were lighter and consequently more rare then water because it swimmeth vpon it which is an effect of the ayres being contained in the belly of it as it is in yce not a signe of the mettalls being more rare then water Whereas on the contrary side the proofe is positiue and cleare for vs for it can not be denyed but that the mingling of the water with other bodies more dense then it must of necessity make the compound and also the water it selfe become more dense then it was alone And accordingly we see that yce halfe thawed for then much of the ayre is driuen out and the water beginneth to fill the pores wherein the ayre resided before sinketh to the bottome as an iron dish with holes in it whereby the water might gett into it would do And besides we see that water is more diaphanous then yce and yce more consistent then water Therefore I hope we shall be excused if in this particular we be of a contrary opinion to this great personage But to returne vnto the thridde of our discourse The same that passeth here before vs passeth also in the skye with snow haile raine and wind Which that we may the better vnderstand lett vs consider how windes are made for they haue a maine influence into all the rest When the sunne or by some particular occurrent rayseth great multitudes of atomes from some one place and they eyther by the attraction of the sunne by some other occasion do take their course a certaine way this motion of those atomes we call a wind which according to the continuance of the matter from whence these atomes rise endureth a longer or a shorter time and goeth a farther or a shorter way like a riuer or rather like those eruptions of waters which in the Notherne partes of England they call Gypsies the which do breake out att vncertaine times and vpon vncertaine causes and flow likewise with an vncertaine duration So these windes being composed of bodies in a determinate proportion heauyer then the ayre do runne their course from their hight to the ground where they are supported as water is by the floore of its channell whiles they performe their carrire that is vntill they be wasted eyther by the drawing of the sunne or by their sticking and incorporating into grosser bodies Some of these windes according to the complexion of the body out of which they are extracted are dry as those which come from barren mountaines couered with snow others are moist as those that come out of marishy or watry places others haue other qualities as of heate or cold of wholesomenesse or vnwholesomenesse and the like partly from the source and partly frō the bodies they are mingled with in their way Such then being the nature and origine of windes if a cold one do meete in the ayre with that moist body whereof otherwise raine would haue been made it changeth that moist body into snow or into haile if a dry wind meete with a wett body it maketh it more dry and so hindereth the raine that was likely to be but if the wett body ouercome the dry wind it bringeth the wind downe along with it as we see when a shoure of raine allayeth a great wind And that all this is so experience will in some particulars instruct vs as well as reason from whence the rest may be euidently inferred For we see that those who in imitation of nature would conuert water into yce do take snow or yce and mingle it with some actiue dry body that may force the cold partes of the snow from it and then they sett the water in some fitt vessell in the way that those little bodies are to take which by that meanes entering into it do straight incorporate themselues therewith and of a soddaine do conuert it into yce Which processe you may easily trye by mingling salt armoniake with the snow but much more powerfully by setting the snow ouer the fire whiles the glasse of water to be congealed standeth in it after the manner of an egg in salt And thus fire it selfe though it be the enemy and destroyer of all cold is made the instrument of freesing And the same reason holdeth in the cooling of wine with snow or yce when after it hath beene a competent time in the snow they whose charge it is do vse to giue the vessell that containeth the wine three or foure turnes in the snow so to mingle through the whole body of the wine the cold receiued first but in the outward partes of it and by pressing to make that without haue a more forcible ingression But the whole doctrine of Meteores is so amply so ingeniously and so exactely performed by that neuer enough praysed Gentleman Monsieur Des Cartes in his Meteorologicall discourses as I should wrong my selfe and my Reader if I dwelled any longer vpon this subiect And whose Physicall discourses had they beene diuulged before I had entered vpon this worke I am persuaded would haue excused the greatest part of my paines in deliuering the nature of bodies It were a fault to passe from treating of condensation without noting so ordinary an effect of it as is the ioyning together of partes of the same body or of diuers bodies In which we see for the most part that the solide bodies which are to be ioyned together are first eyther heated or moistened that is they are rarifyed and then they are left to cold ayre or to other cold bodies to thicken and condense as aboue we mentioned of syrupes and gellies and so they are brought to sticke firmely together In the like manner we see that when two mettalls are heated till they be almost brought to runninge and then are pressed together by the hammer they become one continued body The like we see in glasse the like in waxe and in diuers other thinges On the contrary side when a broken stone is to be pieced together the pieces of it must be wetted and the ciment must be likewise moistened and then ioyning them aptly and drying them they sticke fast together Glew is moistened that it may by drying afterwardes hold pieces of wood together And the spectaclemakers haue a composition which must be both heated and moistened to ioyne vnto handles of wood the glasses which they are to grinde And broken glasses are cimented with cheese and chalke or with garlike All these effects our sense euidently sheweth vs arise out of condēsation but to our reasō it belōgeth to examine particularly by what steppes they are performed Frst then we know that heate doth subtilise the little bodies which are in the pores of the heated body and partly also it openeth the pores of the body it selfe if it be of a nature that permitteth it as it seemeth those bodies are which by heate are mollifyed or are liquefactible Againe we know that moysture is more subtile to enter into small creekes then dry bodies are especially
they can not soddainely be so much rarifyed as the subtiler partes of ayre that are there and therefore the more those subtiler partes are rarifyed and thereby happen to be carried vp the stronger and the thicker the heauyer atomes must descend And thus this concurse of ayre from the polar partes mainetayneth grauity vnder the zodiake where otherwise all would be turned into fire and so haue no grauity Now who coÌ„sidereth the two hemispheres which by the aequator are diuided will find that they are not altogether of equall complexions but that our hemisphere in which the Northpole is comprised is much dryer then the other by reason of the greater coÌ„tinent of land in this and the vaster tract of sea in the other and therefore the supply which cometh froÌ„ the diuers hemispheres must needes be of differeÌ„t natures that which cometh from towardes the Southpole being compared to that which cometh froÌ„ towardes the North as the more wett to the more dry Yet of how different coÌ„plexions soeuer they be you see they are the emanations of one and the same body Not vnlike vnto what nature hath instituted in the ranke of animals among whom the male and the female are so distinguished by heate and cold moysture and drought that neuerthelesse all belongeth but to one nature and that in degrees though manifestly different yet so neere together that the body of one is in a manner the same thing as the body of the other Euen so the complexions of the two hemispheres are in such sort different in the same qualities that neuerthelesse they are of the same nature and are vnequall partes of the same body which we call the earth Now Alchymistes assure vs that if two extractions of one body do meete together they will incorporate one with the other especially if there be some little difference in the complexion of the extractions Whence it followeth that these two streames of ayre making vp one continuate floud of various currents from one end of the world to the other each streame that cometh to the equator from its owne Pole by the extraction of the sunne and that is still supplyed with new matter flowing from its owne pole to the aequator before the sunne can sufficiently rarify and lift vp the atomes that came first perpendicularly vnder its beames as it vseth to happen in the effects of Physicall causes which can not be rigorously aiusted but must haue some latitude in which nature inclineth euer rather to aboundance then to defect will passe euen to the other pole by the conduct of his fellow in case he be by some occasion driuen backe homewardes For as we see in a boule or paile full of water or rather in a pipe through which the water runneth along if there be a little hole att the bottome or side of it the water will wriggle and change its course to creepe out att that pipe especially if there be a little spigott or quill att the outside of the hole that by the narrow length of it helpeth in some sort as it were to sucke it So if any of the files of the army or flould of atomes sucked from one of the Poles to the aequator do there find any gappes or chinkes or lanes of retiring files in the front of the other poles batalia of atomes they will presse in there in such manner as we haue aboue declared that water doth by the helpe of a labell of cotton and as is exemplyfied in all the attractions of venime by venimous bodies whereof we haue giuen many examples aboue and they will go along with them the course they goe For as when a thicke short guilded ingott of siluer is drawne out into a long subtile wyre the wyre continuing still perfectly guilded all ouer doth manifestly shew that the outside and the inside of the ingott do strangely meete together and intermixe in the drawing out so this little streame which like an eddy current runneth backe from the aequator towardes its owne Pole will continue to the end still tincted with the mixture of the other Poles atomes it was incorporated with att its coming to the aequator Now that some little riuolets of ayre and atomes should runne backe to their owne Pole contrary to the course of their maine streame will be easily enough to conceiue if we but consider that att certaine times of the yeare windes do blow more violently and strongly from some determinate part or Rombe of the world then they do att other times and from other partes As for example our East India Mariners tell vs of the famous Monâ—ones they find in those partes which are strong windes that raigne constantly six monthes of the yeare from one polewardes and the other six monthes from the other pole and beginne precisely about the sunnes entering into such a signe or degree of the zodiake and continue till about its entrance into the opposite degree And in our partes of the world certaine smart Easterly or Northeasterly windes do raigne about the end of March and beginning of Aprill when it seemeth that some snowes are melted by the spring heates of the sunne And other windes haue their courses in other seasons vpon other causes All which do euidently conuince that the course of the ayre and of vapors from the poles to the equator can not be so regular and vniforme but that many impediments and crosses do light in the way to make breaches in it and thereby to force it in some places to an opposite course In such sort as we see happeneth in eddy waters and in the course of a tide wherein the streame running swiftly in the middle beateth the edges of the water to the shore and thereby maketh it runne backe att the shore And hence we may conclude that although the maine course of ayre and atomes for example from north to south in our hemisphere can neuer faile of going on towardes the aequator constantly att the same rate in grosse neuerthlesse in seuerall particular little partes of it and especially att the edges of those streames that are driuen on faster then the rest by an extraordinary and accidentall violent cause it is variously interrupted and sometimes entirely stopped and other times euen driuen backe to the northwardes And if peraduenture any man should thinke that this will not fall out because each streame seemeth to be alwayes coming from his owne Pole to the aequator and therefore will oppose and driue backe any bodies that with lesse force should striue to swimme against it or if they sticke vnto them will carry them backe to the aequator We answere that we must not conceiue that the whole ayre in body doth euery where equally encroach from the polewardes vpon the torride zone but as it were in certaine brookes or riuolets according as the contingency of all causes putt together doth make it fall out Now then out of what we haue said it will follow that since
of intension and Remission and others do not ibid. § 7. That in euery part of our habitable world all the foure Elements are found pure in small atomes but not in any great bulke pag. 142. CHAP. XVII Of Rarefaction and Condensation the two first motions of particular bodies pag. 144. § 1. The Authors intent in this and the following chapters ibid. § 2. That bodies may be rarifyed both by outward heat aud how this is performed pag. 145. § 3. Of the great effects fo Rarefaction pag. 147. § 4. The first manner of condensation by heate pag. 148. § 5. The second manner of condensation by cold pag. 149. § 6. That yce is not water rarifyed but condensed pag. 151. § 7. How wind snow and haile are made and wind by raine allayed pag. 152. § 8. How partes of the same or diuers bodies are ioyned more strongly together by condensation pag. 153. § 9. Vacuites can not be the reason why water impregnated to the full with one kind of salt will notwithstanding receiue more of an other pag. 154. § 10. The true reason of the former effect pag. 155. § 11. The reason why bodies of the same nature do ioyne more easily together then others pag. 156. CHAP. XVIII Of an other motion belonging to particular bodies called Attraction and of certaine operations termed Magicall pag. 157. § 1. What Attraction is and from whence it proceedeth ibid. § 2. The true sense of the Maxime that Nature abhorreth from vacuity pag. 158. § 3. The true reason of attraction pag. 159. § 4. Water may be brought by the force of attraction to what height soeuer pag. 160. § 5. The doctrine touching the attraction of water in syphons ibid § 6. That the syphon doth not proue water to weigh in its owne orbe pag. 161. § 7. Concerning attraction caused by fire pag. 162. § 8. Concerning attraction made by vertue of hoat bodies amulets etc. pag. 163. § 9. The naturall reason giuen for diuers operations esteemed by some to be magicall ibid. CHAP. XIX Of three other motions belonging to particular bodies Filtration Restitution and Electricall attraction pag. 166. § 1. What is Filtration and how it is effected ibid. § 2. What causeth the water in filtration to ascend pag. 167. § 3. Why the filter will not droppe vnlesse the labell hang lower then the water ibid. § 4. Of the motion of Restitution and why some bodies stand bent others not pag. 168. § 5. Why some bodies returne onely in part to their natural figure others entirely pag. 170. § 6. Concerning the nature of those bodies which do shrinke and stretch pag. 171. § 7. How great and wonderfull effects proceed from small plaine and simple principles ibid. § 8. Concerning Electricall attraction and the causes of it pag. 172. § 9. Cabeus his opinion refuted concerning the cause of Electricall motions pag. 174. CHAP. XX. Of the Loadestones generation and its particular motions pag. 175. § 1. The extreme heat of the sunne vnder the zodiake draweth a streame of ayre from each Pole into the torride zone ibid. § 2. The atomes of these two streames coming together are apt to incorporate with one an other pag. 176. § 3. By the meeting and mingling together of these streames att the Equator diuers riuolets of atomes of each Pole are continuated from one Pole to te other pag. 177. § 4. Of these atomes incorporated with some fitt matter in the bowels of the earth is made a stone pag. 179. § 5. This stone worketh by emanations ioyned with agreeing streames that meete them in the ayre and in fine it is a loadestone ibid. § 6. A methode for making experiences vpon any subiect pag. 181. § 7. The loadestones generation by atomes flowing from both Poles is confirmed by experiments obserued in the stone it selfe ibid. § 8. Experiments to proue that the loadestone worketh by emanations meeting with agreeing streames pag. 182. CHAP. XXI Positions drawne out of the former doctrine and confirmed by experimentall proofes pag. 185. .1 The operations of the loadestone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities ibid. § 2. Obiections against the former position answered pag. 186. § 3. The loadestone is imbued with his vertue from an other body ibid. § 4. The vertue of the loadestone is a double and not one simple vertue 188. § 5. The vertue of the laodestone worketh more strongly in the Poles of it then in any other part ibid. § 6. The laodestone sendeth forth its emanations spherically Which are of two kindes and each kind is strongest in that hemisphere through whose polary partes they issue out ibid. § 7. Putting two loadestones within the sphere of one an other euery part of one laodestone doth not agree with euery part of the other loadestone pag 189. § 8. Concerning the declination and other respects of a needle towardes the loadestone it toucheth ibid. § 9. The vertue of the laodestone goeth from end to end in lines almost paralelle to the axis pag. 191. § 10. The vertue of loadestone is not perfectly sphericall though the stone be such pag. 192. § 11. The intention of nature in all the operations of the loadestone is to make an vnion betwixt the attractiue and attracted bodies ibid. § 12. The maine globe of the earth is not a loadestone ibid. § 13. The laodestone is generated in all partes or climats of the earth pag. 193. § 14. The conformity betwixt the two motions of magnetike thinges and of heauy thinges ibid. CHAP. XXII A solution of certaine Problemes concerning the loadestone and a short summe of the whole doctrine touching it pag. 194. § 1. Which is the North and which the South Pole of a loadestone ibid. § 2. Whether any bodies besides magnetike ones be attractiue ibid. § 3. Whether an iron placed perpendicularly towardes the earth doth gett a magneticall vertue of pointing towardes the north or towardes the south in that end that lyeth downewardes pag. 195. § 4. Why loadestones affect iron better then one an other ibid. § 5. Gilberts reason refuted touching a capped loadestone that taketh vp more iron then one not capped and an iron impregnated that in some case draweth more strongly then the stone it selfe ibid. § 6. Galileus his opinion touching the former effects refuted pag. 196. § 7. The Authors solution to the former questions pag. 197. § 8. The reason why in the former case a lesser loadestone doth draw the interiacent iron from the greater pag. 198. § 9. Why the variation of a touched needle from the north is greater the neerer you go to the Pole pag. 199. § 10. Whether in the same part of the world a touched needle may att one time vary more from the north and att an other time lesse pag. 200. § 11. The whole doctrine of the loadestone summed vp in short pag. 201. CHAP. XXIII A description of the two sortes of liuing creatures Plantes and Animals and how they are framed in common
shew vs that the lesse the atomes should penetrate into a moouing body by reason of the extreme density of it the more efficaciously they would worke and the greater celerity they would cause in its motion And hence we may giue the fullest solution to the obiection aboue which was to this effect that seeing diuision is made onely by the superficies or exteriour part of the dense body and that the vertue whereby a dense body doth worke is onely its resistance to diuision which maketh it apt to diuide it would follow that a hollow boule of brasse or iron should be as heauy as a solide one For we may answere that seeing the atomes must stricke through the body and that a cessible body doth not receiue their stroakes so firmely as a stiffe one nor can conuey them so farre if vnto a stiffe superficies there succeede a yielding inside the stroakes must of necessity loose much of their force and consequently can not mooue a body full of ayre with so much celerity or with so much efficacy as they may a solide one But then you may peraduenture say that if these stroakes of the descending atomes vpon a dense body were the cause of its motion downewardes we must allow the atomes to mooue faster then the dense body that so they may still ouertake it and driue it along and enter into it whereas if they should mooue slower then it none of them could come in their turne to giue it a stroake but it would be past them and out of their reach before they could strike it But it is euident say you out of these pretended causes of this motion that such atomes can not mooue so swiftly downewardes as a great dense body since their litlenesse and their rarity are both of them hindering to their motion and therefore this can not be the cause of that effect which we call grauity To this I reply that to haue the atomes giue these blowes to a descending dense body doth not require that their naturall and ordinary motion should be swifter then the descent of such a dense body but the very descent of it occasioneth their striking it for as it falleth and maketh it selfe a way through them they diuide themselues before it and swell on the sides and a litle aboue it and presently close againe behind it and ouer it as soone as it is past Now that closing to hinder vacuity of space is a suddaine one and thereby attaineth great velocity which would carry the atomes in that degree of velocity further then the descending body if they did not encounter with it in their way to retarde them which encounter and retarding implyeth such stroakes vpon the dense body as we suppose to cause this motion And the like we see in water into which letting a stone fall presently the water that was diuided by the stone and swelleth on the sides higher then it was before closeth vpon the backe of the descending stone and followeth it so violently that for a while after it leaueth a purling hole in the place where the stone went downe till by the repose of the stone the water returneth likewise to its quiet and so its superficies becometh euen In the third place an enquiry occurreth emergent out of this doctrine of the cause of bodies moouing vpwardes and downewardes Which is whether there would be any naturall motion deepe in the earth beyond the actiuity of the sunnes beames For out of these principles it followeth that there would not and consequently there must be a vast orbe in which there would be no motion of grauity or of leuity for suppose that the sunne beames might pierce a thousand miles deepe into the body of the earth yet there would still remaine a masse whose diameter would be neere 5000 miles in which there would be no grauitation nor the contrary motion For my part I shall make no difficulty to grant the inference as farre as concerneth motion caused by our sunne for what inconuenience would follow out of it But I will not offer att determining whether there may not be enclosed within that great sphere of earth some other fire such as the Chymistes talke of an Archeus a Demogorgon seated in the center like the hart in animals which may raise vp vapours and boyle an ayre out of them and diuide grosse bodies into atomes and accordingly giue them motions answerable to ours but in different lines from ours according as that fire or sunne is situated since the farre-searching Author of the Dialogues de Mundo hath left that speculation vndecided after he had touched vpon it in the 12 knott of his first Dialogue Fourthly it may be obiected that if such descending atomes as we haue described were the cause of a bodies grauity and descending towardes the center the same body would att diuers times descend more and lesse swiftly for example after midnight when the atomes begin to descend more slowly then likewise the same body would descend more slowly in a like proportion and not weigh so much as it did in the heate of the day The same may be said of summer and winter for in winter time the atomes seeme to be more grosse and consequently to strike more strongly vpon the bodies they meete with in their way as they descend yet on the other side they seeme in the summer to be more numerous as also to descend from a greater height both which circumstances will be cause of a stronger stroake and more vigourous impulse vpon the body they hitt And the like may be obiected of diuers partes of the world for in the torride zone it will alwayes happen as in summer in places of the temperate zone and in the polar climes as in deepest winter so that no where there would be any standard or certainty in the weight of bodies if it depended vpon so mutable a cause And it maketh to the same effect that a body which lyeth vnder a thicke rocke or any other very dense body that can not be penetrated by any great store of atomes should not be so heauy as it would be in the open and free ayre where the atomes in their complete numbers haue their full stroakes For answere to these and such like instances we are to note first that it is not so much the number or the violence of the percussion of the striking atomes as the density of the thing strucken which giueth the measure to the descending of a weighty body and the chiefe thing which the stroake of the atomes giueth vnto a dense body is a determination of the way which a dense body is to cutt vnto it selfe therefore multiplication or lessening of the atomes will not make any sensible difference betwixt the weight of one dense body where many atomes do strike and an other body of the same density where but few do strike so that the stroake downewardes of the descending atomes be greater then the stroake vpwardes
as the rackett or bowstring shrinketh backe from the missiue and leaueth a space betweene the missiue and it as it is cleare it doth as soone as it hath strucken the resisting body the ayre must ' needes clappe in with as much velocity as they retire and with some what more because the missiue goeth forward att the same time and therefore the ayre must hasten to ouertake it least any vacuity should be left betweene the string and the arrow It is certaine likewise that the ayre on the sides doth also vpon the diuision of it slide backe and helpe to fill that space which the departed arrow leaueth voyde Now this forcible cloosing of the ayre att the nocke of the arrow must ' needes giue an impulse or blow vpon it if it seeme to be but a litle one you may consider how it is yet much greater then what the ayre and the bodies swimming in it do att the first giue vnto a stone falling frō high and how att the last those litle atomes that driue a stone in its naturall motion do with their litle blowes force it peraduenture more violenty and swiftly then any impelling Agent we are acquainted with can do So that the impulse which they make vpon the arrow pressing violently vpon it after such a vehement concussion and with a great velocity must needes cause a powerfull effect in that which of it selfe is indifferent to any motion any way But vnlesse this motion of the ayre do continue to beate still vpon the arrow it will soone fall to the ground for want of a cause to driue it forward and because the naturall motion of the ayre being then the onely one will determine it downewardes Lett vs consider then how this violent rending of the ayre by the blow that the bowstring giueth vnto the arrow must needes disorder the litle atomes that swimme too and fro in it and that being heauyer then the ayre are continually descending downewardes This disorder maketh some of the heauyer partes of them gett aboue others that are lighter then they which they not abiding do presse vpon those that are next them and they vpon their fellowes so that there is a great commorion and vndulation caused in the whole masse of ayre round about the arrow which must continue some time before it can be settled and it being determined by the motion of the arrow that way that it slideth it followeth that all this commotion and vndulation of the ayre serueth to continue the arrow in its flight And thus faster then any part behind can be settled new ones before are stirred till the resistance of the medium do grow stronger then the impulse of the moouers Besides this the arrow pressing vpon the ayre before it with a greater velocity then the ayre which is a liquide rare body can admitt to moue all of a piece without breaking it must of necessity happen that the partes of the ayre immediately before the arrow be driuen vpon others further of before these can be moued to giue place vnto them so that in some places the ayre becometh condensed and consequently in others rarifyed Which also the wind that we make in walking which will shake a paper pinned loosely att the wall of a chamber towardes which we walke and the cooling ayre caused by fanning when we are hoat do euidently confirme So that it can not be doubted but that condensation and rarefaction of the ayre must necessarily follow the motion of any solide body which being admitted it is euident that a great disorder and for some remarkable time must necessarily be in the ayre since it can not brooke to continue in more rarity or density then is naturall vnto it Nor can weighty and light partes agree to rest in an equal height or lownesse which the violence of the arrowes motion forceth them vnto for the present Therefore it can not be denyed but that though the arrow slide away neuerthelesse there still remaineth behind it by this condensation and confusion of partes in the ayre motion enough to giue impulse vnto the arrow so as to make it continue its motion after the bowstring hath left it But here will arise a difficulty which is how this clapping in and vndulation of the ayre should haue strength and efficacy enough to cause the continuance of so smart a motion as is an arrowes shott from a bow To this I neede no other argument for an answere then to produce Galileos testimony how great a body one single mans breath alone can in due circumstances giue a rapide motion vnto and withall lett vs consider how the arrow and the ayre about it are already in a certaine degree of velocity that is to say the obstacle that would hinder it from moouing that way namely the resistance of the ayre is taken away and the causes that are to produce it namely the determining of the ayres and of the atomes motion that way are hightened And then we may safely conclude that the arrow which of it selfe is indifferent to be mooued vpwardes or downewardes or forwardes must needes obey that motion which is caused in it by the atomes and the ayres pressing vpon it either according to the impulse of the string or when the string beginneth to flagge according to the beatinges that follow the generall constitution of nature or in a mixt manner according to the proportions that these two hold to one an other Which proportions Galileus in his 4th Dialogue of motion hath attempted to explicate very ingeniously but hauing missed in one of his suppositions to witt that forced motion vpon an horizontall line is throughout vniforme his great labours therein haue taken litle effect towardes the aduancing the knowledge of nature as he pretended for his conclusions succeede not in experience as Mersenius assureth vs after very exact trials nor can they in their reasons be fitted to nature So that to conclude this point I find no difficulty in allowing this motion of the ayre strength enough to force the mooueable onwardes for some time after the first moouer is seuered from it and long after we see no motions of this nature do endure so that we neede seeke no further cause for the continuance of it but may rest satisfyed vpon the whole matter that since the causes and circumstances our reason suggesteth vnto vs are after mature and particular examination proportionable to the effects we see the doctrine we deliuer must be sound and true For the establishing whereof we neede not considering what we haue already said spend much time in soluing Galileos arguments against it seeing that out of what we haue sett downe the answeres to them appeare plaine enough for first we haue assigned causes how the ayre may continue its motion long enough to giue as much impression as is needefull vnto the arrow to make it goe on as it doth Which motion is not requisite to be neere so great in the ayre
behind the arrow that driueth it on as what the arrow causeth in the ayre before it for by reason of the density of it it must needes make a greater impression in the ayre it cutteth then the ayre that causeth its motion would do of it selfe without the mediation of the arrow As when the force of a hand giueth motion vnto a knife to cutt a loafe of bread the knife by reason of the density and of the figure it hath mâ—kâ—th a greater impression in the loafe thâ—n the hand alone would do And this is the same that we declared in the naturall motion of a heauy thing downewardes vnto which we assigned two causes namely the beating of the atomes in the ayre falling downe in their naturall coursâ— to determine it the way it is to goe and the density of the body that cutting more powerfully then those atomes can do giueth together with their helpe a greater velocity vnto the mooueable then the atomes of themselues can giue Nor doth it import that our resolution is against the generall nature of rare and dense bodies in regard of conseruing motion as Galileo obiecteth for the reason why dense bodies do conserue motion longer then rare bodies is because in regard of their diuiding vertue they gett in equall times a greater velocity Wherefore seeing that velocity is equall vnto grauity it followeth thâ—t resistance worketh not so much vpon them as vpon rare bodies and therefore can not make them cease from motion so easily as it doth rare bodies This is the generall reason for the conseruation of motion in dense bodies But because in our case there is a continuall cause which conserueth motion in the ayre the ayre may continue its motion longer then of it selfe it would do not in the same part of ayre which Galileus as it seemeth did ayme att but in diuers partes in which the mooueable successiuely is Which being concluded lett vs see how the forced motion cometh to decrease and to be ended To which purpose we may obserue that the impression which the arrow receiueth from the ayre that driueth it forwardes being weaker then that which it receiued att the first from the string by reasoÌ„ that the ayre is not so deÌ„se and therefore caÌ„ not strike so great a blow the arrow doth not in this second measure of time wherein we coÌ„sider the impulse giuen by the ayre onely cutt so strongly the ayre before it nor presse so violently vpon it as in the first measure when the string parting from it did beate it forwardes for till then the velocity encreaseth in the arrow as it doth in the string that carryeth it along which proceedeth from rest att the singers loose from it to its highest degree of velocity which is when it arriueth to the vtmost extent of its ierke where it quitteth the arrow And therefore the ayre now doth not so swiftly nor so much of it rebound backe from before and clappe it selfe behind the arrow to fill the space that else would be left voyde by the arrowes moouing forward and consequently the blow it giueth in the third measure to driue the arrow on can not be so great as the blow was immediately after the stringes parting from it which was in the second measure of time and therefore the arrow must needes mooue slower in the third measure then it did in the second as formerly it mooued slower in the second which was the ayres first stroake then it did in the first when the string droue it forwardes And thus successiuely in euery moment of time as the causes grow weaker and weaker by the encrease of resistance in the ayre before and by the decrease of force in the subsequent ayre so the motion must be slower and slower till it come to pure cessation As for Galileus second argument that the ayre hath litle power ouer heauy thinges and therefore he will not allow it to be the cause of continuing forced motions in dense bodies I wish he could as well haue made experience what velocity of motion a mans breath might produce in a heauy bullett lying vpon an euen hard and slippery plaine for a table would be too short as he did how admirable great a one it produced in pendants hanging in the ayre and I doubt not but he would haue granted it as powerfull in causing horizontall motions as he found it in the vndulations of his pendantes Which neuerthelesse do sufficiently conuince how great a power ayre hath ouer heauy bodies As likewise the experience of windgunnes assureth vs that ayre duly applyed is able to giue greater motion vnto heauy bodies then vnto light ones For how can a straw or feather be imagined possibly to fly with halfe the violence as a bullett of lead doth out of one of those engines And when a man sucketh a bullett vpwardes in a perfectly bored barrell of a gunne which the bullett fitteth exactly as we haue mentioned before with what a violence doth it follow the breath and ascend to the mouth of the barrell I remember to haue seene a man that was vncautious and sucked strongly that had his foreteeth beaten out by the blow of the bullett ascending This experiment if well looked into may peraduenture make good a greate part of this doctrine we now deliuer For the ayre pressing in behind the bullett att the touch hole giueth it its impulse vpwardes vnto which the density of the bullett being added you haue the cause of its swiftnesse and violence for a bullett of wood or corke would not ascend so fast and so strongly and the sucking away of the ayre before it taketh away that resistance which otherwise it would encounter with by the ayre lying in the way of it and its following the breath with so great ease sheweth as we touched before that of it selfe it is indifferent to any motion when nothing presseth vpon it to determine it a certaine way Now to Galileos last argument that an arrow should fly faster broadwayes then longwayes if the ayre were cause of its motion there needeth no more to be saide but that the resistance of the ayre before hindereth it as much as the impulse of the ayre behind helpeth it on so that nothing is gained in that regard but much is lost in respect of the figure which maketh the arrow vnapt to cutt the ayre so well when it flyeth broadwayes as when it is shott longwayes and therefore the ayre being weakely cutt so much of it can not clappe in behind the arrow and driue it on against the resistance before which is much greater Thus farre with due respect and with acknowledging remembrance of the many admirable mysteries of natute which that great man hath taught the world we haue taken liberty to dispute against him because this difficulty seemeth to haue driuen him against his Genius to beleeue that in such motions there must be allowed a quality imprinted into the mooued body to cause them which
of the diuers disposition of the animal spirits in these partes which if they thicken too much and become very grosse they are not capable of transmitting the subtile messengers of the outward world vnto the tribunall of the braine to judge of them On the other side if they be too subtile they neyther haue nor giue power to swell the skinne and so to draw the muscles to their heades And surely Monsieur des Cartes taketh the wrong way in the reason he giueth of the palsie for it proceedeth out of aboundance of humors which clogging the nerues rendreth them washy and maketh them loose their drynesse and become lither and consequently vnfitt and vnable in his opinion for sensation which requireth stiffenesse as well as for motion Yet besides all these one difficulty more remayneth against this doctrine more insuperable if I mistake not then any thing or all together we haue yet said which is how the memory should conserue any thing in it and represent bodies to vs when our fansie calleth for them if nothing but motions do come into the braine For it is impossible that in so diuisible a subiect as the spirits motion should be conserued any long time as we see euidently in the ayre through which moue a flaming taper neuer so swiftly and as soone as you sett it downe almost in the very instant the flame of it leaueth being driuen or shaken on one side and goeth quietly and euenly vp its ordinary course thereby shewing that the motion of the ayre which for the time was violent is all of a soddaine quieted and at rest for otherwise the flame of the taper would blaze that way the ayre were moued Assuredly the bodies that haue power to conserue motion long must be dry and hard ones Nor yet can such conserue it very long after the cause which made it ceaseth from its operation How then can we imagine that such a multitude of pure motions as the memory must be stored withall for the vse and seruice of a man can be kept on foote in his braine without confusion and for so long a time as his memory is able to extend vnto Consiâ—er a lessen played vpon the lute or virginals and think with your selfe what power there is or can be in nature to conserue this lesson euer continually playing and reflect that if the impressions vpon the common sense are nothing else but such thinges then they must be actually conserued alwayes actually mouing in our head to the end they be immediately produced whensoeuer it pleaseth our will to call for them And if peraduenture it should be replyed that it is not necessary the motions themselues â—hould alwayes be conserued in actuall being but that it is sufficient there be certaine causes kâ—pt on foote in our heades which are apt to reduce these motions into act whensoeuer there is occasion of them all I shall say herevnto is that this is meerely a voluntary position and that there appeareth no ground for these motions to make and constitute such causes since we neyther meete with any instruments nor discouer any signes whereby we may be induced to beleeue or vnderstand any such operation It may be viged that diuers soundes are by diseases oftentimes made in out eares and appearances of colours in our fantasie But first these colours and soundes are not artificiall ones and disposed and ordered by choice and iudgement for no story hath mentioned that by a disease any man euer heard twenty verses of Virgil or an ode of Horace in his eares or that euer any man sâ—w fâ—ire pictures in his fansye by meanes of a blow giuen him vpon his eye And secondly such colours and soundes as are obiected are nothing else but in the first case the motion of humourâ— in a mans eye by a blow vpon it which humours haue the vertue of making light in such sort as we sâ—e sea wateâ— hath when it is clashâ—d together and in the second case a cold vapour in certaine partes of the braine which causeth beatinges or motion there whence proceedeth â—he imitation of soundes so that these examples do nothing aduantage that party thence to inferre that the similitudes of obiects may be made in the common sense without any reall bodies reserued for that end Yet I intend not to exclude motion from any commerce with â—he memory no more then I haue done from sensation For I will not only graunt that all our remembring is performed by the meanes of motion but I will also acknowledge that in men it is for the most part of nothing eâ—se but of motion For what are wordes but motion And wordes are the chiefest obiects of our remembrance It is true we can if we will remember thinges in their owne shapes as well as by thâ— wordes that expresse them but experience telleth vs that in our familiar conuersation and in the ordinary exercise of our memory we remember and make vse of the wordes rather then of the thinges themselues Besides the impressions which are made vpon all our other senses as well as vpon our hearing are likewise for the most part of thinges in motion as if we haue occasion to make a conception of a man or of a horse we ordinarily conceiue him walking or speaking or eating or vsing some motion in time and as these impressions are successiuely made vpon the outward organes so are they successiuely carried into the fantasie and by like succession are deliuered ouer into the memory from whence when they are called backe againe into the fantasie they moue likewise successiuely so that in truth all our memory will be of motion or at the least of bodies in motion yet it is not chiefly of motion but of the thinges that are moued vnlesse it be when we remember wordes and how those motions do frame bodies which moue in the braine we haue already touched THE THREE AND THERTIETH CHAPTER Of Memory BVt how are these thinges conserued in the braine And how do they reuiue in the fantasie the same motions by which they came in thither at the first Monsieur des Cartes hath putt vs in hope of an explication and were I so happy as to haue seene that worke of his which the world of learned men so much longeth for I assure my selfe I should herein receiue great helpe and furtherance by it Although withall I must professe I can not vnderstand how it is possible that any determinate motion should long be preserued vntaynted in the braine where there must be such a multitude of other motions in the way to mingle with it and bring all into confusion One day I hope this iewell will be exposed to publike view both to do the Author right and to instruct the world In the meane time lett vs see what our owne principles afford vs. We haue resolued that sensation is not a pure driuing of the animal spirits or of some penetrable body in which they swimme against that
the name of Feare and the other that carrieth one to the pursuite of the obiect we call Hope Anger or Audaciâ—y is mixed of both these for it seeketh to auoyde an euill by embracing and ouercoming it and proceedeth out of aboundance of spirits Now if the proportion of spirits sent from the hart be too great for the braine it hindereth or peruerteth the due operation both in man and beast All which it will not be amisse to open a litle more particularly and first why painefull or displeasing obiects do contract the spirits and gratefull ones do contrary wise dilate them It is because the good of the hart consisteth in life that is in heate and moysture and it is the nature of heate to dilate it selfe in moysture whereas cold and drie thinges do contract the bodies they worke vpon and such are enemyes to the nature of men and beasts and accordingly experience as well as reason teacheth vs that all obiects which be naturally good are such as be hoat and moyst in the due proportion to the creature that is affected and pleased with them Now the liuing creature being composed of the same principles as the world round about him is and the hart being an abridgement of the whole sensible creature and being moreouer full of bloud and that very hoat it cometh to passe that if any of these little extracts of the outward world do arriue to the hoat bloud about the hart it worketh in this bloud such like an effect as we see a droppe of water falling into a glasse of wine which is presently dispersed into a competent compasse of the wine so that any little obiect must needes make a notable motion in the bloud about the hart This motion according to the nature of the obiect will be eyther conformable or contrary vnlesse it be so little a one as no effect will follow of it and then it is of that kind which aboue we called indifferent If the ensuing effect be connaturall to the hart there riseth a motion of a certaine fume about the hart which motion we call pleasure and it neuer fayleth of accompanying all those motions which are good as Ioy Loue Hope and the like but if the motion be displeasing there is likewise a common sense of a heauynesse about the hart which we call griefe and it is common to sorrow feare hate and the like Now it is manifest by experience that thâ—se motions are all of them different ones and do strike against diuers of those partes of our body which encompasse the hart out of which striking followeth that the spirits sent from the hart do affect the braine diuersly and are by it conueyed into diuers nerues and so do sett diuers members in action Whence followeth that certaine members are generally moued vpon the motion of such a passion in the hart especially in beaste â—ho haue a more determinate course of working then man hath and if â—ometimes we see variety euen in beasts vpon knowledge of the circumstances we may easily guesse at the causes of that variety the particularities of all which motions we remitt to Physitians and to Anatomistes aduertising only that the fume of pleasure and the heauinesse of griefe do plainely shew that the first motions do participate of dilatation and the latter of compression Thus you see how by the senses a liuing creature becometh iudge of what is good and of what is bad for him which operation is performed more perfectly in beasts and especially in those who liue in the free ayre remote from humane conuersation for their senses are fresh and vntaynted as nature made them then in men Yet without doubt nature hath beene as fauourable in this particular to men as vnto them were it not that with disorder and excesse we corrupt and oppresse our senses as appeareth euidently by the story we haue recorded of Iohn of Liege as also by the ordinary practise of some Hermites in the diserts who by their tast or smell would presently be informed whether the herbes and rootes and fruits thâ—y mett withall were good or hurtfull for them though they neuer before had had triall of them Of which excellency of the senses there remaineth in vs only some dimme sparkes in those qualities which we call sympathies and antipathies whereof the reasons are plaine out of our late discourse and are nothing elâ—e but a conformity or opposition of a liuing creature by some indiuiduall property of it vnto some body without it in such sort as its conformity or opposition vnto thinges by its specificall qualities is termed naturall or against nature But of this we shall discourse more at large hereafter Thus it appeareth how the senses are seated in vs principally for the end of mouing vs to or from obiects that are good for vs or hurtfull to vs. But though our Reader be content to allow this intent of nature in our three inferiour senses yet he may peraduenture not be satisfyed how the two more noble ones the hearing and the seeing do cause such motions to or from obiects as are requisite to be in liuing creatures for the preseruation of them for may he say how can a man by only seeing an obiect or by hearing the sound of it tell what qualities it is embued withall Or what motion of liking or disliking can be caused in his hart by his meere receiuing the visible species of an obiect at his eyes or by his eares hearing some noyse it maketh And if there be no such motion there what should occasion him to prosecute or auoyd that obiect When he tasteth or smelleth or toucheth a thing he findeth it sweet or bitter or stincking or hoat or cold and is therewith eyther pleased or displeased but when he only seeth or heareth it what liking or disliking can he haue of it in order to the preseruation of his nature The solution of this difficulty may in part appeare out of what we haue already said But for the most part the obiects of thâ—se two nobler senses dâ—â—moue vs by being ioyned in the memory with some other thing that did eyther please or displease some of the other three senses And from thence it is that the motion of going to embrace the obiect or â—uersion from it doth immediately proceed as when a dogg seeth a man that vseth to giue him meate the species of the man coming into his fansie calleth out of his memory the others which are of the same nature and are former participations of that man as well as this fâ—esh one is but these are ioyned with specieses of meate because at other times they did vse to come in together and therefore the meate being a good vnto him and causing him in the manner we haue said to moue towardes it it will follow that the dogg will presently moue towardes that man and expresse a contentednesse in being with him And this is the ground of all assuefaction in beasts and
strength and security of the fabrike no more I hope will the slight escapes which so difficult a taske as this is subiect vnto endamage or weaken the maine body of what I haue here deliuered I haue not yet seene any piece vpon this subiect made vp with this methode beginning from the simplest and plainest notions and composing them orderly till all the principall variety which their nature is capable of be gone through and therefore it can not be expected but that the first modell of this kind and moulded by one distracted with continuall thoughts of a much different straine and whose exercise as well as profession hath allowed him but litle commerce with bookes and study must needes be very rough hewed and require a great deale of polishing Which whosoeuer shall do and be as exact and orderly in treating of Phylosophy and Theology as Mathematicians are in deliuering their sciencies I do assure my selfe that Demonstrations might be made and would proceed in them as currently and the conclusions be as certaine and as full as in the Mathematikes themselues But that is not all these demonstrations would haue the oddes exceedingly of the other and be to vs inestimably more aduantagious for out of them do spiring much higher and nobler effects for mans vse and life then out of any Mathematicall ones especially when they extend themselues to the gouuernement of Man as he is Man which is an art as farre beyond all the rules of Physike or other gouuernement of our body or temporall goodes as the end is beyond the meanes we employ to gaine it for all the others do but serue instrumentally to this end That we may liue well whereas these do immediately teach it These are the fruites in generall that I hope may in some measure grow out of this discourse in the handes of equall and iuditious Readers but the particular ayme of it is to shew what actions can proeeed from a body and what can not In the conduct whereof one of our chiefe endeauours hath beene to shew that those actions which seeme to draw strongly into the order of bodies the vnknowne nature of certaine entities named Qualities eyther do or may proceed from the same causes which produce those knowne effects that all sides agree do not stand in neede of any such mysticall Philosophy And this being the maine hinge vpon which hangeth and moueth the full and cleare resoluing of our maine and great question Of the Immortality of the Soule I assure my selfe the paines I haue taken in this particular will not be deemed superfluous or tedious and withall I hope I haue employed them with so good successe as hence foreward we shall not be any more troubled with obiections drawne from their hidden and incomprehensible nature and that we stand vpon euen ground with those of the contrary opinion for since we haue shewed how all actions may be performed among bodies without hauing any recourse to such Entities and Qualities as they pretend and paint out to vs it is now their part if they will haue them admitted to proue that in nature there are such Hauing thâ—n brought the Philosophy of bodies vnto these termes that which remaineth for vs to performe is to shew thâ—t those actions of our soule for which we call her a spiritt are of such a nature as they can not be reduced into those principles by which all corporeall actions are effected For the proofe of our originall intent no more then this can be exacted at our handes so that if our positiue proofes shall carry vs yet beyond this it can not be denyed but that we giue ouermeasure and do illustrate with a greater light what is already sufficiently discerned In our proceeding we haue the precedency of nature for laying for our ground the naturall conceptions which mankind maketh of quantity we find that a body is a meere passiue thing consisting of diuers partes which by motion may be diuersly ordered and consequently that it is capable of no other change or operation then such as motion may produce by various ordering the diuers partes of it and then seeing that Rare and Dense is the primary and adequate diuision of Bodies it followeth euidently that what can not be effected by the various disposition of rare and dense partes can not proceed or be effected by a pure body and consequently it will be sufficient for vs to shew that the motions of our soules are such and they who will not agree to this conclusion must take vpon them to shew that our first premisse is defectiue by prouing that other vnknowne wayes are necessary for bodies to be wrought vpon or to worke by and that the motion and various ordering of rare and dense partes in them is not cause sufficient for the effects we see among them Which whosoeuer shall attempt to do must remember that he hath this disaduantage before he beginneth that whatsoeuer hath beene hitherto discouered in the science of bodies by the helpe eyther of Mathematikes or Physickes it hath all beene resolued and hath fallen into this way which we declare Here I should sett a periode to all further discourse concerning this first Treatise of bodies did I not apprehend that the preiudice of Aristotles authority may dispose many to a harsh conceite of the draught we haue made But if they knew how litle reason they haue to vrge that against vs they would not crye vs downe for contradicting that oracle of nature not only because he himselfe both by word and by example exhorteth vs when verity leadeth vs an other way to forsake the trackes which our forefathers haue beaten for vs so we do it with due respect and gratitude for the much they haue left vs nor yet because Christian Religion as it will not heare of any man purely a man free from sinne so it inclineth to persuade vs that no man can be exempt from errour and therefore it sauoureth not well to defend peremptorily any mans sayings especially if they be many as being vncontrollable how be it I intend not to preiudice any person that to defend a worthy authors honour shal endeauour to vindicate him from absurdities and grosse errors nor lastly because it hath euer beene the common practise of all graue Peripatetikes and Thomistes to leaue their Masters some in one article some in an other but indeede because the very truth is that the way we take is directly the same solide way which Aristotle walked in before vs and they who are scandalised at vs for leauing him are exceedingly mistaken in the matter and out of the sound of his wordes not rightly vnderstood do frame a wrong sense of the doctrine he hath left vs which generally we follow Lett any vnpartiall Aristotelian answere whether the conceptions we haue deliuered of QuaÌ„tity of Rarity and DeÌ„sity of the foure first Qualities of the combinations of the Elements of the repugnance of vacuities be not exactly and rigorously
thing to be true now according to the persuasion we haue of his knowledge and veracity our beliefe is strong or mingled with doubt so that if we haue absolute assurance and certainety that he knoweth the truth and will not lye then we may be assured that the faith which we yield to what he sayth is certaine as well as euident knowledge is certaine and admitteth no comparison with opinion be it neuer so probable but so it may happen that we may be certainely assured that a man doth know the truth of what he speaketh of and that he will not lye in reporting it to vs for seeing no man is wicked without a cause and that to tell a lye in a serious matter is a great wickednesse if once we come to be certaine that he hath no cause as it may fall out we may then it followeth that we are assured of the thing which he reporteth to vs. Yet still such faith falleth short of the euidence of knowledge in this regard that its euidence sticketh one degree on this side the thing it selfe and at the push in such a case we see but with an others eyes and consequently if any opposition do arise against our thought thereabout it is not the beames and light of the thing it selfe which strengthen vs against such opposition but the goodnesse of the party vpon whom we rely Before I go any further I must needes remember one thing that our Masters teach vs which is that truth and falsehood are first found in sayings or Enuntiations and that although single apprehensions are in our mind before these iudgements yet are they not true or false themselues nor is the vnderstanding so by them To comprehend the reason of this maxime lett vs consider what truth and falsehood are surely truth is nothing else but the confirmity of our vnderstanding with the thinges that make impression vpon it and consequently falsehood is a disagreeing betweene our mind and those thinges if the existence which the thinges haue in vs be agreeable to the Existence they haue in themselues then our vnderstanding is true otherwise it is false Now the naturall perfection of our Soule or vnderstanding is to be fraught with the rest of the whole world that is to haue the knowledge of all thinges that are the knowledge of their essences of their natures of their proprieties of their operations and of whatsoeuer else belongeth to them all in generall and to euery one of them in particular but our soule can not be stored or fraught with any thing by other meanes then by her assent or deeming wherevpon it followeth that she can not haue her perfection vntill her deemings or iudgements be perfect which is that they be agreeable vnto the thinges in the world when they are so then are they true And this is the reason why truth is the ayme and perfection of the soule Now then truth residing only in the assents and iudgements of the soule which are the trafficke whereby she enricheth her selfe with the rest of the world and they being framed by her discerning an identity betweene two thinges which she expresseth by affirming one of them of the other it followeth that nothing can be true or false but where there is a composition of two extremes made by the ones being affirmed of the other which is done only in Enuntiations or iudgements whiles single apprehensions assent to nothing and therefore settle no knowledge in the soule and consequently are not capable of verity or falsity but are like pictures made at fansy some one of which may happen to be like some Person but can not be said to be the picture of him because it was not drawne from him so these bare apprehensions because there is not in the man vnion of the soule to the outward world or to the Existence which actuateth its obiect therefore they make not the soule to be the image of the thinges existent but the iudgement which still taketh a thing existent or as existent in the subiect of the proposition draweth its picture from the thing it selfe and therefore it maketh the soule to be well or ill painted in respect of the thing that is true or false And this is the reason why in one sense doubtfull propositions which the vnderstanding not being yet resolued maketh inquiringly to informe it selfe of the truth of them can not be said to be true or false for all that while the soule yieldeth no assent vnto them eyther one way or other yet in an other sense they may which is taking them as subiects that the vnderstanding determineth vnto it selfe to treate of for there being two extremes in them and the proposition consisting in this whether these extremes be identifyed or no it followeth that since one part must of necessity be such a proposition spoken at randome or written by chance without designe is of necessity eyther true or false according as the extremes of it are or are not one thing There occurreth no more vnto my consideration to be said in this place concerning the assents and iudgements of the mind vnlesse it be to explicate in a word or two the seuerall qualities of them which are found in seueral Persons and to point at the reason why they are called by those names which they are vniuersally knowne by To which purpose we may obserue that iudgement or deeming being a quieting of the mind it followeth that the mind must needes be in disquiet and at vnrest before it cometh to iudge so that we may conclude that iudgement or thinking is a good attained by a former motion Now according to the quality of this motion the iudgement or assent is qualifyed and denominated We must therefore consider what belongeth to motion which when we haue done we shall in iudgements find something proportionable therevnto We know there is a beginning and an ending in motion and that there are partes by which it is drawne out in length all which must be particularly considered in our comparing of motions vnto iudgemeÌ„ts Now then as he that would know precisely the nature of any motion must not beginne his suruay of it after it hath beene some time in fluxe nor must giue ouer his obseruing it before it haue arriued vnto its vtmost periode but ought to carry his attention along from its first origine and passe with it through all its partes vntill it ceasing giue him leaue to do so too for otherwise it may happen that the course of it be differing in those partes he hath not obserued from those that he hath and accordingly the picture he shall make of it by that imperfect sâ—nâ—tling will proue an erroneous one so in like manner when a man is to make a iudgement of any matter in question to giue a good account of it he must beginne at the roote and follow successiuely all the branches it diuideth it selfe into and driue euery one of them to
sense the Author doth admitt of qualities 3 Fiue arguments proposed to proue that light is not a body 4 The two first reasoÌ„s to proue light to be a body are the resemblance it hath with fire and because if it were a quality it would alwayes produce an equall to it selfe 5 The third reason because if we imagine to our selues the substance of fire to be rarifyed it will haue the same appearances which light hath 6 The fourth reason from the manner of the generation and corruption of light which agreeth with fire 7 The fifth reason because such properties belong to light as agree only vnto bodies 1 That all light is hoat and apt to heate 2 The reason why our bodies for the most part do not feele the heate of pure light 3 The experience of burning-glasses and of soultry gloomy weather proue light to be fire 4 Philosophers ought not to iudge of thinges by the rules of vulgar people 5 The different names of light and fire proceede from different notions of the same substance 6 The reason why many times fire and heate are depriued of light 7 What becometh of the body of light when it dyeth 8 An experiment of some who pretend that light may be precipitated into pouder 9 The Authors opinion concerning lampes pretended to haue been found in tombes with inconsumptible lights 1 Light is not really in euery part of the roome it enlighteneth not filleth entirely any sensible part of it though it seeme to vs to do so 2 The least sensible poynt of a diaphanous body hath roome sufficient to containe both ayre and light together with a multitude of beames issuing from seuerall lights without penetrating one an other Willebrord Snell 3 That light doth not enlight en any roome in an instant and that the great celerity of its motion doth make it imperceptible to our senses 4 The reason why the motion of light is not discerned coming towardes vs and that there is some reall tardity in it 5 The planets are not certainely euer in that place where they appeare to be 6 The reason why light being a body doth not by its motion shatter other bodies into pieces 7 The reason why the body of lighlt is neuer perceiued to be fanned by the wind 8 The reasons for and against lights being a body compared together 9 A summary repetition of the reasons which proue that light is fire 1 No locall motion can be performed without succession 2 Time is the common measure of all succession 3 What velocity is and that it can not be infinite 4 No force so litle that is not able to moue the greatest weight imaginable 5 The chiefe principle of Mechanikes deduced out of the former discourse 6 No moueable can passe from rest to any determinate degree of velocity or from a lesser degree to a greater without passing through all the intermediate degrees which are below the obtained degree 7 The conditions which helpe to motioÌ„ in the moueable are three in the medium one Dialog 1. of Motion 8 No body hath any intrinsecall vertue to moue it selfe towardes any determinate part of the vniuerse 9 The encrease of motion is alwayse made in the proportion of the odde numbers 10 No motion can encrease for euer without coming to a periode 11 Certaine problemes resolued concerning the proportion of some mouing Agents compared to their effects 12 When a moueable cometh to rest the motion doth decrease according to the rules of encrease 1 Those motions are called naturall which haue constant causes and those violent which are contrary to them 2 The first and most generall operation of the sunne is the making and raising of atomes 3 The light rebounding from the earth with atomes causeth two streames in the ayre the one ascending the other desceÌ„ding and both of them in a perpendicular line 4 A dense body placed in the ayre betweene the ascending and descending streame must needes descend 5 A more particular explicatioÌ„ of all the former doctrine touching grauity 6 Grauity and leuity do not signify an intrinsecall inclination to such a motion in the bodies themselues which are termed heauy and light 7 The more deÌ„se a body is the more swiftly it descendeth 8 The velocity of bodies descending doth not encrease in proportion to the difference that may be betweene their seuerall densities 9 More or lesse grauity doth produce a swifter or a slower descending of a heauy body Aristotles argument to disproue motion in vacuo is made good 10 The reason why att the inferiour quarter of a circle a body doth descend faster by the arch of that quarter then by the chord â—f it 1 The first obiection answered why a hollow body descendeth slower then a solide one 2 The second obiection answered and the reasons shewne why atomes do continually ouertake the descending dense body 3 A curious question left vndecided 4 The fourth obiection answered why the descent of the same heauy bodies is equall in so great inequality of the atomes which cause it 5 The reason why the shelter of a thicke body doth not hinder the descent of that which is vnder ti 6 The reason why some bodies sinke others swimme 7 The fifth obiection answered concerning the descending of heauy bodies in streames 8 The sixt obiection answered and that all heauy elements do weigh in their owne spheres 9 The 7th obiection answered and the reason why we do not feele the course of the ayre and atomes that beat coÌ„tinually vpon vs. 10 How in the same body grauity may be greater then density and density then grauity though they be the same thing 11 The opinion of grauities being an intrinsecall inclination of a body to the center refuted by reason 12 The same opinion refuted by seuerall experiences 1 The state of the question touching the cause of violent motion 2 That the medium is the onely cause which continueth â—â—â—lent motioÌ„ 3 A further explication of the former doctrine 4 That the ayre hath strength enough to continue violent motion in a moueable Dial. 1. of motion pag. 98. 5 An answere to the first obiection that ayre is not apt to conserue motion And how violent moâ—â— cometh to cease 6 An answere to the second obiection that the ayre hath no power ouer heauy bodies 7 An answere to the third obiection that an arrow should fly faster broadwayes then loÌ„gwayes 1 That reflexion is a kind of violeÌ„t motion 2 Reflexion is made at equall angles 3 The causes and properties of vndulation 5 A refutation of Monsieur Des Cartes his explication of refraction 6 An answere to the arguments brought in fauour of Monsieur Des Cartes his opinion 7 The true cause of refraction of light both at its entrance and att its going out from the reflecting body 8 A generall rule to know the nature of reflexions and refractions in all sortes of
surfaces 9 A body of greater partes and greater pores maketh a greater refraction then one of lesser partes and lesser pores 10 A coÌ„firmation of the former doctrine out of the nature of bodies that refract light 1 The coÌ„nexion of this chapter with the rest and the Authors intent in it 2 That there is a least cise of bodies and that this least cise is found in fire 3 The first coniunction of partes is in bodies of least cise and it is made by the force of Quantity 4 The second sort of coniunction is coÌ„pactednesse in simple Elements and it proceedeth from density 5 The third coniunction is of partes of different Elements and it proceedeth from quantity and density together 6 The reason why liquide bodies do easily ioyne together and dry ones difficultly 7 That no two hard bodies can touch one an other immediately 8 How mixed bodies arâ— framed in generall 9 The cause of the seuerall degrees of solidity in mixed bodies 10 The rule wherevnto are reduced all the seuerall combinations of Elements in compounding of mixed bodies 11 Earth and water are the basis of all permanent mixed bodies 12 What kind of bodies those are where water is the basis and earth the predominant Element ouer the other two 13 Of those bodies where water being the basis ayre is the predominant Element 14 What kind of bodies result where water is the basis and fire the predominant Element 15 Of those bodies where water is in excesse it alone being both the basis and the predominant Element 16 Of those bodies where Earth alone is the basis and also the predominant in excesse ouer the other threâ— Elements 17 Of those bodies where Earth is the basis and water the predominâ—t Element ouer the other two 18 Of those bodies where earth being the basis ayre is the predominant 19 Of those bodies where Earth being the basis fire is the predominant 20 All the second qualities of mixed bodies arise from seuerall combinations of the first qualities and are att last resolued into seuerall degrees of rarity and density 21 That in the planets and starres there is a like varietâ— of mixed bodies caused by light as here vpon Earth 22 In what maÌ„ner the Elements do worke vpon one an other in the compositioÌ„ of mixed bodies and in particular fire which is the most actiue 23 A particular declaration touching the generation of mettalls 1 Why some bodies are brittle and others tough or apt to withstand outward violence the first instrument to dissolue mixed bodies 2 How outward violence doth worke vpon the most compacted bodies 3 The seuerall effects of fire the second and chiefest instrumeÌ„t to dissolue all coÌ„pounded bodies 4 The reason why some bodies are not dissolued by fire 5 The reason why fire molteth gold but can not consume it 6 Why leade is easily consumed and calcined by fire 7 Why and how some bodies are diuided by fire into spirits waters oyles saltes and earth And what those partes are 8 How water the third iâ—strumeÌ„t to dissolue bodies dissolueth calx into salt and so into Terra damnata 9 How water mingled with salt becometh a most powerfull Agent to dissolue other bodies 10 How putrefactioÌ„ is caused 1 What is the sphere of actiuity in corporeall Agents 2 The reason why no body can worke in distance 3 An obiection answered against the manner of explicating the former axiomâ— 4 Of reaction and first in pure locall motion that each AgeÌ„t must suffer in acting and actâ— in suffering 5 The former doctrine applyed to other locall motions designed by particular names And that Suisseths argument is of no force against this way of doctrine 6 Why some notions do admitt of intension and Remission and others do not 7 That in euery part of our habitable world all the foure ElemeÌ„ts are found pure in small atomes but not in any great bulke 1 The Authors intent in this and the following chapters Mr. Thomas White 2 That bodies may be rarifyed both by outward and inward heat and how this is performed 3 Of the great effects of Rarefaction 4 The first manner of condensation by heate 5 The second manner of condensation by cold 6 That yce is not water rarifyed but condensed 7 How wind snow and haile are made and wind by raine allayed 8 How partes of the same or diuers bodies are ioyned more strongly together by condensation 9 Vacuites can not be the reason why water impregnated to the full with one kind of salt will notwithstaÌ„ding receiue more of an other 10 The true reason of the former effect 11 The reason why bodies of the same nature do ioyne more easily together then others 1 What AttractioÌ„ is and from whence it proceedeth 2 The true sense of the Maxime that Nature abhorreth from vacuity 3 The true reasâ— of attraction 4 Water may be brought by the force of attraction to what height soeuer 5 The doctrine touching the attraction of water in syphons 6 That the syphon doth not proue water to weigh in its owne orbe 7 Concerning attraction caused by fire 8 Concerning attractioÌ„ made by vertue of hoat bodies amulets etc. 9 The naturall reason giuen for diuers operations esteemed by some to be magicall 1 What is Filtration and how it is effected 2 What causeth the water in filtration to ascend 3 Why the filter will not droppe vnlesse the labell hang lower then the water 4 Of the motion of Restitution and why some bodies stand bent others not 5 Why some bodies returne onely in part to their natural figure others entirely 6 Concerning the nature of those bodies which do shrinke and stretch 7 How great and wonderfull effects proceed from small plaine and simple principles 8 Concerning Electricall attraction and the causes of it 9 Cabeus his opinion refuted concerning the cause of Electricall motâ—ons 1 The extreme heat of the sunne vnder the zodiacke draweth a streame of ayre from each Pole into the torride zone Chap. 18. §. 7. 2 The atomes of these two streames coming together are apt to incorporate with one an other 3 By the meeting and mingling together of these streames att the Equator diuers riuolets of atomes of each Pole are continuatâ—d from one Pole to the other 4 Of these atomes incorporated with some fitt matter in the bowels of the earth is made a stone 5 This stone worketh by emanations ioyned with agreeing streames that meete them in the ayre and in fine it is a loadestone 6 A methode for making experiences vpon any subiect 7 The Loadestones generatioÌ„ by atomes flowing from both Poles is confirmed by experiments obserued in the stone it selfe 8 Experiments to proue that the loadestone worketh by emanations meeting with agreeing streames 1 The operations of the loadestone are wrought by bodies and not by qualities 2 Obiections against the former positioÌ„ answered 3 The loadestone is imbued