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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	circle_n	describe_v	zone_n	18	3	13.2685	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60283	The principles of astronomy and navigation, or, A clear, short, yet full explanation of all circles of the celestial and terrestrial globes and of their uses : being the whole doctrine of the sphere and hypotheses to the phenomena of the primum mobile : to which is added a discovery of the secrets of nature which are found in the mercurial-weather-glass &c. : as also a new proposal for buoying of a ship of any burden from the bottom of the sea / by George Sinclair.	Sinclair, George, d. 1696.; Sinclair, George, d. 1696. Proteus bound with chains, or, A discovery of the secrets of nature which are found in the mercurial-weather-glass.	1688 (1688)	Wing S3857; ESTC R26242	48,104	164

fixed their first March-stone there whence they begin to reckon But the later Geographers have removed this March-stone 10 Degrees more Westerly and have made the common beginning of the Meridian to pass thorow one of the Islands called Osores whence they begin to reckon from West to East imita●…ing the order of the 12 Signs The uses of the Meridian are these 1. It distinguisheth the Eastern part of the World from the Western part the Anterior part from the Posterior part 2. It lets us know the South part of the World and the North part For when the Sun is in the Meridian ●…en is Mid-day and when the Sun is in the Northern part of the Meridian then is Mid-night 3. It divides the Nocturnal and Diurnal Time into two halfs that is when the Sun is come to the Meridian in our Hemisphere as much of the day is past as what is to come and when the Sun is come to the Northern part of the Meridian as much of the Night is past as what is to come 4. The Meridian supplies in every Oblique Sphere the place of the Right Horizon therefore as the Stars do ascend above the Right Horizon so they pass over the Meridian and those ●…ransitions are called the Right Ascensions of the Middle Heaven 5. From the Meridian Astronomers begin their Time. 6. In the Meridian we find out the Zenith therefore when the Stars come to it they are either highest above the Horizon and are said by Astrologers to culminate or they are in the lowest and opposite part of it which is the Nadir 7. In the Meridian we find out the distances between the Tropicks and the whole Obliquity of the Ecliptick 8. Upon the Meridian we number the Latitude of Places upon the Earth and likewise the Elevation of the Pole and Equinoctial The Elevation of the Pole is defined an Arch of the Meridian measured between the Horizon and the apparent Pole of the World which may be found out after the following manner Observe the greatest and least Altitude of any of the Stars which do not set Subtract the least Altitude from the greatest and divide the difference This difference being subtracted from the greatest Elevation or added to the least gives the true height of the Pole. December 17. 1669 I observed with a large Quadrant half 9 a Clock at night the foremost Guard-star when it was in the Meridian and lowest to have 41 Degrees 22 Minuts of Altitude And on Ianuary 7. 1670 at 7 a Clock in the Morning I found it when it was in the Meridian and heighest to have 70 Degrees 27 Minuts I subtract 41 Degrees 22 Minuts from 70 Degrees 27 Minuts and the difference is 29 Degrees 5 Minuts Divide this and you have 14 Degrees 32 Minuts and 30 Seconds This being added to 41 Degrees 22 Minuts gives you 55 Degrees 54 Minuts 30 Seconds Or subtract 14 Degrees 32 Minuts and 30 Seconds from 70 Degrees 27 Minuts and there remains 55 Degrees 54 Minuts and 30 Seconds for our height of the Pole at Edinburgh 9. The Meridians do terminate and bound the Longitudes of Places as well in the Terrestrial Globe as in the Mapps and Cards projected in Plano 10. The Meridians do terminate and bound the Breadths and Latitudes of the Zones and also of the Climats 11. We find out in the Meridian the Antipodes the Anteci and Perieci CHAP. VII Of the Tropicks THe Tropicks are lesser Movable Circles of the Sphere described from the Solsticial Points by the mo●…ion of the Primum Mobile They are called Lesser because there are in the Sphere Greater Circles than they are They are called Movable that they may be distinguished chiefly from the Paral●…els of their Horizon called Almican●…ars who live under the Poles and ●…rom the antient Polars of those who ●…ive under the Polars with whom the Tropicks are equal to those Circles which comprehend the Stars which never come above the Horizon nor ever go under it They are two in number to wit the Tropick of Cancer and the Tropick of Capricorn The Tropick of Cancer is a lesser movable Circle described from the Summer-Solstitial-Point of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile The Tropick of Capricorn is lesser movable Circle described fro●… the Winter-Solstitial-Point of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile The uses of the Tropicks are these 1. They demonstrate to us in the Ecliptick the two Tropical or Solstic Points to wit the beginning of Cancer and the beginning of Capricorn 2. They terminate and bound the Sun greatest Declination and consequently the greatest Obliquity of the Ecliptick 3. When the Sun comes to either of th●… two Tropicks he is either nearest t●… our Vertical-Point or furthest removed from it 4. In an Oblique Sphere they ly Parallel to the longest and shortes●… Day 5. Between the Tropicks i●… comprehended the Torrid Zone as well in the Heavens as in the Earth and by the same Tropicks the Torrid Zone is divided from the Temperate Zones CHAP. VIII Of the Polars THe Polars are lesser Circles of the Sphere movable described from the Poles of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile For this cause they are called the Polar Circles They are two in number the Polar Artick and the Polar Antartick The Polar Artick is a lesser Circle of the Sphere movable described from the North Pole of the Ecliptick by the Motion of the Primum Mobile The Polar Antartick is a lesser Circle of the Sphere movable described from the South Pole of the Ecliptick by the motion of the Primum Mobile They let us see first the Poles of the Zodiack and they measure their distance from the Poles of the World. 2. They bound the Temperat Zones and separats them from the Cold Zones which are bounded and inclosed by their circumferences It is to be observed that the antient Astronomers Proclus Cleomedes and the rest had not the same description of the Polars which we have For the Antients did not describe them as passing thorow the Poles of the Ecliptick but thorow the common Sections of the Meridian and Horizon equidistant to the Equinoctial and therefore so much was their distance from the Poles of the World a●… the height of the Pole was above the Horizon And by this means where there is no Elevation of the Pole as in a Right Sphere there are no Polars But from thence they are more and more gradually augmented and enlarged according to the increment of the Poles Elevation The uses of the Polars according to the Antients are these 1. They comprehend the Arch of the Elevation of the Pole. 2. Of all the Parallels of the Equinoctial which are always seen above the Horizon they are the greatest and of all the Parallels of the Equinoctial which ly hid under the Horizon they are the greatest also But contra●…iwise of all the Parallels of the Equinoctial which arise and set in twenty four Hours they are the

do set and do not set are greater than the Tropicks 2. They have an Equinoctial as other parts of the Earth But when the Sun is in that Parallel whose Declination from the Equinoctial is equal to the distance of the Poles of the World from the Zenith the Day is twenty and four Hours and the Artificial Day excresceth and shoots out into many Natural Days 3. The Sun being in the same Parallel he lightly toucheth the border of the Horizon and coming to it she shines only with an half Orb. 4. They have but only one Solstice in the Tropick of Cancer for the other in the Tropick of Capricorn cannot be seen But Analogically and ●…n similitude there are six Solstices Two high when the Sun is in the Tropick of Cancer for there as well to the ●…outh as to the North the hight of ●…he Sun in the Meridian is highest al●…eit the Northern be greater than the ●…outhern and four lowest when the ●…he Sun toucheth lightly the Horizon ●… They have one Summer and one ●…inter but their Summer may be so ●…alled only Analogically for these ●…laces of the Earth are perpetually stiff ●…ith Snow and Yce 6. They have four different Shadows one from the East one from the West one from the South and one from the North. Here are the Periscii 7. The Gnomons and stiles of their Dials describes with their Points Elliptical Figures CHAP. XXI Of the Phenomena of the seventh and last Position 1. THere are here no Stars which either rise or set but all of them are whirled about equally distant from the Horizon The Artick and Antartick Circles are one and the same with the Horizon and Equinoctial which are now united Understand this of the fixed Stars only for the Planets absolving their course rise and set in their appointed times 2. The Artificial Day is extended to half a Year so is the Artificial Night and therefore the quantity of the Natural Day and the whole Year is one and the same 3. When the Sun is in the Equinoctial he shines only with half his Orb and toucheth lightly the Horizon and there he riseth and setteth only at those times 4. No point of the Heavens can be called either West East South or North seing the Pole of the World doth not incline to any part of the Horizon by which Inclination the four Points of the Universe have their distinction 5. They have only one Solstice to wit in Cancer but Analogically two other may be added to wit when the Sun is in the beginning of Aries and Libra 6. There is one Summer and one Winter but their Summer is rather to be called a slender slaking of the Cold. They have one Winter because the Sun is under their Horizon a whole half Year together 7. The Gnomons of their Dials describe with the extremity of the Shadow upon an Horizontal Plain perfect Circles FINIS Proteus Bound with Chains OR A Discovery of the Secrets of Nature which are found in the Mercurial-Weather-Glass unfolding the Reasons and Causes why before Fair Weather the Quicksilver Ascends and before Foul Weather it falls down and Descends A Subject not hitherto Treated of TOGETHER With some brief Observes upon the Parisian Weather-Glass and an Explanation of the Sealed Weather-Glass and common Weather-Glass To all which is Added The Theory of the Weather according to the Perpendicular Weather-Glass By GEORGE SINCLAR sometime Professor of Philosophy in the Colledge of GLASGOW Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas Edinburgh Printed by the Heir of Andrew Anderson Printer to His most Sacred Majesty Anno Dom. 1688. Proteus bound with Chains OR A Discovery of the Secrets of Nature which are found in the Mercurial Weather-Glass c. THere are many excellent Questions to be Refolved and Causes of the various Phenomena of Nature to be rendred before a man can have knowledge to mount the Mercurial-Weather-Glass Yet there are many who rashly adventure and bring upon that unerring and infallible Master-piece of Nature the scandalous and odious Character of Falibility either by raising the Mercury too high or fixing it too low in the Cylindrical-Glass both which Extreams must be cautiously shunned For if it be not ordered according to the Authentick Observations of the Weather for many Years past it cannot but err And herein its infallibility and perfection consists to give the Theory of the Weather a just and determinate hight according to long Observation and by consequence the top of the Cylinder the same hight none of which no ignorant person can do The Questions to be resolved are such as follow 1. What sustains the Mercury in the Glass-Tube whilst the Orifice is always downward and open 2. Why the Glass must exceed in length one and thirty Inch 3. Why the Mercury falls not down if it be shorter than twenty and eight 4. Why the Mercury is carried up with violence to the top of the Glass-Tube whilst the Orifice is raised above the surface of the stagnant Mercury 5. Why as much Mercury in hight is sustained in the wide Glass as in the narrow 6. Why tho the Glass were in hight many Foot yet the whole Mercury falls down to twenty and nine or thirty Inch above the Cistern 7. What fills up the space left empty behind 8. Why the Mercury subsides by degrees as the Weather-Glass is carried up some high Mountain and why it rises again as it is carried down 9. Why a Glass of thirty six Foot high is required to make a Weather Glass with Water in it 10. What 's the reason I do not find the weight of the Mercury within the Glass whilst I poise it between my Fingers and yet I find another weight exactly the weight of it 11. What that other weight is All these and many more are fully and clearly resolved in my Philosophical Experiments twenty years ago But there is a late Question which troubleth all the Learned to resolve which now I intend shortly to explain viz. What 's the reason why the Quicksilver in the Weather-Glass creeps up before Fair Weather and falls down before Foul Weather For an answer to this considerable Question it is to be observed that in the foulest Weather I have found the Quicksilver fall down to twenty and eight and in the dryest and fairest Weather I have found it up at thirty and one Inch. From this excellent Phenomenon only it is called the Weather-Glass Kat'exohen by way of excellency because before this alteration was found in it it was called by the most part of Philosophers the Torricellian Experiment For clearing the Question in hand I suppose that in the Beginning there went up a Damp from the Earth to water the whole face of the Ground Moses Gen. 2. relates now the ordinary means appointed by God in Nature for bringing forth of Herbs Bushes and Trees out of the Ground viz. the Damp which causeth the Rain and moistneth the Earth which Damp being by the heat of

the Oblique and Right Circles of the Sphere It is called by divers Names For sometimes it is called the Equator sometimes the Equinoctial and sometimes the Middle and greatest of the Parallels The Uses and Offices of the Equinoctial are these 1. It measureth the first Motion For this Circle of all the Circles of the Sphere under any Position whatsoever moveth equally and therefore it ought to be also the Measure of Time it being most fit for determining the quantity of the Artificial and Natural Days For this cause it is that the Degrees of the Equinoctial are called by some Tempora Times 2. It pointeth forth to us in the Ecliptick the two Equinoctial Points those Points in which the Equinoctial and Ecliptick cut one another in the beginning of Aries and Libra For when the Sun cometh to these Points the Day and the Night are of equal length over all the Earth which falleth out on the 10 or 11 of March and on the 13 or 14 of September 3. That which is Anomolous and Irregular in the Oblique Motion of the Zodiack is reduced to a sure Rule by the help of the Equinoctial 4. It divideth the Sphere into two equal parts the one called the North part in which is the Pole named Polus Septentrionalis Boreus or Articus the other called the South part in which is the Pole named Polus Australis Meridionalis or Antarticus 5. By this means it divideth the Zodiack into six Signs called Northern Signs and into other six called Southern Signs 6. From the Equinoctial are numbred the Declinations of all and whatsoever Points in Heaven as well South as North. The Declination of any Point or Star is an Arch of a Circle of Declination measured between the Equinoctial and the said Point or Center of the said Star. Circles of Declinations are of the Greatest Circles in the Sphere Movable passing thorow the Poles of the World and any point given 7. Upon the Equinoctial we reckon the Right Ascension of any or whatsoever Point in Heaven Right Ascension is nothing else but an Arch of the Equinoctial measured between the first Point of Aries and that Circle of Declination which passes thorow the point given 8. Upon the same Equinoctial we measure the Oblique Ascension and Descension of any point in Heaven whatsoever Oblique Ascension is an Arch of the Equinoctial measured between the first Point of Aries and that Point of the Equinoctial which riseth in the same Moment of Time with the Point given Oblique Descension is an Arch of the Equinoctial measured between the Point foresaid and that Point of the Equinoctial which sets in the same Moment of Time with the Point given 9. Upon the Equinoctial we count and reckon the Ascensional Difference which is nothing else but an Arch of the Equinoctial by which Right Ascension differs from Oblique 10. Upon the Equinoctial we measure the Rising and Setting Amplitude This Rising and Setting Amplitude is nothing else but an Arch of the Horizon measured between the Rising or Setting of the Equinoctial and the Rising or Setting of any Star or Point given 11. Upon the Equinoctial we number the Longitudes of Places and upon the same we reckon the Latitudes of Places The Longitude of a place is an Arch of the Equinoctial measured between the first Meridian and the Meridian of the Place The Latitude of a Place is an Arch of the Meridian measured between the Equinoctial and Zenith of the Place 12. The Equinoctial is most useful for making of Sun-Dials for there must be as many Hours upon the Plain as there are 15 Degrees in the Equinoctial four and twenty times numbred CHAP. III. Of the Zodiack THe Zodiack is one of the Greatest Circles of the Sphere Movable under which the Planets perpetually haunt The first and second Difference are added as in the Definition of the Equinoctial The third which is in these words under which the Planets perpetually haunt do distinguish the Zodiack from all other Circles For it may come to pass that this or that Planet by his proper motion may be under the Meridian may be under some Horary Circle may touch lightly the Horizon but that is not always nor do they always abide in the same Situation but their stay is perpetual under the Zodiack And because the Planets wander in the Heavens viâ obliquâ therefore this Circle is made oblique and seing in this obliquity they make digression from this side to that side and from that to this therefore Astronomers have granted to this Circle Latitude whereby also it may be differenced from all other Circles none of which ever claimed Latitude The Zodiack is divided first in relation to its Latitude into North Latitude and South Latitude North Latitude is that half part of the Zodiack which from the Ecliptick the middle Line of it declines toward the North. South Latitude is opposite to this Each one of them contains Eight Degrees whereof the Equinoctial contains 360. The Ecliptick or middle Line of the Zodiack is one of the Greatest Circles of the Sphere Moveable under which the Sun from West to East moves perpetually This Line as likewise the Zodiack is divided according to Longitude into twelve Parts which are called in Greek 〈◊〉 Every one of these twelve are subdivided into 30 parts so that the whole Zodiack contains 360 Degrees These twelve Divisions are called Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Cap●…s Aquarius Pisces But seing there are four Cardinal Points two of the Equinoctial and two Solstice Points it hath pleased Astronome●… to make the beginning of their reckoning from the Vernal Equinoctial Point because the Sun being there he not only begins the Spring but openeth the Earth and giveth life to all Vegetables and things which grow which cannot be done either in any of the Solstices or when he is in the Autumnal Equinoctial Point Next the distinction of the Signs is manifold For some of them are called Northern Signs and others are called Southern The Northern decline from the Equinoctial towards the North which are Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo The Southern decline from the Equinoctial towards the South which are Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius Pisces Secondly Some of them are called Signs Ascending others are called Signs Descending The first sort are these wherein the Sun and the rest of the Planets do ascend from the South towards our Zenith which are Capricornus Aquarius Pisces Aries Taurus Gemini The Descending are these wherein the Sun and the rest of the Planets do move from our Zenith towards the South which are Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Thirdly The Signs of the Zodiack are either Vernal Estival Autumnal or Hybernal The Vernal are Aries Taurus Gemini The Estival are Cancer Leo Virgo Autumnal are Libra Scorpius Sagittarius And the Hibernal are Capricornus Aquarius Pisces Fourthly The Signs are either Cardinal Middle or Fixed or Common or

Two-bodied The Cardinal Signs are Aries Cancer Libra Capricornus so called because their beginnings are the very Cardinal Points The Middle or Fixed Signs are Taurus Leo Scorpius Aquarius They are called Middle or Fixed because they keep the Middle place between the Cardinal and Common Signs They are Fixed because when the Sun is in them we have a perfect temperament of the Air agreeing to the given Quadrant of the Heavens As when the Sun is in Taurus we have a perfect Spring in Leo a perfect Summer in Scorpius a perfect Harvest and in Aquarius we have a perfect Winter They are called Common or Two bodied as Gemini Virgo Sagittarius and Pisces because each one of them hath two Bodies indeed For Gemini are two Twins Virgo hath an Ear of Corn in her Hand Sagittarius is made up of a Man and a Horse And lastly The Fishes are double They are called Common because Astrologers find that they participate of the Nature both of the Fixed Signs and the Cardinal which follow Fifthly The Signs are divided into four Triplicities which are called by Astrologers Trigons The first is called the Fiery Trigon which contains Aries Leo and Sagittarius The second is the Earthy which contains Taurus Virgo and Capricorn The third is the Aerial which contains Gemini Libra and Aquarius The fourth is the Watery which contains Cancer Scorpius and Pisces If it happen that Saturn and Iupiter be in Conjunction this year in Leo their next Conjunction will happen 20 years after or truly 19 years 315 days and 19 hours after in Sagittarius From Sagittarius to Aries from Aries to Leo and so in round till 198 years and 236 days passing they make a Transit into a new Trigon so that the Revolution of one Trigon consumes almost 200 year The uses of the Zodiack and Ecliptick are these 1. As the Equinoctial is the Measure of the Pri●… Mobile so is the Zodiack and Ecliptick the Square and Rule of the second Movables For as the Sun is always in or under the Ecliptick so are the rest of the Planets always in or under the Zodiack Therefore as in the Celestial Globe the Zodiack hath the chief place so in the Terrestrial Globe the Equinoctial 2. Upon the Ecliptick we reckon the Longitude of Stars and from the same Ecliptick we count their Latitude The Longitude of a Star is an Arch of the Ecliptick measured between ●●e true Equinoctial Point or begin●ing of Aries and the Circle of Lati●●de passing thorow the Center of that ●tar Circles of Latitude are great Movable Circles passing thorow the Poles of the Ecliptick and the Center ●f the Star given They are of that ●umber of Circles which cannot be ●●aced Artificially in the Sphere Ne●ertheless of that same Number is the ●olurus Solstitiorum fixed in the Sphere The Latitude of a Star is an Arch of a Circle of Latitude measured between ●he Ecliptick and the Center of the ●tar 3. According to the Degrees and ●arts of the Zodiack and Ecliptick the whole Heavens and the whole Universe 〈◊〉 divided into twelve Signs nay eve●y Point contain'd in the Sphere of the Fixed Stars is said to be in this or that Sign tho to be in a Sign is said many ways For first To be in a Sign is nothing else but to be under any ●welfth part of the Zodiack In this ●ense the Sun is said to ●e in a Sign because he is always under the Ecliptick Then the Stars are said to be in a Sign which are indeed out of the Ecliptick nevertheless are under the Zodiack In this sense the Planets which wander from the Ecliptick are said to be in the Sign of Aries and Taurus c. Thirdly Any thing is said to be in a Sign which is included in any of the twelve parts which arise from the division of the whole Heavens passing thorow the beginnings of the Dodekatemoria or the Poles of the Ecliptick they being six great Circles which mutually cut one another in the same Poles In this sense any Star as well fixed as wandring or new appearing as a Comet are said to be in the Sign of Aries Taurus c. 4. The obliquity of the Ecliptick is the cause of the inequality of days for seing it moves unequally and not evenly the Sun which is the true Parent of Time must of necessity make the days unequal 5. The Year the Month and the four Seasons of the Year are determined by the Ecliptick 6. When the Sun and Moon are both of them in the Ecliptick of necessity there must be Eclipses and for this cause it is called the Ecliptick 7. How much is the obliquity of the Ecliptick so much is the distance between the Poles of the World and the Poles of the Ecliptick so much also is the distance between the Equinoctial and either of the Tropicks CHAP. IV. Of the Colures THe Colures are nothing else but Circles of Declination defined above in the second Chapter of the Equinoctial They are called Colures from two Greek words Kolos or Kolobos Mancus maimed or defective and Oura Cauda a Tail because in an oblique Sphere they have some part unseen as if they were maimed or wantting But all the rest of the Circles of the Sphere while it is going about may be seen but the Colures have always some of their parts towards either of the two Poles lying hid and unseen There are only two of them which use to be placed in the Sphere one whereof is called the Solstice Colure the other the Equinoctial Colure The Equinoctial Colure is one of the greatest Circles of the Sphere Movable passing thorow the Poles of the Sphere and the Equinoctial Points the first of Aries and the first of Libra which are called Cardinal By the word movable the Colures are differenced First From the Meridian Secondly From the Right Horizon And thirdly From the Horary Circles with all which by one turning about of the Sphere they are twice united But in this they differ that those do not move but these follow the motion of the Primum Mobile The Solstice Colure is one of the greatest Circles of the Sphere movable drawn thorow the Poles of the Sphere and the two Solstice Points by which difference they are distinguished from other Colures The uses of all the Colures in common are these First We reckon upon them the Declinations of all the Points of the Heavens whatsoever 2. They terminate and bound the Right Ascensions 3. They are like unto a Right Horizon and a Meridian in any Sphere whether Right Oblique or Parallel The Uses of the Colures which are set down in the Sphere are these in common 1. Without them the Parallel Circles in the Material Sphere cannot stand 2. By their mutual cutting one another they shew the Poles of the Sphere 3. They divide the Ecliptick into four Quadrants The peculiar Uses of the Equinoctial Colure are these 1. It demonstrats to us the