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license_v robert_n midgley_n november_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 1685._o aristotle_n rhetoric_n or_o the_o true_a ground_n and_o principle_n of_o oratory_n show_v the_o right_a art_n of_o plead_v and_o speak_v in_o full_a assembly_n and_o court_n of_o judicature_n make_a english_a by_o the_o translator_n of_o the_o art_n of_o think_v in_o four_o book_n london_n print_v by_o t._n b._n for_o randal_n tailor_n near_o stationers-hall_n 1686._o to_o the_o honourable_a coll._n henry_n sidney_n ambassador_z extraordinary_a from_o his_o late_a sacred_a majesty_n to_o the_o state_n of_o holland_n honourable_a sir_n there_o be_v not_o any_o of_o aristotle_n write_n wherein_o that_o ancient_a author_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v more_o elaborate_v then_o in_o his_o four_o book_n of_o rhetoric_n and_o this_o the_o famous_a philosopher_n do_v in_o some_o measure_n acknowledeg_n in_o his_o last_o piece_n which_o be_v dedicate_v to_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o write_v in_o obedience_n to_o his_o command_n 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from_o our_o infancy_n now_o whether_o cicero_n have_v right_o comprehend_v these_o thing_n in_o those_o few_o word_n what_o wherein_o at_o what_o time_n and_o how_o to_o be_v speak_v the_o orator_n be_v to_o take_v care_n aristotle_n do_v the_o same_o here_o discourse_v of_o the_o first_o in_o the_o first_o place_n of_o conformity_n in_o the_o next_o and_o of_o expression_n in_o his_o three_o book_n and_o now_o shall_v we_o go_v about_o to_o speak_v in_o â—raise_n of_o the_o author_n as_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n of_o most_o interpreter_n we_o may_v just_o fear_v the_o â—ame_n reproof_n as_o be_v give_v to_o he_o that_o go_v above_o to_o applaud_v hercules_n among_o the_o lacedaemonian_n for_o who_o cry_v they_o be_v there_o among_o we_o that_o have_v the_o least_o evil_a thought_n of_o hercules_n or_o that_o do_v not_o already_o reverence_n and_o adore_v he_o as_o be_v ascribe_v into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o immortal_a god_n for_o
be_v say_v but_o as_o to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v or_o appear_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v there_o be_v one_o way_n to_o do_v this_o by_o induction_n another_o by_o syllogism_n or_o by_o that_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o syllogism_n for_o example_n be_v induction_n and_o a_o enthymeme_n a_o syllogism_n now_o i_o call_v a_o enthymeme_n a_o rhetorical_a syllogism_n and_o example_n a_o rhetorical_a induction_n since_o all_o man_n prove_v by_o demonstration_n produce_v either_o example_n or_o enthymemes_n and_o little_a else_o beside_o so_o that_o if_o it_o be_v absolute_o necessary_a that_o he_o who_o make_v use_v of_o a_o syllogism_n or_o induction_n must_v demonstrate_v some_o thing_n or_o some_o person_n which_o be_v manifest_a from_o our_o discourse_n of_o analitic_n by_o the_o same_o necessity_n must_v both_o those_o be_v like_a to_o both_o these_o now_o what_o be_v the_o difference_n between_o example_n and_o a_o enthymeme_n be_v manifest_a from_o the_o topic_n for_o there_o we_o have_v former_o speak_v of_o syllogism_n and_o induction_n since_o if_o by_o many_o and_o like_a argument_n we_o show_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v so_o in_o the_o first_o there_o be_v induction_n in_o the_o latter_a example_n but_o where_o some_o thing_n be_v grant_v there_o be_v some_o thing_n else_o that_o for_o their_o sake_n happen_v to_o be_v not_o grant_v in_o regard_n such_o thing_n be_v either_o altogether_o or_o for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o one_o be_v call_v a_o syllogism_n the_o other_o a_o enthymeme_n and_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o both_o be_v to_o be_v commend_v in_o rhetoric_n for_o what_o have_v be_v say_v in_o the_o discourse_n of_o method_n hold_v good_a in_o these_o thing_n for_o as_o some_o sort_n of_o rhetoric_n be_v exemplary_a other_o enthymematical_a so_o some_o orator_n move_v by_o example_n other_o by_o enthymemes_n therefore_o oration_n consist_v of_o example_n be_v no_o less_o persuasive_a than_o other_o but_o enthymematical_a oration_n more_o distract_v the_o judgement_n than_o the_o former_a but_o we_o shall_v inquire_v afterward_o into_o the_o cause_n of_o either_o and_o how_o to_o make_v use_n of_o both_o at_o present_a let_v we_o examine_v these_o very_a thing_n a_o little_a more_o plain_o and_o distinct_o see_v then_o that_o persuasion_n be_v persuasive_a to_o some_o body_n and_o this_o be_v immediate_o persuasive_a of_o itself_o the_o other_o because_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v by_o such_o argument_n see_v also_o that_o no_o art_n inspect_v into_o singular_n as_o physic_n do_v not_o consider_v what_o be_v wholesome_a for_o socrates_n or_o callias_n but_o what_o be_v for_o every_o one_o which_o be_v the_o true_a design_n of_o art_n see_v moreover_o that_o singular_n be_v infinite_a and_o not_o to_o be_v comprehend_v by_o knowledge_n so_o neither_o be_v rhetoric_n to_o consider_v what_o will_v convince_v every_o particular_a person_n as_o socrates_n or_o hippias_n but_o what_o will_v convince_v the_o generality_n as_o logic_n also_o do_v for_o logic_n also_o make_v use_n of_o syllogism_n not_o from_o whatever_o they_o see_v for_o some_o thing_n appear_v to_o madman_n but_o logic_n raise_v her_o syllogism_n from_o such_o thing_n as_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o reason_n rhetoric_n argue_v upon_o those_o thing_n that_o fall_v under_o consultation_n for_o it_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o rhetoric_n to_o discourse_n of_o such_o thing_n about_o which_o we_o consult_v and_o have_v no_o art_n to_o direct_v we_o and_o among_o such_o auditor_n that_o can_v see_v through_o multitude_n of_o thing_n nor_o discourse_n of_o thing_n remote_a but_o we_o discourse_n of_o thing_n that_o seem_v possible_a to_o be_v bring_v about_o one_o way_n or_o another_o for_o as_o to_o such_o thing_n which_o it_o be_v impossible_a they_o shall_v be_v otherwise_o either_o at_o present_a or_o for_o the_o future_a no_o man_n consult_v at_o least_o upon_o such_o a_o supposition_n in_o regard_n there_o can_v be_v no_o consultation_n concern_v thing_n that_o can_v not_o be_v otherwise_o but_o we_o reason_n and_o draw_v our_o collection_n either_o from_o what_o have_v be_v collect_v by_o syllogism_n before_o or_o from_o thing_n confuse_v that_o want_v the_o contraction_n of_o syllogism_n because_o they_o do_v not_o seem_v to_o be_v probable_a of_o which_o some_o be_v of_o that_o sort_n as_o not_o easy_o to_o be_v understand_v by_o reason_n of_o their_o prolixity_n let_v the_o judge_n be_v never_o so_o candid_a and_o other_o thing_n not_o convince_a as_o neither_o be_v take_v for_o grant_v nor_o look_v upon_o as_o probable_a wherefore_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n to_o make_v use_n as_o well_o of_o enthymeme_n as_o example_n to_o prove_v thing_n to_o be_v so_o which_o may_v be_v otherwise_o example_n require_v induction_n and_o enthymeme_n syllogism_n and_o that_o from_o but_o a_o few_o or_o few_o thing_n than_o the_o first_o syllogism_n consist_v of_o for_o if_o there_o be_v any_o thing_n there_o which_o be_v perspicuous_a it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v mention_v for_o the_o auditor_n supply_v that_o himself_o as_o when_o a_o lacedaemonian_a have_v be_v victor_n in_o such_o a_o game_n wherein_o he_o win_v the_o garland_n it_o suffice_v to_o say_v he_o be_v a_o victor_n at_o the_o olympic_a game_n but_o to_o say_v that_o he_o be_v crown_v because_o he_o win_v the_o prize_n at_o the_o olimpic_a game_n be_v superfluous_a there_o be_v no_o man_n who_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o victor_n be_v crown_v but_o because_o there_o be_v few_o necessary_a thing_n from_o whence_o rhetorical_a syllogism_n be_v draw_v in_o regard_n that_o many_o thing_n which_o fall_v under_o judgement_n and_o deliberation_n happen_v to_o be_v otherwise_o since_o man_n consult_v and_o deliberate_v about_o what_o they_o have_v to_o do_v not_o of_o necessity_n but_o by_o choice_n therefore_o common_a accident_n be_v collect_v from_o common_a example_n necessary_a thing_n be_v prove_v and_o persuade_v by_o necessary_a consequence_n whence_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o of_o those_o thing_n from_o whence_o enthymeme_n be_v draw_v some_o be_v necessary_a other_o such_o as_o be_v so_o for_o the_o most_o part_n for_o enthymeme_n be_v deduce_v from_o probable_n and_o sign_n so_o that_o of_o necessity_n both_o of_o these_o must_v be_v the_o same_o to_o the_o other_o that_o be_v probable_a that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o most_o usual_o happensto_n be_v not_o simple_o as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v but_o as_o be_v that_o which_o in_o those_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v otherwise_o have_v the_o same_o relation_n to_o probable_a as_o universal_a to_o particular_a of_o sign_n there_o be_v some_o that_o have_v the_o same_o relation_n one_o to_o another_o as_o singular_a to_o universal_a other_o as_o something_o universal_a to_o particular_a of_o these_o some_o be_v necessary_a which_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d but_o such_o as_o not_o necessary_a have_v no_o name_n according_a to_o this_o distinction_n i_o call_v those_o necessary_a out_o of_o which_o a_o syllogism_n be_v compose_v which_o be_v therefore_o call_v a_o argument_n for_o when_o they_o believe_v there_o can_v be_v no_o contradiction_n of_o the_o thing_n propound_v than_o they_o think_v they_o have_v bring_v a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o sign_n that_o the_o thing_n be_v demonstrate_v limit_v and_o determine_v for_o tekmar_n and_o term_n or_o limit_v signify_v both_o the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o ancient_a language_n now_o because_o of_o these_o same_o sign_n some_o hold_v one_o to_o another_o as_o the_o singular_a to_o the_o universal_a as_o if_o we_o shall_v say_v it_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o wise_a man_n be_v just_a because_o that_o socrates_n be_v a_o wise_a man_n be_v just_a this_o be_v a_o sign_n but_o such_o a_o one_o as_o do_v not_o always_o hold_v good_a tho`_v what_o be_v say_v be_v truth_n for_o it_o can_v be_v syllogistical_o conclude_v without_o a_o contradiction_n but_o this_o necessary_o follow_v such_o a_o one_o be_v sick_a because_o he_o have_v a_o fever_n such_o a_o one_o have_v have_v a_o child_n because_o she_o have_v milk_n which_o be_v the_o only_a argument_n by_o sign_n when_o the_o sign_n alone_o be_v so_o true_a that_o it_o can_v be_v contradict_v the_o other_o sort_n of_o sign_n have_v the_o same_o relation_n one_o to_o another_o as_o the_o whole_a to_o the_o part_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v say_v it_o be_v a_o sign_n he_o have_v a_o fever_n for_o he_o breathe_v short_a and_o yet_o this_o may_v be_v contradict_v though_o it_o be_v true_a when_o so_o say_v for_o it_o happen_v that_o many_o who_o be_v not_o trouble_v with_o fever_n breath_n short_a and_o thus_o far_o what_o be_v probable_a what_o a_o sign_n what_o a_o argumentative_a or_o conclusive_a sign_n and_o how_o they_o differ_v one_o from_o another_o we_o have_v also_o show_v that_o example_n be_v
performance_n but_o as_o for_o thing_n ridiculous_a we_o have_v discourse_v in_o our_o art_n of_o poetry_n and_o so_o let_v this_o suffice_v to_o show_v what_o thing_n be_v delightful_a what_o thing_n be_v irksome_a will_v appear_v by_o their_o contrary_n and_o thus_o much_o for_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o injustice_n and_o injury_n chap._n xii_o how_o man_n believe_v themselves_o capacitate_v to_o do_v injustice_n and_o by_o what_o mean_v they_o do_v it_o now_o let_v we_o see_v how_o man_n be_v capacitate_v to_o do_v a_o injury_n and_o by_o what_o mean_v they_o do_v it_o these_o people_n therefore_o when_o they_o think_v the_o thing_n possible_a to_o be_v do_v and_o to_o be_v do_v by_o themselves_o they_o consider_v likewise_o whether_o they_o can_v conceal_v themselves_o when_o they_o have_v do_v it_o or_o if_o they_o can_v whether_o they_o shall_v be_v question_v or_o if_o they_o come_v to_o suffer_v whether_o the_o punishment_n will_v be_v great_a then_o what_o they_o have_v get_v by_o the_o act._n but_o as_o to_o what_o may_v be_v do_v and_o what_o not_o we_o shall_v afterward_o declare_v for_o these_o thing_n be_v common_a to_o all_o the_o part_n of_o rhetoric_n now_o they_o believe_v themselves_o most_o able_a to_o do_v a_o injury_n who_o think_v themselves_o of_o great_a ability_n both_o to_o speak_v and_o act_v whether_o out_o of_o their_o experience_n in_o contention_n and_o controversy_n or_o confide_v in_o their_o friend_n and_o their_o riches_n for_o if_o they_o find_v themselves_o thus_o support_v they_o believe_v themselves_o able_a or_o otherwise_o whether_o they_o have_v such_o or_o such_o for_o their_o friend_n assistant_n or_o accomplice_n for_o perhaps_o by_o the_o help_n of_o such_o aid_n they_o may_v accomplish_v their_o end_n without_o fear_n of_o punishment_n or_o else_o conceal_v themselves_o from_o it_o or_o if_o they_o be_v in_o friendship_n with_o those_o that_o suffer_v the_o injury_n or_o with_o the_o judge_n for_o friend_n be_v careless_a of_o injury_n and_o easy_o reconcile_v before_o prosecution_n the_o judge_n also_o be_v willing_a to_o gratify_v their_o friend_n either_o by_o acquit_v they_o or_o by_o inflict_v but_o a_o small_a punishment_n moreover_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o they_o to_o conceal_v themselves_o who_o be_v adjudge_v unable_a to_o commit_v the_o offence_n as_o if_o a_o lame_a person_n shall_v be_v accuse_v for_o beat_v a_o man_n or_o a_o poor_a or_o a_o deform_a person_n be_v accuse_v of_o adultery_n or_o if_o the_o crime_n be_v say_v to_o be_v commit_v public_o and_o in_o the_o face_n of_o the_o world_n for_o people_n be_v not_o apt_a to_o believe_v such_o thing_n or_o if_o the_o crime_n be_v so_o great_a or_o so_o many_o that_o never_o be_v commit_v before_o for_o man_n be_v not_o aware_a of_o such_o injury_n in_o regard_v all_o man_n shun_v common_a actor_n of_o mischief_n like_v so_o many_o pest_n or_o disease_n but_o as_o for_o he_o that_o never_o be_v sick_a no_o man_n avoid_v he_o and_o such_o as_o have_v no_o enemy_n or_o many_o for_o these_o believe_v they_o may_v conceal_v themselves_o because_o they_o be_v not_o suspect_v other_o believe_v they_o may_v conceal_v themselves_o because_o it_o can_v be_v thouâ—ht_a they_o will_v set_v upon_o those_o who_o be_v aware_a of_o they_o or_o that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o argument_n that_o thev_n do_v never_o make_v the_o attempt_n because_o they_o be_v sure_a to_o find_v resistance_n the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o such_o as_o be_v provide_v of_o a_o mean_n to_o escape_v or_o of_o some_o place_n at_o hand_n to_o secure_v themselves_o and_o of_o such_o who_o if_o they_o can_v conceal_v themselves_o can_v put_v off_o the_o cause_n by_o delay_n of_o justice_n and_o corruption_n of_o the_o judge_n or_o if_o he_o be_v amerce_v be_v sure_o to_o delay_v or_o buy_v off_o the_o payment_n or_o if_o he_o be_v such_o a_o one_o who_o through_o poverty_n have_v nothing_o to_o lose_v or_o such_o who_o gain_n be_v apparent_a great_a and_o at_o hand_n their_o fine_n but_o small_a hard_o to_o be_v find_v and_o at_o a_o distance_n and_o where_o the_o punishment_n can_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o profit_n and_o such_o as_o gain_v by_o the_o injury_n but_o be_v only_o shame_v by_o the_o punishment_n or_o where_o the_o injury_n may_v seem_v commendable_a as_o if_o a_o man_n revenge_v a_o injury_n do_v to_o his_o father_n or_o mother_n as_o it_o be_v zeno_n case_n where_o the_o punishment_n be_v only_o a_o fine_a or_o banishment_n or_o some_o such_o thing_n for_o both_o do_v a_o injury_n whether_o this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n do_v though_o both_o be_v not_o the_o same_o person_n but_o contrary_a in_o their_o manner_n and_o disposition_n also_o they_o who_o have_v often_o have_v the_o good_a fortune_n to_o conceal_v themselves_o and_o never_o more_o to_o be_v call_v in_o question_n also_o such_o as_o frequent_o fail_v in_o their_o attempt_n for_o there_o be_v some_o in_o such_o thing_n as_o well_o as_o in_o warfare_n who_o be_v still_o prepare_v to_o renew_v the_o fight_n or_o such_o as_o obtain_v a_o present_a pleasure_n but_o the_o loss_n follow_v afterward_o as_o it_o fare_v with_o the_o intemperate_a for_o there_o be_v intemperance_n in_o all_o thing_n which_o be_v desire_v on_o the_o contrary_a such_o as_o present_o suffer_v pain_n or_o loss_n but_o attain_v to_o pleasure_n or_o profit_n afterward_o though_o late_a and_o such_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o the_o abstemious_a and_o prudent_a seek_v after_o and_o such_o as_o may_v seem_v to_o have_v act_v by_o fortune_n or_o necessity_n or_o by_o nature_n or_o custom_n and_o to_o have_v be_v mistake_v altogether_o and_o not_o to_o have_v do_v any_o injury_n partly_o such_o as_o can_v not_o otherwise_o obtain_v their_o right_n partly_o such_o as_o be_v in_o want_n now_o man_n happen_v to_o be_v in_o want_n two_o way_n either_o they_o want_v necessary_n as_o the_o needy_a or_o superfluity_n as_o the_o rich._n partly_o they_o who_o be_v man_n of_o repute_n or_o infamous_a those_o because_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v the_o less_o esteem_v these_o because_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v the_o more_o esteem_v and_o under_o these_o circumstance_n they_o both_o attempt_n and_o they_o injure_v those_o who_o be_v furnish_v with_o such_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o stand_v in_o need_n either_o necessary_n or_o for_o superfluity_n or_o pleasure_n and_o as_o well_o those_o that_o live_v at_o a_o distance_n as_o those_o that_o live_v near_o at_o hand_n the_o one_o be_v soon_o apprehend_v the_o other_o more_o slow_o punish_v as_o they_o who_o rob_v the_o carthaginian_n also_o the_o unwary_a and_o such_o as_o be_v not_o watchful_a but_o credulous_a for_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o deceive_v all_o these_o also_o the_o negligent_a for_o he_o that_o seek_v revenge_n must_v be_v diligent_a the_o bashful_a also_o for_o they_o seldom_o contend_v for_o gain_v also_o those_o who_o be_v injure_v by_o many_o never_o care_v to_o take_v revenge_n for_o to_o use_v the_o common_a proverb_n these_o be_v the_o mysian_o prey_n also_o those_o who_o never_o or_o they_o who_o be_v frequent_o injure_v for_o both_o be_v neglectful_a these_o because_o never_o those_o because_o they_o think_v they_o shall_v be_v no_o more_o also_o those_o that_o be_v or_o may_v be_v easy_o oppress_v with_o scandalous_a report_n for_o such_o never_o choose_v to_o defend_v themselves_o fear_v the_o judge_n nor_o can_v persuade_v the_o contrary_a of_o which_o sort_n be_v they_o who_o many_o hate_n or_o many_o envy_n and_o against_o who_o they_o have_v any_o pretence_n either_o of_o their_o parent_n or_o of_o their_o own_o or_o of_o their_o friend_n either_o that_o they_o have_v or_o will_v do_v wrong_a either_o to_o their_o parent_n themselves_o or_o such_o as_o be_v their_o dear_a relation_n who_o be_v under_o their_o protection_n for_o as_o the_o proverb_n say_v improbity_v only_o want_v a_o pretence_n we_o also_o injure_v our_o friend_n and_o our_o enemy_n for_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o do_v the_o one_o please_v to_o do_v the_o other_o also_o those_o who_o have_v no_o friend_n who_o be_v not_o in_o a_o condition_n to_o say_v or_o do_v also_o such_o as_o be_v neglectful_a of_o revenge_n or_o apt_a to_o be_v reconcile_v or_o never_o prosecute_v to_o the_o end_n or_o such_o as_o to_o who_o it_o be_v not_o worth_a their_o while_n to_o spend_v time_n to_o stay_v for_o judgement_n and_o recompense_n as_o foreigner_n and_o handicraft_n tradesman_n who_o be_v content_v with_o small_a satisfaction_n for_o a_o injury_n commit_v or_o such_o as_o have_v do_v many_o injury_n to_o other_o or_o themselves_o have_v suffer_v several_a like_o to_o what_o they_o have_v do_v for_o that_o do_v not_o seem_v a_o injury_n when_o a_o man_n have_v suffer_v no_o more_o
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be_v speak_v together_o be_v manifest_v only_o to_o they_o that_o consider_v as_o thus_o no_o man_n be_v ere_o in_o love_n but_o he_o will_v still_o a_o lover_n prove_v of_o sentence_n with_o illustration_n some_o be_v part_n of_o a_o enthymeme_n as_o ill_o it_o beseem_v the_o person_n true_o wise_a other_o be_v enthymematical_a but_o not_o part_v of_o the_o enthymem_n which_o be_v most_o approve_v of_o this_o sort_n be_v those_o wherein_o the_o cause_n be_v apparent_a as_o thus_o since_o mortal_a in_o thy_o mortal_a breast_n let_v not_o immortal_a anger_n rest_n like_o to_o which_o be_v that_o other_o let_v mortal_n only_o mortal_a matter_n mind_n and_o leave_v immortal_a thing_n to_o heaven_n resign_v hence_o it_o be_v apparent_a how_o many_o sort_n of_o sentence_n there_o be_v and_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v accommodate_v that_o be_v to_o say_v either_o to_o thing_n ambiguous_a or_o new_a or_o paradoxical_a or_o want_v illustration_n where_o the_o sentence_n be_v to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o conclusion_n by_o way_n of_o illustration_n as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v say_v because_o i_o will_v not_o be_v subject_a to_o envy_n nor_o be_v account_v idle_a think_v learning_n unnecessary_a or_o else_o the_o last_o may_v be_v first_o affirm_v and_o the_o first_o afterward_o but_o such_o thing_n as_o do_v not_o seem_v to_o be_v paradox_n yet_o be_v uncertain_a be_v to_o be_v utter_v concise_o with_o the_o wherefore_o to_o which_o laconic_a brevity_n and_o riddle_n be_v proper_o accommodate_v as_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v say_v what_o stesichorus_n say_v to_o the_o locrian_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v contumelious_a lest_o the_o grasshopper_n shall_v sing_v now_o sentence_n and_o apophthegm_n be_v most_o proper_a for_o man_n strike_v in_o year_n concern_v thing_n of_o which_o they_o have_v particular_a experience_n for_o where_o a_o man_n can_v pretend_v to_o gravity_n sentence_n will_v ill_o become_v he_o and_o he_o that_o speak_v without_o experience_n be_v a_o fool_n and_o illiterate_a for_o which_o this_o be_v a_o very_a good_a testimony_n for_o that_o your_o husbandman_n be_v the_o chief_n proverb-monger_n and_o have_v they_o still_o at_o their_o tongue_n end_n to_o speak_v universal_o that_o which_o be_v not_o universal_a be_v proper_a chief_o for_o lamentation_n or_o amplification_n and_o then_o either_o at_o the_o beginning_n or_o after_o demonstration_n but_o vulgar_a and_o common_a sentence_n be_v to_o be_v make_v choice_n of_o if_o they_o be_v needful_a for_o because_o they_o be_v common_a yet_o grant_v by_o all_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v true_a as_o when_o we_o will_v exhort_v those_o that_o have_v not_o sacrifice_v to_o run_v into_o danger_n it_o be_v the_o best_a omen_n of_o success_n that_o i_o fight_v for_o our_o country_n and_o for_o liberty_n and_o to_o those_o
shrewd_a commander_n and_o again_o it_o be_v the_o duty_n of_o prudent_a man_n to_o study_v the_o example_n of_o thing_n past_a that_o they_o may_v avoid_v inconsiderate_a error_n sentence_n from_o hyberbole_n be_v these_o it_o be_v much_o more_o dangerous_a to_o admit_v of_o theives_n then_o robber_n for_o the_o one_o take_v our_o money_n from_o we_o private_o the_o other_o open_o by_o way_n of_o paromoiosis_n or_o similitude_n these_o they_o that_o steal_v our_o money_n in_o my_o opinion_n do_v the_o same_o as_o they_o who_o betray_v city_n for_o both_o be_v trust_v they_o they_o injure_v those_o that_o entrust_v and_o again_o they_o that_o be_v unjust_a to_o i_o seem_v to_o be_v like_o tyrant_n for_o they_o never_o think_v they_o deserve_v punishm_o nt_v for_o the_o injury_n they_o do_v to_o other_o but_o where_o they_o believe_v other_o to_o be_v offender_n they_o spare_v for_o no_o torment_n and_o these_o if_o they_o owe_v i_o any_o thing_n never_o repay_v it_o but_o if_o i_o owe_v they_o any_o thing_n they_o exact_v both_o the_o principal_a and_o in-tere_a chap._n xiii_o of_o sign_n a_o sign_n be_v the_o other_o of_o the_o other_o not_o every_o thing_n of_o every_o thing_n nor_o all_o of_o all_o but_o what_o use_v to_o be_v before_o the_o thing_n or_o with_o the_o thing_n or_o after_o the_o thing_n and_o the_o sign_n be_v not_o only_o of_o the_o thing_n be_v but_o not_o in_o be_v in_o like_a manner_n that_o which_o never_o be_v do_v be_v the_o sign_n not_o only_o of_o the_o thing_n do_v but_o of_o that_o which_o be_v never_o do_v now_o of_o these_o sign_n some_o cause_n we_o to_o think_v other_o to_o know_v and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n those_o that_o beget_v the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n nor_o can_v we_o want_v plenty_n of_o these_o sign_n to_o speak_v summary_o take_v single_o and_o separately_z from_o every_o thing_n say_v d_o ne_z or_o see_v from_o the_o greatness_n or_o smallness_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o happen_v to_o we_o either_o good_a or_o cvil_n also_o from_o the_o testimony_n from_o the_o favourer_n of_o we_o or_o our_o adversary_n from_o they_o themselves_o from_o the_o prosecution_n from_o the_o time_n and_o season_n and_o from_o many_o other_o thing_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o a_o elenchus_n a_fw-la elenchus_n or_o convince_a argument_n be_v that_o which_o can_v be_v otherwise_o then_o as_o we_o say_v and_o it_o be_v take_v from_o thing_n natural_o necessary_a to_o be_v as_o we_o say_v or_o what_o the_o opponent_n say_v and_o from_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v natural_o possible_a or_o impossible_a which_o of_o therefore_o natural_o of_o necessity_n must_v be_v as_o that_o live_a creature_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o victual_n and_o the_o like_a as_o we_o say_v of_o necessity_n those_o that_o be_v whip_v must_v confess_v what_o those_o that_o lay_v on_o command_v '_o they_o also_o natural_o we_o say_v it_o be_v impossible_a such_o a_o little_a câ—â—ld_n shall_v steal_v so_o much_o money_n as_o not_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v it_o and_o go_v away_o with_o so_o much_o weight_n or_o if_o the_o adversary_n shall_v aver_v it_o to_o be_v impossible_a if_o he_o shall_v but_o tell_v we_o at_o what_o time_n we_o sign_v the_o contract_n at_o athens_n for_o we_o be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o at_o that_o time_n we_o be_v absent_a in_o some_o other_o city_n in_o a_o word_n we_o have_v already_o discourse_v of_o all_o manner_n of_o proof_n and_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v take_v from_o speech_n from_o business_n and_o from_o man_n themselves_o now_o let_v we_o consider_v how_o they_o differ_v one_o from_o another_o chap._n xv._n of_o the_o difference_n between_o probable_a and_o example_n etc._n etc._n probable_a differ_v from_o example_n in_o this_o that_o the_o hearer_n themselves_o have_v a_o notion_n of_o probability_n but_o example_n be_v bring_v from_o thing_n as_o well_o contrary_a as_o similar_v conjecture_n be_v compose_v of_o contrary_n both_o in_o speech_n and_o practice_n and_o enthymeme_v differ_v from_o conjecture_n be_v a_o certain_a repugnancy_n between_o the_o word_n and_o the_o deed_n but_o enthymeme_v remove_v the_o contradiction_n concering_n other_o idea_n or_o else_o because_o it_o be_v not_o for_o we_o to_o comprehend_v a_o conjecture_n unless_o there_o be_v some_o repugnancy_n between_o thing_n and_o word_n but_o a_o enthymeme_n offer_v itself_o every_o where_o and_o upon_o every_o thing_n sentence_n differ_v from_o enthymemes_n for_o that_o enthymeme_v consist_v of_o repugnancy_n only_o but_o sentence_n may_v be_v utter_v as_o well_o with_o repugnancy_n as_o simple_o themselves_o by_o themselves_o sign_n differ_v from_o sentence_n and_o all_o other_o thing_n before_o mention_v in_o this_o for_o that_o all_o the_o other_o thing_n create_v a_o opinion_n in_o the_o hearer_n but_o some_o sign_n will_v cause_v the_o judge_n right_o to_o apprehend_v besâ—â—â—s_n it_o never_o happen_v to_o the_o rest_n that_o we_o can_v abound_v in_o many_o but_o we_o may_v produce_v many_o sign_n a_o elenchus_n differ_v from_o a_o sign_n in_o this_o that_o some_o sign_n only_o create_v a_o opinion_n in_o the_o hearer_n but_o a_o elenchus_n teach_v and_o confirm_v they_o in_o the_o truth_n now_o let_v we_o see_v what_o may_v be_v oppose_v to_o these_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o speaker_n be_v the_o declaration_n of_o his_o sentiment_n touch_v such_o or_o such_o matter_n and_o it_o be_v requisite_a that_o he_o show_v himself_o experience_v in_o those_o thing_n concern_v which_o he_o discourse_v and_o that_o he_o shall_v demonstrate_v how_o much_o it_o concern_v he_o to_o speak_v the_o truth_n concern_v such_o matter_n and_o then_o let_v he_o make_v out_o that_o the_o oppoment_n know_v nothing_o of_o the_o matter_n which_o he_o undertake_v to_o discourse_v of_o and_o that_o his_o opinion_n be_v as_o frivolous_a which_o if_o it_o may_v not_o be_v say_v then_o let_v he_o urge_v that_o sometime_o the_o most_o experience_a may_v be_v in_o a_o error_n or_o that_o it_o be_v not_o for_o his_o interest_n to_o speak_v the_o truth_n concern_v these_o matter_n chap._n xvi_o of_o testimony_n a_o testimony_n be_v a_o voluntary_a confession_n of_o a_o know_a thing_n now_o of_o necessity_n it_o must_v be_v either_o probable_a or_o improbable_a or_o doubtful_a to_o be_v believe_v and_o in_o like_a manner_n the_o witness_n must_v be_v either_o credible_a or_o not_o to_o be_v believe_v or_o of_o doubtful_a credit_n now_o when_o the_o testimony_n seem_v probable_a and_o and_o the_o witness_v true_a the_o testimony_n need_v no_o epilogue_n unless_o for_o decorum_n sake_n you_o will_v make_v use_n of_o any_o sentence_n or_o enthymeme_n but_o if_o the_o witness_v be_v suspect_v than_o it_o must_v be_v urge_v that_o he_o have_v give_v his_o testimony_n neither_o out_o of_o affection_n for_o fear_v of_o torment_n nor_o for_o hope_n of_o gain_n and_o that_o it_o be_v no_o way_n advantageous_a to_o he_o to_o testify_v a_o untruth_n for_o the_o utmost_a he_o can_v expect_v can_v be_v but_o a_o small_a profit_n but_o to_o be_v convict_v of_o a_o perjury_n be_v a_o dangerous_a thing_n consider_v the_o punishment_n which_o the_o law_n inflict_v upon_o bribery_n and_o perjury_n and_o thus_o we_o shall_v render_v the_o witness_n credible_a they_o that_o contradict_v the_o witness_n be_v to_o detract_v from_o their_o life_n and_o conversation_n and_o to_o inquire_v into_o the_o testimony_n whether_o it_o be_v credible_a or_o to_o contradict_v both_o at_o once_o and_o to_o detect_v at_o once_o all_o the_o vice_n and_o enormity_n of_o the_o witness_n and_o his_o procurer_n it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v inquire_v into_o whether_o the_o witness_v be_v a_o friend_n to_o he_o for_o who_o he_o give_v his_o testimony_n or_o if_o he_o haveany_v deal_n with_o he_o or_o whether_o he_o be_v a_o enemy_n to_o he_o against_o who_o he_o give_v his_o testimony_n or_o whether_o he_o be_v a_o poor_a man_n for_o such_o as_o these_o may_v be_v suspect_v to_o swear_v false_a either_o for_o favour_n or_o fear_n or_o in_o hope_n of_o a_o reward_n for_o all_o which_o the_o law_n have_v provide_v punishment_n and_o therefore_o we_o may_v add_v at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o absurd_a thing_n for_o the_o judge_n who_o be_v bind_v to_o judge_v according_a the_o law_n to_o believe_v such_o man_n as_o the_o law_n will_v not_o believe_v now_o there_o be_v a_o way_n of_o steal_v a_o testimony_n which_o be_v this_o bear_v witness_n for_o i_o o_o calliches_n by_o the_o immortal_a god_n not_o i_o for_o do_v what_o i_o can_v he_o will_v needs_o do_v these_o thing_n and_o therefore_o give_v a_o false_a testimony_n upon_o the_o sentence_n he_o shall_v not_o be_v liable_a to_o the_o punishment_n inflict_v upon_o a_o false_a witness_n but_o if_o the_o adversary_n do_v any_o
thou_o be_v to_o declare_v and_o promise_v that_o thou_o will_v offer_v nothing_o but_o what_o be_v just_a honourable_a and_o profitable_a accusation_n from_o the_o present_a time_n be_v bring_v against_o orator_n first_o for_o their_o age._n for_o if_o they_o be_v either_o too_o young_a or_o too_o old_a the_o auditory_a be_v offend_v or_o if_o the_o orator_n speak_v without_o intermission_n for_o they_o he_o seem_v to_o take_v too_o much_o business_n upon_o he_o though_o he_o never_o speak_v before_o and_o he_o seem_v to_o speak_v for_o some_o private_a end_n that_o harangue_n contrary_a to_o the_o common_a custom_n for_o these_o thing_n excuse_n and_o pretence_n must_v be_v allege_v by_o the_o young_a person_n from_o want_n of_o adviser_n or_o that_o he_o have_v not_o choose_v any_o subject_a but_o what_o may_v become_v his_o age_n as_o the_o gymnasium_n horse_n arm_n warlike_a preparation_n all_o which_o subject_n be_v proper_a for_o youth_n to_o handle_v he_o may_v also_o insist_v that_o if_o his_o year_n do_v not_o permit_v to_o be_v as_o yet_o so_o wise_a however_o that_o he_o may_v have_v acquire_v it_o by_o study_n and_o diligence_n and_o he_o may_v do_v well_o to_o intimate_v that_o by_o his_o fail_a no_o man_n suffer_v but_o himself_o but_o if_o it_o be_v profitable_a what_o he_o say_v the_o whole_a nation_n will_v receive_v the_o benefit_n a_o person_n superanunate_v bring_v his_o excuse_n likewise_o from_o the_o want_n of_o adviser_n and_o his_o own_o sufficiency_n from_o the_o greatness_n and_o novelty_n of_o the_o danger_n that_o threaten_v or_o if_o he_o be_v one_o that_o have_v frequent_o advise_v from_o his_o experience_n and_o from_o the_o shame_n it_o will_v be_v that_o he_o who_o have_v so_o often_o advise_v shall_v not_o now_o be_v permit_v to_o speak_v these_o be_v reproach_n as_o to_o the_o person_n but_o there_o be_v other_o as_o to_o the_o matter_n when_o the_o orator_n persuade_v quiet_a to_o those_o who_o have_v do_v no_o injury_n or_o those_o that_o be_v superior_a in_o power_n or_o to_o make_v a_o ignominious_a peace_n or_o persuade_v a_o niggardly_a parsimony_n as_o to_o the_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o go_n here_o anticipation_n must_v be_v make_v use_n of_o towards_o the_o auditor_n and_o the_o cause_n of_o these_o thing_n must_v be_v refer_v either_o to_o necessity_n or_o fortune_n or_o the_o time_n or_o some_o particular_a advantage_n and_o allege_v that_o not_o the_o adviser_n but_o the_o thing_n themselveve_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o accident_n now_o the_o oration_n accuse_v in_o popular_a harangue_n when_o it_o be_v either_o long_a or_o too_o antique_a or_o not_o over_o probable_a if_o prolix_a the_o reason_n must_v be_v ascribe_v to_o prolixity_n of_o the_o subject_n if_o ancient_a yet_o that_o it_o be_v at_o this_o time_n seasonable_a if_o not_o probable_a promise_v to_o make_v it_o appear_v true_a in_o the_o progress_n of_o the_o oration_n and_o thus_o we_o be_v to_o constitute_v our_o popular_a harangue_n but_o how_o shall_v we_o order_n '_o they_o if_o there_o be_v no_o exception_n against_o the_o matter_n nor_o the_o oration_n expose_v the_o proposition_n present_o at_o the_o beginning_n then_o request_n attention_n and_o benevolent_a audience_n but_o if_o there_o be_v any_o exception_n we_o be_v to_o anticipate_v the_o auditory_a bring_v first_o our_o apology_n and_o excuse_n as_o brief_o as_o we_o can_v and_o request_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o hearer_n chap._n xxxi_o of_o narration_n after_o all_o this_o there_o be_v a_o necessity_n that_o either_o we_o relate_v or_o call_v to_o mind_n past_o transaction_n or_o that_o we_o declare_v present_a action_n or_o that_o we_o foretell_v such_o as_o be_v to_o come_v to_o pass_v hereafter_o if_o then_o we_o be_v to_o repeat_v the_o transction_n of_o a_o embassy_n it_o will_v behoove_v we_o to_o relate_v all_o thing_n that_o be_v say_v perspicuous_o that_o first_o the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o oration_n may_v appear_v for_o this_o will_v be_v only_o a_o bare_a narrative_n where_o no_o other_o figure_n of_o speech_n will_v interfere_v so_o that_o if_o any_o miscarriage_n happen_v the_o hearer_n may_v believe_v that_o it_o do_v not_o fall_v out_o through_o any_o negligence_n of_o we_o but_o for_o some_o other_o cause_n but_o if_o it_o fall_v out_o according_a to_o our_o expectation_n they_o may_v not_o believe_v it_o happen_v by_o chance_n but_o by_o mean_n of_o industry_n and_o sedulity_n and_o this_o they_o will_v the_o more_o easy_o believe_v see_v that_o if_o they_o be_v not_o present_a at_o the_o transaction_n of_o affair_n they_o may_v observe_v by_o our_o alacrity_n in_o the_o delivery_n of_o our_o relation_n that_o we_o have_v not_o leave_v out_o any_o thing_n but_o that_o we_o accurate_o give_v a_o account_n of_o every_o thing_n but_o in_o a_o popular_a harangue_n when_o we_o either_o call_v to_o mind_n thing_n past_a or_o make_v a_o relation_n of_o the_o present_a affair_n or_o foretell_v what_o be_v to_o come_v we_o be_v to_o do_v these_o thing_n brief_o perspicuous_o and_o not_o with_o probability_n perspicuous_o that_o the_o hearer_n may_v understand_v what_o be_v say_v brief_o that_o they_o may_v remember_v what_o be_v speak_v faithful_o lest_o before_o we_o haveconfirm_v our_o oration_n by_o proof_n and_o legality_n of_o proceed_n the_o hearer_n shall_v reject_v our_o relation_n we_o shall_v perspicuous_o make_v appear_v either_o from_o word_n or_o from_o the_o business_n itself_o from_o the_o business_n itself_o if_o we_o do_v not_o relate_v the_o matter_n confuse_o and_o out_o of_o order_n but_o such_o as_o be_v first_o do_v or_o to_o be_v do_v in_o the_o first_o place_n and_o the_o rest_n afterward_o in_o their_o order_n and_o not_o forsake_v the_o order_n which_o we_o have_v propose_v to_o ourselves_o to_o fall_v upon_o another_o thing_n in_o word_n we_o shall_v be_v perspicuous_a when_o we_o relate_v the_o transaction_n in_o word_n proper_a to_o the_o matter_n and_o if_o we_o place_v our_o word_n according_a to_o the_o common_a custom_n and_o not_o confuse_o or_o prefunctory_o but_o always_o observe_v a_o coherency_n in_o brevity_n we_o shall_v be_v perspicuous_a if_o both_o from_o thing_n and_o word_n we_o cut_v off_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v not_o necessary_a to_o be_v speak_v leave_v only_o those_o thing_n which_o if_o they_o shall_v be_v take_v away_o the_o oration_n will_v be_v obscure_a and_o difficult_a to_o be_v understand_v we_o shall_v be_v think_v faithful_a and_o to_o be_v credit_v if_o we_o bring_v reason_n by_o which_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v do_v may_v seem_v to_o be_v probable_a and_o as_o for_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v like_a to_o fall_v under_o too_o great_a a_o censure_n of_o improbability_n to_o lay_v they_o quite_o aside_o but_o if_o of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v speak_v the_o orator_n must_v relate_v the_o thing_n upon_o his_o own_o knowledge_n and_o reserve_v they_o to_o the_o proper_a place_n of_o refutation_n where_o he_o intend_v to_o handle_v other_o thing_n that_o be_v intermix_v must_v promise_v in_o the_o progress_n of_o his_o oration_n to_o make_v they_o out_o to_o be_v true_a pretend_v first_o to_o make_v out_o other_o thing_n more_o difficult_a which_o be_v do_v there_o be_v no_o question_n but_o they_o will_v believe_v the_o rest_n which_o be_v the_o way_n to_o cure_v the_o incredulity_n of_o the_o hearer_n chap._n xxxii_o a_o no_o w_n we_o shall_v order_v these_o narration_n manifestation_n and_o prediction_n after_o a_o threefold_a manner_n for_o if_o the_o action_n of_o which_o we_o discourse_v be_v few_o and_o notorious_a to_o the_o hearer_n we_o must_v join_v the_o relation_n to_o the_o exordium_n lest_o that_o part_n be_v place_v separately_z shall_v seem_v too_o short_a but_o when_o the_o affair_n be_v very_o many_o and_o unknown_a it_o be_v requesite_a that_o relation_n be_v join_v to_o every_o one_o and_o that_o we_o make_v they_o out_o to_o be_v just_a profitable_a and_o honest_a by_o which_o mean_n we_o may_v not_o only_o make_v a_o bare_a relation_n without_o any_o variety_n but_o take_v the_o ear_n of_o the_o hearer_n but_o if_o they_o be_v action_n but_o of_o a_o middle_a concernment_n than_o the_o relation_n or_o the_o manifestation_n or_o the_o prediction_n must_v be_v place_v in_o the_o exordium_n as_o part_v of_o the_o body_n of_o it_o which_o may_v be_v do_v if_o we_o prosecute_v the_o relation_n from_o the_o begin_n of_o it_o without_o intermission_n not_o take_v in_o any_o thing_n but_o bare_o and_o naked_o relate_v the_o thing_n themselves_o chap._n xxxiii_o of_o confirmation_n of_o necessity_n confirmation_n must_v follow_v next_o to_o confirm_v the_o relation_n forego_v by_o just_a and_o profitable_a proof_n asâ—_n we_o promise_v before_o to_o do_v see_v then_o we_o be_v to_o make_v our_o relation_n