West partes and much later appeare to them in the East For that the higher inclosure to the hollownesse as a wal built about should be a let and hinderance to the sight of the beholders in such sort that those starres arising it shoulde hinder their sight If the earth were formed with places standing in sharp piller forme or in right line vp then should the stars appeare set and be hidden alike to those places and no differences of dayes should be caused but that they shoulde haue one like day and the sun also appearing to that fide which they shewed so that whiles the Sun runneth and compasseth about the backe parts they should be without light of the sun and should remaine al the time in shadow and darknesse And if it should haue a Cubicke for me then should they sée the sun sixe houres and loose or be without light and sight of the sun other eightéene houres If in round piller-wise as if the howndes were playne vnto both the Poles and the hollow partes should decline vnto the East and West then should no stars continually appeare to them dwelling in the hollow but that certaine stars should arise vp and set in the West and other certain stars néere to both the Poles should alwaies be hid To conclude if the whole earth were framed with an equal playnesse throughout then should the stars appeare at one moment to all countries and setting againe should hide the like out of sight and by that meanes shoulde the dayes begin and end alike and no differences shoulde bée obserued To all such arguments seing experience onely doth repugne or contrary them It is therefore manifest that the earth from the West towarde the East riseth vp into an equall swelling If the earth also were plaine from the East vnto the West then shoulde the starres arise so soone to them in the West as to those of the East which is a manifest error Also if the earth wéere playne from the North vnto the South and like from the South vnto the North then the starres which were to some of a continuall appearance should alwaies séene the fame and like which way or into what quarter soeuer a man goeth which also is vntrue But the cause which maketh the earth séene plaine is through the ouer great quantity which causeth it so to appeare to euery mans sight But that the earth is round according to latitude the diuers eleuations of the Pole and stars eyther alwaies in sight or continually hidden doth euidently declare For from the Equatour in going forth easilie towardes the North and that the Pole Articke be higher raysed and the stars néere to the Pole raysed vp then are the Stares right against like depressed and as they were out of sight and so much the more as they go further from the Equatoure nor the Northerly stars neuer set but continually drawne about in sight with heauen But the contrarie happeneth by going from the saide Cyrcle or Equatoure vnto the contrary part So that there is no greater cause of this diuersitie than the swelling of the earth which if the same shoulde bee plaine the starres opposite or right against according to latitude about the Poles shoulde offer and appeare togither to all countries which the swelling of the earth hindreth to be séene An instrument by which the round nesse of the Earth according to latitude may be proued and all those may easily be shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall That the Water hath a like swelling and runneth round THis by two reasons is prooued the first is most certaine by a mark or marks standing on the sea banke like as a tower stéeple or such like erected of purpose so that a shippe sayling into the déepe and carried so far off that no more of the sides or bottom can be descerned sauing the top of the mast which only appeareth to the sight Or thus that a marke stoode on the sea banke and a ship passing forth of the hauen sayling so far into the sea that the eie of the beholder being néere the foote of the mast cannot decerne the marke the ship in the meane time staying or standing still so that his eie being in the top of the mast shall perfectly sée that marke but the others eie being néere the foote of the mast shoulde rather better sée the marke than he which is in the top of the mast as may more euidently appeare by lynes drawne from either place vnto the mark so that the manifest cause of this appeareth to bee none other then the swelling of the water But here are all other impediments excluded that may otherwise hinder as mists foggs and such like vapours ascending Also a like reason of the impediments of this aboue written is for that the water ariseth into a swelling which hindreth the sight of the bottom or sides of the ship that being in a high place doeth not hinder the sight of the same as the top of the mast which either excéedeth or is equall with the swelling of the water For men sayling on the mayne sea sée nothing round about but the Sky and the Sea but comming nearer the banks do by litle and litle descry and sée either high hilles or cliffes as if they were rising forth of the water Also to those that dwell on a high ground the sun first ariseth and last setteth And to this agréeth that out of the higher places both more and further may bée séene into the sea then in vallies or lower places By all these therefore it is euident that the vpper face of the water swelleth as by the example following more plainly shall appeare but an other example of the same shall
bée here rehearsed by a similitude of one part as the whole The similitude of which matter conceiue by this example that experience dayly teacheth vs of the drops of water which although they bée small yet powred on drie wollen cloth run into a round or bunching forme which without doubt shoulde not be caused if the part folowed not the nature of the whole of his kind Now the example aboue promised doeth here appeare in which by the letter A. is the shippe ment to come vnto the marke C. In which being in the poynte A. that is in the bothom of the shippe cannot sée the marke standing in C. through the swelling of the water But he which is in the top of the mast as in the poynt B. without all impediment may sée the sayde marke That the selfe same or like to it may be on land as from the point D. none excepte hée bée foolish or starcke mad will affirme the like By the second it is manifest that the water by nature is caried and runneth downewarde and stideth or falleth from higher vnto lower places so long vntill it hath filled and bee euen with the earth through the staying of high heapes of earth hilles or such like mighty and high banks inclosing it about that it run no further nor make no hollownes in the middle of the earth as a Center of the earth Which therfore gathereth betwéene the empty places so long vntill it hath filled and be euen with the earth and that the whole togither through the hollownesse thus made equall doeth fashion and kéepe a round forme So that the earth with the sea and waters running about it do make one round body and fill all the whole vpper face the earth also gaping and open somewhere receiueth water into those hollow places but a parte of the earth appearing somewhere aboue it staying and incloâ—â—ng it about with strong inclosures and banks wrought by diuine myracle that the bare places of the earth might be a commodious dwelling and féeding for all beastes and other liuing creatures And y â— this is true shall bée prooued by other two reasons The first by sundry perygrinations in which many and most large parts of the earth are found toward all the quarters of the worlde which euidently witnesseth that the earth is not as Plinie and others writeth which imagined that the earth is compassed about with water and appearing so out of the water like an Aple or Ball swimming aboue the water whose one halfe sheweth out of the water and the other halfe hid in the water Which reason Ptholomie doeth not allowe but simply affirmeth that the earth with the sea and waters make one round body by filling of the empty places and both to haue one vpper face Also Vitruuius in his ninth booke writeth that the earth is placed in the middle of the world and is naturally ioyned together with the sea in the place of the Center But what the forme of the earth is aboue the waters is yet not throughly knowne by reason of the sea which runneth betwéene it in diuers partes and breaketh it into sundry parts like to gobbets or péeces Ptholomie affirmeth the earth to bée knowne vnto the longitude of the halfe Cyrcle that is 190. degrees without any running betwéene of the sea in that space for that the earth is wholy ioyning together But into latitude he affirmeth the space to be much lesser as 79. degrées and of this opinion is both Strabo and Aristotle By the second it appeareth that the water with the earth doeth equally make one hollow vpper face and the same to be perfect round but whether is bigger is greatly to be doubted although the learned Nouius and sundry other late writers doe affirme the face of the earth to bee bigger then the water By the third which is the Ecclipses In that of necesity the earth must haue such a forme with the waters running in it as the shadowe of the earth frameth and counterfeiteth in the Moones Ecclipses in that the shadowe sheweth and expresseth the forme of the bodie shadowed But the shadow of the earth to be included round aboute with a round vpper face the wise both sée know Therefore the whole Globe compounded of the earth and waters is comprehended with a round vpper face For it is manifest that the moone before and after the full is séene horned and the part shadowed of the whole cyrcle is easily to be descerned from that bright circumference So that the moone entring into shadow or going out of the same is likewise in the same maner horned and the part darkned is alwaies descerned from the cleare circumference of the whole Cyrcle imbossed Therefore of necessity must the beginning of the shadow which seperateth the parte lighted from the shadowed not bée fully straite nor vnequal nor vallied or winding but round and for that cause appeareth the vpper face of the shadowe not to bée plaine but round By these is also manifest as by the first that there is no difference betwéene the Centre of the earth and Centre of the water but that the one is the Centre of both the Elements ioyning togither into one round body and tending vnto the one and the same Centre of the earth For the earth séeing it is the heauier is opened and receiueth the waters falling into those places By the second it is euidente that the place of the water which ought to run ouer and couer the whole earth is otherwise chaunged and appoynted by the Diuine will for the benefit of all liuing creatures By the thirde appeareth that the opinion of certaine Peripateticans is false which affirmeth the water to bee ten times greater then the earth and that to one parte of the earth is ten portions of the water increased But seauen times greater then the earth it cannot be vnlesse the earth rounde about were wasted and impayred by the Centre of the grauity as it were setling and resting vpon should yéelde and giue place to the waters as the heauier Seeing the Spheres are togither in a triple reason of their measures then if the earth were an eight part to seuen parts of the water the diameter of it could not be the greater as from the Centre of the waters vnto the circumference of them that is by double so much vnto the diameter of the water as by this figure here vnder drawn appeareth where this letter A. is the Center both of the earth and water B. the Centre both of the magnitude and earth G. A. D. the diametre of the waters A. B. D. the diameter of the earth If the waters are seuen times bigger then the earth the diameter of them must néedes bée double so much vnto the diameter of the earth as héere from G. D. vnto A. D. By which example thus drawne the whole earth receiueth the Center of the waight gyuing place to the waters and all couered with waters to which generall
is so much the more increased as by how many degrées either of the Poles are néere to the earth and beeing further distant from the Equatoure is raysed and caried higher which is the cause of many obscure differences which that they may the plainer be expressed and vnderstanded the skillfull practisioners haue deuided Cyrcles in the first mouer by lynes drawn vnto certaine stars or prickes from the Center of the earth and drawn about either by a continuall or dayly motion by which they imagined them to be described That the Circles of the Sphere be some greater some lesser and the number of the Circles HEre it is not to be omitted that one Cyrcle is greater then another by foure meanes First by reason of the magnitude of the celestiall body in which it is imagined to be And of this is the Equinoctiall Cyrcle of the first mouer greater then the Equinoctial Cyrcle of the eight spher in that the first mouer is greatest of all the bodies And although the Equinoctiall of the eight Sphere doth deuide it into two equall halfes yet of the first mouer it is named the greater for that the same includeth all other bodies By the second it is euident that the Equinoctiall Cyrcle is greater by reason of the appearaunce in that the whole is séene aboue the Horizont And by the same reason the Northerly Cyrcle which is named the Arcticke Cyrcle is the greater for that it alwaies appeareth to vs aboue the Horizont By the thirde the Equinoctiall is accompted greater then the other in regarde of the influxiue vertue and for this cause also is the Zodiacke called greater then the others through his greater working into these inferior bodies For that vnder it the sun and all other Planets are drawne And Happarchus writeth that this Cyrcle is the life of all thinges which are in the world c. In that by the ascending of the sun to vs generation is caused and by his falling or going from vs diminishing that is corruption getteth the vpper hand By the fourth is a Cyrcle called greater then the other insomuch as it is one Sphere and thus the equinoctiall is greatest of all the Parallel Cyrcles in the first moouer which is euidently demonstrated by the diameter of the Cyrcle Therefore by the definitions and reasons aboue shewed the equinoctial is the greater Cyrcle described in the vpper face of the first mouer according to each part or the whole of it beeing equally distant from either Pole of the worlde And it is further to bee considered that all the Cyrcles of the Materiall Sphere are imagined to bee in the first mouer which also a materiall Sphere doeth especially represent So that these Cyrcles may also bee imagined in the other Spheres aswell as in the eight Sphere c. And although a man may enter into conference betwéene these Cyrcles and the diameter yet he shall be forced to confesse that they be on such wise vnto the sphere as the Cyrcle is vnto the diameter So that as the diameter deuideth the Cyrcle into two equall partes in that it passeth by the Center of the same euen so doeth euery of the greatest Cyrcles deuide the Sphere into two equal parts because the playne vpper face of it passeth by the Center And by this it may easily bee perceyued that those which are named the lesser Cyrcles of which is a farre greater number than is here set down haue diuers Centers from the Center of the Sphere and yet the playne vpper face of them passeth not by the Center of the same Sphere Of which ensueth that they cannot deuide the sphere into two equall halfes no more then the lyne drawne without the Center into a Cyrcle can deuide the same into two equal halfes And both the greater and lesser of these is mente according to the distance of his Center from the Center of the sphere The inward Cyrcles that be mouable are those which are descrybed in the first moouer and are drawne with it about as is the equinoctiall the Zodiacke the Colures the Tropickes the Polare Cyrcles and others descrybed from the poyntes of the first moouer But the outwarde Cyrcles are they that are as immoueable and not drawn about with the first mouer but abide steady The number of which are these the Meridiane the Horizont the houre Cyrcles the verticiall Cyrcles and Cyrcles of the progressions Further it is to bee noted that many are the Celestiall Cyrcles as is aboue declared whose vse partely vnto Astronomy and partly vnto Astrologie is necessary As the verticiall Cyrcles the Cyrcles of the altitudes the Cyrcles of the celestiall houses The Cyrcles with the which the materiall sphere is descrybed and to bee briefe there are so many celestiall Cyrcles as there may bée poynts ymagined in the first mouer Yet are there but onely ten Cyrcles which are required vnto this sphericall treatise whose names are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Colures the Meridian the Horizont the twoe Tropickes and the twoe Polare Cyrcles The greater Cyrcles are those which haue the same or a like Center with the earth whose playn vpper face doth passe by the Center of the earth so that they deuide the sphere into two equall parts and especially the equinoctiall which for that it is a greater Cyrcle doth cut the spher into two equall halfes so that his playne vpper face passeth by the Center of the earth according to the definition of the greater Cyrcles And by this consequent when the Sun is in the equinoctiall he falleth into the Center of the earth that is hée is in the vpper face which passeth by the Center of the earth And the sun is neuer in such an vpper face but when he is in y e two equinoctial poynts for other wise he runneth without that vpper face For the greater Cyrcles are a like vnto the Sphere as the diameters vnto the Cyrcle in that as the diameter cutteth the Cyrcle in two equall halfes for that it doeth passe by the Center of the same euen so doth the greater Cyrcle deuide the Sphere into twoe equall halfes in that the playne vpper face of the same doth passe by the Center of the sphere But the lesser Cyrcles are those which haue diuerse Centers from the Center of the sphere so that the playne vpper face of them doeth not passe by the Center of the sphere For how much nearer the Center of the same is to the Center of the sphere and somuch the greater is that Cyrcle as the Tropicke But the further it is from the Center euen so much â—he lesser in sight is the Cyrcle as are the Polare circle And here none may suppose that either these or other like cyrcles to be verily in the first moouer but only to be vnderstoode or imagined For the cause of deuiding heauen into certaine spaces and regions through the helpe of which the courses of the Planets are obserued brought vnto a rule Further the
Equinoctiall poynt is then imagined to be drawne aboute with the motion of the first moouer that hath the same Center with the earth at that time by which the playne of the Equatoure is then noted to passe So that this is the cause why Plinie giueth that name to it séeing a like day and night is caused the sun then running vnder the Equatoure throughout the earth as no man of skill maketh doubt of It is named the cyrcle of the high solstice but this commeth to passe by reason of those which dwell vnder the equinoctiall and haue foure solstices as two on hie two below hauing foure shadowes in the yeare and the sun passing twise a yeare by the Zenith right ouer their heads as when the sunne is in the beginning of Aries and Libra And to them also dwelling vnder the Equinoctial are two summers and two winters and the heat is mightiest and strongest when the sun draweth from them into the North or South yet doeth the sun alwaies burne the earth right vnder it causing a burning Zone and not parteth far from their heades So that their winters are not perfectly and simply named winters as with vs which are cold seasons in déede bnt rather with them is a continuall summer yet for that the causes of heate with them are not vnformally and in a like maner alwaies for that the sun doth not approch equally the Zenith of that parte as the same is known to many whereof the heat to them is not vnifourme and a like in burning But sometimes hotter and sometimes slacker and meaner of heate So that when the sun is in the Zenith as in the beginnings of Aries and Libra and that they are in their high solstices then is the heate most vehement with them yet not without the sun this heate can bee called mighty But when as the sun is gone from their Zenith which happeneth in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorne where their low solstices are the heate is then slacker that is lesser burning So that the weaker heate hapning in the lowe solstices may in a manner bée named colde in respecte of the most burning heate hapning in the high solstices yet it hath the nomination of winter although no cold may bée felt What the offices or vtilities of the Equinoctiall are THe causes whie the skilfull practisioners tooke and vsed the Equinoctiall with the offices which they attributed to it and the mani fold vses that it offereth is herein declared 1 It measureth the motion of the first and vppermost Orbe and sheweth the same to bée drawne about by a continuall and equall swiftnesse For that in euery equall houre doe fiftéene of the thrée hundereth and thrée score degrées of the same arise and so many degrées right against set and are hidden vnder the Horizont and that all the thrée hundreth and thrée score degrées in 24. houres are turned about in the appoynted times and in their periods continually agréeing And as the Equatour from the Poles of the worlde about which the first mouer is drawne and is of either side distant by equall spaces nor the Angle which is comprehended fashioneth with the Horizont doth neuer change euen so by the same order and like motion doeth the first heauen or moouer euidently shew it selfe to be caried about For the Equinoctiall measureth and determineth the motion of the first mouer in declaring his reuolution and yeare which yeare of the first moouer is the time of 24. houres equall But by what meanes the auncient astronomers first found that the Equinoctiall is drawne about in so many houres and it is supposed they came to the knowledge thereof by the office of some starre either in the Equinoctiall or placed neare it they perceiued the same as that the Equinoctial from some note marked of them did returne to it in such a certaine space as afore shewed 2 The diuers motions of the Zodiack which hapneth to it through the twart standing or lying as a cannon or rule doth dyrect and point out the beginnings boundes and time with the which each parts or degrées of the Zodiacke arise or doe set and with which they touch these or those quarters of the worlde For all the arckes of the Equatoure are drawne by a certaine and agréeable motion continually The parts of the Zodiacke drawne thwartly the Equatoure doeth not varie or is distant by like spaces from the Poles of the world nor turned about his but the same Poles of the worlde which doe differ by a long space from his and drawn about by a most vnlike motion and nothing at all agréeing in it selfe For that some parts or degrées are caried vp sooner or quicker and others appeare slower and later So that these vseth a more space of time in the rising slower and those other passe vp by a shorter and quicker space But séeing that in the Zodiack the wandring stars or Planets doe wander continually hither and thither and from one side of it to another and that vnto the middle cyrcle of it or ecclipticke line the places of all the fixed stars are referred and applied therefore cannot the times of the rising or setting of the starres bée knowne and noted except they shoulde be guessed and attained by the next arks of the equinoctiall It also declareth the equinoctialles which are caused in those proper dayes in which the sun hapneth to come into the equinoctiall cyrcle For these are caused the sun being in the first degrées of Aries and Libra in that the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall doe crosse each other in those places whereof Manilius thus writeth That these signes Aries and Libra cause a right Throughout the earth a like day and night 3. It defineth and measureth the spaces both of the naturall and artificiall dayes And although the sun which drawne about with the motion of the first moouer and in the proper motion caried forth in the meane time by force into the contrary when as hee causeth the times of the daies and nightes so wel as the differences of the natural daies mooued and runneth in the Zodiacke yet of his motion the day and night spaces cannot bee gatherrd through the diuersity and vnlikenesse of the ascending or arising of diuers parts or degrées of the Zodiacke But seeing the same motion is of all the partes of the Equatoure therefore are the ascentions of the arcks of the Zodiacke caried vp with the ascending of the nighest parts of the Equatour like arising So that both the dayes and houres by the equall motion of these are not founde and distinguished by the vnlike and vnequall motion of them in that these ascentions can be of these two cyrcles The Greekes by no meanes like of the same in that by a stedfast order they do mark the day and night times therefore they parte and deuide them into equall houres which they named times that from the degrées of the Zodiacke they might distinguish them For euerie fiftéene
one halfe of it declineth vnto the North and the other vnto the South and séeing vpon these it is thwartly drawne by the dayly motion vnto the mouing of the Orbe in which it is In this respect is the circle named thwart 3 This Cyrcle is also called Signifere of the 12. signes caried in it with the which the Zodiacke is described Or for that this Cyrcle is deuided into twelue equall partes which are called signes and each hauing a name of some proper beast or for the disposing of stars being in the signe or for some property commō to the beast and signe which Ptholomie nameth the Orbe of the signes Plinie Capella and sundry Poets doe name Signifere but Aristotle nameth a thwart cyrcle in that it doth thwartly crosse the Equatour as witnesseth Proclus What is the cause of the thwartnesse of the Zodiacke 1 THere are two causes why the Zodiacke is thwart the one is that the neather Spheres vpon the other Exe-trée and Poles may bee caried contrary to the motion of the first mouer 2 The other is that there may be diuersities of times and varieties of qualities and tempearances that the sun also may wander and goe about diuers partes of the earth running in the thwart cyrcle wherof Aristotle writeth that it is necessary that the proper motion in the Zodiacke is vnlike to the motion of the first mouer that it may therby cause the variety of cresent or growing things For if there were onely one motion there should no varietie of growing things be caused 3 A like reason to this that of the same one parte of it doeth drawe nigh to the top and highest ouer our heades and the other that it is remoued and distant from vs doth cause most commonly the diuersitie in effectes which vnto the life of things is requisite As for example when the sun is in the Northerly halfe of this cyrcle and neare the Zenith and highest ouer our heades hee doeth cause a strong and mighty heat on all things of the earth as by tryall we finde and sée in the summer If therefore the Zodiacke were not thwart but shoulde equally approach or drawe nigh according to all the parts of it then should the sun be alwaies a like neare vs. And when in a short time of summer he should cause such a heat that his heat vndoubtedly should be so mighty that nothing shoulde growe or bee increased but that those thinges already growne vp and dryed shoulde bee consumed and burnt vp wherefore the Zodiack is thwartly placed that the sun mouing into the further halfe his heat may thereby bee slaked and weakened in which he being caried departeth from our Zenith and cold then taken place as apeareth in the winter And if the sun should continually run in the South parte of the Zodiack then through extremity of cold should all things be destroyed in the North part And as neither heate nor cold is continuall but successiuely as those which bée engendred and caused by heate and consumed by colde So that the sun procureth by comming nigh and going from vs in the Zodiacke that it behoueth the Zodiacke to bée thwart Also a diuersity of the Planets in the Zodiacke To conclude we sée that by the comming of the sun to vs generation is caused by his departure from vs thinges wither and dry This cyrcle called the Zodiack acording to longitude is deuided into twelue parts or signes and neither more nor fewer And according to latitude or breadth into 12. degrées This cyrcle deuided into twelue signes in that of the auncients it hath béene noted that in euery reuolution of the sun the moon is twelue time changed and new and so many times hath hee full light And that so many changes and full moones doe happen within the compasse of one yeare by which it pleased them to deuide the Zodiacke into so many parts according to length But the diuision of the breadth hath another cause that is of the other Planets except the sun diuersly wandring from the same cyrcle To be briefe this whole cyrcle is deuided into 360. degrées for the commodity of this number in that the dayes of the yeare exceede this number by certayne partes for the common yeare hath 365. dayes and 6. houres There is a latitude atributed to the Zodiack by which it differeth from the other cyrcles in that they are descrybed with one simple compasse that it might by the larger space containe the wandring of the Planettes on either side the Ecclipticke line least they should excéed the bonds Yet the sun kéepeth one maner of way and iourney continually in the middle of the Zodiacke and neuer declineth from it neither vnto the right nor lefte side but still kéeping his proper places immoueable both in the rising and setting in either quarter and is all alike in the winter and summer seasons The declinations also of the sun do shew and appeare to be equal being on either side the Equator So these doe witnesse that the sun continually 〈◊〉 his yéerly motion describeth and kéepeth vnder that line named the Ecclipticke But the other Planets doe neither kéepe continually the suns way nor is drawne in a right path like him but digressing on either side the suns way doe wander the Zodiacke by a crooked or bending course as one whiles moued into the North and an otherwhiles into the South and from thence returning vnto the sunnes way as the like knowledge may be had and descerned by the eie For this cause the learned practisioners described the suns course in the middle place of the Zodiacke and imagined from it a latitude to bée attributed to the Zodiacke which the auncient astronomers determined to bee of eyther side 6. degrées But the late writers haue encreased the same by adding twoe degrées to either side through the digressions of Mars and Venus from the sunnes way which hath béene obserued and noted to digresse and decline litle lesse then eight degrées So that the latitude of the whole Zodiacke in our time is concluded and agréed to bee of 16. degrées and the latitude is reached on either side from the middle space of the suns cyrcle towarde the Poles of the Zodiacke eight degrées The beginning of the longitude of the Zodiacke although in the compasse of the circle neither the beginning nor end can be assigned which bendeth or is drawne perfectly round into it selfe and both closeth and containeth it selfe yet the practisioners haue assigned by the principall and most auncient doctrine of the godly fathers to bee in the poiut of the Equinoctiall spring which is by the suns comming vnto the Equinoctiall poynte or truer by the change of the moone that followeth nexte the Equinoctiall spring is not to be doubted that the yeare then begun So that they began to recken the Zodiacke from that pointe where the motions and workings of the sun the authour and shewer of the yearely space ensued which after the day and
North and South So that the foresaid right sections doe part the Horizont and cyrcumference of the same into foure quarters The foure principall windes of the common sorte are thus called that which bloweth from the East the Leuant winde and that right against it the Ponent that from the North Transmontanus and that right against it the Merâ—dional These foure of later yeares they haue deuided into 32. windes after the noted lines and pointes drawne in the Saylers carde and other Mappes euery where to be séene Also the Saylers compasse doth expresse so many windes directed by the adamant or lodestone which howe the same doeth direct and shewe the windes needeth not here be shewed séeing the same is sufficieÌ„tly known to euery sayler which by the guide of their compasse direct their course in clowdy weather either by day or night in marking diligently the points of the compasse how they coast To returne vnto the matter of the Meridiane the diuersitie of Meridianes is no otherwise caused then the swelling of the earth as in the first part I haue sufficiently written the cause of which is that one like parte of heauen cannot be the top or height of euery place Therefore one meridiane cannot serue all places but that in all places a proper Meridiane is caused ouer the head The meridiane also is that which when the sun commeth vnto the highest ouer vs foresheweth by his working and heat the midday This meridiane is a greater cyrcle passing by y â— poles of the world and Zenith or a direct pointe ouer the head abiding immoueable at the motion of the sphere This cyrcle is differing to euery Citty and people by reason of the East and West and is a proper meridiane caused ouer the heade For this is manifest that at the chaunging of the verticiall point there is caused an other Meridian through the swelling and roundnesse of the earth Also a man may of one meridian line describe many as writeth Iohannes a regio monte for in that instant of the Noonetide by letting downe right a plum line the shadowe of the line causeth a newe Meridiane line on the platforme Therefore these with the verticiall line in the the Center to the Horizont crossing one an other at right angles doe indicate the foure quarters of the worlde as the meridian line the North and South the verticial line the East and West The Horizont formeth the quarters of the east and west of which the one is called the East rising or easterly quarter or end the other called the West setting and quarter of the West The Meridiane defineth the boundes of the lowest and highest of heauen and the quarters or middle motions of the day and night time of which that consisting the vpper halfe Sphere is named the highest place and middle of heauen the other which containeth the lowest place right against it called the bothom or lowest of heauen The Meridiane is a greater cyrcle immoueable not one and the same euery where but to euery place peculiar and proper drawne by the top of the place and Poles of the worlde vnto which the sun carried by the motion of the first moouer doeth in the day time cause high Noone and in the night time drawne right against it causeth midnight If this cyrcle were moueable like others then at the motion of the sphere woulde it departe from our Zenith and so loose the name of the Meridiane neither woulde it deuide in proper place vnder it the artificial day into two equall parts séeing by that motion the Meridiane should approach néerer to one part of the Horizont then to the other part Nor should it stay the Horizont at right angles of which it is numbred and accompted amongest the outwarde cyrcles of the sphere The like affirmeth Proclus writing that the Meridiane is none of those cyrcles which is noted and decked with starres For the cyrcles of the sphere are distinguished by starres whereby those cyrcles may more easily be knowne in heauen The meridianes are changed by the continuall chaunging of place in the swelling or imbossing of the earth according to longitude For by going continually right forth toward the East and West it doeth purchase newe Meridianes as by going thrée miles forth then is an other pointe of heauen differing from the first ouer a mans heade and gone further by foure minutes of a degrée Proclus affirmeth that 300. furlongs cause no sensible alterations to happen of the Meridian and this is ment of those which are placed vnder diuers Meridianes and Parallelles For those which are placed vnder one Parallell and diuers Meridianes perceiue and sée no alteration at all Hee which goeth strait from the North into the South or they which directly iourney toward either of the Poles of the worlde doe continually trauaile vnder one Meridiane In that all Merdianes doe go from one Pole to another therefore no iourney causeth by this meanes an other meridiane There are as many meridians in number as there bée differences of verticiall points right ouer diuers parts of the earth in going toward the East and West The halfe of the equinoctiall hath 180. degrées whereof the Cosmographers doe assigne and distinguish so many meridians in such sorte that each Meridiane doeth passe by the twoe opposite degrées of that Equinoctiall and Poles of the world The longitude of a place is the arcke of the equinoctiall cyrcle or of any Parallell contained betwéene two Meridianes of which the one lyeth ouer the fortunate Iles and the other streacheth ouer the top of the proper place noted where the same distance of place is gathered from the fortunate Iles at the equinectiall or at the Parallell of the place The fortunate Iles are situated and lying in the sea called Oceanus Libicus beyond Mauritania betwéene the Equatoure and the tropicke of Cancer which in our time is called the Iles of Canarie and lie further into the North from the equatour then Ptholomie noted or acounted them But the latitude they accompted to bee a space of the earth lying betwéene either pole accompted in the Meridiane drawne by the poles of the worlde or a whole tract of the earth knowne and streached beyonde and on this side the equatoure toward either Pole of the worlde They stablished the beginning of the latitude in the equinoctiall as in the middle cyrcle exquisitely betweene either pole and common bound to both the Southerly and Northerly places So that the latitude of a place is the arke of the meridiane betwéene the equinoctiall and Parallell drawne by the top of the place or it is the distance of a place from the equinoctiall This alwaies is accounted in that meridian which hangeth directly ouer the top of the place and to one degrée of the same doe 500. surlongs or 15. Germaine miles answere The arks of the latitudes doe not differ from the eleuations of the pole but in the standing onely For the eleuation of the pole
latitude of the other as the former examples shew in such sort that the degrées of the other and likwise the minutes vnder the minutes After séeke the difference as well of the longitudes and latitudes in this maner subtract the lesser longitude from the greater the remainer is called the difference of the longitudes After deduct the lesser latitude out of the more and the difference of the latitudes shall remaine By the differences of the longitudes and latitudes shall the distance of cities giuen be gathered But in that there is thrée maner difference of places as that there be certaine places which differ in the onely latitude that is vnder one meridiane and yet lie vnder diuers Parallels and certaine that differ in the onely longitude that is vnder one Parallell yet are diuers meridians and certaine that do differ both in the longitude and latitude that is they lie vnder diuers meridians and Parallels thrée rules also of the searching of distances betwéene two places are taught of the Geographers The first rule WHen two cities hauing one longitude are offered but hauing sundry latitudes deducte the lesser out of the more the rest of degrées in that they be the degrées of the great cyrcle multiply by 15. for that 15. Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle and then shall you haue the distance of the cities But if minutes depend to the degrées of difference theÌ„ deuide them by foure the quotient adde to the fore number of the miles For séeing one degrée or 60. minutes do make 15. Germaine miles it ensueth that foure minutes make one Germaine mile c. An Example MAdeburge and Egra agrée only in longitude that is they bee equally distant from the West or from the meridian which is drawne or stretched by the fortunate Iles. For the longitude of either towne is of 29. degrées the latitude of Madeburge is of 52. and 20. minutes the latitude of Egra is of 50. degrées and 5. minutes therefore is Egra more Southerly then Madeburge The difference of the latitudes is 2. degrées 15. minutes that is 33. Germaine miles stith a halfe a quarter of a Germain mile Another TThe longitude of Trydent is of 30. degrées and 30. minutes The longitude of Viteberge is asmuch The latitude of Trydent is of 45. degrées 14. minutes The latitude of Viteberge is of 51. degrées and 50. minutes These now differ in the onely latitude which difference of the latitude is of 6. degrees and 36. minutes that is 99. Germaine miles So much is the distance almost between Trydent and Viteberge Another THe longitude of Thunis is of â—6 degrées and 50. minutes the longitude of Salerne in a maner the same The latitude of Thunis is of 32. degrées and 30. minutes The latitude of Salerne is of 40. degrées and 30. minutes The difference of latitude is of 〈◊〉 degrees 〈◊〉 minutes that is 120. miles And somuch is the distance betwéene Thunis and Salerne Another THe City of Yorke and the Towne of Barwicke agrée in longitude for the longitude of either place is of 17. degrées and no minutes But they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Yorke is of 54. degrées no minutes the latitude of Barwicke is of 56. degrées 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 2. degrées and 50. minutes that is 210. English miles So much in a manner is the distaunce betwéene the City of Yorke and Barwicke Another THe City of London and Northampton in a maner is of like longitude For the longitude of London is of 16. degrées and 30. minutes approued But they differ in latitude in that London hath the latitude of 51. degrées and 34. minutes the latitude of Northampton is of 52. degrées and 50. minutes The difference of the latitude is of 1. degrée and 16. minutes that is 7â— English miles So much in a maner is the distance betwéene London and Northampton Another THis example differeth both in the longitude and latitude somewhat For the longitude of Colchester is 18. degrées and 30. minutes the longitude of Oxeforde hath 15. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude betwéene the one and the other is of 3. degrees 38 minutes that is 109. English miles The latitude of Colchester hath 51. degrees and 59. minutes The difference of latitude is no degrées and 16. minutes So that 16. English miles is the distaunce betwéene the one and the other after their standing Northward Another CYgnea and Ratisbone agrée in longitude for either is of 29. degrées and 51. minutes but they differ in latitude in that the latitude of Cygnea hath 50. degrées and 46. minutes the latitude of Ratisbone of 48. degrées and 56. minutes The difference of latitude betwéene the one and the other is 1. degrée and 50. minutes which make 27. and a halfe Germaine miles The second rule BEfore the second rule be here taught it behoueth that you know howe many Germaine miles aunswere to each degrée of the parallel passing by the Zenith of Cities offered Here conceiue that not as in the former rule to euery degrée of each parallell but to each degrées onely of the parallell Cyrcle which streacheth and is vnder the Equinoctiall and as principall of all the parallels deuideth the whole earth into twoe equall halues to which are 15. Germaine miles attributed as to a degrée of it Where the other cyrcles as afore written be not of the same bignesse but how much nearer they be to the poles so much the lesser they are and how furder of they be froÌ„ the â—nâ—â—s so much the greater they are Whereof it is manifeâ—e mile aswell the greater as the lesse Cyrcle of the parallels â—â—tes stributed or deuided into 360. degrées and that those degrées according to the distance of those parallels from the poles be greater or lesser For the same cause shall you here finde in the table following how many Germaine miles answere in each eleuations to the degrées of the parallels A Table containing the degrees of the differences of each Paralels from the Equator vnto the proper Pole by whole degrees of the Latitudes conuerted into Myles Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples Degrees Myles Scruples 1 14 59 19 14 11 37 11 59 55 8 30 73 4 23 2 14 59 20 14 6 38 11 49 56 8 23 74 4 8 3 14 58 21 14 0 39 11 39 57 8 10 75 3 53 4 14 58 22 13 54 40 11 29 58 7 57 76 3 38 5 14 56 23 13 48 41 11 19 59 7 43 77 3 22 6 14 55 24 13 42 42 11 9 60 7 30 78 3 7 7 14 53 25 13 36 43 10 58 61 7 16 79 2 52 8 14 51 26 13 29 44 10 47 62 7 2 80 2 36 9 14 48 27 13 22 45 10 36 63 6 48 81 2 21 10 14 46 28 13 15 46 10 25 64 6 34 82 2 5 11
which we sée and obserue the celestiall bodies that rise aboue and set vnder it so that they euidently shew that the same deuideth heauen into two equall halfe spheres as aboue remembred For in euery moment doe sixe signes of the Zodiacke appeare aboue the earth as in the night to the eie may be numbred and noted that sixe signes set vnder the earth and be gone out of sight This is also called rationall séeing the eie cannot descerne vnto the highest heauen nor aptly frame this diuision of heauen into two equall halues yet the mind by examining gathereth and concludeth as by a perseuerance passing before and in the shewing of the starres that rise and set and in considering the tarriances of them in either halfe sphere This besides is called the artificiall horizone in that by the benefite of the astronomicall art it was inuented Or thus not much agréeing to the former the rationall horizone which of some is named natural and according to the mind of Ptholomie Cleomedes and Proclus belongeth vnto the Sphere of the fixed stars and reacheth euen vnto the same Sphere and deuideth heauen into equall halfe Spheres the one halfe appearing aboue the same circle and the other halfe not appearing hid vnder it Such a maner of imagining is not in vaine nor without cause determined and deuised séeing that men in the night and in a cleare season standing on an euen grounde may sée stars arise vnto sight in the East which a litle before appeared not to the sight and those after drawne by the first moouer vnto the West horizone that began to go downe be set and doe not after appeare By which they concluded that there is a cyrcle in heauen deuiding and ending matters in sight from those not séen So that they nothing doubted to call this cyrcle the rationall horizon which togither with the vpper face by the center of the earth stretched round about vnto heauen and by the foure quarters of the world as East West North and South deuided things séene from those not séene And a great helpe it giueth vnto this imagination that the earth is perfect round and imbossed in that of a Globe through his imbossing can be séene but the halfe at a time This also yéeldeth a helpe to reason by the appearances in the celestiall bodies although our sight cannot attaine vnto the starrie sky nor fully descerne heauen although a man earnestly looke vp and behold it yet doe we sée stars whose light extend vnto our eie As by this example may euidently appeare of that royall star named the heart of the Lion which in our time is in the 22. degrée almost of Leo. And the star standing on the left buttocke of Aquarius in the 22. degrée almost of the same signe◠that is diametraly or right against one the other situated Which doe on this wise that as the one appeareth aboue the horizone the other is hidden vnder it et e contra So that as the one riseth the other setteth and on this manner doe they continually Of which reason it is concluded that a certaine cyrcle deuideth heauen into twoe equall halues and do part as afore taught the things séene from those not séene Although the tariance be but small in that this star appeareth a very smal while aboue the earth through the same that this star of Aquarius is Southerly from the ecclipticke line it greatly forceth not The like examples may be applied of the superiour planets when they be situated or appeare opposite in heauen as they also may be euidently seen in the opposition of the sun and moone when they bee séene neare to the East and West horizone and where the moone is neare the suns way The diameter of the rationall horizone although the same cannot be found nor comprehended through his excéeding distaunce by exteriour sence and iudgement yet reason it selfe iudgeth that the same may extend vnto the starry sky whose sight from that not séene it doth describe and the same is of 32655932. Germaine miles and 20. minutes which distance by the outward senses is iudged as infinite The Pole of the rational horizon is the verticall point for it is distant by a quarter of the greatest cyrcle that is 90. degrées from the compasse round about of the horizon yet not to all places serueth one horizon for that as a man changeth place and country euen so ariseth a newe horizon whether so euer he trauaileth And new horizons also appeare and happen if a man either trauaile toward either of the poles of the worlde or in right line toward the East and West and the like vnto diuers quarters as into the North the East or West or contrariwise iourneying by the opposite course the Horizones vary and change And if the places bee either situated partly toward the East or West and partly toward the South or North the horizones there decline and varie them partly toward the East or West and partly toward the south or North which hapneth by reason that the City is not vnder one Parallell And Cities or countries situated vnder one meridiane doe vary their horizons directly either toward the South or North. There be as many horizons as there be meridiās And for so much as that of all places cannot bee one manner of Zenith therefore cannot one Meridiane serue for all places And séeing the Pole of the Horizone is the Zenith of it which is in the Meridiane and that to each place belongeth a proper Zenith and a proper Meridian it followeth that to each place belongeth a proper Horizone Toward the Poles by the chaunging of places are the horizons chaunged and the diuers eleuations of the Pole by a certaine occasion caused also they euidently declare a like alteration to bee caused in the respect of the opposite quarters of the East and West and doe procure and cause diuers beginnings of the daies and nights insomuch that the starres generally appearing and seene doe by order of times and in sundry places arise and set in the West and hide them vnder the Horizon For the same maner of Ecclipse which is seene at Arbela after Plinie in the fifte houre of the night to them of Carthage it appeareth in the second houre so that the sun sooner setteth to them of Arbela by thrée houres then to them of Carthage Therefore the horizon of Arbela is much further distant into the East then the horizon of Carthage The same rationall horizon as it were on the plainesse of the earth drawne and streached vnto the sky doeth the meridian extend to it downward and deuide the same into twoe halfe cyrcles of which the one declineth vnto the East and therof called the East quarter and the other vnto the West and of that named the West quarter And the diuers places of the suns rising and setting doe sundry wise deuide either halfe cyrcle For the Equinoctiall rising and the Equinoctiall setting which are points of the
subtracted the right ascention of y e west part from the right ascention of the mid heauen or noonestead and the remainer or rest as afore taught was distributed into thrée equall parts After that in the ende of the first portion from the noonstead towardes the West the auncients constituted or placed the bound of the ninth house with the circle comming from the poles of y e world and in the bound of the second portion was the beginning of the eight house formed These attained the degrées and partes of the degrées of the Zodiack answering to ech arkes of the Equatoure were sought in the Tables of the right sphere but the houses standing vnder were defined and made like to their opposites And séeing this maner of forming the houses is vnperfect therefore shal here no further be taught of the same In which a e. is the verticall circle crossing a d e c. at right angles f g b. the equatour d g c. the horison d. and c. be the points in which the distinguishers of the houses concurre and méet which also do make equall distinctiōs in the verticall circle and thereby be the houses noted and diuided But the later Astronomers moued by the authority of the incomparable Mathematician Regiomontanus inur̄ted and deuised another order of the houses more agréeing to reason than the former For they deuided the quarters of the equatour comprehended betweene the horison and noonstead into thrée equall spaces and by each section they imagined great circles ioyning in the sections of the Meridian and horison as the former Although all these are plainer and more euidently taught and known in the materiall Sphere yet we thought good to speak somwhat as our possibility serueth in plaine forme Wherefore grant that a f c. is the Meridian a. the Top n. the Northerly pole k. the Southerly pole b. and c. the points of the sections of the horison and Meridian where the distinguishers of the houses concurre and méet which also are imagined by the equall distinctions of the equatour e i l. as to the eie sufficiently appeareth that b i c. is the horison circle d. the easterly point or rising of the equatour from which the first house taketh his beginning The Circle of position AL these Circles being set down the Astronomers notwithstanding do write of another Circle whose vse and office serueth to great purpose for the Art of directing searching other more secret matters in Astronomy and is thereof called the circle of Position which passeth at al times by the former sections of the meridian and Horizone and by the Center of the star or of any other purposed point in heauen like to the soresaid cyrcles whether that star be aboue the earth or vnder the earth That this may clearly appeare marke and consider this figure here expressed where the letter c. representeth the top pointe d. the Northerly Pole e. the opposite pole a g b f. the cyrcle of the position passing by the sections of the horizon and meridian b c d e. the meridian a b. the Horizone g f. the Centers of the stars of which the one is in g. aboue the earth and the other vnder the earth in the point f. And many other cyrcles besides all these which hetherto haue bene described may bee inuented and imagined in the sphere for the necessity of the workings The difinitions names and offices of the foure lesser Circles THe Parallels are lesser cyrcles which from either of the greater circles drawn thwartly on the sphere doe equally difand bee distant from the Equatoure or Zodiacke toward their poles so y ◠they doe not deuide the Sphere into equall halfe Spheres but into vnequall portions For séeing the sphere from the middle streacheth or draweth by litle and litle straighter and narower toward the furthest aud highest toppes euen so must the parallels which are distant from the middle and greatest and that by equall spaces on each side agréeing drawe of necessity narrower and so much the narower as they nearer approach vnto the poles As writeth Theodosius in the sixte proposition of his first Booke of the sphere And the same Author in the 14. proposition of his first Book of the sphere and in the sixt of his second Booke writeth that all the parallels haue the same poles agréeing with the greater cyrcles vnto which the parallels are And certaine of the Paralels are applied vnto the plain of the Equatoure others vnto the plaine of the eccliptick These doe as well the fixed starres as the planets placed without the ecclipticke and drawne about the Exe-trée stretched b◠the poles of the ecclipticke and Center of the worlde discribe yet do all their centers consist in the Exe-trée of the Zodiack and the middle cyrcle of them and the greatest is the ecclipticke These also doe the same stars and the verticiall or toppe points of each places or any other applied vnto the plaine of the equatour drawne as it were by the first mouer about the Exetrée and poles of the world define And the Centers of these be in the Exe-trée of the worlde or equatoure but the middle and greatest of these is the equatour It is manifest by that afore taught that the sun in euery day doth gaine toward the East against the dayly motion one degrée of the Zodiack and of this hapneth that he in each day through the thwartnesse of the Zodiack describeth a certaine newe cyrcle in heauen and in the nexte day another and so forth by order as the like may be compared by a small corde winded close about a Nun or top beginning from the foote vpward euen so the sun beginning to turne againe at the first degrée of Capricorne doth euery day after change a new Parallel vntill hée become backe vnto the first degrée of Cancer and by and by after returned from Cancer he in the like order goeth vnto the Capricorne so that in the next day following the Sun riseth not with the same Parallel aboue the Horizone that hee did in the morning before nor shall not run the nexte morrow in that Parallel that he did in this day And each of these Parallelles euen as the greater cyrcles containe 360. degrées which bée so much lesser then the degrées of the greater cyrcles and occupy or comprehend somuch the lesser space in heauen as answereth to the vpper face of the earth as by how much the more frō the compasse and largenesse of the greatest cyrcle they lacke by reason of the distance And although they yéeld and be lesse in the quantity yet vnto the degrées of the greatest cyrcles be they agréeable and like as writeth Theodosius in the 14. proposition of his second booke of the sphere These lesser cyrcles do offer and teach sundry vtilities First the Parallels of which on this side and beyond the Equatour are 182 that the sun yearly by his dayly motion describeth and doe expresse the causes of the continuall equallity of
and reasonable well furnished of all things néedfull for mans life So that in the same middle Region of the earth vnder the Equatour it appeareth that through the coldnesse of the night it doth there temper sufficiently the burning heat of the day Besides these after the mind of Hiero. Cardane in that Saturne Mercurie and the moon which properly are cold and moyst planets haue a great force in the Regions vnder this zone but especially the moon that worketh her most force there in the night time more then the other twoe and of this cause more temperatnesse in the day time Besides these it is well known that those people haue two summers and two winters in the yeare For in the yeare of our Lord 1530. at the will and charge of Charles the fift Emperor a parte of America westward was discouered where Peru among the rest was found richest both of Gold and other rich things and costly drugges which is situated in longitude of 290. degrées from the West toward the East and is distant 5. degrées from the Equatoure toward the South But what substance of Gold and other rich things hath yearely bene brought from this yle néedeth not here any further rehersall And the like is to be considered and noted of the other two zones contained betwéene the Polare cyrcles and Poles of the worlde Although Albertus Mag. denieth a commodious dwelling for men in those places and confirmeth the same by probable reasons yet experience reclaimeth and denieth those opinions of his and other ancient writers In that it is well knowne that Gothland Norway Russia Lapeland Groueland and diuers other countries towarde the North pole is inhabited and well peopled And Galeottus Naruiensis proueth that men dwell vnder the North pole affirming the same not to bee true that the cause of the cold there is onely the far distaunce of the sun as not of the heate by nearenesse of his comming In that the sun by reason of the signe in which he is either increaseth or diminisheth them with vs. Besides he affirmeth that the colde is not so dispersed rounde about as that it compasseth rounde after the forme of a cyrcle nor that the heate in like sort doeth run round about the whole body of the earth Further Cardane writeth that vnder the poles there is no such coldnes as some suppose in that the Moone Venus and Mars haue the greatest latitudes in respect of the sun and the others besides For the moon hath fiue degrées to the North Venus and Mars excéed vnto eight degrées Northward but Saturne which is the author of cold scarcely performeth thrée degrées Northward Besides these the Moone more auaileth Northward and Southward neare to the poles then the sunne in that she nearer approacheth those parts For the Moone as aboue said hath fiue degrées of latitude as well to the North as South so that when she shall be in the first degrée of Cancer with her greatest latitude Northward that is in the head of the Dragon she shal then be néerer by fiue degrées to the Northerly pole then the sunne And in like maner when she shalbe in the taile of the Dragon at the entrance and beginning of Capricorne she shall bee nearer the pole antarcticke by fiue degrées than the sun Although in the winter the moone should be in the beginning of Capricorn with the Southerly latitude of foure or fiue degrées yet may she worke and cause more in the change of weather and shall cause more in Scotland than the sun in that her power and vertue there is such But in Brasilia and vnder the antarcticke pole for two causes the one in that shee is there of such power and the other for that in her working she is nearer What the longitudes and latitudes of the celestiall Zones are THe longitude of Zones beginneth from the West and is extended by the Noonestéede into the East and from the East againe by the midnight pointe into the West The motions of the sun in the zodiacke and Poles of the zodiacke doe describe the latitude of the zones For the suns motion or the zodiacke do describe the burnt zone séeing the sun on the one parte of the zodiacke goeth toward the North vnto the elongation of 23. degrées 28. minutes and being by his dayly motion in the beginning of Cancer doth describe the Tropick of Cancer which is the bound of the two zones the burnt zone and Northerly temperate Zone And on the other part of the zodiacke doeth the sun goe into the South vnto the same elongation and being in the beginning of Capricorne doth likewise describe the Tropicke of Capricorne which is the bounde of the other twoe zones in that it distinguisheth the burnt from the southerly temporate zone And the space also included in these two cyrcles vsing the middle place is called the burnt zone and thus the burnt zone doth imploy 46. degrées and 57. minutes The Poles of the Zodiacke which are dayly about the Poles of the worlde from which they differ 23. degrées and 28. minutes and are drawn by the motion of the first mouer doe describe two cyrcles in the diuers parts of heauen as the Polare cyrcles which also be the bounds of the zones that distinguish the twoe temperate from the colde zones So that the latitude of either colde zone vnto the poles of the world is of 23. degrées and 28. minutes The other degrées of the semicyrcle are atributed to the temperate zones so that either zone containeth 43. degrées and 3. minutes What is the Longitude and Latitude of the earthly Zones THe longitude of the earthly zones is like to the longitude of the celestiall as from the West by the noon stéed into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West And the latitude of them is like to the latitude of the celestial zones for as the maner of the latitude of the celestiall burnt Zone is vnto the whole cyrcumference euen so is the maner of the earthly burnt zone vnto the compasse about of the earthly Globe that is as 47. degrées is vnto 360. and so likewise conceiue of the others And that this may plainer appeare vse the figure following in which a l h e. is the meridian or Colure of the solstices e x l. the Equatoure a x h. the meridian s u p. the earthly Globe s n. the earthly Tropicke of Cancer k o. the Tropicke of Capricorne t u. and q p. the arcticke cyrcles To these answere f r o k b b. and d s m c c. also c ff b a g e e i. the celestiall cyrcles And what the proportion f d. is vnto the whole cōpasse d a k g f the same is as aboue written the proportion r s. vnto the whole cyrcumference of the earthly Globe and on this wise conceiue of the other cyrcles The letters f d. bee the latitude of the celestiall burnt zone and r s. of the earthly d c.
and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place theÌ„ is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenlaâ—us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth froÌ„ the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde doâ—th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a coÌ„modious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into theÌ„selues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the coÌ„sequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperameÌ„ts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature theÌ„ those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles