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cause_n church_n council_n pope_n 2,932 5 6.5678 4 true
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ID Title Author Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication) STC Words Pages
A68720 The historie of tithes that is, the practice of payment of them, the positiue laws made for them, the opinions touching the right of them : a review of it is also annext, which both confirmes it and directs in the vse of it / by I. Selden. Selden, John, 1586-1654. 1618 (1618) STC 22172.3; ESTC S117046 313,611 538

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particular_n which_o either_o the_o pope_n authority_n of_o late_a time_n or_o new_a composition_n or_o grant_n or_o the_o like_a have_v alter_v enjoy_v by_o the_o church_n that_o yet_o remain_v have_v portion_n so_o ancient_o give_v they_o or_o by_o the_o king_n or_o his_o grantee_n of_o impropriate_v tithe_n very_o many_o of_o which_o have_v their_o chief_a original_n from_o those_o arbitrarie_a consecration_n which_o you_o may_v well_o call_v appropriation_n of_o tithe_n and_o not_o from_o the_o appropriate_a only_o of_o parish_n church_n as_o some_o out_o of_o gross_a ignorance_n with_o too_o much_o confidence_n deliver_v but_o thereof_o you_o may_v see_v more_o in_o the_o example_n of_o the_o next_o chapter_n where_o for_o most_o apparent_a proof_n of_o the_o practice_n of_o arbitrarie_a consecration_n in_o those_o time_n monument_n enough_o be_v collect_v this_o arbitrarie_a disposition_n use_v by_o the_o laity_n as_o well_o de_fw-fr jure_fw-la as_o the_o positive_a law_n then_o receive_v and_o practise_v be_v as_o de_fw-la facto_fw-la be_v that_o which_o wicclef_n remember_v in_o his_o complaint_n to_o the_o king_n and_o parliament_n under_o richard_n the_o second_o his_o word_n be_v a_o lord_n god_n reason_n where_o this_o be_v reason_n to_o constrain_v the_o poor_a people_n to_o find_v a_o worldly_a priest_n sometime_o unable_a both_o of_o life_n and_o cunning_a in_o pomp_n and_o pride_n covetise_n and_o envy_n glottonie_n drunkenness_n and_o lechery_n in_o simony_n and_o heresy_n with_o fat_a horse_n and_o jolly_a and_o gay_a saddle_n and_o bridle_n ring_v by_o the_o way_n and_o himself_o in_o costly_a clothes_n and_o pelure_n and_o to_o suffer_v their_o wife_n and_o child_n and_o their_o poor_a neighbour_n perish_v for_o hunger_n thirst_n and_o cold_a and_o other_o mischief_n of_o the_o world_n a_o lord_n jesu_n christ_n since_o within_o few_o year_n man_n pay_v their_o tithe_n and_o offering_n at_o their_o own_o will_v free_v to_o good_a man_n and_o 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so_o then_o also_o it_o be_v no_o more_o strange_a to_o have_v the_o
desire_n of_o the_o clergy_n then_o in_o other_o place_n where_o you_o shall_v find_v arbitrarie_a consecration_n by_o lay_v man_n continue_v till_o about_o mcc_o for_o if_o the_o bishop_n have_v not_o have_v these_o tithe_n pay_v but_o have_v pretend_v only_o right_a in_o they_o his_o bounty_n to_o the_o monastery_n have_v be_v to_o little_a purpose_n so_o in_o the_o diocese_n of_o oldenburg_n about_o mclx._n payment_n be_v due_o it_o seem_v make_v to_o the_o bishop_n by_o all_o save_v those_o which_o have_v improve_v the_o desert_n of_o wagria_n which_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v bring_v to_o it_o decimas_fw-la ex_fw-la more_fw-it 39_o soluere_fw-la recusaverunt_fw-la say_v krantzius_n be_v yet_o ready_a to_o give_v a_o competent_a part_n of_o their_o increase_n and_o although_o gerold_n the_o bishop_n and_o count_n adolph_n join_v together_o the_o one_o with_o persuasion_n wherein_o he_o pretend_v to_o they_o exempla_fw-la as_o the_o same_o author_n write_v ecclesiarum_fw-la omnium_fw-la &_o praesertìm_fw-la proximarum_fw-la and_o tell_v they_o of_o divinum_fw-la de_fw-la decimis_fw-la praeceptum_fw-la the_o other_o with_o power_n to_o make_v they_o tithe_v their_o profit_n yet_o they_o utter_o refuse_v and_o with_o tumult_n and_o clamour_n make_v open_a profession_n seruili_fw-la conditioni_fw-la nunquam_fw-la se_fw-la colla_fw-la submissuros_fw-la per_fw-la quam_fw-la omne_fw-la christicolarum_fw-la genus_fw-la pontificum_fw-la pressurâ_fw-la laboret_fw-la neither_o be_v the_o dane_n in_o those_o age_n easy_a to_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o payment_n of_o tithe_n to_o the_o church_n indeed_o they_o so_o much_o abhor_v it_o that_o no_o great_a cause_n be_v why_o they_o barbarous_o betray_v and_o murder_v their_o king_n knout_n 50._o the_o four_o then_o that_o he_o will_v have_v impose_v it_o and_o about_o the_o year_n mclxxx_o under_o king_n waldemur_fw-la the_o first_o absalon_n bishop_n of_o lunden_n will_v have_v have_v they_o all_o pay_v their_o tithe_n and_o that_o under_o pain_n of_o a_o interdict_v to_o continue_v against_o they_o but_o they_o stout_o refuse_v and_o answer_v by_o public_a message_n to_o the_o clergy_n that_o notwithstanding_o the_o interdict_v they_o shall_v careful_o minister_v divine_a service_n and_o sacrament_n or_o else_o depart_v the_o country_n if_o they_o do_v neither_o non_fw-la solùm_fw-la rerum_fw-la amissionem_fw-la sed_fw-la membrorum_fw-la etiam_fw-la truncationem_fw-la demorarentur_fw-la and_o it_o be_v well_o note_v by_o krantzius_n that_o the_o northern_a nation_n general_o be_v very_o hardly_o bring_v to_o pay_v but_o after_o continual_a and_o earnest_a doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n and_o command_v of_o prince_n at_o length_n many_o of_o they_o yield_v that_o be_v as_o may_v be_v conjecture_v in_o the_o first_o half_n of_o the_o year_n mcc_n through_o the_o frequent_a use_n of_o those_o arbitrarie_a consecration_n and_o those_o appropriation_n church_n with_o their_o tithe_n and_o tithe_n of_o 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they_o which_o be_v at_o large_a see_v in_o a_o epistle_n of_o peter_n abbot_n of_o clugny_n to_o s._n bernard_n abbot_n of_o the_o cistercian_n order_n at_o clarevaulx_n about_o the_o monk_n of_o clugny_n their_o possess_n of_o a_o large_a number_n of_o parochial_a tithe_n the_o cistercian_n have_v make_v diverse_a complaint_n against_o they_o and_o one_o be_v upon_o this_o very_a point_n in_o these_o word_n ecclesiarum_fw-la 21._o parochialium_fw-la primitiarum_fw-la &_o decimarum_fw-la possessiones_fw-la quae_fw-la ratio_fw-la vobis_fw-la contulit_fw-la cum_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la non_fw-la ad_fw-la monachos_fw-la sed_fw-la ad_fw-la clericos_fw-la canonica_n sanctione_n pertineant_fw-la illis_fw-la quip_n quorum_fw-la officij_fw-la est_fw-la baptizare_fw-la &_o praedicare_fw-la &_o reliqua_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la animarum_fw-la pertinent_a salutem_fw-la gerere_fw-la haec_fw-la concessa_fw-la sunt_fw-la ut_fw-la non_fw-la sit_fw-la eye_v necesse_fw-la implicari_fw-la saecularibus_fw-la negotijs_fw-la sed_fw-la quia_fw-la in_o ecclesia_fw-la laborant_fw-la in_o ecclesia_fw-la vivant_fw-la hereto_o among_o diverse_a other_o imputation_n the_o abbot_n of_o clugny_n answer_n and_o give_v his_o reason_n for_o their_o enjoy_n of_o tithe_n thus_o quia_fw-la monachi_fw-la ex_fw-la maxima_fw-la parte_fw-la fidelium_fw-la saluti_fw-la invigilant_fw-la licet_fw-la sacramenta_fw-la minime_fw-la ministrant_fw-la estimamus_fw-la ipsorum_fw-la primitias_fw-la decimas_fw-la &_o oblationes_fw-la &_o quaeque_fw-la beneficia_fw-la eos_fw-la dignè_fw-la posse_fw-la suscipere_fw-la quoniam_fw-la &_o reliqua_fw-la populo_fw-la christiano_n à_fw-la presbyteris_fw-la that_o be_v by_o the_o curate_n which_o they_o maintain_v faciunt_fw-la exhiberi_fw-la and_o another_o of_o great_a note_n before_o this_o abbot_n time_n pretend_v special_a charity_n towards_o the_o poor_a for_o sufficient_a reason_n why_o monastery_n and_o hermitage_n have_v tithe_n give_v they_o ut_fw-la 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the_o same_o with_o parochial_a in_o place_n not_o limit_v to_o any_o certain_a parish_n the_o bishop_n greatness_n with_o the_o judge_n of_o both_o law_n make_v the_o abbot_n so_o despair_v of_o success_n in_o the_o suit_n that_o he_o prosecute_v no_o further_o but_o withal_o summon_v the_o bishop_n to_o appear_v before_o the_o almighty_a in_o his_o judgement-seat_n within_o some_o few_o day_n there_o to_o answer_v in_o the_o same_o action_n and_o very_o soon_o after_o depart_v this_o life_n not_o many_o day_n intercede_v but_o the_o bishop_n ride_v towards_o the_o court_n where_o this_o suit_n have_v depend_v to_o dispatch_v some_o proceed_n touch_v it_o sudden_o fall_v from_o his_o horse_n very_o sick_a and_o be_v carry_v into_o his_o inn_n give_v most_o strict_a charge_n as_o one_o divine_o move_v that_o the_o abbey_n shall_v have_v restitution_n and_o quiet_a possession_n of_o those_o tithe_n for_o ever_o and_o admonish_v they_o all_o that_o be_v by_o that_o who_o ever_o have_v 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draw_v it_o to_o a_o different_a sense_n and_o oppose_v it_o against_o the_o right_n of_o all_o feudall_a tithe_n be_v ancient_a than_o the_o council_n and_o since_o pass_v over_o into_o lie_v hand_n and_o whereas_o they_o common_o suppose_v that_o all_o these_o ancient_a feudall_a tithe_n be_v at_o first_o spiritual_a and_o transfer_v from_o churchman_n at_o the_o request_n of_o prince_n into_o lay_v hand_n and_o since_o wrongful_o detain_v sure_o it_o be_v a_o error_n neither_o be_v there_o any_o ancient_a warrant_v sufficient_a for_o it_o many_o of_o they_o be_v doubtless_o create_v by_o lie_v man_n grant_n as_o rents-charge_n estover_n turbary_n and_o the_o like_a be_v who_o can_v doubt_v of_o it_o that_o observe_v but_o alone_o this_o canon_n prohibemus_fw-la whence_o also_o may_v be_v strong_o infer_v that_o the_o great_a number_n of_o infeudation_n be_v through_o grant_v make_v by_o lay_v man_n to_o lay_v man_n as_o consecration_n be_v at_o their_o pleasure_n make_v to_o church_n for_o what_o be_v there_o only_o forbid_a by_o the_o council_n may_v be_v think_v the_o great_a and_o most_o prejudicial_a practice_n of_o the_o time_n against_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o clergy_n neither_o be_v any_o provision_n there_o make_v against_o the_o other_o kind_n of_o infeudation_n which_o pass_v tithe_n from_o churchman_n and_o although_o the_o word_n &_o ecclesiae_fw-la non_fw-la reddiderit_fw-la in_o the_o canon_n and_o in_o the_o body_n of_o the_o same_o council_n in_o roger_n of_o hoveden_n seem_v to_o suppose_v as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v make_v for_o such_o tithe_n as_o have_v be_v take_v from_o the_o church_n yet_o indeed_o the_o true_a read_v be_v tradiderit_fw-la as_o appear_v in_o the_o body_n of_o that_o council_n first_o full_o publish_v out_o of_o the_o vatican_n in_o the_o last_o tome_n of_o the_o general_n counsel_n print_v at_o rome_n by_o command_n of_o the_o present_a pope_n paul_n the_o five_o wherewith_o agree_v other_o edition_n but_o of_o 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the_o general_a council_n of_o lateran_n under_o innocent_a the_o second_o where_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v restore_v from_o the_o lay_v man_n to_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o a_o example_n be_v extant_a among_o the_o record_n of_o the_o 5._o monastery_n of_o egmond_n in_o holland_n wherein_o charles_n king_n of_o france_n who_o be_v common_o therein_o take_v for_o charles_n the_o bald_a but_o douza_n think_v it_o to_o be_v rather_o charles_n the_o simple_n and_o make_v about_o d.cccc._n and_o be_v thereto_o persuade_v by_o synchronisme_n the_o best_a trial_n of_o such_o truth_n recite_v that_o hagano_n one_o of_o his_o noble_n humble_o request_v of_o he_o for_o thierry_n the_o first_o earl_n of_o holland_n quasdam_fw-la res_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la videlicet_fw-la hecmunde_fw-la cum_fw-la omnibus_fw-la ad_fw-la eam_fw-la jure_fw-la pertinentibus_fw-la à_fw-la loco_fw-la qui_fw-la dicitur_fw-la zwtherdes_n hague_n usque_fw-la ad_fw-la fortrapa_n &_o kinn●m_n etc._n etc._n which_o by_o patent_n he_o grant_v he_o in_o fee_n &_o ut_fw-la libere_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la teneat_fw-la atque_fw-la possideat_fw-la habeat_fw-la que_fw-fr de_fw-fr his_o potestatem_fw-la iuxta_fw-la libitum_fw-la suum_fw-la ordinandi_fw-la seu_fw-la saciendi_fw-la if_o the_o church_n itself_o of_o egmund_n the_o parish_n church_n for_o it_o be_v then_o no_o abbey_n but_o afterward_o make_v one_o by_o that_o thierry_n pass_v not_o by_o this_o patent_n into_o lay_n hand_n i_o sufficient_o understand_v it_o not_o neither_o be_v it_o speak_v of_o but_o as_o what_o may_v according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o that_o time_n be_v clear_o make_v a_o lay_n fee._n through_o these_o kind_n of_o grant_n practise_v both_o by_o lay_n &_o clergy_n man_n prince_n and_o private_a person_n the_o ancient_a infeodation_n of_o tithe_n have_v their_o original_n as_o well_o as_o by_o lease_n from_o the_o church_n and_o not_o by_o imposition_n of_o ten_o by_o prince_n as_o some_o 2_o have_v ignorant_o conjecture_v although_o also_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o prince_n sometime_o join_v 37._o with_o the_o bishop_n to_o bring_v in_o the_o payment_n of_o tithe_n that_o thereby_o themselves_o may_v have_v beneficial_a infeodation_n of_o they_o from_o the_o church_n but_o as_o prince_n make_v infeodation_n out_o of_o their_o own_o demesne_n or_o their_o own_o church_n so_o other_o private_a lay_v person_n and_o the_o clergy_n sometime_o of_o tithe_n already_o vest_v in_o they_o and_o sometime_o it_o seem_v out_o of_o their_o demesne_n and_o perhaps_o especial_o religious_a person_n exempt_v from_o payment_n by_o bull_n make_v some_o out_o of_o their_o own_o demesne_n as_o may_v be_v conjecture_v out_o of_o a_o decree_n san●_n of_o pope_n alexander_n the_o four_o that_o speak_v particular_o of_o infeodation_n make_v à_fw-la religiosis_fw-la exemptis_fw-la &_o alijs_fw-la and_o for_o example_n of_o tithe_n already_o possess_v and_o thus_o grant_v by_o the_o church_n you_o may_v special_o see_v that_o of_o engelbert_n count_n of_o goritz_n who_o have_v a_o infeodation_n colon●ensi_fw-la ancient_o from_o the_o church_n of_o trieste_n in_o the_o patriarchat_n of_o aquilegia_fw-la and_o henry_n count_n of_o ratzenbourg_n 39_o have_v a_o infeodation_n of_o all_o the_o tithe_n which_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o church_n in_o his_o territory_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o oldenbourg_n so_o one_o hildeward_n have_v one_o in_o the_o 134._o diocese_n of_o hamborough_n and_o surrender_v it_o to_o baldwin_n archbishop_n there_o about_o m.c.lxxiv_o but_o example_n of_o they_o be_v 17._o very_o many_o the_o dissike_n whereof_o be_v one_o special_a cause_n pretend_v by_o those_o of_o the_o desert_n of_o wagria_n in_o holst_n about_o m.c.lxx_o why_o they_o will_v pay_v no_o tithe_n praeterea_fw-la say_v 38._o krantzius_n &_o hoc_fw-la adiecerunt_fw-la non_fw-la multùm_fw-la a_o veritate_fw-la aberrantes_fw-la quòd_fw-la omnes_fw-la paenè_fw-la decimae_fw-la in_o luxus_fw-la cesserint_fw-la hominum_fw-la saecularium_fw-la to_o these_o testimony_n of_o lay_v man_n arbitrarie_a detain_v dispose_n or_o receive_v of_o tithe_n in_o those_o elder_a age_n you_o may_v add_v cotton_n bernardus_n morlanensis_fw-la a_o english_a monk_n of_o clugny_n about_o king_n stephen_n his_o complaint_n of_o nonpayment_n to_o the_o clergy_n thus_o speak_v he_o in_o his_o affect_a form_n of_o verse_n rusticus_n hordea_fw-la mittit_fw-la in_o horrea_fw-la farra_fw-la recondit_fw-la horrea_n grandia_fw-la vasa_fw-la capacia_fw-la multaque_fw-la conduit_n nec_fw-la pecus_fw-la aut_fw-la sata_fw-la dante_o deo_fw-la data_fw-la vult_fw-la decimare_fw-la nec_fw-la sacra_fw-la portio_fw-la nec_fw-la decimatio_fw-la redditur_fw-la arae_fw-la v._o the_o like_a liberty_n as_o lay_v man_n have_v enjoy_v in_o not_o subiect_v themselves_o to_o the_o payment_n of_o tithe_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o church_n but_o bestow_v or_o retain_v they_o at_o their_o own_o will_n in_o most_o place_n even_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o christianity_n until_o about_o the_o year_n m.cc_o be_v another_o way_n purchase_v for_o some_o time_n by_o religious_a house_n so_o to_o discharge_v themselves_o of_o censure_n of_o the_o canon_n and_o that_o by_o exemption_n or_o papal_a privilege_n for_o however_o the_o laity_n justify_v themselves_o by_o their_o secular_a right_n admit_v of_o canon_n that_o touch_v their_o estate_n but_o as_o they_o see_v cause_n in_o their_o own_o judgment_n yet_o religious_a person_n who_o be_v always_o of_o the_o pontificial_a side_n and_o reckon_v in_o the_o catalogue_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o possess_v diverse_a large_a territory_n dare_v not_o so_o oppose_v what_o be_v ordain_v either_o by_o decree_n at_o rome_n or_o in_o synod_n general_n or_o provincial_n therefore_o when_o from_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o age_n both_o doctrine_n and_o canon_n of_o which_o more_o present_o have_v make_v the_o duty_n of_o tithe_n of_o a_o know_a right_n among_o the_o clergy_n clergy_n man_n become_v somewhat_o strict_a observer_n of_o the_o payment_n as_o you_o see_v plain_o in_o that_o before_o
censuris_fw-la ne_fw-la simplices_fw-la inficiant_fw-la mordaciter_fw-la feriantur_fw-la sic_fw-la unanime_n in_o vera_fw-la doctrina_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la permaneamus_fw-la ut_fw-la ad_fw-la eum_fw-la tendere_fw-la valeamus_fw-la de_fw-la quo_fw-la canit_fw-la propheta_fw-la quaerite_fw-la dominum_fw-la &_o confirmamini_fw-la quaerite_fw-la faciem_fw-la eius_fw-la semper_fw-la sic_fw-la laetetur_fw-la cor_fw-la quaerentium_fw-la dominum_fw-la hic_fw-la in_o via_fw-la quatenus_fw-la ipsum_fw-la quaerentibus_fw-la dignetur_fw-la esse_fw-la merces_fw-la in_o patria_fw-la amen_o they_o be_v i_o think_v somewhat_o vehement_a and_o very_a confident_a in_o the_o point_n neither_o have_v i_o elsewhere_o see_v so_o great_a authority_n against_o russell_n if_o russell_n be_v therefore_o a_o heretic_n doubtless_o he_o have_v have_v and_o now_o have_v many_o fellow-heretique_n for_o thus_o many_o nay_o the_o most_o of_o such_o as_o most_o curious_o inquire_v herein_o and_o diverse_a canonist_n also_o that_o be_v for_o the_o moral_a right_n of_o prediall_n and_o mix_v tithe_n deny_v that_o personal_a be_v otherwise_o due_a regular_o then_o as_o custom_n or_o law_n positive_a which_o be_v subject_a to_o custom_n direct_v but_o judge_v you_o of_o it_o reader_n i_o only_o relate_v it_o and_o return_v to_o their_o prosecution_n against_o russell_n at_o length_n news_n come_v that_o he_o be_v at_o rome_n whither_o present_o the_o convocation_n send_v agent_n to_o who_o they_o allow_v for_o a_o honorarie_a salary_n a_o farthing_n out_o of_o every_o pound_n of_o church_n live_n that_o may_v there_o question_v he_o before_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n a_o delegation_n of_o the_o conisance_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v make_v to_o a_o cardinal_n who_o adjudge_v he_o to_o perpetual_a imprisonment_n unless_o he_o recant_v the_o friar_n afterward_o break_v prison_n and_o run_v home_o again_o where_o at_o paul_n cross_n when_o nothing_o else_o can_v satisfy_v the_o secular_a part_n of_o the_o clergy_n he_o solemn_o abjure_v his_o heresy_n as_o they_o call_v it_o and_o to_o prevent_v the_o like_a in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o other_o minorit_n chicheley_n the_o archbishop_n enjoind_v they_o all_o that_o in_o their_o public_a sermon_n they_o shall_v teach_v personal_a tithe_n to_o be_v due_a by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o the_o church_n of_o late_a time_n other_o have_v write_v for_o the_o divine_a right_n and_o general_a duty_n of_o tithe_n you_o may_v see_v albertus_n pius_fw-la carpensis_fw-la against_o erasmus_n baronius_n 75._o his_o digression_n touch_v they_o other_o but_o especial_o the_o diverse_a treatise_n write_v to_o that_o purpose_n of_o late_a by_o our_o country_n man_n which_o be_v read_v in_o every_o hand_n i_o purposely_o abstain_v from_o particular_a mention_n of_o their_o name_n but_o neither_o have_v only_o single_a autor_n be_v late_o of_o that_o side_n for_o prediall_n and_o mix_v whole_a synod_n also_o of_o this_o age_n have_v in_o express_v word_n be_v for_o they_o through_o who_o authority_n &_o this_o ancient_a before_n remember_v they_o may_v have_v fortify_v their_o conclusion_n with_o far_o great_a name_n then_o by_o cite_v some_o one_o or_o two_o late_a single_a man_n as_o they_o usual_o do_v to_o omit_v the_o council_n of_o mentz_n hold_v in_o the_o year_n m.d.xlix_o where_o it_o be_v deliver_v that_o decimae_fw-la debentur_fw-la jure_fw-la divino_fw-la and_o some_o other_o be_v to_o that_o purpose_n in_o the_o decreta_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la gallicanae_n collect_v by_o bochell_n in_o 22._o a_o edict_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o of_o france_n in_o m.d.xlii_o relation_n be_v of_o a_o remonstrance_n make_v to_o he_o by_o the_o bishop_n dean_n canon_n chapter_n and_o clergy_n of_o paris_n wherein_o they_o take_v it_o clear_a that_o tithe_n and_o first_o fruit_n be_v introduitee_n &_o instituees_fw-la de_fw-fr droit_fw-fr divin_v &_o partant_a deussent_fw-fr estre_fw-fr pay_v loyavement_n &_o sans_o fraud_n the_o like_a of_o the_o clergy_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o troy_n be_v mention_v in_o a_o edict_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o in_o m.d.lxii_o in_o the_o same_o word_n and_o in_o the_o year_n before_o by_o a_o general_n synod_n of_o all_o the_o clergy_n of_o france_n at_o poissy_n a_o complaint_n be_v make_v with_o that_o pretence_n in_o it_o the_o word_n of_o the_o edict_n best_o show_v it_o charles_n &c._n &c._n à_fw-fr tous_fw-fr ceux_fw-fr qui_fw-fr ces_fw-fr present_n lettre_n verront_v salut_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr part_n de_fw-fr nos_fw-la cheer_v &_o bien_fw-fr amy_n consieller_n les_fw-fr archevesques_n &_o euesques_n the_o nostre_fw-fr royaume_n et_fw-fr des_fw-fr deputez_fw-fr des_fw-fr clergez_n qui_fw-fr ont_fw-fr este_fw-la n'aguerez_fw-fr assembleza_fw-mi poissy_n par_fw-fr nostre_fw-fr commandement_fw-fr nous_fw-fr à_fw-fr este_fw-la remonstre_n que_fw-fr combien_fw-fr que_fw-fr les_fw-fr dixime_n &_o primice_n qui_fw-fr sont_fw-fr leur_fw-fr principal_a revenu_fw-fr soient_fw-fr introduitee_n &_o instituees_fw-la de_fw-la droict_n divin_v &_o partant_fw-fr deussent_fw-fr es●re_fw-fr payee_v loyaument_n &_o sans_o fraud_n ce_fw-fr neantmoins_fw-fr plusieurs_fw-fr agricoles_fw-la proprietaree_n etc._n etc._n with_o these_o may_v be_v reckon_v that_o of_o the_o clergy_n petition_n in_o the_o 199._o parliament_n of_o 50._o ed._n 3._o wherein_o they_o begin_v with_o licit_fw-la decima_fw-la siluae_fw-la presertim_fw-la caeduae_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la divino_fw-la &_o ecclesiastico_fw-la deo_fw-la et_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la sit_fw-la soluenda_fw-la etc._n etc._n vi_o but_o although_o by_o this_o opinion_n and_o that_o of_o the_o canonist_n tithe_n be_v general_o due_a by_o the_o divine_a law_n and_o so_o not_o subject_a if_o with_o they_o you_o take_v it_o for_o the_o divine_a moral_n or_o natural_a law_n to_o civil_a exception_n as_o custom_n and_o prescription_n of_o discharge_v or_o of_o payment_n of_o less_o or_o such_o more_o whence_o also_o real_a composition_n have_v be_v condemn_v 1._o quia_fw-la decimae_fw-la cum_fw-la temporalibus_fw-la non_fw-la sunt_fw-la commutandae_fw-la as_o the_o word_n of_o a_o old_a pope_n be_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o cusa_n yet_o the_o practise_a common_a law_n for_o by_o that_o name_n as_o common_a be_v distinguish_v from_o sacred_a be_v the_o civil_a or_o municipal_a law_n of_o all_o nation_n to_o be_v style_v have_v never_o give_v way_n herein_o to_o the_o canon_n but_o have_v allow_v custom_n and_o make_v they_o subject_a to_o all_o civil_a title_n infeodation_n discharge_v composition_n and_o the_o like_a of_o composition_n no_o more_o shall_v be_v speak_v see_v they_o consist_v rather_o in_o individual_n then_o of_o any_o general_a course_n we_o only_o remember_v they_o here_o as_o one_o kind_n of_o discharge_n among_o other_o that_o have_v be_v allow_v by_o common_a law_n and_o where_o custom_n and_o infeodation_n hold_v no_o man_n can_v doubt_v of_o the_o lawfulness_n of_o composition_n but_o of_o custom_n in_o the_o edict_n make_v by_o those_o king_n of_o france_n upon_o those_o remonstrance_n it_o appear_v that_o what_o ever_o the_o clergy_n suppose_v by_o their_o dixme_n introduitee_n and_o instituees_fw-la de_fw-fr droict_n divin_v they_o complain_v of_o abuse_n only_o in_o due_a payment_n of_o tithe_n out_o of_o land_n suiet_v &_o redevables_n aux_fw-fr dit_n dixme_v etc._n etc._n that_o be_v subject_a and_o liable_a to_o the_o payment_n of_o tithe_n neither_o in_o other_o word_n do_v the_o edict_n and_o their_o verification_n give_v they_o remedy_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o it_o be_v once_o according_a to_o sundry_a canon_n of_o that_o church_n thus_o command_v by_o a_o old_a law_n of_o the_o year_n 493._o m.cc.xxxviii_o make_v by_o s._n lewes_n decimae_fw-la quibus_fw-la fuit_fw-la longo_fw-la tempore_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la per_fw-la malitiam_fw-la inhabitantium_fw-la defraudata_fw-la statuimus_fw-la &_o ordinamus_fw-la quod_fw-la restituantur_fw-la 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church_n it_o seem_v as_o yet_o here_o in_o any_o lay-founder_n but_o the_o bishop_n as_o i_o think_v have_v both_o the_o interest_n and_o governance_n of_o the_o church_n build_v by_o the_o king_n and_o take_v care_n for_o build_v new_a in_o their_o own_o endowment_n and_o hallow_v old_a one_o that_o have_v be_v either_o profane_v since_o christian_a service_n use_v in_o they_o among_o the_o briton_n or_o former_o consecrate_v only_o to_o heathenism_n so_o may_v you_o understand_v that_o of_o byrinus_fw-la first_o bishop_n of_o dorchester_n factis_fw-la dedicatisque_fw-la ecclesijs_fw-la multisque_fw-la ad_fw-la dominum_fw-la pro_fw-la eius_fw-la labour_v populis_fw-la advocatis_fw-la migravit_fw-la ad_fw-la dominum_fw-la as_o bede_n word_n be_v in_o the_o saxon_a of_o which_o it_o be_v express_v that_o the_o ciricean_a ƿorhte_n &_o gehalgode_n that_o be_v make_v church_n and_o hallow_v they_o iv._o but_o afterward_o when_o devotion_n grow_v firm_a and_o most_o lay_v man_n of_o fair_a 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be_v afterward_o also_o restrain_v from_o that_o common_a treasury_n of_o the_o diocese_n and_o make_v the_o only_a revenue_n which_o become_v perpetual_o annex_v to_o the_o church_n of_o that_o clerk_n who_o receive_v it_o neither_o be_v it_o wonder_n that_o the_o bishop_n shall_v give_v way_n to_o such_o restraint_n for_o have_v they_o deny_v that_o to_o lay_v founder_n they_o have_v give_v no_o small_a cause_n also_o of_o restrain_v their_o devotion_n every_o man_n questionless_a will_v have_v be_v the_o unwilling_a to_o have_v special_o endowd_v the_o church_n found_v for_o the_o holy_a use_n chief_o of_o he_o his_o family_n and_o tenant_n if_o withal_o he_o may_v not_o have_v have_v the_o liberty_n to_o have_v give_v his_o incumbent_n there_o resident_a a_o special_a and_o several_a maintenance_n which_o can_v not_o have_v be_v have_v the_o former_a community_n of_o the_o clergy_n revenue_n still_o remain_v out_o of_o these_o lay_v foundation_n chief_o doubtless_o come_v those_o 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in_o a_o hand_n of_o about_o henry_n the_o five_o in_o the_o book_n of_o cottoniana_n osney_n which_o will_v as_o well_o give_v light_n to_o the_o course_n of_o arbitrarie_a consecration_n before_o large_o open_v as_o to_o these_o infeodation_n if_o it_o be_v of_o sufficient_a credit_n but_o you_o shall_v first_o have_v it_o compendious_o deliver_v and_o then_o judge_v of_o it_o this_o title_n be_v put_v to_o it_o qualitèr_fw-la laici_fw-la ad_fw-la id_fw-la privilegium_fw-la pervenerint_fw-la quod_fw-la locis_fw-la religiosis_fw-la illas_fw-la decimas_fw-la confer_v possint_fw-la then_o say_v he_o that_o write_v it_o he_o have_v hear_v from_o a_o good_a civil_a and_o canon_n lawyer_n that_o have_v be_v present_a at_o the_o disputation_n of_o the_o point_n in_o a_o case_n happen_v between_o a_o religious_a house_n and_o a_o parson_n for_o tithe_n in_o the_o parson_n parish_n who_o claim_v they_o jure_fw-la communi_fw-la that_o the_o advocate_n for_o the_o religious_a house_n be_v put_v 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aduocatum_fw-la canonicè_fw-la devenerunt_fw-la but_o it_o all_o taste_v of_o nothing_o but_o ignorance_n for_o what_o touch_v martell_n and_o his_o time_n general_o enough_o already_o be_v say_v and_o see_v but_o what_o a_o bold_a ignorance_n here_o be_v to_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o duke_n of_o normandy_n be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a personis_fw-la regum_fw-la exceptis_fw-la as_o his_o language_n be_v that_o go_v in_o the_o holy_a war_n in_o succursum_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la romanae_fw-la in_o those_o time_n of_o pippin_n and_o martell_n i_o will_v he_o dare_v have_v tell_v we_o also_o who_o have_v then_o be_v duke_n of_o normandy_n neither_o that_o title_n of_o dignity_n nor_o that_o name_n of_o the_o country_n be_v till_o about_o cl._n year_n after_o martell_n at_o all_o know_v the_o territory_n be_v then_o under_o the_o french_a king_n who_o long_o after_o give_v it_o to_o the_o norman_n and_o erect_v it_o into_o a_o dukedom_n indeed_o the_o duke_n of_o normandy_n have_v good_a place_n in_o the_o late_a holy_a war_n about_o m.xcu_o but_o do_v not_o that_o make_v this_o advocate_n say_v that_o the_o duke_n of_o normandy_n be_v a_o special_a prince_n in_o the_o other_o also_o of_o martell_n time_n such_o of_o the_o late_a middle_a time_n stand_v not_o much_o upon_o the_o mingle_n of_o story_n that_o differ_v in_o themselves_o even_o many_o whole_a age_n beside_o he_o tell_v we_o of_o strange_a prince_n name_n of_o the_o east_n that_o make_v the_o war_n against_o the_o church_n plain_o the_o most_o pretend_a cause_n of_o the_o rest_n that_o err_v herein_o as_o much_o as_o he_o do_v be_v the_o saracenicall_a war_n in_o martell_n time_n and_o that_o out_o of_o spain_n not_o from_o the_o east_n and_o have_v it_o be_v so_o under_o martell_n time_n as_o it_o be_v usual_o affirm_v what_o have_v that_o be_v to_o england_n but_o you_o see_v his_o providence_n for_o that_o matter_n where_o he_o derive_v it_o from_o the_o duke_n of_o normandy_n but_o what_o though_o there_o have_v be_v some_o such_o duke_n of_o normandy_n who_o successor_n have_v afterward_o either_o conquer_v or_o enherit_v england_n have_v therefore_o the_o old_a suppose_a privilege_n of_o retain_v or_o dispose_n of_o tithe_n be_v thence_o communicate_v to_o his_o subject_n of_o england_n and_o that_o to_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o church_n here_o that_o never_o can_v have_v get_v good_a by_o the_o suppose_a cause_n of_o the_o privilege_n all_o the_o canon_n and_o civil_a law_n that_o the_o advocate_n have_v can_v never_o have_v prove_v such_o a_o consequent_a it_o will_v still_o remain_v most_o probable_a if_o not_o clear_a that_o what_o infeodation_n be_v in_o england_n have_v their_o original_n as_o well_o out_o of_o the_o right_n of_o arbitrarie_a disposition_n of_o tithe_n challenge_v by_o the_o laity_n without_o the_o grant_n of_o the_o pope_n or_o church_n as_o out_o of_o composition_n or_o conveyance_n from_o the_o clergy_n according_a as_o in_o other_o state_n for_o no_o sufficient_a story_n no_o credible_a monument_n no_o passage_n or_o testimony_n of_o worth_n can_v justify_v that_o general_a right_n of_o retainer_n or_o disposition_n to_o have_v be_v give_v by_o the_o clergy_n or_o pope_n upon_o any_o cause_n whatsoever_o tho_o the_o canonist_n and_o other_o that_o follow_v they_o cry_v against_o it_o usque_fw-la ad_fw-la ravim_fw-la the_o use_n of_o infeodation_n before_o those_o late_a holy_a war_n we_o have_v already_o show_v and_o that_o no_o use_n of_o they_o can_v be_v about_o martell_n time_n be_v not_o less_o apparent_a by_o what_o be_v also_o before_o deliver_v but_o beside_o this_o blind_a testimony_n of_o the_o ground_n of_o consecration_n or_o infeodation_n for_o england_n especial_o you_o may_v take_v that_o as_o it_o be_v also_o of_o p●rtiones_fw-la lindwood_n who_o thus_o speak_v touch_v the_o portion_n which_o religious_a house_n have_v hae_fw-la portiones_fw-la say_v he_o potuerunt_fw-la pervenisse_fw-la ad_fw-la locum_fw-la religiosum_fw-la de_fw-la concessione_n etiam_fw-la laici_fw-la cum_fw-la solîus_fw-la diocesani_fw-la consensu_fw-la de_fw-la decimis_fw-la vel_fw-la proventibus_fw-la quas_fw-la laicus_fw-la talis_fw-la ab_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la alia_fw-la habuit_fw-la in_o feudum_fw-la ab_fw-la antiquo_fw-la according_a to_o that_o in_o tit_n de_fw-mi his_o quae_fw-la fiunt_fw-la à_fw-la praelatis_fw-la sine_fw-la ass_n cap._n c._n cum_fw-la apostolica_fw-la and_o he_o add_v that_o this_o be_v only_o true_a if_o those_o tithe_n be_v infeodate_v before_o that_o council_n of_o lateran_n of_o mc.lxxix_o and_o then_o conclude_v with_o nam_fw-la ante_fw-la illud_fw-la concilium_fw-la bene_fw-la potuerunt_fw-la laici_fw-la decimas_fw-la in_o feudum_fw-la retinere_fw-la &_o eas_fw-la alteri_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la vel_fw-la monasterio_n dare_v non_fw-la tamen_fw-la post_fw-la tempus_fw-la dicti_fw-la concilij_fw-la for_o his_o interpretation_n of_o the_o council_n enough_o before_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o the_o vi_o and_o x._o chapter_n but_o do_v not_o lindwood_n here_o suppose_v ancient_a infeodation_n of_o tithe_n at_o least_o create_v by_o churchman_n in_o england_n do_v he_o not_o thence_o fetch_v the_o original_n of_o portion_n belong_v to_o religious_a house_n in_o england_n common_o though_o he_o write_v as_o a_o canonist_n yet_o he_o add_v the_o special_a custom_n of_o england_n if_o he_o speak_v of_o any_o canon_n law_n which_o he_o think_v have_v not_o place_n here_o but_o he_o except_v not_o england_n in_o this_o but_o imply_v it_o therefore_o doubtless_o he_o suppose_v a_o common_a use_n of_o ancient_a infeodation_n among_o our_o ancestor_n but_o i_o doubt_v he_o have_v not_o better_a ground_n for_o it_o then_o what_o he_o find_v in_o other_o of_o his_o profession_n that_o have_v remember_v the_o frequent_a use_n of_o infeodation_n in_o other_o state_n before_o that_o council_n and_o he_o so_o apply_v it_o equal_o to_o his_o own_o country_n and_o with_o they_o take_v the_o infeodation_n to_o have_v have_v original_n only_o from_o the_o grant_n of_o churchman_n therefore_o i_o value_v his_o testimony_n here_o but_o as_o of_o a_o common_a canonist_n and_o not_o sufficient_a to_o satisfy_v we_o touch_v our_o
man_n ever_o refer_v they_o to_o charles_n martell_n before_o martinus_n polonus_n archbishop_n of_o cosenza_n and_o penitentiary_n to_o the_o pope_n who_o write_v about_o m.cc.lxxx_o ecclesias_fw-la say_v he_o of_o he_o spoliat_fw-la decimas_fw-la militibus_fw-la conferendo_fw-la and_o this_o be_v through_o many_o hand_n receive_v have_v to_o this_o hour_n abuse_v many_o man_n credulity_n but_o thereof_o enough_o already_o they_o be_v as_o far_o out_o that_o derive_v they_o all_o from_o gift_n make_v by_o church_n or_o imposition_n by_o prince_n yet_o that_o most_o common_a opinion_n that_o they_o all_o come_v first_o out_o of_o church_n be_v elder_a than_o the_o other_o and_o as_o ancient_a at_o least_o as_o frederique_n barbarossa_n for_o in_o the_o controversy_n betwixt_o he_o and_o pope_n vrban_n the_o three_o about_o investiture_n scimus_fw-la be_v the_o 50._o word_n decimas_fw-la &_o oblationes_fw-la à_fw-la deo_fw-la sacerdotibus_fw-la &_o levitis_fw-la primitias_fw-la deputatas_fw-la sed_fw-la cum_fw-la tempore_fw-la christianitatis_fw-la ab_fw-la aduersarijs_fw-la infestarentur_fw-la ecclesiae_fw-la easdem_fw-la decimas_fw-la praepotentes_fw-la &_o nobiles_fw-la viri_fw-la ab_fw-la ecclesijs_fw-la in_o beneficio_fw-la stabili_fw-la acceperunt_fw-la ut_fw-la ipsi_fw-la defensores_fw-la ecclesiarum_fw-la fierent_fw-la quae_fw-la per_fw-la se_fw-la obtinere_fw-la non_fw-la valerent_fw-la there_o be_v no_o question_n butt_v his_o opinion_n have_v soon_o autor_n enough_o among_o the_o clergy_n for_o the_o pretence_n of_o it_o be_v like_a enough_o a_o great_a persuasion_n to_o some_o lay_v man_n to_o give_v in_o their_o infeodated_a tithe_n to_o the_o church_n and_o this_o the_o canonist_n for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o general_o the_o lawyer_n of_o most_o state_n take_v for_o a_o clear_a truth_n which_o i_o much_o wonder_v at_o see_v that_o while_o they_o take_v it_o so_o yet_o they_o interpret_v that_o m._n canon_n prohibemus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o principal_a provision_n against_o feudall_a tithe_n and_o be_v make_v by_o a_o council_n that_o best_o know_v the_o practice_n of_o the_o near_a former_a time_n against_o such_o as_o be_v create_v by_o lay_v man_n to_o lay_v man_n to_o have_v be_v the_o stay_n only_o of_o further_a infeodation_n into_o lay_n hand_n that_o be_v every_o lay_a infeodation_n that_o have_v force_v they_o suppose_v to_o be_v of_o before_o the_o time_n of_o that_o canon_n as_o if_o the_o infeodation_n from_o lay_n to_o lay_v there_o forbid_v be_v those_o from_o which_o such_o for_o the_o most_o part_n as_o continue_v have_v their_o original_n and_o therein_o doubtless_o they_o be_v right_a and_o the_o late_a canonist_n that_o will_v apply_v it_o to_o all_o infeodation_n then_o in_o esse_fw-la be_v gross_o deceive_v or_o witting_o strive_v to_o deceive_v for_o in_o that_o respect_n the_o canon_n be_v in_o no_o state_n in_o force_n neither_o be_v it_o ancient_o so_o interpret_v by_o the_o canonist_n but_o in_o the_o other_o that_o be_v touch_v new_a creation_n of_o feudall_a tithe_n in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o church_n by_o lay_v man_n to_o lay_v man_n it_o have_v be_v ever_o admit_v and_o be_v in_o practice_n both_o in_o france_n and_o spain_n and_o what_o better_a interpretation_n of_o it_o can_v be_v then_o the_o continual_a practice_n upon_o it_o since_o the_o make_n of_o it_o and_o so_o how_o can_v it_o then_o be_v suppose_v but_o that_o lay_v man_n before_o be_v chief_o the_o original_a autor_n of_o they_o but_o some_o 1110._o lawyer_n here_o to_o justify_v their_o receive_v opinion_n bring_v this_o argument_n have_v they_o not_o come_v from_o the_o church_n they_o say_v then_o have_v the_o tithe_n themselves_o which_o be_v now_o possess_v by_o lay_v man_n through_o infeodation_n pay_v tithe_n also_o to_o the_o church_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o many_o canon_n make_v for_o payment_n out_o of_o all_o yearly_a increase_n but_o this_o reason_n clear_o move_v nothing_o for_o the_o self_n 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which_o course_n of_o proof_n use_v by_o most_o man_n that_o write_v of_o these_o thing_n be_v gross_a and_o ridiculous_a for_o who_o ever_o but_o indifferent_o observe_v the_o story_n of_o the_o elder_a time_n together_o with_o the_o law_n shall_v soon_o find_v that_o in_o the_o canon_n law_n especial_o a_o argument_n from_o debere_fw-la fieri_fw-la to_o factum_fw-la esse_fw-la be_v scarce_o so_o sound_a as_o that_o so_o hiss_v at_o among_o child_n à_fw-la posse_fw-la ad_fw-la esse_fw-la the_o truth_n seem_v to_o be_v that_o both_o in_o consecration_n and_o infeodation_n and_o appropriation_n of_o tithe_n there_o be_v not_o any_o other_o thing_n think_v on_o then_o the_o name_n of_o tithe_n and_o the_o right_n of_o tithe_n general_o due_a to_o the_o church_n as_o if_o every_o thing_n be_v the_o ten_o and_o by_o that_o name_n as_o it_o be_v specificate_v be_v present_o the_o clergy_n so_o that_o whatsoever_o be_v by_o that_o name_n give_v away_o to_o mere_a lay_v man_n or_o to_o 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they_o need_v not_o to_o pay_v any_o more_o to_o the_o church_n for_o when_o the_o church_n will_v not_o keep_v the_o feudall_a tithe_n when_o it_o have_v they_o they_o think_v it_o once_o have_v they_o all_o they_o conceive_v doubtless_o there_o be_v no_o reason_n why_o they_o shall_v pay_v it_o any_o more_o or_o other_o tithe_n thus_o perhaps_o upon_o diverse_a ground_n and_o cause_n both_o the_o laity_n &_o clergy_n deceive_v themselves_o in_o think_v of_o the_o original_n of_o these_o infeodation_n but_o herein_o that_o which_o we_o have_v touch_v before_o to_o be_v consider_v in_o consecration_n and_o appropriation_n be_v also_o considerable_a for_o what_o can_v such_o infeodation_n by_o lay_v man_n to_o lay_v man_n hurt_v the_o right_n of_o tithe_n which_o be_v in_o the_o priesthood_n especial_o if_o due_a either_o jure_fw-la divino_fw-la morali_fw-la or_o by_o any_o positive_a law_n ancient_a than_o the_o infeodation_n but_o we_o have_v not_o affirm_v that_o no_o infeodation_n come_v original_o from_o the_o church_n questionless_a some_o do_v and_o beside_o the_o example_n already_o note_v you_o may_v see_v that_o of_o racherius_fw-la deest_fw-la who_o ecclesiae_fw-la de_fw-fr hauchis_n in_o france_n about_o the_o year_n m.c.xx_o decimam_fw-la laicali_fw-la usurpatione_fw-la tenebat_fw-la as_o iuo_n word_n be_v and_o he_o give_v the_o church_n to_o a_o abbey_n of_o s._n martin_n and_o minutas_fw-la in_o praesentiarum_fw-la monachis_fw-la demittendo_fw-la concessit_fw-la decimas_fw-la &_o decimam_fw-la de_fw-la culturis_fw-la monachorum_fw-la eye_n concessit_fw-la ha●endam_fw-la post_fw-la svi_fw-la decessum_fw-la here_o it_o seem_v he_o have_v inheritance_n in_o the_o tithe_n for_o that_o other_o conjecture_n that_o they_o come_v first_o from_o imposition_n make_v by_o prince_n i_o doubt_v it_o have_v no_o kind_n of_o probability_n indeed_o it_o appear_v that_o ancient_o in_o turingia_n the_o people_n be_v drive_v before_o theiri●_n christianity_n 8._o to_o pay_v tithe_n to_o the_o king_n of_o hungary_n both_o of_o thein_o annual_a increase_n and_o of_o