6 Alaricus 21. 512. 7 Gensalaric 3. 515. 8 Amalaric 11. 526. 9 Theudes 18. 543. 10 Theodogisdus 3. 546. 11 Agila 5. 551. 12 Athanagildus 14. 565. 13 Luiba 3. 568. 14 Leonigild 18. 586. 15 Richared 15. 601. 16 Luiba II. 2. 603. 17 Victoricus 7. 610. 18 Gundemaris 20. 630. 19 Sisebulus 9. 639. 20 Richared II. 2. 641. 21 Suintilla 3. 644. 22 Siseranda 7. 651. 23 Suintilla II. 4. 655. 24 Tulgas 2. 657. 25 Vidisuindus 10. 667. 26 Recesuind 13. 680. 27 Bamba 9. 689. 28 Ering 7. 696. 29 Egypea 7. 703. 30 Vitiza 13. 716. 31 Roderick the last King of the Goths in Spain elected to the prejudice of the Sonnes of Vitiza which after proved the ruine and overthrow of the Kingdom For though the Kingdom went for the most part by Election yet had they respect to the next of blood as at this time in Poland and Bohemia very few interlopers being here admitted yet some there were who either by their merit or some opportunity got the possession of the Kingdom though not at all relating to the Royall family Of which kind were Theudis an Ostro-Goth sometimes the Governour hereof for Theodorick King of the Gothes in Italy Protectour of this Kingdom in the minority of Amalaric and Theudegisolus Nephew to Totilas one of the successors to Theodoric The rest of principall note were 1 Theodoric the first slain in the battell neer Tholouze against Attila the Hunn in defence of his own Countries and the Roman Empire 2 Theodoric the second who beat the Nation of the Suevi out of Batica and 3 Leonigild or Leutigilde who deprived them of Galicia also 4 Reccaredus the first who first embraced the Catholick doctrine of the Church and rejected Arianisme and for that cause first honoured with the title of the Catholick King afterwards resumed by Alfonsus the first King of Leon and made hereditary by Ferdinand the King of Castile Aragon c. Grandfather unto Charles the fift 5 Euricus or Henricus as some call him as remarkeable for Civill Politie as Reccaredus for piety as being the Licurgus or Legâ—slator of this people not governed till his time by a written Law but either by uncertain customes or at the pleasure of such Officers as the Kings set over them 5 Suintilla Sonne of Reccaredus the second who having in the short time of his reign expelled the Roman forces out of Tingitana Anno 642. was the first Monarch of all Spain whereof Tingitana though on the other side of the Sea had been made a Province by the Emperour Constantine as before was said And of this Province was Iulianus Governour in the time of Rhoderick who being of the faction of the Sonnes of Vitiza stomacked his advancement to the Kingdom and thereby got the greater portion of the Kings displeasure Who sending him upon an Embassie to the Moores of Asrica in the mean time defloured his Daughter Cana which the Father took in such indignation that he procured the Moores amongst whom he had gotten much credit to come over into Spain This request they performed under the conduct of Musa and Tariffe and having made a full conquest subjected it to the great Caliphs or Mahometan Emperours It is recorded in a MS. History of the Saracens that at the first coming of Tariffe into Spain a poor woman of the Country being willingly taken prisoner fell down at his feet kissed them and told him that she had heard her Father who was lettered say that Spain should be conquered by a people whose Generall should have a Mole on his right shoulder and in whom one of his hands should be longer than the other He to animate his Souldiers against the next encounter uncloathed himself and shewed the marke which so encouraged them that they now doubted not the victory Roderick had in his Army 130000 foot and 35000 horse Tariff had 30000 horse and 180000 foot The battell continued seven days together from morning to night at last the Moores were victorious What became of King Roderick was never known his Souldiers took one arrayed in their Kings apparell whom upon examination they found to be a Sheepheard with whom the King after the discomfiture had changed cloathes It is written also in Rodericus Toletanus that before the coming of those Saracens King Roderick upon hope of some treasure did open a part of the Palace of long time forbidden to be touched but found nothing but Pictures which resembled the Moores with a Prophecie that whensoever the Palace was there opened the people there resembled should overcome Spain and so it hapned Anno 724. The Moores now Lords of Spain by the treason of Iulian who having seen the miserable death of his wife and children was starved in prison by the Africans permitted the free use of Religion to the old Inhabitants lest they seeking new dwellings for the liberty of Conscience should leave their native soyl desolate The Moores finished their conquest in five years say some others in two and some again in eight Moneths To keep the new conquered Country in subjection no way was so convenient as to plant Colonies but the Morisco women would not abandon their old seates Hereupon Musa and Tariffe by gifts pardons and perswasions drew many Christian women to forsake their Religion whom they maried to the Souldiers Not long after Vlâ—dor Vlit the great Caliph sent over about 50000 Families of Moores and Iewes assigning them a convenient portion of lands to be held with great immunities upon small rents These Politick courses notwithstanding the Moores long enjoyed not the sole Soveraignty herein for the Christians having now recovered breath chose themselves Kings and the Authority of the Caliphs declining gave the Moores liberty to erect divers petit royalties so that at last Spain fell into a thirteenfold division into the Kingdoms and proprietary estates of 1 Navarre 2 Biscay and 3 Guipuscoa 4 Leon and Oviedo 5 Gallicia 6 Corduba 7 Granada 8 Murcia 9 Toledo 10 Castile 11 Portugall and the Members of it 12 Valentia 13 Catalovia 14 the Kingdom of Majorca and 15 that of Aragon not to say any thing of the petit Kingdoms of Iaen Algozire and Sevill besides others of like nature to them erected by the factious and divided Moores but of short continuance all of them and of little note All now reduced at this day under the three governments of Castile Portugal and Aragon the Kingdoms and Estates of Leon Navarre Corduba Granada Gallicia Biscay Murcia and Toledo being under Castile Portugall with Algarve and the Isles of Azores an entire government of it self Valentia Catalonia and Majorca under that of Aragon 1. NAVARRE NAVARRE the first Kingdom for antiquitie in Spain is bounded on the East with the Principality of Bearn in the Kingdom of France on the West first with the River Ebro or Iberus and after with a little River falling into it neer Calaborra by which divided from Castile on the North with
deficient in Water as not good for Pasturage So that we may affirm thereof as of the Figs in the Prophet Jâ—râ—mie where it is good no Countrie better where bad and barren few so inconvenient and not any worse â—ut this defect of outward beautie and Commodities is recompensed by those within affording great plenty of Mines hoth of Steel and Iron and some Mines of Silver of which last so abundant in preceding times that it was never free from the Rovers of all Nations and it is said of Anâ—iâ—al that out of one Mine onely in the Conntrie of the Turdetanâ— now part of Andaluzia he received 3000 pound weight daily for long time together The principall Commodities which they vend in other Countries are Wines Oyl Sugars Metals Rice Silk Liquoras a fine sort of Wâ—oll Cork Rosin Limmons Raisins Orenges and fruits of the like nature In Corn which is the staff of life they are so deâ—ective that they receive the greatest part of what they spend from Italy Sicily and France Their Cattle neither fair nor many the Countrie not being able to breed them so that their Diet is on Salads and fruits of the Earth every Gentleman being limited what Flesh he shall buy for himself and his Familie which if he send for to the Butcher or the Poulterer by the smallest child able to doe the Errand for him he is sure not to be defrauded in price or quality And yet they talk as highly of their gallant fare as if they surfeited with the plenty of all provisions handsomly checked in that â—ond humour by that worthy Soldier Sir Roger Williams Of whom it is said that hearing once a Spaniâ—rd thus foolishly bragging of his Country salads he gave him this answer You have indeed good sawce in Spain but we have dainâ—y Beefs Veals and Muttons to eat with that sawce and as God made beasts to live upon the grass of the earth so he made men to live upon them And it is observ'd that if a Spaniard have a Capon or the like good dish to his supper you shall find all the â—eathers scattered before his door by the next morning And as it is in private houses so for travelling also the Innes and Vents of this Countrey are very ill provided insomuch that most men that would not go supperless to sleep carry their provision at their saddle bowes and men of worth their bedding also So poor and mean is the entertainment in these places Here lived in antient times the Gyants Geryon and Cacus which were quell'd by Hercules and in the flourishing of the Roman Empire Senâ—câ— the Tragoedian and the Philosopher of the same name a man of that happy memory that he could repeat 2000 names in the same order that they were rehearâ—ed as also Quintâ—lian the Oratour Lucan and Martial excellent in their kindes and Pomponius Mâ—l the Geographer In the middle times Fulgentius and Isidore Bishop of Seviâ—l and in our Fathers dayes Aâ—ias Montanus famous for his Edition of the holy Bible Masâ—â— a learned Commentator Osorius well seen in the Latine elegancies and beâ—ore all as well in industrie as time osta us Bishop of Avila a man so copious and industrious in his writings that it is thought he writ more sheets than he lived dayes But oâ— late times we find but few of their Works which have passed the Mountains the Latine which they write being very coarse and favouring too much of the School-man wherein their excellency consists and therefore they set out their Works most commonly in their own tongue onely The Chieâ— for Soldieâ—y amongst them were formerly 〈◊〉 who held out so long against the Romans Trajan and Thâ—odoâ—ius both Râ—man Emperours 〈◊〉 the second King of the Gothes the victorious Conquerour of the 〈◊〉 Bernardo del Carpiâ— and Cid Ruis Diâ—z famous for their atchievements against the Moors and in late times Gonsalvo the Great Captain who subdued Naples Ferdinand Duke of Alva who conquered Portugall c. The Christian Faith if we may beleeve the old Spanish Tradition was first here planted by S. James the Apostle within four yeers after the death of our Redeemer To which tradition though they held very constant a long time together yet of late dayes Baronius and other learned men of the Church of Rome doe most deservedly reject it That St. Paul had a purpose of coming hither is evident in his 15th Chapter to the Romans and that he did come hither accordingly is positively affirmed by S. Chrysostom Theodoret and divers others of the Fathers which was in Anno 61 as Bâ—ronius thinketh Nor did St. Peter want his part in this great service but joyned with St. Paul though not in the journey yet in the sending of Bishops and other Presbyters to second the beginnings made by that Apostle For it is said expresly in the Martyrologies that Câ—â—siphon Torquatus Secundus Cecilius Judaletius Hesychius and Euphrasius being at Rome ordained Bishops by the two Aâ—ostles ad praedicandum verbum Dei in Hispanias directi were dispatched into Spain to preach the Gospell Bishops most likely of those Cities where they suffered death the names of which occurre in the Martyrologie Vnder the Empire of the Gothes the faith of CHRâ—ST which at their coming hither they found right and Orthodox was defiled with Arianism not ejurated till the year 588. when that whole Nation did submit to more Catholique tendries Since that they have been punctuall followers of the Church of Rome and that too in the very errours and corruptions of it taking up their Religion on the Popes autority and therein so tenacious or pertinacious that the King doth suffer none to live in his Dominions which profess not the Roman-Catholique Religion of which they have been since the times of Luther such avowed Patrons that one of the late Popes being sick and hearing divers men to moan his approching end uttered some words to this effect My life said he can nothing benefit the Church but prâ—y for the prâ—sperity of the King of Spain as its chief Supporter And though he spoke these words of King Pâ—ilip the 2d yet they hold good in his Successors ever since being esteemed the greatest Patrons and Protectors of the Catholick Cause Which is indeed the proper interess of this King For seeing that they have framed to themselves an hope of the Western Monarchy and finding no fitter means of inlarging their own Temporall than by concurring with the Pope in upholding his Spirituall Empire they have linked themselves most fast to that See To which end they have taken upon them to be the Executioners of the Popes Excommunications by which Office Ferdinand the Catholique surprized Navarre not without hope of working the like effect in some course of time on the rest of the interdicted Estates of Europe as may be seen by the eager following of the French War against Henry the 4th till he had reconciled himself to the Church of Rome and the like War managed
restored to all his own Knight of the Gatter 1648 13 Frederick son of Christiern the fourth his elder brethren being all dead without issue succeeded in the Crowns of Denmark and Norway Having thus mustered up the Kings of these severall Kingdomes taken distinctly and conjunct we must next look upon the way of their coming to their Regall throne their forme of Government together with the powerablenesse and revenues incident unto it As for the manner of their coming to the Regall Throne the Danes pretend the Kingdome to be Elective and not Hereditary yet so as they have alwayes set the eldest sonne on the throne of his Father unlesse some extraordinary occasion have disposed it otherwise But they that look upon their Stories in the former times can see no such matter the Kingdome going generally in the way of Succession unlesse by Faction or some popular and powerfull Pretender hath interloped as oftentimes hath hapned in such other Estates as are hereditary meerly without claim or colour of Election 'T is true that the male issue â—ailing in Olaus the son of Margaret and the Princes which pretended by the Females after her decease not being of sufficient power to assert their titles the Kingdome was transferred to the house of Oldenburg who held it on no other ground then by that of election Which being an extraordinary case is to make no Precedent though seconded by the outing of King Christiern the second and the advancement of Frederick unto that Estate being acts of violence and force and justified onely by the false Topick of successe But whosoever lost by the hand the Danes got well by it King Frederick taking up the Crown upon such conditions as have made him and his successours little more then Tâ—tulary For he was fain to swear at his Coronation that he would put none of the Nobility to death or banishment but by the judgement of the Senate that the great men should have power of Life and Death over their Tenants or Vassals that no Appeal should lie from them to the Kings Tribunall nor the King be partaker of the Confiscations nor finally advance any to Commands and Honours but by consent of his Great Councell Which Oath being also taken by his Successours made Bodinus say Non tam re ipsa quam appellatione Reges esse that they were onely Kings in Title but not Kings indeed Yet in regard that the Nobility so they call their Gentry have but small Estates none of them above the degree of Knights except onely the Princes of the Blood and that degree conferred by the King alone it is not often found that they have dared to crosse or oppose their King but when some of the Royall Family out of private ends have concurred with them in it as in the case of Christiern the second deposed by the people but those people headed and set on by his Uncle Frederick who had an eye upon the Crown As for the Senate or Great Councell spoken of before it consists wholly of men chosen out of the Nobility who are to prove their Gentry by a long descent seldome exceeding the number of 28. to each of which there is allowed a convenient Salary with some fair Castle in the Country for his retirements during his being of that bodie his whole estate being freed also for that time from all publick payments Without their counsell and advice the King is neither to determine of Peace or War or to enter into any new Leagues or Confederacies nor impose any Tax upon the Subject and unto them and the King joyntly is the last Appeal such being the constitution of this Estate that all Causes and Controversies are first decided in the Prefecture or Heret 184 in number where they first arise from whence it is Iswfull to appeal to the Judge of the Province from him to the Chancellour of the Kingdome and finally to the King and Councell By the Lawes of Waldemar the first who first reduced the Lawes into set form and writing the Bishops were to sit with this Councell in all causes of moment discharged from that employment by King Christiern the third by whom it also was ordained that the Clergy should not sell any of the Church-lands without leave of the King The Forces which this King or Kingdome are to raise may best be seen by some of their particular undertakings those specially of Christiern the second who at the request of Henry the second of France sent a Navy of an hundred sail into Scotland against the English and therein no fewer then 10000 Souldiers and of Frederick then Duke of Holst who in hiâ— war against this Christiern whose removall from the Crown he had then projected brought 80000 men into the field to make good his quarrell And questionlesse considering the many Poâ—ts and Ilands that this Crown is Master of both within the Baltick and without it cannot be but he may suddenly raise a strong power at Sea And then considering that each of the Nobility which are here numerous enough is bound to findâ— a certain number of Horse upon all occasions as are those also who hold lands of the Kings which the Danes call Verleâ—ninge it will accordingly be concluded that they are able to make good Levies for a sudden service especially in defence of their own dominions The Revenue of this King consisteth principally in the great impost laid upon all ships which passe through the Sound the greatnesse whereof may easily be conjectured at by the multitude of ships which of necessity must passe by it in the trade of the Baltick though of late somwhat lessened of what it was since the English found â—ut and frequented the Northern passage into Muscovia There are also some Crown-lands and a great yearly Tell made of the Catell which passe into Germany as also of the fish transported into other Countries And yet it is conceived that the Treasures of this King are not very great partly because there is no other important commodity but fish to draw Merchants thither and partly that there is not any one Town of any great Traffick in all his Realmes for the entertaining of commerce The chief Order of Knighthood in it is that of the Elephant instituted by Frederick the second Their badâ—e a Collar powdred with Elephants towred supporting the Kings Armes and having at the end the picture of the Virgin Mary The Armes hereof are Quarterly 1 Or three Lyons passant Vert crowned of the first for the Kingdome of Denmark and secondly Gules a Lyon Rampant Or Crowned and Armed of the first in his pawes a Dansk hatchet Argent for the Kingdome of Norway What Armes belong to him as Duke of Holst and Sleswick I am yet to seek There are in Denmark Archbishops 2. Bishops 13. Universities 2. Viz. Copenhagen Sore And so much for the Kingdome of DENMARK OF SWETHLAND SWETHLAND is bounded on the East with Muscovie on the West with the Dofrine hils which
lâ—qui liceat when as a man might thinke as hee listed of the publick and speak what he thought But whether this be such a Rara temporum felicitas such a felicitie of these our times as Tacitus conceived the other to be of those future times will shew But to return againe to Poland notwithstanding this mixture of Religions yet that most publickly allowed and countenanced is the Religion authorised by the Church of Rome asserted here by the zeal of the Kings unto that cause and the great power of the Bishops who seeing how those of their Order have spâ—d in Germanie and other places under colour of Reformation of some things amisse have hitherto upheld the Ecclesiasticall Estate in the same forme they found it The Government of the Church as formerly by 3 Archbishops and 19 Bishops who challenge a jurisdiction over all the kingdome â—ut exercise it upon those onely who submit unto them those who embrace the Doctrines of Luther or Calvin following the formes of Government by them established as others doe some new ones of their owne devising And for those Provinces and people which lie towards Greece or were parts heretofore of the Russian Empire and still hold a Communion with those Churches they have Archbishops and Bishops of their owne Religion that is to say the Archbishops of Vilne and Lemburg the Bishops of Polozko Luzko Pinsko Volodomire Presmil and Kiovia Yet amongst all these different Churches and formes of Government there is this conformitie that whensoever the Gospell is read openly in the Congregation the Nobility and Gentrie use to draw their swords according to an antient custom which they had among them signifying their readinesse to defend it against all opposers Which reason doubtlesse gave beginning to the standing up at the Creed and Gospell in the primitive times retained still in the Church of England whereby we doe declare how prepared and resolute we are to defend the same though some of late holding it for a Relick of Popery with greater nicety then wisdome have refused to doe it Chief Rivers of this Kingdome are 1 Vistula or Wixel the antient Boundary betwixt Germany and Sarmatia Europaea which rising in the Carpathian Mountaines passeth by Cracovia the chief City of Poland and dividing Prussia from Pomerella falleth into the Baltick sea not far from Dantzick and is navigable for the space of 400 miles of old called Vandalis 2 Warta which runneth through the lesser Poland 3 Duina the lesse watering Livonia and 4 Borysthenes or Nieper passing through Podolia both spoken of before when we were in Russia 5 Niester by Ptolemie called Tyras which falleth into the Euxine Sea having first parted Podolia from Moldavia 6 Jugra by some called the lesser Tanais arising in Lituania and falling into the more noted Tanais which is now called Don. Of lesse note there are 1 Reuben or Reuhon 2 Chronuâ— now called Pregel 3 Bogh said by some to bee the 〈◊〉 of the Antients 4 Minnael 5 Niemen the Maeander of these Northern parts 9 Winde a Livonian river falling into the Baltick Mountains of note here are not many the Countreys for the most part being plain and Champain and those which be are rather boundaries betwixt this and some other Kingdome then proper unto this alone The chief of which are those called Sarmatici dividing Gâ—rmany from Sarmatia Europaea by Solinus named Sevo by Ptolemie the Carpathian Mountains the boundary at this time betwixt Poland and Hungary The common metes and Land-markes being thus laid down we will next take a view of those severall Provinces of which this kingdome doth consist being ten in number that is to say 1 Livonia 2 Samogitia 3 Lituania 4 Prussia 5 Poland specially so called 6 Mollovia 7 Podlassia 8 Russia Nigra 9 Voltinia and 10 Podâ—lia all of them except the proper Poland within Sarmatia Europaea 1 LIVONIA 1 LIVONIA or LIEFLAND is bounded on the East with the Empire of Russia on the West with the Baltick Sea on the North with the Gulf or Bay of Finland on the South with Samogitia and Lituania Extended in length along the shore of the Baltick for the space of 125 Dutch or 500 Italian miles 40 Dutch or 160 Italian miles in breadth and called thus perhaps from the Lenovi a people of Germany inhabiting not far from the River Vistula The countrey for the most part plaine without any mountaines furnished with corn and fruits in so great aboundance that they send part thereof into other countries and yet there is much ground untilled in it by reason of the bogs and marishes which are very frequent Here is also store of wax honey and pitch but they have neither oyl nor wine the want of which last is supplyed by Meth. Of tame beasts fit for mans service they are well provided as also of such whose skins are of more value with the Merchant then their flesh at the market as Ermins Sables Castors others of that kinde besides good store of game for hunting the countrey having in it many large woods parts of the Hercynian And as for Rivers there are few countries which have more watered by the Winde the Beck the Dwine the Ruho all of them falling into the Baltick many great Lakes whereof the chiefe is that of Beybas 45 miles long and full of fish The people are much given to gluttonie and drunkennesse especially in rich mens houses where it is to be had for the paisant lives in want enough meere slaves to their tyrannicall Landlords who spend in riot and excesse what these get by drudgerie And when at any time the poore wretch leaves his Landlord to mend his condition with some other the Lord if he can overtake him will cut off his foot to make sure of him for the future They are a mixture of many Nations as the Fstones which are the naturall Inhabitants derived from the Estii a Dutch people spoken of by Ptolemie of which Nation are almost all the Paisants the Moscovites Swedes Danes Dutch and Polanders intermingled with them comming in upon severall conquest and planting themselves in the best parts of it in which they still Lord it over the Native but the Dutch especially for long time Masters of the whole The Christian Faith was first here planted by Meinardus of Lubeck imployed herein in the time of Frederick the first at the perswasion of some Dutch Merchants who traded hither by the Archbishop of Breme by whom made the first Bishop of the Livonians The Church hereof at this time governed by the Archbishop of Riga the Bishops of Derpt Asâ—lia Oesel Curland and Rivallia in those parts which remaine subject to the Polander where the Religion of the Church of Rome is onely countenanced Such parts of it that are under the Swedes or Danes are for the most part of the Lutheran profession planted with colonies of that people But the Estones or originall Inhabitants as they have a language so they have a Religion
Country there are many Christians as well of the originall foundation of Christianity as of the late improvements which are made by the Jesuites 7. TRAVANCOR called also TRANCANOR reacheth from the Kingdome of Coulan to the Cape of Comarim and turning towards the East bendeth again unto the North as far as Cael in the Kingdome of Bisnagar or Narsinga By which accompt it hath the benefit of the Sea on all sides except towards the North reaching in breadth from the West Seas unto the East about 90 miles The Country as the rest before inhabited by many with the name of Christians if they may be called so which want Sacraments the condition of these Thomaean Christians in former times being so unhappy that in 50 years before the coming of the Jesuites if the Jesuites may be believed from whom we have it they had seen no Priest nor other Minister of the Gospell Chief Towns hereof for of those many others of less note I shall make no mention are 1. Travancor the chief City which gives name to the Province but neither well-built nor of very much trading 2. Quilacare the head City of a peculiar Signeury but held of the Kings of Trancanor as their next and immediate Lords though all those Kings also Feudataries of the Crown of Narsinga And were that the worst Tenure by which they hold it might be tolerable but there is a matter of worse consequence which attendeth these besotted Princes The Kingdome here is but a pomp of twelve years continuance and then endeth in a sad Catastrophe For at the end of those twelve years the King repairs to Quilacare prayeth before the Idâ—l above mentioned then mounteth on a Scaffold covered with sâ—lk or Tapeâ—try and in the sight of all his People gathered together to behold this strange solemnity cutteth off his nose ears lips and other parts which he casts towards the Idol and in conclusion cuts his own Throat for his finall Sacrifice his designed Successor being present at this bloody Sacrifice who at the twelve years end is to do the like Never was Scepter bought at so dear a rate For though all Crowns be lined with thornes yet here the pomps of soveraignty be less lasting than in other places the entrance full of fears and the end of horrors These Kingdomes heretofore but one till the year 900 or thereabouts were branched and cantoned into these seven by Sarama pereimal the sole Monarch He by the sollicitation of some Arabians trading to his Ports became Mahometan and therein so devout that he resolved upon a Pilgrimage to Meccha there to end his daies At his departure he divided his estates into these seven parts distributing them amongst the neerest of his kindred assigning unto him of Coulan the preheminence in sacred matters and the Imperiall dignity unto him of Caleâ—ute with the title of Samorin that is to say Chief Emperor or as some write a God on earth He only privileged with the right and power of coinage the rest to be subordinate if not subject to him From Percimals setting forwards to the City of Meccha the Malabars accompt their reckonings and begin their years as the Christians from the birth of their Lord and Saviour And for a time his hests were punctually observed But the Kingdome of Calicute being weakned by the power of the Portugals the other Kings began to free themselves from that subjection and in the end to cast off all Relation to him and to his Prerogatives Yet still he is esteemed of more power and majestie than any of the rest of the Kings of Malabar and looked with more reverence than any of them The certainty of his Revenues I have no where met with but conjecture them to be very great first in regard of that infinite trading which is mannaged from most parts of the World in his Port of Calicute the customes and imposts upon which must needs be of exceeding value and secondly in reference to the wealth of private Merchants many of which are said to equal some Kings in Africk and Dukes in Europe not a few Quid Domini facient audent cum talia Fures And if the man such riches have Then what must he that keeps the Knave What Forces he is able to raise may be fully seen by that which hath been said before wherein we find him with an Army of 90000 men besieging and taking in the Fort of Chalen with another of 100000. beleagursing the Castle which the Portugals had built neer his City of Calicute And when the said Portugals stirred up the King of Cochin to make head against him he fell upon them suddenly both by Sea and Land with 60000 Land-souldiers and 200 good Vessels of war for the service at Sea Sufficient force to reduce the rest of these petit Kings to their old acknowledgements but that some of them to avoid the danger have put themselves under the Vassallage or protection at the least of the Great Mongul others by suffering the Portugals to build forts in their Kingdomes have engaged them in defence of their estate against this pretender His forces consist most of Foot Horse being unserviceable in these Countries by reason of those many Rivers which interlace it And these Foot are compounded most of Gentry which they there call Nairos trained to their weapons when they are but seven years of Age every one to that weapon which he most delighteth in which makes them very expert and nimble at them much privileged for that cause by the Lawes of the Countrey and so esteemed of by the King that out of them his Sisters choose what men they please to be their Husbands some of them by that means being made the Fathers of the King succeeding Nothing else memorable touching the affairs of Calicute but the way of succession to the Kingdome the Crown descending upon none of the Kings Children but on the sonne of his Eldest Sister or neerest kinswoman For being that one of the Bramines hath alwaies the maidenhead of his Queens and that some of these Stallions are continually allowed to keep them company it is presumed or very probably supposed that the Queens Children are the Bramines and not the Kings 8. NARSINGA NARSINGA is bounded on the South with Travancor on the West with the Mountain Gates on the North with Oristan or Orixa on the East with the Golf of Bengala So called from 〈◊〉 the chief City of it and the Royal residence of the King The 〈◊〉 is said to be in length 600 miles or as some say of as much extent as can be travelled in six Months plentiful in the same commodities which the rest of India do hafford except Pepper and some other spices which are proper to Malabar Not so well furnished with Rivers as some other places which want is liberally supplyed by water falling from the Mountains and received into trenches meers and 〈◊〉 which do wonderfully cool moisten and enrich the land causing the Corn and
in site and the true type or Figure of the old English Puritan opposite to the Papist in things fit and decent though made ridiculous many times by that opposition In other things they do much resemble those of China if not the more ceremonious of the two washing their infant-children in the neerest River as soon as born and putting off their shooes when they go to meat The people have but one Language but that so intermingled with the words of others nations that it seems rather to be many languages than one They have long used the Art of printing which probably enough they might have from China the Characters whereof are a kind of Brachygraphy and signifie not only letters but some whole words also In matter of Religion Gentiles adoring antiently the Sun Moon and the Stars of Heaven and giving divine honour to wild beasts and the Stags of the Forrests but specially worshiping some of their deceased Priests and Princes by the names of Fotoques and 〈◊〉 the first of which they use to pray for goods of the other world and to the last for Temporall blessings Theâ—â— Priests they call by the name of Bonzes setled in goodly Convenâ—s and endowed with very large Revenues who though divided into eleven different if not contrary Sects do well enough agree in denying the providence of God and the immortality of the soul Of late times by the care and diligence of the 〈◊〉 Christianity hath begun to take footing here whether with such a large increase as their letters called Epistolae Japanicae have been pleased to tell us I am somewhat doubtfull They tell us there of some Kings of these Ilands whom they have converted and baptized that within 50 miles of 〈◊〉 they had 50 Churches 200 at the least in all that in the year 1587 the number of their Converts was two hundred thousand Of this if the one half be but true we have great cause to praise God for it and to give them the commendation of their pains and industry not letting pass the memory of the first 〈◊〉 who was Father Xavier one of the first foundation of this Society employed in this 〈◊〉 by Ignâ—tâ—â—s the first founder of it who landed here about the year 1556. Rivers of note I find not any though the Iland be generally well-watered more memorable for two mountains in it than for all the Rivers One of which called Figâ—noiama is said to transcend the clouds in height the other but without a name useth to cast forth dreadfull flames like Stcilian Aetna on the top whereof the Devill environed with a white and shining cloud doth sometimes shew himself unto such of his 〈◊〉 as live about this hill an abstemious life like the antient Hermits Chief Cities of the whole Ilands 1. Meaco seated in Japan and the chief of that Iland formerly 21 miles in compass but now by reason of their warrs scarce a third part of it The ordinary residence of the 〈◊〉 or three principall Magistrates which sway the affairs of all these Ilands oâ— whom the first entituled 〈◊〉 hath the chief care in sacred matters the 2d named Voo doth preside in Civill and the third called 〈◊〉 manageth the concernments of Peace and Warre At this time it is used for the common Eâ—pâ—â—y of the trade of 〈◊〉 that people not permitting Merchants to come amongst them but bringing to this place their merchandise as the common Staple where they are sure to meet with Chapmen to buy it of them 2. Ossacay a great and renowned City conceived to be the richest in all the East of so great trade that every ordinary merchant is said to be worth 30000 Crowns 3. 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 at the foot of the chill so called and about nine miles from Meaco An University of the Bâ—nzeâ— for whose convenience and study one of the Kings of Japan is said to have founded in this Town and about that mountain 3800 Convents and to endow it with the third part of the Revenues of the Kingdom of Vorn These Colleges or Convents now reduced to 800 onely but still the Vniversity of such same and credit that they give not the command or government of it unto any but the Kings sonne or his neerest kinsman 4. Banoâ—m another of their Vniversities where they give degrees affirmed to be as big as Paris 5. Bongo the chief of all that Province in which the Jesuites have a College the Japonues learn the Portugal language and the Europaeans that of Japan 6. Coia the sepulture of their Princes or of some part of them it being antiently ordained that if their whole bodies be not here interred they must at least send one of their teeth 7. Fiongo about 18. leagues from Meaco the subject of many great misfortunes Destroyed in part by Nabunanga one of the Kings of this Iland who lived Anno 1550 that which he left terribly shattered by an Earth-quake Anno 1596. most of the ruins of it since consumed by fire 8. Amangasaqui five leagues from the Sea 9. Surungo as big as London with the Suburbs 10 Edâ—o a much fairer than that and the chief Seat of one of their Kings 11. Firando a seat-Royall also of some other King where in the year 1613. there was a Faâ—tory established for the English Merchants 12. Ochinofamanus one of their most noted Havens 13. Tosa or 〈◊〉 giving name to one of the Ilands These Ilands utterly unknown to the Antients were first discovered by Antonio Mota a Portugal in the year 1542. I know Mercator taketh it for the Aureâ— Chersonesus spoken of by Ptolomy and I cannot choose but wonder at it The situation of it so far distant from that of the Chersonese that either Mercator must be grossely out in his conjecture or Ptolomy as much mistaken in his informations which no man hitherto can justly accuse him of But passing by the improbability of Mercators fancy we are to know that in former times these Ilands were subject to one Prince whom they obeyed and reverenced with great affection which government continued as themselves report 1600 years in great State and Majesty But in the end the Dairi so they call their King addicting himself wholly unto pleasures and laying the burden of Government upon other mens shoulders his Deputies or inferiour Officers usurped Regaâ— power plumed themselves with Eagles feathers used in their stiles the name of Jucatas or Kings and in a word left nothing but the name of Dairi to their Lord and Soveraign His issue to this day do enjoy that title and but little else the Princes bordering on Meacâ— once his Royall seat hardly allowing him sufficient means to find himself victuall and Apparell but otherwise befooling him with as glorious titles as if he were possessed still of his antient power Onely they let him execute the place of an Harald in giving Arms and selling dignities and honours which brings him in the greatest profit he hath to trust to Of all these Kings he
their thoughts are working and hearkning after action do commonly imploy them in some service far from home that there they may both vent their Anger and employ their Courage For let them stay at home to confirm their practises and grow at last into a Faction the State will suffer in it if it be not ruined We cannot have a fairer instance of this truth than the proceeding of our fift Henry and of the times next following Whose forein Wars kept us all quiet here at home wasted those humours and consumed those fiery spirits which afterwards the wars being ended inflamed the Kingdom 29 But his main work was to content the Souldiers and to make them sure Some of which he dispersed as before I sayd all about Italy in 〈◊〉 Colonies as well for the defence of the Countrey as for their more speedy reassembly if need should require Abroad amongst the Provinces were maintained upon the common charge 23 Legions with their ayds besides 10000 of his Guard and those which were appointed for the bridling and safety of the City As to all of them he shewed an excellent thankfulness for their faithfull services So in particular to Agrippa and to one other whose name the Histories of that Age have not remembred This latter had valiantly behaved himself at the battell of Actium and being summoned to appear before the Lords of the Senate in a matter which concerned his life cryed to AUGUSTUS for succour who assigned him an Advocate The poor fellow not contented with this favour baring his breast and shewing him the marks of many wounds These quoth he have I received AUGUSTUS in thy service never supplying my place by a Deputy Which sayd the Emperor descending to the Bar pleaded the Souldiers cause and won it Never did Soveraign Prince or any that command in Chief lose any thing by being bountifull of favours to their men of War For this act quickly spreading it self over all the Provinces did so indeer him to the Military men that they all thought their services well recompensed in that his graciousness to that one man And now were they so far given over to him that the honours conferred on Agrippa could not increase their love well it might their admiration Agrippa was of a mean and common Pareâ—â—age but supplying the defects of his Birth with the perfections of his Mind he became very potent with AUGUSTUS who not only made him Consul but his companion in the Tribunition authority and Provest of the City So many titles were now heaped on him that Mâ—â—nus perswaded the Prince to give him his Daughter Julia to Wife affirming it impossible for Agrippa to live safe considering how open new Creatures ly to the attempts of Malitious men unless he were ingrassed into the Royall stem of the Caesars On which cause questionless for the stronger establishment of his new honours Seâ—amâ— afterward attempted but not with the like success the like matth with Livia Tiberius daughter-in-Daughter-in-Law 30 The Senate People and Men of War thus severally reduced to a Mediocrity of power and â—ontent The next labour is to alter the old and establish a new Government of the City it self To effect which he dashed all former Laws by which the Allies and Confederates of the State were made free Denizens of the Town That he conceived to be a way to draw che whole Empire into one City and by the monstrous growth and increase of that to make poor the rest Therefore this Privilege he communicated unto a few only partly that in the times of dearth the City might not so much feel the want of sustenance and partly that so antient an honour might not be disesteemed but principally left Rome replenished with so huge a multitude of stirring and unruly spirits should grow too headstrong to be governed in due order The greatest and most populous Cities as they are pronest unto faction and sedition so is the danger greatest both in it self and the example if they should revolt This provident course notwithstanding there were in Rome men more than enough and among them not a few malecontents and murmurers at the present state such as contemned the Consuls and hated the Prince To keep these in compass AUGUSTUS it being impossible for him to be still resident at Rome and dangerous to be absent constituted a Provost of the City for the most part chosen out of the Senators assigning him a strength of 6000 men called Milites Urbani or the City-souldiers To him he gave absolute and Royal authority both in the Town and Territory near adjoyning during his own absence To him were appeals brought from the other Magistrates and finally to his Tribunall were referred all causes of importance not in Rome only but the greatest part of Italy Mesalla was the first Provost but proof being had of his insufficiency the charge was committed to Agrippa who did not only setle and confirm the City but did the best he could to free the adjoyning parts of Italy from Theeves and Robbers and stopped the courses of many other troublers of the present State And yet he could not with that power either so speedily or so thorowly reform all those mischiefs which in the late unsetled times were become predominant as he did desire 31 It is recorded that in the Civill wars of Marius and Sylla one Pontius Telesinus of the Marian Faction told his Generall that he did well to scoure the Country but Italy would never want Wolves as long as Rome was so sit a Forrest and so near to retire unto The like might have been spoken to Agrippa That he did well to clear the common Rodes and Passages but Italie would never want Theeves whilst Rome was so good a place of Refuge For though he did as far as humane industry could extend endeavour a generall Reformation both within the City and without yet neither could he remedy nor foresee all mischiefs Still were there many and those great disorders committed in the night season when as no eye but that to which no darkness is an obstacle could discern the Malefactors For in the first Proscription many men used to walk the streets well weaponed pretending only their own safety but indeed it was to make their best advantage of such men as they met either in unfrequented lanes and Passages or travelling as their occasions did direct them in the Night To repress therfore the foul insolencies of these Sword-men AVGVSTVS did ordain a Watch consisting of 7000 Freemen their Captain being a Gentleman of Rome In the day time the Guard of the Town was committed to the Provost and his Citie souldiers These Vigils resting in their standing Camps In the night season one part took their stations in the most suspitious places of the City another in perpetuall motion traversed the streets the rest lying in the Corps du Guarde to relieve their companions By which means he not only remedied the present disorders but preserved the City from
above five and twenty is the man whom they pronounce to be elected and adjudg with due solemnities to be created their Duke By the like kind of Lottery do they choose Gentlemen into the Senate and make publick Officers insomuch that Contarenus who hath committed unto writing these publick Forms conceiveth I will not say how rightly that the Venetian Common-wealth was modelled by Plato's Platform But whether this be so or not certain it is that this Common-wealth thus constituted and modelled as before is said hath lasted longer under one form of Government than any Republick in the World either Greek or Roman Nor hath it onely preserved it self in the same condition but may most justly be accompted one of the strongest Bulwarks of Christendom against the incroachments of the Turks the wars whereof hath procured peace and the peace thereof procured plenty to the rest of Europe Insomuch that it may well be said that as Europe is the Head of the World and Italie the Face of Europe so Venice is the Eye of Italie the fairest strongest and most active part in that powerfull Body As if the Genius of old Rome by some Pythagoricall transmigration had passed into the body of this powerfull State and animated it with all the vertues of that City but knit with a more permanent and constant temper From so base and abject a beginning is this City grown to be one of the best Supporter of the Arms of Europe As for the Religion of this State they tolerate that of the Greek Church but they themselves profess no other than that of the Church of Rome yet with such caution and respect to their own authority that they suffer not the Clergie to injoy those privileges which they possess in other Countreys to the publick prejudice Hence grew the quarrell betwixt them and Pope Paul the fift in which the Signeury stood stiffly to their antient Rights and caused Mass to be duly said notwithstanding all their Churches were under the Interdict banished the Jesuits for ever out of their Dominions for stickling too busily in behalf of the Pope and in the end prevailed so far by their constant courage that the Pope was fain to give over the cause and reconcile them to the Church without any submission A notable example to all Christian Princes how to behave themselves towards those of Rome who are not to be gained upon but by such resistances So easie a thing it is for men of constancy and courage to shake off that yoak which Papall Tyranny and Superstition hath imposed upon them In managing their wars they antiently observed two Rules which much conduced to the inlargement and security of their Common-wealth The first was the exempting of their own Citizens from the wars not out of jealousie but care of their preservation unless compelled to the contrary by extreme necessity the body of their Armies being compounded out of the Provinciall Subject intermixt with Mercenaries By means whereof they did not only keep their City in the same condition able at any time and at all times to give Law to the rest of their Dominions but wasted the hot and boyling spirit of their Subjects in the Wars abroad which otherwise might have made too much work at home The other was the entertaining of some neighbouring Prince to be the Generall of their forces whom in the conclusion of the service they dismissed with honor and reward And by this course they avoided faction and prevented servitude Either or both of which might have hapned by imploying any of their own great ones in the chief command who after the example of Julius Caesar in the state of Rome having a strong party within the City and an Army without might perhaps have made himself their Prince But this was only in the Conduct of their wars in Italie and in such times when the State was not so well ballanced as it hath been since As for the Forces of the State we may behold them in relation to Sea or Land Their Land-forces which they have in continuall pay for defence of their Dominion consist of 28000. Foot with Captains and all other Officers inrolled and paid and besides those they have a choyce band of 4000. Musquetiers for exercising of which they keep yeerly Musters as well to improve them in experience as to proportion them some gratuities according to their well-deservings And as for Horse they maintain constantly 6000. men at Arms well appointed and paid the like whereof is not to be found in all Italie And yet besides this constant and ordinary establishment they are able to bring great Forces into the field as appeareth by their Army against Lewis the twelfth in which without disfurnishing any of their Forts and Garrisons they had 2000. men of Arms 3000. light Horse 30000. Foot most of their own naturall Subjects saving that they were interlined with some bands of Switzers to which people they give yeerly pensions to be assured of their aid upon all occasions Then for the Sea-forces besides that they keep fifty Galleys in continuall action for defence of the Adriatick and that they have no less then 200. more laid up in the Arsevall with all manner of tackling and ammunition appertaining to them they have 10000. men inrolled to serve at the Oar and may raise as many as they please for those kind of services out of those parts of Sclavonia which are subject to them But the great evidence of the power they can make at Sea was the great Fleet set out against the Grand Signeur for the War of Cyprus An. 1570. in which they manned out one great Gallioun eleven great Gallies five and twenty tall Ships and one hundred and fifty Gallies of lesser burden being in all one hundred and eighty seven sail fit for present service To give the totall sum in brief they held a war by Sea and Land for seven yeers together against all the Princes of Christendome excepting England in all which time they neither wanted men nor money and in the end were the least losers by the bargain By this we may conjecture also at the greatness of the publick Treasurie and of the yeerly income which supplies the same For though it be conceived that their ordinary standing Revenue be but four millions of Ducats yeerly which yet is more than any Christian Prince can boast of except France and Spain yet they have many other ways to advance their Treasury by laying new Imposts on Commodities as they see occasion Which needs must rise to vast and most considerable sums in a City of the greatest Traffick of any in Europe and perhaps in all the world besides And yet besides such Customs and Imposts as they lay on Merchandize there is nothing which the people do eat or drink for which they pay not something to the publick Treasury over and above which the poorest Labourer in the whole Signeury payeth his Poll-money also Insomuch that it is credibly
and in lawfull Wedlock of the Romish Church and without note of infamy Their Robe is of white Chamlet with a red Cross on their left side as well upon their Military Garments as their wearing Cloaks intended principally against the Turks and Moores for which cause setled first at Pisa being neer the Sea but after at Cosmopolis in the Isle of Ilva The number of them is uncertain the great Duke the Supreme Master of it Other Orders are commonly simple but this mixt being partly religious partly honourary What the Revenues of it were in the Free Estates I am not able to determine That they were very great is manifest in that having in those five yeers wherein they waged war against the Duke of Millain spent three millions and an half of Florens their Treasurie was so far from being exhausted that the next yeer they besieged and indangered the City of Luca. Since the altering of the Common-wealth into a Dukedom and the addition of the Territory and City of Sienna the Revenues of the Duke are conceived to be a million and an half of Ducats yearly Of which 600000. Crowns are raised yearly out of the Dominion of the Citie of Florence 150000. more out of that of Sienna the customs arising out of the Port of Ligorn amount yeerly to 130000. Ducats the toll of Milstones onely unto 160000. that of Salt Mines and Iron falls not short of that in all a million and 200000. Ducats Then hath the Duke his stock going amongst the Bankers and trades as much as any in the way of Merchandizing whereas in other Countreys he loseth the privileges of a Nobleman that betakes himself to Trade and Merchandize He useth also to buy up almost all the Corn which is brought into the Countrey out of other parts and sell it again at his own price forbidding any to be sold till all his be vended The rest is made up by Excize upon all Commodities even unto very herbs and Sallads which lies very heavy on the Subject the poor especially insomuch that it was taâ—tly said and perhaps not untruly Qui sub Medicis vivit miserè vivit applying an old Rule in a new sense The Arms are Or five Torteaux Gules two two and one and one in chief Azure charged with three Flower de Lyces of the first Here are in this Estate Arch-bishops 3. Bishops 26. The State of LUCA IN the West part of Tuscany betwixt the Estate of the Great Duke and the Common-wealth of Genoa lieth the City of LUCA so called from Luca a King of the Tuscans who is said to have built it situate on the River Serchius not far from the mountains of Luna whence the Countrey is at this day called Lunagiana It is about three miles in compass and contains about 24000. Inhabitants who generally are a courteous and modest people men of good judgement and discreet and by their wisdoms have preserved themselves a free Common-wealth notwithstanding the attempts of more powerfull Neighbours and they are very industrious also and well seen in Manufactures especially in weaving silks and cloath of gold which they taught the Florentines The City seated in a plain compassed with Mountains on all sides except towards Pistoia so strongly fortified by the help of Art and Nature that this City Zara in Dalmatia Canea in the Isle of Candie and the Town of Ligorn were thought in former times when the Art of Fortification was less known to be the four strongest Towns in the Christian World The streets thereof are narrow but paved with broad free-stone and most easie to walk on the buildings very fair built of free-stone also and beautified with pleasant gardens On the North-West stands a very strong Castle neer which lieth the Cathedrall stately paved with Marble but very dark as most of the Popish Churches to give the better colour to the burning of Tapers in the day In this Town was the meeting of the three great Captains Caesar Pompey and Crassus so pernicious to the Roman Republick For Pompey desirous to maintain his authority Caesar to get honour and Crassus to increase his wealth here united their Counsels Pompey's authority to be upheld by Caesar's Arms and Crassus his riches Caesar's continuance in his Province to be maintained by Pompey's power and Crassus his money and Crassus his estate to be secured by Pompey's greatness and Caesars military reputation This done they made a partition of the Roman Provinces among themselves assigning Gaule to Caesar Spain to Pompey aod to Crassus Syria which strong confederacy was the cause of that alteration which after followed in that State For Crassus being slain not long after Pompey and Caesar wanting a third man to poize the ballance fell first to discontents then to Civill wars which at last made Caesar Lord of Rome Upon which meeting and the breach which succeeded afterwards was grounded that so memorated speech of Cicero that is to say Utinam Pompeius cùm Caesare societatem aut nunquam iniisset aut nunquam dirimisset But to return again to the Affairs of Luca in the declining of the Empire it became possessed by the Gothes from them recovered by Narses with the rest of Italie After this it again followed the fortune of the Empire till taken by Count Boniface the Father of that notable Virago the Countess Mathildis who being deceased without issue and the Emperors pretending to it as to an Escheat the Citizens made a common purse and bought their Liberty of the Emperor Rodolphus for 10000. Crowns Some say the money was disbursed for them by a Cardinal But notwithstanding is purchase and their title by it the Emperor Lewis of Bavaria seized upon it again under pretence of freeing it from the faction of Castruccio who had made himself absolute Master of it By a German Garrison there left it was sold to the Genoese and having passed through many hands the Emperor Charles the fourth got it once again of whom they once more purchased their desired Liberties for 25000 Florens of Gold and to secure themselves thereof demolished the Castle built by Castruccio But being not able to maintain it by their proper strength they have put themselves under the protection of their potent Neighbors changing their Patrons as conduced most to their preservation and finding no security from Genoa and as little from Florence both which they severally tried they put themselves at last into the protection of the Dukes of Millain and in that right are patronized by the Kings of Spain The Territories of this City extend in compass eighty miles the chief Town next to Luca it self being that of Luna a Bishops See all the rest ordinary Farms and Villages but of a good air and very well peopled which yeeld a Revenue to the publick Treasury of 80000. Crowns per annum and out of which the State is able to raise if there be occasion about 15000 Foot and 3000 Horse A great strength for so small a
them though of different judgement 7 Dan. Tossanus the Hebrician To which we may adde 8 Calvin also who though he had his birth in France had his being here and never grew to any eminency in Fame or Learning till he was setled in Geneva For matter of Religion it is of a very mixt condition also in all these Countries that of the Romish onely have publick countenance in the Dukedom of Savoy and Piemont but so that the Reformed is tolerated in some parts thereof especially in the parts next Dauphine to which the neighborhood of Geneva gives a great increase In Switzerland there are four Cantons which are wholly for the Reformation viz. Zurich Bern Basil and Schaffhausen Seven that stand wholly for the Doctrin of the Church of Rome i. e. Uren Switz Underwalden Lucern Zug Friburg and Solothurn in Apenzel and Glaris they allow of both The Grisons are confusedly divided betwixt both Religions but the Italian Praefectures admit no other but the Romish The cause of which division came upon the preaching of Zuinglius a Canon of the Church of Zurich who being animated with Luthers good success in Germany began about the year 1519 to preach against the Mass and Images and other the corruptions of the Church of Rome In which his party so increased that on a publick Disputation which vvas held at Zurich the Mass was abrogated in that Canton by the authority of the Senate Anno 1526 and Images destroyed at Bern 1528. After which prosperous beginnings the Reformation began to spread it self amongst the Confederates and had prevailed further both in France and Germanie but for a difference which arose betwixt him and Luther about the Sacrament of the Supper in which Luther did not only maintain a Reall presence but a Consubstantiation also in the sacred Elements which Zuinglius maintained to be only a bare sign and representation of Christs blessed body For reconciling of this difference wherein the enemies of both did extremely triumph a conference was held between them at Marpurg a town of Hassiae by the procurement of that Lantgrave but without success Luther professing that he durst not agree in that point with Zuingulius ne Principes suos interpretatione tantopere Pontificiis exosa magis invisos redderet for fear of drawing too great hatred on the Princes of his own profession From this time forwards all brake out into open flames the names of Ubiquitarians and Sacramentarians being reciprocally cast upon one another to the great hindrance of the cause which they had in hand yet so that the Lutheran opinions got ground in Germany the Zuinglians amongst these Mountains and in France it self and finally prevailed by the meanes of Calvin in many parts of Germany also But hereof more hereafter in convenient place As for the story of those Countries before they were divided into so many hands we are to know that the old Inhabitants hereof mentioned before were conquered severally by the Romans as shall be shewen in the description of the severall Provinces Won from the Romans by the Burgundians in the time of Honorius the Western Emperor they became'a member of their Kingdom except the Country of the Grisons and some parts of Switzerland which fell under the Almans united afterwards in the new Kingdom of Burgundy of the French erection when subdued by that Nation But Charles the Bald the last of the French Kings of Burgundie having united it to the Kingdom of France divided it into three Estates that is to say the Dukedom of Burgundie on this side of the Soasne the Dukedom of Burgundy beyond the Soasne and the Dukedom of Burgundy beyond the Jour This last containing the greatest part of all these Alpine Provinces except Piemont onely vvas by the sayd Charles given to Conrade a Saxon Prince the sonne of Witikind the third and younger brother of Robert the first Earl of Anion by the name of Earl of Burgundy Transjurane or Burgundy beyond the Jour Rodolph his sonne and successor by Eudes the King of France his Comin German was honoured with the title of King to make him equall at the least with Bosâ—n Earl of Burgundie beyond the Soasne whom Charles the Grose Tabour the same time had made King of Arles But Rodolph finding it offensive to the German Emperors abandoned it on the death of Endes and took to himself the title of Duke The residue of the story we shall have in the following Catalogue of The Earles Dukes and Kings of Burgundie Trnnsjurane 1 Conrade the first Earl of Burgundie Transjurane 890 2 Rodolph Earl King and Duke of Burgundie Transjurane 912 3 Rodolph II. elected King of Italie against Berengarius which title he exchanged with Hugh de Arles who vvas chosen by another Faction for the possession of the Kingdom of Arles and Burgundie on the assuming of which Crown he resigned this Dukedom to his Brother 4 Boson the brother of Rodolph the second succeeded his brother in the Dukedom of Burgundie beyond the Jour as afterwards he succeeded Rodolph his Brothers sonne in the kingdom of Arles and Bnrgundie 965 5 Conrade sonne of Boson King of Arles and Burgundie and Duke of Burgundie Transjurane 990 6 Rodolph III. sonne of Conrade who dying without issue lest his estates to Henry surnamed the Black the sonne of his sister Gisela by Conrade the second Emperor and King of Germanie united so unto the Empire till by the bounty and improvidence of some following Emperors it was cantonned into many parts of which more anon It is novv time to lay aside this discourse as to the generall condition and affairs of these Alpine Provinces and to look over the particulars beginning first with the estate of the Duke of Savoy situate wholly in these Mountains and lying next to Italie where before we left THE DVKEDOM OF SAVOY THe Dukedom of SAVOY is bounded on the East with Millain and Montferrat in Italy on the West with Dauphine in France on the North with Switzerland and the Lake of Geneva and on the South with Provence and the Mediterranean The Country of so different nature that it cannot be reduced under any one character and therefore we must look upon it in the severall parts into which divided that is to say 1 the Principalitie of Piemont and 2 Savoy specially so called 1 PIEMONT in Latin called Regio Pedemontana because situate at the foot of the Mountains as the name in both languages imports is bounded on the East with Millain and Montferrat on the West with Savoy on the North with the Switzers and on the South it runneth in a narrow valley to the Mediterranean having Montferrat on the one side Provence and a part of the Alpes upon the other The Country wonderfully fertile compared with Switzerland and Savoy which lie next unto it but thought to be inferior to the rest of Italie It containeth besides Baronies and Lordships 15 Marquisates 52 Earldoms 160 Castles or walled places and is so
by which this new device of Calvin was dispersed and propagated But to return unto Geneva though Calvin for his time did hold the Chair as a perpetuall Moderator and Beza too untill Danaeus set him besides the Cushion yet after that the power of the Presbyterie was shrewdly lessened in Geneva and the good Members so restrained in the exercise of it that they have no power to convent any man before them but by the autority of a Syndick or Civill Magistrate And as for maintaince they hold their Ministers so strictly to a sorry pittance as would be sure to keep them from presuming too much on their power in Consistory Tithes of all sorts were to be taken up for the use of the State and layd up in the publick Treasury and stipends issued out to maintain the Ministerie but those so mean that Bezaes stipend whilst he lived hardly amounted to eighty pound per annum the refidue of the City-Ministers not to sixty pound those of the Villages adjoyning having hardly forty pound enough to keep them always poor and miserably obnoxious to the wealthier Citizen And that they may not steal the Goose and not stick up a feather the Staee doth use to make some poor allowance to the wives and daughters of their deceased Ministers if they dye poor or leave their children unprovided or otherwise have deserved well in the time of their lives In respect hereof though the Ministers are very strict in forbidding Dancing and have writ many Tracts against it yet to give some content to the common people who have not leasure to attend it at other times they allow all Man-like Exercises on the Lords-day as shooting in peeces long-bows cross-bows and the like and that too in the morning both before and after the Sermon so it be no impediment to them from coming to the Church at the times appointed As for the Government of the State it is directed principally by the Civill or Imperiall Laws the Judge whereof is called the Leiutenant-criminall before whom all causes are tryed and from whom there lyeth no Appeal unless it be unto the Counsell of two hundred whom they call the Great Counsell in which the supreme power of the State resideth Out of this Counsell of two hundred there is chosen another lesser Counsell of five and twenty and out of them four principall Officers whom they call the Syndiques who have the sole managing of the Commonwealth except it be in some great matter as making Peace or War offensive or defensive Leagues hearing Appeales and such like generall concernments which the great Counsell of tvvo hundred must determine of They have a custom superadded to the Civill Law that if any Malefactor from another place fly to them for refuge they punish him after the custom of the place in which the crime was committed Otherwise their Town being on the borders of divers Provinces would never be free from Vagabonds Examples hereof I will assign two the first of certain Monks who robbing their Convents of certain plate and hoping for their wicked pranks at home to be the welcomer hither were at their first acquaintance advanced to the Gallows The second is of a Spanish Gentleman who having fled his Country for clipping and counterfeiting the Kings Gold came to this town and had the like reward And when for defence he alleged that he understood their City being free gave admission to all Offenders true said they but with an intent to punish them that offended a distinction which the Spaniard never till then learned but then it was too late As for their ordinary Revenue it is proportionable to their Territory if not above it conceived to amount to sixty thousand pound per annum which they raise upon the demain of the Bishop and the Tithes of the Church and on such impositions as are layd upon flesh and Merchandise But they are able to raise greater sums if there be occasion as appears plainly by the sending of 45000 Crowns to King Henry the third before they had been long setled in their own estates And as for Military forces they are able to impress two thousand men and have Arms of all sorts for so many in the publick Arsenall as also twelve or fourteen peeces of Ordnance with all manner of Ammunition appertaining to them and on the Lake some Gallies in continuall readiness against the dangers threatned them from the Dukes of Savoy And for the greater safety of their Estate and the preservation of their Religion they joyned themselves in a constant and perpetuall League with the Canton of Bern An. 1528 communicating to each other the Freedom of their severall Cities and by that means are reckoned for a member of the Commonwealth of the Switzers which is no small security to their affairs But their chief strength as I conceive is that the neighbor Princes are not willing to have it fall into the hands of that Duke or any other Potentate of more strength than he Insomuch that vvhen that Duke besieged it An. 1589 they were ayded from Venice with four and twenty thousand and from England with thirteen thousand Crowns from Florence with Intelligence of the Enemies purposes Another time when the Pope the French King the Spaniard and Savoyard had designs upon it the Emperor offered them assistance both of Men and Money yea and sometimes the Dukes of Savoy have assisted them against the others as being more desirous that the Town should remain as it doth than fall into any other hands than his own So ordinary a thing it is for such petit States to be more safe by the interess of their jealous neighbors than any forces of their ovvn The Arms of Geneva when under the command of the Earls thereof vvere Or a Crosâ— Azure 4. WALLISLAND EAstward from Savoy in a long and deep bottom of the Alpes Poeninae lyeth the Country of WALLISLAND so called either quasi Wallensland or the land of the Valenses once the Inhabitants of the Country about Martinacht a chief Town hereof or quasi Vallis-land or the Land of Vallies of which it totally consists It reacheth from the Mountain de Furcken to the Town of Saint Maurice where again the hills do close and shut up the valley which is so narrow in that place that a bridge layd from one hill to another under which the River Rhosne doth pass is capable of no more than one Arch onely and that defended with a Castle and two strong Gates On other parts it is environed with a continuall wall of steep and horrid Mountains covered all the year long with a crust of Ice not passable at all by Armies and not without much difficulty by single passengers so that having but that one entrance to it which before we spake of no Citadell can be made so strong by Art as this whole Country is by Nature But in the bottom of those craggy and impassable Rocks lies a pleasant Valley fruitfull in Saffron
the Cantabrian Mountains by which parted from Guipuscoa and on the South with the River Aragon or Arga by which divided from that Kingdom It was called at first the Kingdom of Sobrarbre from a Town of that name situate in the most inaccessible part of the Pyrenees and therefore chose by Garcia Ximines the first King hereof for the seat of his Kingdom as most defensible against the fury of the Moores Afterwards it took the name of Navarre either from Navois signifying a plain and champagn Countrie first used by Inigo Arista the sixth King who having taken Pampelune abandoned the hill Countries and betook himself unto the Plains or from Navarriere the chief of the three parts into which that Citie was divided not only at the taking thereof but a long time after The Countrie though environed on all sides with mighty Mountains yet of it self is said to be reasonably fruitfull well watered and for the most part plain and level as before is said It taketh up some parts of both sides of the Pyrenees the Spanish side being fertile and adorned with trees the French side generally very bare and naked That on the Spanish side and on the summits of the Mountains now possessed by the Spaniard is called High Navarre that on the French side now called Base or Low Navarre estimated at a sixth part of the whole Kingdom is enjoyed by the French incorporated by King Lewis the 13. to the Realm of France Anno 1620. Places of most importance in Base Navarre 1. S. Palai formerly the place of Iudicature for this part of the Kingdom but in the year 1620. removed to Pau in the Principality of Bearn both Bearn and Base Navarre which had before been governed as distinct Estates from the Realm of France being then incorporate to that Crown 2. Navarreux a Town of great importance seven Leagues from Pan well fortified and as well munitioned King Lewis the 13. finding in it at his coming thither Anno 1620. no fewer then 45 Cannons all mounted besides 40 Culverins and smaler Peeces with Powder Buller and Victuals answerable thereunto 3. Pâ—ed de Port or S. Iohn de Pied de Port bordering on the edge of France against which formerly a Peece of especiall strength 4. Roncevallis or Roncâ—vaux situate in the most pleasant Countrie of all Navarre in the entrance of a small but delightfull Valley famous for the great battel fought neer unto it in the streights or entrances of the Mountains leading to this Valley betwixt the French under Charlemagne and a great Army of Moores and natural Spaniards confederate together in defence of their common Liberty In which battel by the treachery of Gavelon 40000 of the French were slain aud amongst them Rowland Earl of Mans the Nephew of Charles and others of the Peers of France of whom so many Fables are reported in the old Romances the first Author of which Fables passeth under the name of Archb. â—urpin said to be one of those twelve Peers who taking on him to record the Acts of Charles the Great hath interlaced his Storie with a number of ridiculous vanities by means whereof the noble Acts of that puissant Emperour and his gallant Followers are much obscured and blemished by those very pens which in the times succeeding did employ themselves to advance the same Of special note in High Navarre 1. Victoria first built or rather reedified by Sancho the 4th King of Navarre Anno 1180. by whom thus named in memory of some victory obtained thereabouts against the Castilians as in like case there had been many Towns built by the Greeks and Romans by the name of Nicopolis or the Citie of Victorie which we shall meet withall hereafter Situate in the place of the antient Vellica but graced with the privileges and name of a Citie by Iohn the 2d of Castile after it came under the command of that Crown Anno 1432. A Town belonging properly to the little Province of Olava and the chief thereof which Province being wholly in and amongst the Cantabrian Mountains was of old a member of Navarre but being extorted from it Anno 1200 by Alphonso the 2d of Castile it was in the year 133â— incorporated into that Crown as a part thereof as were some other Towns and members of this Kingdom also won by the Castilians 2 Viane the title of the eldest Sonne of Naevarre who was called Prince of Viane advanced unto this â—honout by King Charles the 3d Anno 1421. in imitation of the like custom in Castle were the eldest Sonne was called Prince of the Asturiaâ— but not less memorable for the death of Caesar Borgia slain neer unto it in an ambush after all his wanderings and interchangeableness of fortunes For being sonne of Pope Alexander the sixth by birth a Spaniard he was by his Father made a Cardinal but relinquishing that Title by Charles the eighth of France created Duke of Valeatinois in the Province of Daulphine during his Fathers life he had reduced under his obedience divers of the Estates which antiently had belonged to the Church of Rome but after his decease imprisoned by Pope Iulio the second who was jealous not without good cause of his plots and practices From Rome he stole unto Gonsalvo then Vice-Roy of Naples for Ferdinando the Catholique who notwithstanding his safe conduct sent him prisoner to Spain but breaking prison desperarely sliding down a window he came at last into this kingdom and was here slain in an Ambuscado as before was said So many times was Machiavels great Politician over-reached by Bookmen and Souldiers 3 Sobrarbre in the most inaccessible parts of the Pyrenees for that cause made the first seat of the Kings of Navarre entituled from thence the Kings of Subrarbre Made afterwards a distinct Kingdom from Navarre by Saâ—châ— the great who gave it to Gonsales his youngest Sonne after whose death not having issue it was seized on by Don Raymâ—r the first King of Aragon and made a Member of that Crown 4 Sanguessâ— a Town of a large territorie and jurisdiction privileged with a Suffrage in the Convention of Estates and a strong Fortress on the borders towards Aragon for which cause formerly aimed at by the Kings thereof who have had it sometimes in their hands 5 Pampelun in the Champagn Country on the banks of the River Arga the Metropolis of this Kingdom and the seat Royall of its Kings since the Conquest of it from the Moores by Inigo Arista the sixt King of Navarre Of old divided into three parts that is to say Bourg Peuplement and Navarriere each having severall Officers and Iurisdictions the cause of many quarrels and much blood amongst them till all united into one body and reduced under the command of one chief Magistrate by King Charles the third An antient Town first built by Pompey at the end of his wars against Seâ—toâ—ius in memory of whom called Pompeiopolis by our modern Lâ—â—inists but Pampeloa more neer unto the present name
both being extract from the Welch blood they seldom or never contained themselves within the bounds of true Allegeance For whereas before they were reputed as Aliens this Henry made them by Act of Parliament one Nation with the English subject to the same Laws capable of the same preferments and privileged with the same immunities He added 6 Shires to the former number out of those Countries which were before reputed as the Borders and Marches of Wales and enabled them to send Knights and Burgesses unto the English Parliaments so that the name and language only excepted there is now no difference between the English and Welch an happy Vnion The same King Henry established for the ease of his Welch Subjects a Court at Ludlow like unto the ordinary Parliaments in France wherein the Laws are ministred according to the fashion of the Kings Courts of Westmâ—nster The Court consisteth of one President who is for the most part of the Nobility and is generally called the Lord President of Wales of as many Counsellors as it shall please the King to appoint one Attourney one Sollicitor one Secretary and the Iustices of the Counties of Wâ—les The Town it self for this must not be omitted adorned with a very fair Castle which hath been the Palace of such Princes of Wales of the English blood as have come into this Countrie to solace themselves among their people Here was young â—dward the 5th at the death of his Father and here dyed Prince Arthur Eldest Sonne to Henry the 7th both being sent hither by their Fathers to the same end viz by their presence to satisfie and keep in Order the unquiet Welchmen And certainly as the presence of the Prince was then a terror to the rebellious so would it now be as great a comfort to this peaceable people What the Revenues of this Principalâ—ty are I cannot say yet we may boldly affirm that they are not very small by these reasons following viz. 1 By the Composition which LLewellen the last Prince of Wales made with Edward the first who being Prince of North-Wales onely and dispossessed of most of that was fain to redeem the rest of the said King Edward at the price of 50000 Marks which comes to 100000 pounds of our present mony to be paid down in ready Coin and for the residue to pay 1000 l. per Annum And 2dly by those two circumstances in the mariage of the Lady Katharine of Spain to the above named Prince Arthur For first her Father Ferdinando being one of the wariest Princes that ever were in Europe giving with her in Dowry 200000 Ducats required for her loynture the third part only of this Principality and of the Earldom of Chester And secondly After the death of Prince Arthur the Nobles of the Realm perswaded Prince Henry to take her to Wise that so great a Treasure as the yeerly Revenne of her lonyture might not be carried out of the Kingdom The Arms of the Princes of Wales differ from those of England only by the addition of a Labell of three points But the proper and peculiar device and which we commonly though corruptly call the Princes Arms is a Coronet beautified with thee Ostrich Feathers and inseimbed round with ICH DIEN that is I serve alluding to that of the Apostle The Heir while he is a Child differeth not from a Servant This Coronet was won by that valiant Prince Edward the black Prince at the battell of Cressie from Iohn King of Bohemia who there wore it and whom he there slew Since which time it hath been the Cognizance of all our Princes I will now shut up my discourse of Wales with that testimony of the people which Henry the 2d used in a Letter to Emanuel Emperour of Constantinople The Welch Nation is so adventurous that they dare encounter naked with armea men ready to spend their blood for their Countrey and pawn their life for praise and adding onely this that since their incorporating with the English they have shewed themselves most loyall hearty and affectionate Subjects of the State cordially devoted to their King and zealous in defence of their Laws Liberties and Religion as well as any of the best of their fellow-subjects whereof they have given good proof in these later times There are in Wales Arch-Bishops 0. Bishops 4. THE BORDERS BEfore we come into Scotland we must of necessity passe thorough that Battable ground lying betwixt both Kingdoms called THE BORDERS the Inhabitants whereof are a kind of military men subtile nimble and by reason of their often skirmishes well experienced and adventurous Once the English Border extended as far as unto the Fryth or Strait of Edenburgh on the East and that of Dunbritton on the West the first Fryth by the Latines called Bodotria and the later Glotta betwixt which where now standeth the Town of Sterling was an atient Bridge built over the River which falleth into the Fryth of Edenburgh on a Cross standing whereupon was writ this Pasport I am Free march as passengers may kenne To Scots to Britans and to Englsh-men But when England groaned under the burden of the Danish oppression the Scots well husbanded that advantage and not onely enlarged their Borders to the Tweed but also took into their hands Cumberland Northumberland and Westmorland The Norman Kings again recovered these Provinces making the Borders of both Kingdomes to be Tweed East the Solway West and the Cheviot hills in the midst Of any great wars made on these Borders or any particular Officers appointed for the defence of them I find no mention till the time of Edward the first who taking advantage of the Scots disagreements about the successor of Alexander the 3d hoped to bring the Countrie under the obedience of England This Quarrell betwixt the two Nations he began but could not end the Wars surviving the Author so that what Vellcius saith of the Romans and Carthaginians I may as well say of the Scots and English for almost 300 yeers together aut bellum inter eos populos aut bâ—lli praeparatio aut infidâ— pax fuit In most of these conflicts the Scots had the worst So that Daniel in his History seemeth to marvail how this Corner of the Isle could breed so many had it bred nothing but men as were slain in these wars Yet in the Reign of Edward the 2d the Scots having twice defeated that unhappy Prince became so terrible to the English Borderers that an hundred of them would fly from three Scots It is a custom among the Turks not to beleeve a Christian or a Iew complayning against a Turk except their accusation be confirmed by the Testimony of some Turk also which seldom hapning is not the least cause why so little Iustice is there done the Christians In like manner it is the Law of these Borderers never to beleeve any Scots complaining against an English-man unless some other English-man will witness for him and so on the
hereof by the said Emperour Henry the 4. 17 Welpho IV. son to Welpho the 3. 18 Henry VIII surnamed the Proud brother of Guelpho the 4. by the marriage of Gertrude daughter of Lotharius the 2. Duke of Saxonie also Deprived of both by the Emperour Conrade the 3. 19 Leopold son to Leâ—pold the 4. Marquesse of Austria made Duke by the said Conrade the 3. 20 Henry IX brother of Leopold after Marquesse and at last Duke of Austria 21 Henry X. surnamed the Lyon son of Henry the Proud restored by the Arbitrement of Frederick Barbarossa the Duke of Austria being otherwise satisfied by whom not long after proscribed and deprived of both his Dukedoms After which this estate became fixed and settled in the person and posteritie of 1180 22 Otho of Wittlesbach lineally descended from Arnulph the first Duke advanced unto this honour by Frederick Barbarossa sensible of the too great power of the former Dukes the whole extent of this estate being reduced by this time to the limits of the modern Bavaria and the Palatinate of Northgoia 1183 23 Ludovick or Lewis son of Otho 1231 24 Otho II. son of Lewis who by marrying Gertrude the sole daughter of Henry Count Palatine of the Rhene brought the Electorall dignitie into the house of Bavaria 1290 25 Henry Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhene the sonne of Otho the 2. 1312 26 Ludovick or Lewis II. brother of Henry Duke of Bavaria and Elector Palatine of the Rhene 1294 27 Ludovick or Lewis III. second son of Lewis the 2. succeeded in the Kingdom of Bavaria Rodolph the eldest son succeeding in both Palatinates and the Electoral dignitie He was afterwards elected and crowned Emperour known commonly by the name of Ludovicus Bavarus 1347 28 Stephen the eldest son of Ludovick the Emperour William and Albert his two brethren successively enjoying the Earldoms of Hainalt Holland c. in right of their mother 1375 29 Stephen II. son of Stephen the 1. his brothers Frederick and John sharing with him parts the estate 1413 30 Ludovick II. surnamed Barbatus deposed and imprisoned by his own son Ludowick who yet died before him without issue 1147 31 Henry II son of Frederick the second brother of Stephen the 2. succeeded on the death of Ludovicus Barbatus 1450 32 Ludovick V. surnamed the Rich who banished the Jews out of his estates and seised their goods the son of Henry the 2. 1479 33 George surnamed the Rich also the Founder of the Universitie of Ingolstade whose sole daughter and heir was married to Rupertus Prince Electour Palatine with the Dukedom of Bavaria for her Dower But Maximilian the Emperour not liking so much greatnesse in the German Princes confirmed the same on 1503 34 Albert III. son of a former Albert Nephew of John of Munchen by his son Ernestus which John was youngest brother to Stephen the 2. who by the power and favour of Maximilian the Emperour succeeded unto George the Rich the cause of a long and unhappy war betwixt the Electors of the Rhene and Dukes of Bavaria the worst whereof besides the losse of this Estate fell upon the Palatines proscribed and outed of their Country upon this quarrell but upon their submission restored again 1508 35 William the son of Albert the 3. 1577 36 Albert IV. a great Champion of the Doctrines and Traditions of the Church of Rome and so extreamly affected unto the Jesuites that he built Colledges for them at Landsberg Ingolstade and Munchen his three principall towns 1579 37 William II. son of Albert the 4. as zealous as his Father in the cause of the Church of Rome in which exceeded very much by 38 Maximilian eldest son of William the 2. who chiefly out of the same zeal sided with Ferdinand the 2. in the wars of Germanie anno 1620. and took upon him the conduct of the Armies of the said Emperour against Frederick Count and Electour Palatâ—ne chosen King of Bohemia In which having done great service to the Imperiall and Romish interesse he was by the said Ferdinand invested in the Vpper Palatinate called anciently but not more properly then now the Palatinate of Bavaria together with the Electorall dignitie this last conferred at first upon him but for term of life in the Diet at Regensberg 1623. the Electors of Mentz Saxonie and Brandenbourg protesting against it but afterwards in the Diet at Prague anno 1628. conâ—erred upon him and his heirs for ever to the great prejudice of the Princes of the Palatine Familie who by reason of their simultaneous investiture with the first of their house are not to be deprived of their estates and dignities for the offence of their Fathers the punishment not being to extend beyond the person of the offender But notwithstanding their pretentions and allegations the Duke is still possessed of the title and dignitie confirmed therein by the conclusions of the Treatie of Munster a new Electorate being to be erected for the Palatine Princes The Arms of this Duke are Lozenges of 21 peeces in Bend Argent and Azure The ARCHDUKEDOME of AUSTRIA The Archdukedome of AVSTRIA reckoning in the incorporate Provinces and Members of it is bounded on the East with Hungarie and a part of Sclavonia on the West with Bavaria and some parts of the Switzers and the Grisons on the North with Bohemia and Moravia and on the South with Histria and some part of Friuly in Italie Within which circuit are contained the feverall Provinces of Austria properly so called Stiria Carinthia Carniola and Tirol the qualitie of the whole will be best discerned by the Survey of particulars The ancient Inhabitants of the whole were the Norici of the Romans parted into the lesser Tribes of Sevates Alauni Ambisontii Ambilici and Ambidrauni subdued by Drusus son in law to Augustus Caesar and made a Province of the Empire After by Constantine the Great divided into Noricum Mediterraneum comprehending the Countries of Carinthia Carniola Stiria and some parts of Tirol with the Bishoprick or District of Saltsburg of which Solyun was the Metropolis or Capitall Citie and Noricum Ripense containing only Austria and those parts of Bavaria which lie Eastward of the River Inn extended all along on the banks of the Danow Known by no other names while possessed by the Romans from whom being conquered by the Avares and other Nations it gained those severall names and appellations specified before 1 AVSTRIA properly so called hath on the East the Kingdome of Hungarie from which parted by the River Rab on the West Bavaria on the North the Bohemian Mountains towards the West and on the other side the Teya which separates it from Moravia on the South Stiria or Stiermarck called by the Dutch Ostenreich and contractedly Oostrich that is to say the Eastern Kingdom a part assuming to it self the name of the whole this being the extreme Province of East-France or the Eastern Kingdom of the French in the barbarous Latine of those times called by
morrow after this overthrow he was condemned to lose his Head but pardoned at last on condition that he should ransomlesse set free Marquesse Albert of Brandenbourg renounce his dignity of the Electorship resigne up all his inheritance with the like harsh Articles It was also urged that he should alter his Religion but that he so constantly denyed that it was omitted For his after maintenance there were rendred back unto him the towns of Weymar and Goth from the former of which his Posterity are now called Dukes of Saxon-Weymar After this Victory the Emperour fraudulently intrapped the Lantgrave then marched he against the Cities in all which he prevailed restored the Masse and drave them to hard composition for their liberties It was thought that in this war the Emperour got 1600000 Crowns and 500 peeces of Ordinance The Imprisonment of the Lantgrave contrary to the Emperours promise was the chief thing which overthrew his good fortune For Duke Maurice having pawned his word and given unto the Lantgraves children his Bond for the safe return of their Father found himself much wronged and grieved therefore consulting with Baron Hedeck he entred league with the French King associated himself with Marquesse Albert of Brandenbourg suddenly surprised Auspurg and by the terrour which his haste brought with it forced the Emperour to flie from Inspruch and the Fathers to break up the Councell of Trent The Emperour now brought low easily hearkned to an honourable Composition which not long after was concluded the Cities recovering their Priviledges free passage being given to the Reformation and all things else reduced to the same state they were in before the wars the restoring of John-Frederick to his Dukedom and Electorship excepted only So did this Duke Maurice both overthrow the liberty of his Country and restore it so was the work of Reformation by his means depressed by the same again revived and established stronger then ever Thus we see that of the Poet verified Vel nemo vel qui mihi vulnera fecit Solus Achillaeo tollere more potest None but the man which did his Country wound Achilles-like could heal and make it sound It is observed by some that the deprivation of John Frederick and the advancement of Maurice fell out very happily for the confirming of the Reformation then contended for First in regard of John Frederick whose Christian patience and Magnanimity during the whole time of his imprisonment added great reputation to the cause for which he he suffered 2 In respect of Duke Maurice who was a man of far greater parts to advance the work and every way as zealous in pursuance of it as the other was And 3 In relation to the children of the deprived Duke men not to be relied on in a matter of such weight and moment insomuch as it was said of him after his decease Quod filios reliquerit sui dissimillimos But to return unto my story The doctrine of Luther thus setled in Germany and being so agreeable to the Word of God was quickly propagated over all Christendome the reasons of which next unto the Almighty power of the most High may be principally six 1 The diligence and assiduity of preaching in City and Village 2 The publishing of books of Piety and Christian Religian 3 The translations of the Scriptures into the vulgar languages whereby the simple might discern good from bad the muddy doctrine of Rome from the clear water of life 4 The education of youth especially in Catechismes which contained the whole body of Christian religion which once well planted in their mindes was irradicable 5 The continuall offers of disputations with the adverse party in a publick audience which being denyed gave assurance of the truth and soundnesse of the one side as of the falshood and weaknesse of the other 6 Their compiling of Martyrologies and Histories of the Church which cannot but work an admirable confirmation of Faith and constancy in the hearers and readers There is one only policy wanting namely the calling of a generall Synod to compose the differences of the reformed Church about the Sacrament and Predestination which would certainly strengthen their own cause and weaken the enemies whose chief hopes are that the present disagreements will arme party against party to their own destruction But God grant that their hopes may be frustrated and we will say with the Poet Haemanus Trojam erigent Parvas habet spes Troja si tales habet Shall these small jarres restore the ruin'd Pope Small hope he hath if this be all his hope But it is time we should proceed to the story of Saxony the ancient inhabitants of which tract were the Longobardi or Lombards of Magdeburg and part of the Cherusci about Mansteld and Wirtenberg Overcome by the prevailing Saxons they became part of their name and Country which in the full extent thereof was once far greater then now it is containing all the Countries betwixt the Rhene and the River Eydore in the Cimbrick Chersonesse and from the River Saltza to the German and Baltick Oceans These said by some to be a People of Asia and there called the Sacae who finding that small territory now a part of Persia too narrow for them forsook their Country and at last fixed themselves in the Cimbrick Chersonesse where they first took the names of Pasaeasons or Sac-sons that is to say the â—ons of the Sacae The improbality of this we have there disputed Omitting therefore that and the like Originations of them I conceive them for my part to be naturall Germans some tribe of that most populous and potent people of the Suevi but for the reason of the name let every man enjoy the pleasure of his own opinion Certain I am that in Ptolemies time they were possessed of those parts beyond the Elb thence extended to the Eydore part of which tract is now known by the name of Holstein and were accounted in that time to be no new-comers Afterwards as they grew in number they inlarged their quarters and passing over the Elb in the time of the latter Roman Emperours possessed themselves of the void places which were left by the French then busied in the conquest of more fruitfull Countries communicating their name to all the Nations which they overcame as the French had formerly done before them So that in fine they took up the now Dukedomes of Holstein Lunenbourg and Brunswick the Bishopricks of Bremen Verda Hildersheim Halberstad and Magdeburg the old Marches of Brandenbourg the Earldome of Mansfield Wesiphalen both Friselands Overyssell with as much of Guelderland and Holland as lay on that side of the Rhene By which account the present Electorall Family hath not one foot of the old Saxony in their possession the seat and Patrimony of the Electors being removed into other Countries upon the alterations and changes which have hapned in that estate the name and title of Saxony being given to the Country about Wittenberg for no
Finland on the East side thereof and 6 the Swedish Islands where it mingleth with the rest of the Baltick 1. GOTHLAND GOTHLAND is bounded on the East with the Bodner Sea on the West with the Mountains which divide it from Norwey and so much of Denmark as lies in the same continent with it on the North with Sweden on the south with the sea Baltick So called either from the Gothes whose originall Countrey it is commonly affirmed to be or quasi goot landt from the goodnesse and fertility of the soyl Gâ—ot landia quae Germanice Terra bona sonat as Maginus out of Munster hath it the soylâ— being very fruitfull for corne and cattell affording plenty of Mines with great store of fish and generally a better conditioned Countrey then any of the rest of these Northern Regions It is divided commonly into Ostrogoth or East Gothland Westergoth divided from the former by the great lake of Werâ—t spoken of before and South Gothland subdivided into Smalandia Tuiscia and Verendia Chief townes whereof in Ostrogoth are 1 Lincopen a Bishops See 2 Lodusâ— adorned with a very fair Haven in Westergoth 3 Scara on the lake Weret a Bishops See also 4 Elseburg on the Western sea betwixt Denmark and Norwey a place of consequence and flankerd with two very strong Castles in the parts adjoining the one called Croneberg and the other Goldberg 5 Tragualle remarkable for iron workes occasioned by the mines adjoining And finally in South Gothland there is 6 Vexim or Vâ—xio another of the Episcopall Sees 7 Walburg a reasonable fair Town with a strong Castle 8 Rottenby and 9 Elchâ—lm in Verendia neer the confines of Denmark 10 Colmar a noted and well traded Port on the Baltick Sea beautified with a Castle not inferiour to that of Millain and so well fortified throughout that at the taking of it by Christiern the fourth of Denmark anno 1611 there were found mounted on the Workes 108 brasse peeces of Ordinance six men of war to guard the Haven with all manner of Ammunition in proportion to them The first Inhabitants of these south parts of Scandia are commonly affirmed to have beene the GOTHES whom Jornandes in his Book de Rebus Gâ—ticis makes to have issued out of this countrey and to plant themselves on the north bankes of the Ister nere the Euxine sea some time before the Trojan war ascribing to them whatsoever is reported in old writers of the antient Scythians as their encounter with Vexoris or Sesostris the King of Egypt the Act and achievements of the Amazons their congresse with Alexander the Great in his Persian war and the like to these In which Jornandes being himself a Goth is no more to be credited then Geofrie of Monmouth a Welchman in the storie of Brute and his successours to whom he doth ascribe the taking and sack of Rome under the conduct of Brennus whom he makes to be the brother of Belinus a King of Britain Most probable it is that they were originally a Dutch or German people part of the great Nation of the Suevi called by Tacitus the Gothones inhabiting in his time as it is conceived in the land of Prussia Who finding their own countrey too narrow for them might passe over the Baltick into the next adjoining Regions and not well liking that cold clime might afterwards in some good numbers goe to seek new dwellings and at left seat themselves on the bankes of Ister where Jornandes found them That they were Dutch originally besides the generall name of the Gothones or Gothes and those of Ostrogothes and Wisigothes into which they were afterwards divided the particular names of Alaric Theodorick Riccared the names of their Kings and Captains seem to me to evidence That they were once seated in this Countrie doth appeare as plainly 1 by the name of Gothland here still remaining 2 by the title of Rex Gothorum which the Kings of Swethland keep in the Royall style and 3 by some inscriptions in antient unknown Characters engraven on the rocks neere Scara in the Continent and Wisby in the Isle of Gothland supposed by learned men to be some monument of that people And finally that their fixt dwellings when first known by this name amongst the Romans was on the north side of the Ister is evident by the testimony of all antient Writers from the time of Antonius Caracalla with whom they had some tumultuarie skirmishes in his way towards Persia till their violent irruption into Italie and the Western Provinces most famous in this intervall for a great fight with Decius the Roman Emperour whom they overcame and slew in battell anno 253. In the time of Valens and Volentinian the Roman Emperours a quarrell being grown amongst them managed by Phritigernes and Athanaricus the leaders of the opposite factions Phritigernes over throwne in fight 〈◊〉 recourse to Valens from whom he received such succours that giving his adversary another day it he obtained the victory Whereupon Phritigeâ—nes and his partie received the Gospell but intermixt and corrupt with the leaven of Arianism by the practise of Valens who sent them none but Arian teachers to whom and their faction in the Church he was wholly addicted Afterwards the whole Nation being driven over the Ister by the barbarous Huns they obtained of Valens the out parts of Thrace for an habitation on condition they should serve under the pay of the Emperour and become Christians the cause that Arianism overspread the whole Nation generally which had before infected but one partie onely Vlphilas a devout and learned man was their first Bishop who for their better edification in the way of godlinesse invented the Gothick Characters and translated the Scriptures into that language in the studie whereof they so well profited that many of them in the time of their first conversion suffered death for it at the hands of Athanaricus and were counted Martyrs Burdned by Valens and denyed their accustomed pay they harasse and depopulate the rest of Thrace marching towards Constantinople en countred in the way by Valens whom they overcame and killed after all his favours Vanquished by Theodosius the succeeding Emperour in many battels they became good neighbours inlarging their bounds with his leave and license as far as Pannonia and grown into such estimation with him that Ricimir and Franita two of that Nation did obtaine the Consulship not to say any thing of that exorbitant power and favour which Gainas had attained unto in the Court it selfe Made insolent by so great honours and apt to pick quarrels with their Patrons they invaded Italy in two great bodies consisting of no fewer then 200000 fighting men the first whereof under the conduct of Rhadaguisus was discomfited and cut in pieces by Stilico Lieutenant to Honorius the Western Emperour at Fesulae in the straits of the Appennone the other by his treachery permitted to passe sacked Rome and subdued the most part of Italy under the leading of Alaricus
abandoned the title of King only and used that of Prince or Duke 1003 20 Boleslaus III. son of Vladislaus 1140 21 Vladislaus II. son of Boleslaus the third outed by his Brethren and at last estated in Silesia united formerly to Poland from the time of Lechus 1146 22 Boleslaus IV. brother of Vladislaus the second 1174 23 Miecislaus III. brother of Boleslaus and Vladislaus deposed by his brother Casimir 1178 24 Casimir II. brother of the three last Princes 1195 25 Lescus V. son of Casimir the second deposed by Miecislaus the third 1203 26 Vladislaus III. son of Miecislaus the third deposed by Lescus the fift who again seised on the Estate 1243 27 Boleslaus V. surnamed Pudicus 1280 28 Lescus VI. surnamed Niger the adopted son of Boleslaus and his Cousen German once removed after whose death anno 1289. the estate being distracted into many fations was for some time without a Prince setled at last on 1295 29 Primislaus surnamed Postbumus who againe assumed the name of King continued ever since by his successours 1296 30 Vladislaus surnamed Locticus brother of Lescus Niger outed by Wenceslaus King of Bohemia anno 1300. after whose death anno 1306. he resumed the estate 1333 31 Casimir III. surnamed the Great son of Vladislaus the fourth the first establisher of the kingdom after all those troublesd yed without issue 1371 32 Lewis king of Hungary son of Charles King of Hungary by Elizabeth the sister of Casimir 1383 33 Heduigis the youngest daughter of Lewis her elder sister Mary succeeding in the Realm of Hungary chosen Queen of Poland marryed to Jagello Duke of Lituania Christened and called Vladislaus the fift 1386 34 Valdislaus V. Duke of Lituania elected King upon his marriage with Queene Heduigis 1435 35 Vladislaus VI. son of Jagello or Vladislaus the fift by Sephia daughter of the Duke of Kiovia He was King of Hungary also slaine at the battell of Varna by Amurath the second King of the Turkes without issue 1447 36 Casimir IV. brother of Vladislaus first brought the Knights of Prussia under his command Knight of the order of Garter 1493 37 John Albert the second sonne of Casimir his elder Brother Vladislaus being pretermitted on his accepting of the Crowns of Hungarie and Bohemia 1502 38 Alexander the third son of Casimir 1507 39 Sigismund the fourth sonne of Casimir his elder Brethren dying without issue suppressed the Order of the Dutch Knights in Prussia and added part thereof unto his estate 1548 40 Sigismund II. surnamed Augustus the last of the male issue of Jagello 1574 41 Henry Duke of Aniou son of Henry the second French King chosen on the death of Sigismund Augustus the onely Stranger to the bloud in all this Catalogue On the death of his brother Charles the ninth he departed secretly into France where he succeeded by the name of Henry the third 1579 42 Stephen Bathor Vaivod of Transylvania having marryed Anne sister of Sigismund the second is elected King he united Livonia to the Crown and had a great hand upon the Moscovite 1587 43 Sigismund III. son of John King of Swethland and Catharine his wife another of the sisters of Sigismund the second King of Poland and Sweden He valiautly opposed Osman the Great Turke invading his Dominions with an Army 300000. 1633 44 Vladislaus VII eldest son of Sigismund the third after whose death the kingdom was extremely embroyled by factions especially by the mutinous and seditious Cosaques not fully setled by the election of 1648 45 Casimir V. Brother of Vladislaus the seventh now king of Poland anno 1648. The Government of this kingdome is nothing lesse then Monarchicall For though the first Dukes hereof were absolute Princes and ruled after a Despoticall manner having power not onely of the estates of their subjects but of life and death without formalities of Law yet when they once became elective they lost much of that power which decayed so by little and little that at the last the King is counted little better then a Royall shadow Stat magni nominis umbra in the Poets language A diminution which began first in the times of Lewis of Hungarie and Jagello of Lituania who to gaine the succession to the kingdome contrary to Law the one for his daughter the other for his sonne departed with many of their Royalties and Prerogatives to buy the voices of the Nobility Since which time the Nobilitie in all their elections have so limited and restrained the Kings authority and enlarged their own that without their consent in Counsell he may neither make war nor treat of peace nor impose taxes nor alienate any of his Demeanes nor do any thing of importance which concernes the Publick in so much as Boterus a great Statesman doth expressely say that the Government of Poland doth rather seem an Aristoratie then a Monarchie a Common-wealth rather then a Kingdome Besides the King not onely takes a solemn Oath at his Coronation to confirme all the rights and Priviledges which have been granted to the Subject by his Predecessours but addes this clause quod si Sacramentum meum violavero incolae Regni nullam nobis obedientiam praestare tenebuntur that if he violate this Oath his Subjects shall not be obliged to yeeld him any obedience Which as Bodinus well observeth doth rather savour of the condition of a Prince of the Senate then of the Majestie of a King respected accordingly by the great ones who looke not on him as their King but their elder Brother or perhaps not that and reckon his Decrees but of three dayes lasting Which notwithstanding the King once chosen and inthroned hath sole power in many things without consulting with the Senate as viz. in assembling Diets choosing the secular Counsellers disposing absolutely of his Vassals and the Revenues of the Crown to what use he pleaseth being â—ole Judge of the Nobility in Criminall causes which is a strong bridle to raine them in with By which and either uniting himself unto the Clergy or the well-forming of his party amongst the Noâ—â—lity hee may doe many things not allowable in strictnesse of Law the power and influence which he hath in the publick Government being proportionable to the strength of his wit and Brain And here it is to be observed that none but the Clergie and Nobilitie have any suffrage in the election of the King that is to say the 26 Palatines and 60 Chastellans with the four Marshals and some others of the principall Officers of State in behalf of the Nobility and the Archbâ—shops and Bishops in the name of the Clergie but of the Commons none at all Which is the reason why there is so much care taken to preserve the priviledges of the two first Orders without obtaining any immuties for reliefe of the third most miserably oppressed on all sides rather as Bondmen then Tenants in respect of their Lords and not so much subjects as plain slaves in regard of the King whereof somewhat
beatissimum autem Archiepiscopum Constantinopoleos Novae Romae secundum habere locum that is to say that the Pope of Rome should have the first place in all Generall Councels and the Bishop of Constantinople or New Rome should have the second Encouraged wherewith and with the countenance and favor of the Emperor Mauritius John Patriarch of Constantinople in the time of Gregory the Great took to himself the title of Vniversal or Oecumenical Bishop the Pastor Generall as it were of the Church of CHRIST And though Pope Boniface by the grant of that bloody Tyrant PHOCAS got that title from him yet the Patriarchs of Constantinople made good their ground never submitting either themselves or their Churches to the Popes Authority for that cause specially accounted by the Church of Rome for Schismaticks accordingly reviled and persecuted with all kind of indignities How it succeeded with these Patriarchs in the times ensuing and by what means their jurisdiction was extended over all Greece Muscovie part of Poland and many other Churches in the North and East hath been said already Certain it is the constant residence of the Emperours from the time of Constantine gave great ground unto of whom I should here adde the names but that I must first summe up the affairs of Thrace before the building of this mighty and predominant City and take a brief view of the rest of those Provinces which we have comprehended under the name of Greece Concerning which we are to know that the antient Inhabitants of it had the names of Strimonii Bardi Doloâ—gi Sapaei Saii and some others united by most writers in the name of Thracians Governed at first by the Kings or Princes of their severall Tribes as most Nations else distinguished from the common people as in other pompes so most especially by their Gods which their Kings had to themselves apart and were not to be worshipped by the best of their Subjects These not agreeing well together for the common good gave the Athenians Spartans Thebans and other Nations of the Greeks a good opportunity to invade their Country to seize on the Sea-townes thereof and plant Colonies in them the Country in those times being meanly peopled and consequently giving that advantage unto the Grecians as the Indies in these later times have to the Spaniards Portugueze English Hollanders and all other Adventurers Such of them as lay next to Macedon proving bad neighbours here unto upon all occasions at last provoked Philip the Father of Alexander to put in for a share who being chosen Arbitrator betwixt two competitors for that Kingdome drawn at last into fewer hands came not unto the Councell with such poor attendants as Justice and Piety but with a great and puissant Army wherewith having vanquished and sâ—ain the two Pretenders he pronounced sentence for himself and made Thrace his own compelling the Inhabitants to pay him the tenth part of their Revenue for his yearly Tribute After the death of Alexander this Country was seized on by Lysimachus as his part of the spoil who here built the City Lysimachia from hence invading Dacia Macedon and the neighbouring Regions and he being dead the Thracians now accustomed to a forrein yoak were either Subjects or at least Tributaâ—ies to the Macedonians Aiding them in their warres against the Romans they incurred the displeasure of that people who having setled their affairs in other places and repulsed the Cimbri thought it fit time to call the Thracians to accompt for their former Actions but sped so ill in the attempt that Porcius Cato lost his whole Army in the onset cunningly intercepted in their woods and fastnesses Didius the Praetor coming in whilst the Thracians were busie in the chase gave them such a stop that he deserved a Triumph for it and the Victory more easie to Metellus who succeeded Cato in that charge and triumphed also over them as also did Lucullus on another Victory A. U. C. 680. Broken with so many ill successes they were finally subdued by Piso in the time of Augustus becoming so obsequious to that fortunate Prince that Rhitemalces a great and puissant â—ing hereof aided him with a strength of Horse against the Pannonians and Illyrians who had then rebelled Afterwards made a Province of the Roman Empire in Constantines new modell it became a Diocese under the Proefecius Proefetorio Orientis Thrace it self being cast into four Provinces that is to say Thrace specially so called Hamimontum Rhodope and Europa Scythia and the Lower Moesia spoken of before being added to it of which the Presidents of Rhodope and Haemimontum were not to be appealed from to the praefectus Praetorio as the others were but onely to the Praefect of Constantinople the Imperiall City But as Alfonsus King of Castile surnamed the Wise was once heard to say never the Wiser for so saying That had he stood at the elbow of Almighty God when he made the World he would have shewed him how some things might be better ordered so give me leave to play the fool and to say this here that had I stood at Constantines elbow I would have counselled him to lay the Diocese of Thrace to the Praefecture of Illyricum who had originally onely the Dioceses of Macedon and Illyricum under his command and not have placed it under the Praefect of the East who had both Asias and all Aegypt under his Authority For being that there lay Appeals from the Vicars of Lieutenants of the severall Dioceses to their severall and respective Prefects how great a trouble must it be to the subjects of Thrace on every occasion of Appeal to post to Antioch there to complain unto the Prefect of the Orient when Sirmium and Thessalonica the ordinary residences of the Praefectus Praetorio for Illyrirum were so hard at hand But Constantine was an absolute Prince and might doe what he listed He had not else removed his seat so farre towards the East and left the western parts of the Empire open to the barbarous people out of a fancy onely to preserve the Eastern For that it was a fancy onely the event did shew the Persians for all this prevailing more then ever formerly and Thrace it self though honoured with the Imperiall City and planted with so many Roman Colonies so ill inhabited that a great part thereof lay wast and desert many Ages after Insomuch as the Goths being by the Hunnes driven over the Danow where by the Emperour Valens plainted in this Country the Emperour having a designe to use them in his following warres where not contented with the portion allotted to them they bid fair for all wasting the whole Province taking divers townes and endangering Constantinople it self from whence not driven Valens himself being killed in the warre against them but by the coming of some Saracens to the aid of the Citizens Nor could the residence of the Emperours so protect this Country but that it was continually harassed and depopulated by the Sclaves Bulgarians Rosses
as little memorable This Iland was first Peopled by Dodanim the sonne of Javan and the Grand-child of Japhet whom the Greeks call commonly but corruptly Rhodanim mistaking the Hebrew letter Dalesh for that of Resh letters so like as easily it might draw them to that mistake Finding this Iland too narrow for him he left here a Colony and with the main body of his People passed into Greece where he planted the Countrey of Epirus as hath there been said Those which staid here being mistakingly called Rhodians or called so by the Grecians not looking with too curious eyes into their Antiquities from the abundant of Roses herein growing making the best use of their Haven and other the advantages of their situation became so expert in maritime affairs that by Florus they are stiled Populus nauticus and that not onely in the way of Trade and Marchandize but of power and government holding for many years the command of these Seas and prescribing Lawes for the Regleiment of Navegation Which being called the Rhodian Lawes became the generall Rule for deciding marine causes and ordering the Affaires of Sea in all the parts and Provinces of the Roman Empire and so continued till supplanted in these Westem parts by the Lawes of Oleron Fearfull of falling under the Macedonians they applied themselves unto the Romans whom first they aided in their warres against Philip the Father of Perseus and afterwards in that also against Antiochus Rewarded for this last service with Lycia and Caria two of the Asian Provinces which Antiochus was to leave on his composition they became so faithfully affected to the State of Rome that when all the other Ilands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas revalted to Mithridates King of Pontus this onely adhered unto the Romans Proud either of their strength at Sea or of those good Officers they began to take upon them as Mediatours and thought themselves fit men to advise their Masters Crown troublesome by their frequent interpositions and losing much of their esteem by such impertinencies they began to grow jealous of the Romans and incline to Perseus King of Macedon whose Father they before opposed with their utmost power A change which Perterculus expresseth with some admiration Rhodij ipsi fidelissimi antea Romanis dubià jam fide proniores in Regis partes visisunt as his words there are But yet they held for them against Mithridates as before was said and served their turn on all occasions until insensibly they bretraied their liberty to the power of their friends and of Confederates and Allaies became their Vassals Made by Vespasian into a Province with the rest of the Isles the Governour or Prsident of that Province fixing here his residence as the chief of those Ilands which gave the title of Metropolitan tropolitan to the Bishop of Rhodes Under that Empire it continued or under that of Constantinople after the division till the year 1124. when taken from the Grecians by the State of Venice again recovered by the Greeks in the time of their Emperour John Ducas then residing at Nice Wonne from the Grecians by the Turks the Knights of Saint John of Hierusalem being utterly driven out of Asia possessed themselves of it by the favour of Emanuel the then Emperour who aided them in the conquest Anno 1308. Afterwards proving bad neighbours to the Turkish tyrants whom they ceased not to infest upon all occasions they were many times in vain invaded Mahomet the Great famous for taking Constantinople and the Empire of Trabezond spending some time before their City with both loss and shame At the last 1522. it was again besieged by Solyman the Magnificent Lilladamus Villerius being then Great Master who did as much in defence hereof as policy and puissance could extend unto But multitude in the end prevailed and upon Christmas day the Turk entred Rhodes as Conquerour though possibly he might have said as Pyrrhus once said of a like victory against the Romans that such another victory would have quite undon him Since that a Province of the Turks by whom and by some Jews banished out of Spain the City of Rhodes is wholly inhabited the Christians which are licensed to dwell in the Countrey and have leave to trade there in the day time not suffered upon pain of death to stay there all night And so we pass from the Ilands of the Asian Diocese to the Isle of Cyprus a neer neighbour unto Anatolia but no member of it the rest of that Diocese and those Seas as 11. Possidium 12. Arcesine 13 Bugialos 14. Minyas 15. Sirne 16. Cesi and the rest yielding but little matter of observation besides their names OF CYPRUS CYPRVS is situate in the Syrian and Cilician Seas extended in length from East to West two hundred miles in breadth sixty the whole cumpass reckoned five hundred and fifty distant about sixty miles from the rocky shores of Cilicia in Asia Minor and about an hundred from the main Land of Syria towards which it shooteth it self out with a long sharp Promontory extending heretofore to the main land from which rent in former time by a Violent Earthquake as is said by Pliny and worn unto this narrowness by the continuall working of the Sea upon it No place hath oftner changed its name or at lest had more names on the By than this Called at first Cethin or Cethinia from Ketim the sonne of Javan who first planted in it 2. Cerastis from the abundance of Promontories thrusting like horns into the Sea as the word intimates in the Greek 3. Amathusia 4. Paphia 5. Salaminia these three last from the principall Towns in those parts hereof 6. Macaria from the fruitfulness and felicities of it Besides these it hath in some times had these By-names also as 7. Asperia from the roughness of the Soyl. 8. Collinia from the frequency of Hills and Mountains 9. Aerosa from the Mines of Brass which abound therein 10. And finally all those forgotten or laid by it setled at the last in the name of Cyprus So called say some from the abundance of Cypress Trees with which most plentifully provided as others from Cryptos a Greek word signifying Concealed or hidden because sometimes concealed by the Surges from the eye of Saylers but most improbably said by others to take name from Cyrus who founded here the City of Aphrodisia whereas indeed six hundred years before Cyprus his birth we find it by this name in Homer more rightly Stephanus who deriveth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Cyprus daughter of Cinyras one of the Kings hereof living before the Troian Warres though in my mind the first comes neerest to the truth the Cypress Tree not onely growing here in so great abundance but being antiently peculiar in a manner to this Iland onely But on what ground soever it was called Cyprus certain I am it had the name of Cerastis upon very good reason no Iland or Region that I know of for the bigness of
my way I return again both to the place and to the Authoe In whose evidence besides what doth concern the imposition of the name of Christian upon the body of the faithful we have a testimony for Saint Peters being Bishop of An lock the first Bishop thereof of the Church of the Jews therein as lest as is said positively by Eusebius in his Chronologie Saint Hierome in his Catalogue of Ecclesiasticall writers Saint Chrysostonze in his Homilie de Translatione Ignatii Theodoret Dialog 1. Saint Gregory Epistol lib. 6. cap. 37. and before any of them by Origen in his sixt Homily on Saint Luke With reference whereunto and in respect that Antioch was accompted alwaies the principal City of the East parts of the Roman Empire the Prefect of the East for the most part residing in it the Bishop hereof in the first Ages of Christianity had jurisdiction over all the Churches in the East as far as the bounds of that Empire did extend that way To which by Constantine the Great the Provinces of Cilicia and Isauria with those of Mesopotamus and Osroent were after added Containing fifteen Roman Provinces or the whole Diocese of the Orient And though by the substracting of the Churches of Palestine and the decay of Christianity in these parts by the conquests of the Turks and Saracens the jurisdiction of this Patriarch hath bin very much lessened yet William of Tyre who flourished in the year 1130. reciteth the names of 13 Archiepiscopal 21 Metropolitical and 127. Episcopal Sees yielding obedience in his time to the See of Antoch Since which that number is much diminished Mahometanism more and more increasing and Christianity divided into Sects and factions insomuch as of three forts of Christians living in these Countreys viz. the Maronites Jacobites and Melchites onely the Melchites are subordinate to the Church of Antioch the others having Patriarels of their own Religion And first for the Melchites who are indeed the true and proper Members of the Church of Antioch and the greatest body of Christians in all the East they are so named in way of scorn by the Jacobite and Maronite Schismatick separating without just cause from their communion The name derived from Malchi signifying in the Syriack language a King or Emperour because adhering to their Primate they followed the Canons and decisions of preceding Councils ratisied by authority of the Emperour Leo by whom subscription was required to the Acts thereof and were in that respect as we use to say of the Kings Religion Conform in points of doctrine to the Church of Greece but that they celebrate divine service as solemnly on the Saturday as upon the Sunday subject to their true and original Patriarch who since the destruction of Antioch doth reside in Damaseus and on no terms acknowledging the authority of the Popes of Rome Next for the Maronites they derive that name either from Marona one of the principall Villages where they first inhabited or from the Monasterie of S. Maron mentioned in the first Act of the Council of Consumople holden under Mennas the Monks of which called Maronites were the head of their Sect. Some points they hold in which they differ from all Orthodox Christians others in which they differ onely from the Church of Rome Of the first sort 1. That the Holy Ghost proceedeth from the Father onely without relation to the Sonne 2. That the Souls of men were created all together at the first beginning 3. That male Children are not be Baptized together but at severall times by one and one 4. That Herenques returning to the Church are to be re-baptized 5. That the Child is made unclean by the touch of his Mother till her purification and therefore not Baptizing Children till that time be past which after the birth of a Male Child must be forty daies of a Female eighty 6. That the Euchirist is to be given to Children presently after Baptism 7. That the fourth Mariage is utterly unlawfull 8. That the Father may dissolve the mariage of his Sonne or Daughter 9. That young men are not to be Ordeived Priests or Deacons except they be maried 10. That nothing Strangled or of blood may be eaten by Christians 11. That Women in their monethly courses are not to be admitted to the Eucharist of to comeinto the Church 12. And finally which was indeed their first discrimination from the Orthodox Christians that there was but one will and action in Christ the Fautors of which opinion had the name of Monothelies Of the last kind 1. That the Sacrament of the Lords Supper was to be administred in both kinds 2. and in Leavened bread 3. that bread to be broken to the Communicants and not each man to have his waser to himself according to the first Institution 4. Not reserving that Sacrament 5. not carrying any part of the confecrated Elements to sick persons in danger of death 6. That Aleriage is nothing inferiour to the single life 7. That no man entreth the Kingdome of Heaven till the General Judgement 8. That the Saturday or old Sabbath is not to be fasted 9. nor the Sacrament upon dates of fasting to be administred till the Evening They withdrew themselves from the See of Antioch and set up a Patriark of their own many ages since but the certain time thereof I find not conferring on him for the greater credit of their Schism the honourable title of the Patriarch of Antioch His name perpetually to be Peter as the undoubted Successour of that Apostle in the See thereof Dispersed about the spurres and branches of Mount Libanus where they have many Townships and seattered Villages of which four are reported to retain in their common speech the true antient Syriack that is to say 1. Eden a small village but a Bishops See by the Turks called Aechera 2. Hatchteth 3. Sherrie 4. Bolesa or Blousa little superiour to the rest in bigness or beauty but made the seat of their Patriarch when he comes amongst them At such time as the Western Christians were possessed of these parts they submitted to the Church of Rome but upon their expulsion by the Turks and Saracens they returned again to the obedience of their own Patriarch on whom they have ever since depended His residence for the most part at Tripolis a chief Town of Syria but when he came to visit his Churches and take an accompt of his Suffragan Bishops who are nine in number then at Blousa as is said before Won to the Papacy again by John Baptist a Jesuite in the time of Pope Gregory the thirteenth who sent them a Catechism from Rome printed in the Arabian language which is generally spoken by them for their instruction in the Rudiments of that Religion yet so that their Patriarch still retains his former power and the Priests still officiate by the old liturgies of those Churches in the Syriack tongue So that this reconciliation upon the matter is but a matter of complement on
permitted all things unto their disposing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. and promised to doe nothing without their advice And this she did by the direction of King Alexander her dying Husband whose Government as he found by too sad experience had in many things proved unsuccessfull 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because he had put some scorâ—cs upon them and otherwise offended that prevailing faction A faction so predominant amongst the People saith the same Josephus Antiqu. lib. 19. cap. 18. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 c. that whatsoever they pleased to spread abroad either of the High Priest or the King himself how false and scandalous soever it was received for truth without more dispute or any enquire made into it 4. But of the Pharisees enough of the Scribes anon Proceed we now to the Herodians and the Gaulonites whom I look not on as either the Authors or Promoters of any Sect of Religion in the Jewish Church but as the names of two opposite factions in the Civil State The first were such who depending upon Herods fortune as he did on the pleasure of the Roman Emperours sollicited the paying of tribute to the Romans and earnestly pressed upon that point that Herod might be thereby the more indeered to his Masters of Rome and they to him Upon this ground nick-named Herodians by the people as men that more endeavoured the greatness and estate of Herod than the prosperity and liberty of their native Countrey And possible enough it is that some amongst them seeing the magnificence of Herods palace and experimentally knowing his prowess might fancy him to be the Messiah so long looked for and thereby own this name with a better title than the others did Opposite unto these were those called the Gaulonites we may call the one the Court-faction the other the faction of the Countrey or Common-people so named from one Judas a Gaulonite as Josephus calleth him from the place of his birth a Galilaean as Gamaliel calleth him Acts 5. 37. from the place of his abode or habitation By him the Jews were practised with to deny this tribute telling them that it was a manifest token of their fervitude and that they ought to know no Lord but the Lord of Heaven drawing them finally on this ground into open armes in which action he and his adherents perished and were brought to nothing Most of his followers were of Galilee though he had some disciples in Hierusalem and Samaria also and of these Galilaeans were those poor men whose bloud Pilate is said to mingle with their Sacrifices Luke 13. 1. The language of this people by them called the Hebrew was naturally and originally the same which Abraham found in the land of Canâ—â—an at his comming thither as hath been shewn before when we were in Phamâ—ia Used by them constantly till their subjugation by the Babylonians when being led captive to that Countrey and conforming themselves to the speech and dialect of it they came at last to speak a kind of broken language neither true Chaldaean nor good Hebrew but one made of both Chaldee as to the main body of it but Hebrew as to the Affixes points and Conjugations being the same with that which we now call the Syriack And at their comming home after seventy years had so far lost the knowledge of their Mother-tongue that they were not able to understand the words of the Holy Scripture when Ezra read it in their hearing insomuch that he was forced to employ some learned in that tongue to expound it to them To this the Scribes so often mentioned in the New Testament must refer their originall there being no such Office heard of till the time of Ezra though long before that time the Law had ordinarily been read unto them in the feast of Tabernacles For this cause they were called Scribes of the Law Ezra 7. 6. Doctors of the Law Luke 5. 17. and simply by the name of Lawyers Luke 7. 30. as men whose office was to expound the Law and make it intelligible to the people These people we may resemble to the Canonists in the Church of Rome or the Divinity Reader in some School or College and grew to so great estimation in the Jewish State that it was hard to say at last whether the Pharisees or they were the better men For what the Pharisees gained on the common people by pretence of sanctity these got more justifiably by their zeal to the written word which they endeavoured to preserve from the common dangers both of corruption and contempt And though I look on those men especially as the name of a function not a Sect yet being they held so close to the Pharisees and concurred with them in most of their superstitions as appeareth Mat. 23. I consider them as a strong and potent faction of great authority and influence in affaires of moment For matters of Religion the people of this land were privileged above all others had they had the grace to make good use of it the Law being given to them by God the Father the Gospel preached amongst them by God the Sonne and that Gospel countenanced and confirmed before their eyes by the miraculous operations of the Holy Ghost The Government of that Church in the time of the Law by a subordination of Priests and Levites to their several heads the Priests divided by King David into 24. ranks or Classes each Classis serving in their turnes at the holy Temple the chiefs or Heads of which several Classes made but that body of men which are called Principes Sacerdotum or chief Priests so often mentioned in the writings of the holy Evangelists Over all which there was one supreme whom they called Summum Sacerdotem or the High-Priest descended lineally from Aaron till the Romans out of averice and reason of State made the office saleable And because possibly the High-Priest might be under some pollution and so uncapable by law to perform his Office he had his Suffragan or Sagan to discharge it for him Of which sort was Zephaniah the Sagan or second Priest to Semiah mentioned Ierem. 52. 24. And of this sort is Annas thought by some to have been to Caiaphas and for that cause the title of High-Priest to be given to both Luke 3. 2. though others think that Annas was High-Priest in right and the other in fact the one being desposed by the Romans and the other super-induced into the place In time of Christianity they were governed as in other Churches by a subordination of Priests to Bishops the first said to be Saint Iames the Sonne of Alphaeus commonly called the Lords Brother affirmed by Ignatius Scholar to the Apostles in his Epistle ad Trallianos by Egesippus who lived in the Apostles times as Saint Hierome and Eusebius cite him as also by Clemâ—ns of Alexandria cited by Eusebius hist 1. 7. c. 14. by Cyrill of Hierusalem Catechism 4. and 14. Epiphanius Haeres 78. n. 7. Saint Ambrose
Sebva or Sebviah one of the Companions of that Dosthai who though they kept all the publick festivals as the Jews and the other Samaritans did yet they kept them not at the same time transferring the Pâ—sseover to August the Pentecost to Autumn and the feast of Tabernacles to the time of the Passeovâ—r not suffered for that cause to worship in the Temple of Garizim 3. The Gortheni who kept the same Festivals and observed the same times of those Solemnities as the Law required but kept onely one of the seven dayes of those great Festivals and laid by the rest as dayes of ordinary labour In other points not differing from the other Samaritans who though at first possessed of all the land belonging to the ten Tribes of Israel were yet reduced at last to a narrower compass shut up betwixt Galilee and Judaea within the antient territories of the Tribe of Ephraim and the other half Tribe of Manasses on this side of the water 1. The half Tribe of MANASSES on this side of Jordan was situate betwixt Issachar on the North and the Tribe of Ephraim on the South extending from the Mediterranean to the banks of that River In which the places of most consequence and consideration 1. Beth-san environed almost with the land of Issachar situate neer the banks of Jordan where it beginneth again to streighten and be like it self having been almost lost in the Sea of Galilee first called Nysa and so called by Bacchus or Liber Pater the founder of it in memory of his Nurse there buried but the children of Manasses not being able to expel the natives out of it as in other places gave it the name of Beth-san or the house of an Enemy Afterwards when the Scythians invaded those parts of Asia and compelled some of the Jews to serve them against the rest whom notwithstanding their good service they put all to the sword they new-built this City called therefore by the Grecians Scythopolâ—s or the City of Scythians and by them reckoned as a City of â—oele-Syria Memorable in the old Testament for the hanging of the dead bodies of Saul and his sonnes on the walls hereof by the barbarous Philistims in the time of our Saviour for being the greatest of all the Decapolitan Region as afterwards in the flourishing times of Christianity for being the See of an Arch-Bishop now nothing but a desolate village or an heap of rubbish out of which many goodly Pillars and other peeces of excellent Marble are often digged 2. Terzah used by the Kings of Israel for their Regal Seat till the building of Samaria and the removal of it thither 3. Aâ—rabata the territory whereof called Acrabatena was after made one of the ten Toparchies of Judeâ— 4. Thebes not far from Samaria where the Bastard Abimelech was wounded with a stone which a woman threw at him from the wall and perceiving his death to be drawing on commanded his Page to slay him that it might not be said he perished by the hands of a woman 5. Ephra or Hophrâ— in which Gideon dwelt neer whereunto there stood an Altar consecrated to Baal defaced by Gideon and not farre off the fatal stone on which Abimelech slew 70 of his Brethren An heathenish cruelty and at this day practised by the Turks 6. Asophon an ignoble village made famous only for the great and notable defeat which Ptolomy Lathurus here gave to Alexander the King of the Jews which victory he used with so great barbarity that he slew all the Women as he passed along and caused young children to be sod in Caldronâ— 7 Bezek the City of the bloody Tyrant Adonâ—Bezek whose story touched upon before see at large in Judges chap. 1. By Josephus it is called Bala and seemeth to be the place in which Saul assembled the chief strength of Israel and Judah to the number of 330000. men for the relief of Iabesh Gilead then distressed by the Ammonites 8. Iezreel the Royal City of Ahab and the Kings of his race situate at the foot of the Mountains of Gilboa So neer unto the Borders of Issachar that some have placed it in that Tribe Memorable in sacred story for the stoning of Naboth by the procurement of Iezabel and the breaking of Iezabels neck by command of Iehu A City which gave name to the plains adjoyning called the valley or Plainâ— of Iezreel but by the name of Campus Magnus in the book of Maccabees lib. 1. cap. 12. extending from Sâ—â—thopolis to the Mediterranean famous for the great and many battels which have been fought in it as namely of Gideon against the Mâ—dianites of Saâ—l against the Philistims of Ahah against the Syâ—â—â—n of Jehu against Iehoram and finally of the Christians against the Saracens 9. Megiddo unfortunately observable for the death of the good King Iosiah slain hereabouts in a battel against Pharâ—oh Neâ—â— King of Egypt and before that of Ahaziah King of Iudah who received his death-wound at Gaber a Town adjoining when pursued by Iehu 11. Dora or Dor as the Scriptures call it on the Moditerranian not far from the Castle of Pilgrims in the tribe of Issachar a very strong and powerfull City and therefore chose by Try hon for his City of Refuge who having first treacherâ—sly taken and barbarously murdered Ionathan the Maccabaean after he had received 200 talents for his ransome and no less viâ—lanously slain Antiochus the sixt of Syria his Lord and Master whom he succeeded in his throne was by Antiochus the seventh with an Army of 120000 foot and 8000 horse besieged in this City and most deservedly put to death 12. Caesarea antiently called the Tower of Siraton from Straâ—â—â— a King of the Zidonians new built by Herod and by him not only beautified with a large Theatre and Ampâ—â—theatre both of polished Marble but with a fair and capacious haven which with incredible charge and pains he forced out of the Sea And having in twelve years brought it to perfection in honour of Drusus Caesar Sonne-in-Law of Augustus he caused one of the chief Towers thereof to be called Dâ—â—sus the City it self to be called Caesarea Palestinae In this City was Cornelius baptized by St. Peter here did St. Paul plead in defence of Christianity before Festus then the Roman President and finally here Herod Agrippa was smitten by an Angell and devoured by worms after his Rhetorical Oration which his Parasites called the voyce of God and not of man The Metropolis of all Palestine when one Province only as afterwards of Palestina Prima when by Constantine or some of his Successors cantoned into three the first Bishop hereof being said to be that Cornelius whom Saint Peter here initiated in the faith of CHRIST 13. Antipatris another City of Herods building in the place where Kapharsalama mentioned 1 Maccab. 7. 31. had sometimes stood who in honour of his Father Antipater gave it this new name Neer hereunto did Iudas Maccabaeus overthrew a part of Nicanors Army and
shade they shall spend their time with amourous Virgins whose mansion shall not be far distant The men shall never exceed the age of thirty nor the women of fifteen and both shall have their virginities renewed as fast as lost Fryday he ordained to be the Sabbath-day partly to distinguish his followers from the Jewes and Christians who sole unize the daies ensuing but principally because he was on that day proclamed King or Emperor and solemnly so created Wine and Swines-flesh are the principall things forbidden by the Alcoran the last whereof they unanimously refrain but on the first they are so sotted that when they come at it they seldome go home again unled insomuch that all the wines in Constantinople have been thown about the streets and death made the penalty for any that will presume to bring any more into the City Manomet taught them that every one should be saved by his own Religion him onely excepted that revolted from the Alcoran unto another law but so that under the notion of Religion he means onely such as worship the one and onely God excluding by that means the old Idolaters of the Gentiles from the hopes of salvation And he taught too that at the end of the world all men that professed any such Religion should go into Paradise the Jews under the banner of Moses the Christians under the banner of Christ and the Saracens under the banner of Mahomet They compel no man therefore to abjure the faith in which he was born but commend and approve secretly such as they find zealous and constant in their own Religion yet holding it an especial honour to have daily new proselytes they incite them by hope of freedome and preferment which with many are motives too much prevailing Hence I have heard many say that it is better for a man that would enjoy liberty of conscience to live in the Countries professing Mahometanism than Papistry for in the one he shall never be free from the bloody inquistion in the other he is never molested if he meddle not with the Law their women or their slaves The opinions which they hold concerning the end of the World are very ridiculous as that at the winding of a horn not all flesh onely but the Angels themselves shall die that the Earth with an Earthquake shall be kneaded together like a lump of dough that a second blast of the same horn shall after fourty dayes restore all again that Cain shall be the Captain or ring-leader of the damned who shall have the countenance of dogs and swine that they shall pass over the bridge of Justice laden with their sinnes in satchels that the great sinners shall fall into hell the letter into purgatory onely with a thousand of the like fopperies which it is needless to add here considering that the Alcoran it self is now extant in the English and every one that lists may read it A thing so full of tautologies inchohaerencies and such gross absurdities of so impure and camal mixture that he must lay aside the use of his natural reason who is taken by it if force ambition or the want of Christian education do not lead him on For if we seriously look into the causes of the deplorable increase and long continuance of this Religion we shall find them to be chiefly these 1. The Greatness of the Victories gotten by the Saracens who easily compelled the conquered Nations to receive their Law 2. The great zeal and diligence of the Arabians themselves who being a numerous People and much given to Merchandise have possessed themselves of all the Sea-coasts of Africk from the streights of Babel-Mandel almost as farre as to the Cape of good hope of all the Ilands in those Seas and many Factories and good Towns on the coasts of India in all which they have setled their Religion also as a thing inseparable from their Nation 3. A peremptory restraint of all disputation in any point of Religion whatsoever it be 4. The suppressing of Philosophy and the study of Humane Sciences the light whereof might easily detect the grosseness of their Superstitions 5. The sensual liberty allowed of having variety of wives and as many Concubines as they are able to keep 6. The promise of the like sensual pleasures in the other world with which a sense not illuminated with the Spirit of God doth for the most part use to be more affected than with the speculative hope of spirituall happiness 7. The forbiding of Printing and printed Books by which the People might come to see the verity and purity of the Christian faith the falshood and impurity of the Law of Mahomet These last not useful or at least not able to induce belief if the first had not opened and prepared the way For indeed force of Armes was the strongest Argument by which Mahomet himself confirmed and his Successors in their times have since propagated and dispersed his doctrines Strengthened by the resort of that rascal Rabble which repaired to him he assaults Medina pretending a quarrel to the Jews who had there a Synagogue Repulsed at first with loss of men and a wound in his face by which some of his fore-teeth were beaten out there likely to have made an end of his new Religion if not recovered by his Souldiers for a further mischief At the next onset he prevailed the battel being fought neer a place called Bedez situate betwixt Mecca and Medina frequently mentioned in the Alcoran After which fight he took the City converting the Synagogue to a Temple for his own impieties the news whereof so starded the Phylarchy or nobility of Mecca that they armed all their powers against him and sped so well in the beginning of the warre that they drove him forcibly from their territories which not long after he subdued and set his chief seat at Mecca From that his flight the Saracens began their computation of years as we from CHRISTS Nativity which they call the Hegira which beginneth about the year of our Redemption 617. concerning which time I cannot but observe that Mahomet compiled his devilish doctrine beginning his Empire and Boniface the third assumed his Antichristian title beginning his unlimited Supremacy nigh about the same year It was called the Hegira from the Arabick Hegirathi which by the learned in that tongue is rendred by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. the persecution raised ab ut Religion Joseph Scaliger in the first edition of his most laborious work de emendatione temporum casteth off this Etymology with purum putum mendacium He will not have it called Aera fugae or persecutioris but Aera Hagarene because for sooth the Arabians were by some called Hagarons I believe it would have puzled Joseph with all his reading to shew unto us any Epoche or Aera which is taken from the name of a Nation And therefore other reason he giveth us none but this Nos autem scimus vocem illam primogenia significations ab
of the Festivials except only in Cities 8. And in their Liturgies reading the Gospel written by Nicodemus The points wherein they differ from the Church of Rome 1. Administring the Sacrament of the Lords Supper under both kinds 2. Administring in leavened bread 3. Admitting neither Extreme unction nor the use of the Eucharist to those that are sick 4. Nor Purgatory nor Prayer for the dead 5. Not using Elevation in the act of Administring And 6. Reckoning the Roman Church for Heretical and esteeming no better of the Latines then they do of the Jewes In these opinions they continue hitherto against all Opponents and perswasions For though Baronius in the end of the sixth Tome of his Annals hath registred an Ambassage from Marcus the then Patriarch of Alexandria to Pope Clement the 8. wherein he is said to have submitted himself and the Churches of Egypt to the Pope of Rome yet upon further search made it was found but a Cheat devised to hold up the reputation of a sinking cause The Patriarch of Alexandria still adhereth to his own Authority though many of late by the practise and solicitation of some busie Friars have been drawn to be of the Religion of the Church of Rome and to use her Liturgies What their Religion was before Christianity is obvious to the eye of a vulgar Reader even the worst of Gentilism these People not only worshipping the Sun Moon and the Stars of Heaven creatures of greatest use and glory nor only sacrificing to Jupiter Hercules Apollo and the rest of the Gods many of whom were Authors in their severall times of some publike benefit to mankind as did other Gentiles but attributing Divine honours to Crocodiles Snakes Serpents Garlick Leeks and Onions For which as worthily condemned by the Christian Fathers so most deservedâ—y exposed unto publike scorn by the pens of the Poets Porrum caepe nesas violare laedere morsu Felices populi quibus haec nascuntur in Hortis Numina Quis nescit qualia demens Aegyptus portenta colâ—t c. Which may be rendred to this purpose To bite an Onion or a Leek is more Then deadly sinne The Numen they adore Growes in their Gardens And who doth not know What monstroâ—s Shapes for Gods in Egypt go But the God most esteemed by them and by all sorts of the Egyptians the most adored was Apis a coal black Oxe with a white star in his forehead the Effigies of an Eagle on his back and two hairs only in his tail But it seemeth his Godship was not so much respected by Strangers For Cambyses when he conquered Egypt ran him with his sword thorow the thigh and caused all his Priests to be scourged And Augustus being here would not vouchsafe to see him saying 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that the Gods and not the Oxen of Egypt were the object of his devotions A speech most truly worthy so brave an Emperour Amongst the Rarities of this Country some were the works of nature and some of industry and magnificence Of this last kinde I reckon the Labyrinth the Pyramides and the Phâ—ros all of them admirable in their several kindes the envy of the Ages past and the astonishment of the present Of the Labyrinth we shall speak anon in the course of our business Look we now on the Pyramides many in number three most celebrated and one the principal of all situate on the South of the City of Memphis and on the Western banks of Nilus This last the chief of the Worlds seven Wonders square at the bottom is supposed to take up eight acres of ground Every square 300. single paces in length ascended by 255. steps each step above three Foot high and a breadth proportionable growing by degrees narrower and narrower till we come to the top and at the top consisting but of three stones onely yet large enough for 60. men to stand upon No stone so little in the whole as to be drawn by any of our Carriages yet brought thither from the Arabian Mountains How brought and by what Engine mounted is an equal wonder Built for the Sepulchre of Cheops an Egyptian King as were the rest for others of those mighty Princes who imployed in it day by day twenty yeers together no fewer then 366000. men continually working on it The charges which they put him to in no other food then Garlick Radishes and Onions being computed at a thousand and eight hundred Talents The next to this in bulk and beauty is said to be the work of a daughter of Cheops enabled as Herodotus writeth both to finish her Fathers undertaking and raise her own unto the height by the prostitution of her body requiring but one stone towards the work from each one of her Customers but the tale unlikely Nor is it of a greater Truth though affirmed by Josephus and supposed by many good Divines that the drudgery put upon the Israelites did concern these Pyramides the Materials of these works being stone their imployment brick But past all doubt advanced by those considerate Princes upon good advice and not for ostentation only of their power and glories For by this means they did not only eternize their memory to succeeding Ages but for the present kept the Subject from sloth and idleness who being a People prone unto Innovations were otherwise like enough to have fed that sin in the change of Government if not thus prudently diverted Next these Pyramides I place the Isle and Tower of Pharos the Island opposite unto Alexandria once a mile distant from the Land but joyned to the Continent by Cleopatra on this occasion The Rhâ—dians then Lords of the Sea used to exact some tribute or acknowledgement out of every Island within those Seas and consequently out of this Their Ambassadors sent unto Cleopatra to demand this tribute she detained with her seven days under colour of celebrating some solemn Festivals and in the mean time by making huge dams and banks in the Sea with incredible both charge and speed united the Island to the shore Which finished she sent the Rhodians away empty-handed with this witty jeere telling them that they were to take Toll of the Islands and not of the Continent A work of great rarity and magnificence both for the bigness of it taking up seven Furlongs of ground and for that cause called Heptastadium and that incredible speed wherewith it was finished As for the Watch Tower called in Greek and Latine Pharos by the name of the Island it was built by Ptolomy Philadelphus for the benefit of Sailors the Seas upon that coast being very unsafe and full of Flats to guide them over the Bar of Alexandria Deservedly esteemed another of the Worlds seven Wonders the other five being 1. the Mausolaeum 2. the Temple of Ephesus 3. the Walls of Babylon 4. the Colossus of Rhodes and 5. the Statue of Jupiter Olympicus This Watch-tower or Pharos was of wonderfull height ascended by degrees and having many Lanthorns at
Prâ—testanâ— where first so called and why l. 2 56. the whole story of them 105 106. the causes of the great increase of their Doctrines 106. their principal oversight 107. Pâ—â—lipicks given by Tullâ— for the name of his Orations against M. Antony l. 2 235. Pasiphae how far the Fable of her may be thought historicall lib. 2. 262. Parchment in Latine Perganâ—â—na where invented first l. 3. 21. Phryges sero sapiunt a Proverb and the occasion of it lib. 3. 17. Proselytes what amongst the 〈◊〉 l. 3. 71. the several sorts of them and to what obliged b. 〈◊〉 whence they had theâ— name lib. 3. â—1 Their 〈◊〉 and authority amongst he people 72. 〈◊〉 of the Jews provided of a liberal maintenance l. 3. 96. who they were whom they called the Chief Priests 73 of the High Priest and when made a Saleable 〈◊〉 73. how 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 were High Priests at the same time ibid. Their power and succession after the Captivity l. 3. 104. 〈◊〉 who and why so called l. 3. 87. 〈◊〉 how many and why so named l. 3. 95. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alluded to 〈◊〉 14 what and where it was lib. 3. 95. 〈◊〉 where it was indeed lib. 3. 127. the severall fancies and opinions touching that particular ibid. Prometheus why feigned to be tortured by a Vulâ—ur l. 3. 170. Pyramâ—des of 〈◊〉 their vast greatness by whom built and why l. 4. 7. 〈◊〉 where first invented and why so called l. 4. 9. 〈◊〉 where first invented and by whom l. 2. 22. how much abused in these later times lib. 3. 207. Palmes antiently used as a sign of Victory l. 4. 4. Set by the Christians in Church-yards and for what reason ibid. of the rare nature of the Tree l. 4. 50. Pâ—gâ—neys whereâ—◠〈◊〉 dwel l. 4. 57. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the name of the King of 〈◊〉 l. 3. 202 〈◊〉 ascribed by Scaliger to the Abassine Emp. ib. The ground of the mistake and right name of that Prince l. 4. 70. Pigritia the name of a strange Creature in 〈◊〉 l. 4. Pelleneaa vestâ—s a By-word and the meaning of it l. 2. 219. Pluto why fancied by the Poets for the God of Hell l. 2. 237. R RIvers their use and condâ—â—ons requisite for 〈…〉 l. 1. 27. the banks of great River how defensible l. 3. 19. 〈…〉 the meaning and occasion of it l. 1. 162. 〈◊〉 naturally ingraffed in the heart of man l. 1. 31. how it standdeth in relation to the parts of the World 31. 32. Rome of what circuit in her glory l. 1. 85. the number of its inhabitants ib. the extent of her Dominions 47. once made a Godess and by whom l. 3. 24. Her Revenues computed at 150. millions of Crowns l. 1. 47. Her Empire subverted by Constantine and how 48. Roman Emperours the succession of them l. 1. 45. cut off by violent deaths till the time of Constantine 46. and the cause thereof ib. their negligence and degenerate sloth 48. Rex Romanorum what he is l. 2. 47. by whom and for what cause ordained Rhene the fountain and course thereof l. 2. 6. 42. the several branches by which it falleth into the Ocean l. 2. 6. Rhodian Laws the Rule in former times of all marine causes l. 3. 49. and for how long they so continued ibid. Red Sea from whence it had the name lib. 3. 120. how far extended by that name ibid. l. 4. 83. Rhabard or Rhubard where it groweth and the vertues of it l. 3. 190. 202. Retiredness from the Vulgar eye used by divers Princes lib. 4. 71. Regma the son of Chus first planted on the shores of the Persian Gulf l. 1. 13 l. 3. 119. Riphath the sonne of Gomer found in Paphlagonia lib. I. 15. Rhamnusia why given for an adjunct unto Nemesis and what Nemesis was l. 2. 229. S SEla the sonne of Arphaxad in what parts setled l. 1. 10. l. 3. 163. Sheba Sabta and Sabteca the sonnes of Chus all planted in Arabia Felix and there the founders of the puissant nation of the Sabaeans lib. 1. 13. lib. 3. 119. Sabaeans of Arabia the Desert from what root they came lib. 3. 113. Seba the sonne of Jocktan planted upon the River Indus or the Golden Chersonese l. 1. 12. l. 3. 238. Schola Salerm by whom writ and to whom dedicated lib. 1. 57. Siculae Gerrae l. 1. 68. Vesperi Siculi 74. Siculi Tyranni 73. three By-words and the meaning of them Sardonicus risus a Proverb and the meaning of it l. 1. 75. Salique Law what it truely is l. 1. 149. not so antient as the French pretend ib. nor at all regarded by them but to serve the turns of some Usurpers ibid. the inconveniences and injustice of it ib. Seminaries for the English by whom first erected and where lib. 1. 158. Sterling-money why so called l. 1. 199. Spaniards from whence they do descend l. 1. 212 by whom converted to the Faith 210. The dependence of the Popes on the Crown thereof ibid. their aim at the fift Monarchy ib. the greatness of their Empire 252. and the weakness of it 253. their crueltie towards the Americans l. 4. 100. c. Spa medicinable waters where and for what most usefull l. 2. 17. Souldiers and great Commanders unfortunate for the most part and why l. 2. 229. Scanacrbeg his life and story l. 2. 241. what became of his body ib. 194. Scots why so called l 1. 296. their proceedings in the Reformation 298. their Kingdome held in vassallage to the Crown of England 105 106. Salmacida spolia a Proverb and the meaning of it l. 3. 25. Streights of Mountains not to be abandoned by the Defendants l. 3. 30. the losing of such Passes of what fatal consequence 19. Syriack language what it was and of what ingredients l. 3. 51. 72. when first made vulgar to the Jews ib. Syrian Godess what she was l. 2. 58. her magnificent Temple ib. the deceits and jugling of her Priests ib. Syrorum multaolera Syri contra Phoenices two Proverbs and the meaning of them 3. 58. Seleucus a great builder l. 3. 59. his strange rise and fortunes 68. Saduces whence they had their name l. 3. 7l their opinions and dogmata ib. Scribes what they were when instituted l. 3. 72. and of what authority 73. Samaritans what they were l. 3. 81. Their Religion Tenets and Sects 85 86. how hated by the Jews and why 86. 88. Simeon the sonne of Jacob how dispersed in Israel as his father prophesied l. 3. 90. Solomons Porch mentioned Joh. 10. 3. where and what it was 94. Sclaves or Sclavonians whence so called l. 2. 298. Their affairs and story ib. given as a name to Bondmen and on what occasion 191. Saracens why so called l. 3. 111. 114. their Character in formertimes 114. they resort to Mahomet 124. Their successes victories and Caliphs 125. c. Scythians their original antiquity and achievements l. 3. 197. Their expedition into Media l. 3. 196. and success in Lydia 191. Soo