effect_v many_o glorious_a erterprise_n die_v peaceable_o leave_v three_o nephew_n borcus_fw-la cunossus_n and_o spera_n all_o which_o separately_z succeed_v he_o in_o his_o dominion_n borcus_fw-la borcus_fw-la take_v for_o his_o share_n part_n of_o samogitia_n where_o he_o build_v a_o castle_n on_o the_o river_n juria_n a_o branch_n of_o the_o nieman_n and_o call_v it_o after_o his_o own_o name_n and_o that_o of_o the_o river_n whereon_o it_o stand_v jurburg_n which_o continue_v even_o at_o this_o day_n cunossus_n cunossus_n extend_v his_o dominion_n a_o different_a way_n build_v kunossow_n another_o castle_n call_z it_o after_o his_o own_o name_n and_o which_o remain_v to_o this_o day_n spera_n spera_n likewise_o build_v a_o castle_n near_o the_o river_n swenta_fw-mi where_o he_o begin_v his_o reign_n at_o length_n borcus_fw-la and_o spera_n die_v cunossus_n seize_v on_o both_o their_o dominion_n but_o soon_o after_o die_v also_o and_o leave_v two_o son_n kyernus_n and_o gybutus_fw-la whereof_o kyernus_fw-la kyernus_n settle_v in_o lithuania_n and_o build_v the_o castle_n kyernow_n which_o he_o make_v the_o place_n of_o his_o residence_n and_o gybutus_fw-la gybutus_n reside_v in_o samogitia_n which_o he_o likewise_o govern_v both_o these_o brother_n be_v join_v together_o make_v huge_a devastation_n in_o russia_n and_o carry_v away_o great_a booty_n but_o upon_o their_o return_n home_o find_v samogitia_n serve_v the_o like_a sauce_n by_o the_o livonian_o to_o revenge_v which_o they_o forthwith_o enter_v livonia_n and_o burn_v and_o plunder_v all_o that_o country_n wherever_o they_o come_v kyernus_n die_v be_v succeed_v in_o lithuania_n muntwil_n by_o his_o son_n zivibundus_fw-la and_o gybutus_n in_o samogitia_n by_o his_o son_n muntwil_n which_o last_o have_v reign_v but_o little_a die_v and_o leave_v his_o son_n uikint_n vikint_v to_o succeed_v he_o in_o samogitia_n but_o zivibundus_fw-la zivibundus_fw-la live_v a_o great_a while_n after_o and_o prove_v no_o small_a victor_n over_o the_o russian_n and_o tartar_n for_o be_v willing_a to_o shake_v off_o the_o russian_a yoke_n he_o send_v his_o brother_n wikinti_n erdzivil_n erdzivil_n to_o invade_v that_o country_n who_o so_o far_o succeed_v as_o to_o take_v the_o city_n and_o castle_n of_o novogrodec_n and_o to_o fix_v the_o seat_n of_o a_o duchy_n there_o and_o after_o proceed_v further_o he_o build_v the_o strong_a castle_n of_o grodno_n on_o the_o river_n niemen_n then_o he_o descend_v into_o podlachia_n where_o he_o take_v several_a town_n and_o soon_o reduce_v all_o that_o province_n afterward_o he_o conquer_v kurdassus_n prince_n of_o the_o tartar_n at_o a_o town_n call_v mozera_n near_o the_o river_n okuniowka_n this_o erdzivil_n after_o many_o heroic_a action_n and_o succeed_v his_o brother_n zivibundus_fw-la die_v and_o leave_v two_o son_n mingailus_n and_o algimuntus_n and_o divide_v his_o dominion_n between_o they_o algimuntus_fw-la algimuntus_n choose_v for_o his_o part_n samogitia_n and_o mingailus_n mingailus_n rule_v over_o lithuania_n and_o polocz_n which_o last_o country_n he_o take_v from_o the_o russian_n and_o likewise_o extend_v his_o dominion_n over_o all_o the_o duchy_n of_o novogrodec_n this_o duke_n die_v and_o leave_v two_o son_n skirmunt_fw-la and_o ginvil_n skirmunt_fw-la skirmunt_fw-la have_v perform_v his_o father_n obsequy_n enter_v upon_o the_o government_n of_o lithuania_n with_o the_o duchy_n of_o novogrodec_n and_o ginvil_n ginvil_n by_o natural_a right_o seize_v upon_o polocz_n which_o have_v govern_v for_o some_o time_n he_o die_v and_o leave_v to_o his_o son_n boris_n boris_n who_o rule_v a_o great_a while_n in_o polocz_n and_o build_v a_o famous_a church_n there_o with_o brick_n call_v it_o sancta_fw-la sophia_n he_o likewise_o found_v several_a other_o famous_a edisâ—â—ces_n with_o the_o town_n and_o castle_n of_o borissow_n upon_o the_o river_n beresina_n to_o he_o succeed_v his_o son_n rechwold_n basilius_n rechwold_n who_o live_v to_o a_o great_a age_n and_o leave_v behind_o he_o a_o son_n call_v hlebus_n and_o a_o daughter_n name_v poroskavia_n poroskavia_n hlebus_n survive_v his_o father_n but_o a_o little_a while_n and_o poroskavia_n whole_o devote_v herself_o to_o the_o greek_a religion_n but_o afterward_o go_v to_o rome_n where_o she_o die_v and_o be_v canonize_v for_o a_o saint_n now_o to_o return_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o lithuania_n skirmunt_fw-la obtain_v great_a conquest_n over_o the_o tartar_n and_o russian_n and_o die_v leave_v his_o uncle_n kukovoitus_fw-la kukovoitus_n to_o succeed_v he_o in_o lithuania_n and_o samogitia_n who_o have_v govern_v a_o good_a while_n died_z and_o leave_v his_o dominion_n to_o his_o son-in-law_n giedrussus_n giedrussus_n who_o have_v marry_v his_o daughter_n poiata_n this_o duke_n die_v leave_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o son_n ringolt_n ringolt_n who_o have_v perform_v his_o father_n funeral-rite_n after_o the_o pagan_a manner_n enter_v upon_o the_o government_n of_o lithuania_n and_o samogitia_n against_o this_o duke_n the_o russian_n join_v â—â—y_o the_o tartar_n march_v with_o great_a fury_n to_o reduce_v he_o to_o pay_v tribute_n but_o he_o timely_o oppose_v they_o with_o equal_a force_n give_v they_o a_o signal_n overthrow_n near_o mohilna_n on_o the_o river_n niemen_n at_o length_n this_o ringolt_n famous_a likewise_o for_o several_a other_o victory_n die_v and_o leave_v his_o dominion_n to_o his_o son_n 1240._o mindog_n or_o mendog_n in_o the_o year_n 1240_o who_o have_v various_a conflict_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o smolensko_n and_o volhynia_n both_o which_o at_o last_o he_o total_o subdue_v he_o likewise_o fight_v several_a battle_n with_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a king_n of_o poland_n and_o daniel_n emperor_n of_o moscovy_n in_o most_o of_o which_o the_o christian_n be_v worsted_n with_o great_a slaughter_n he_o frequent_o make_v incursion_n into_o masovia_n dobrina_n cujavia_n etc._n etc._n and_o return_v with_o great_a booty_n he_o also_o have_v bloody_a war_n with_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n of_o prussia_n and_o livonia_n but_o at_o length_n in_o the_o year_n 1252_o be_v over-persuade_v by_o the_o then_o great_a master_n henricus_n de_fw-fr zalcza_n he_o give_v up_o all_o his_o dominion_n to_o that_o order_n in_o acknowledgement_n of_o several_a honour_n and_o service_n do_v he_o and_o moreover_o consent_v to_o turn_v christian_a and_o afterward_o send_v to_o rome_n to_o pay_v his_o devoir_n to_o that_o see_n whereupon_o innocent_n iv._o depute_v his_o brother_n heinderic_n to_o consecrate_v he_o king_n but_o whether_o it_o be_v that_o mindog_n repent_v the_o loss_n of_o his_o dominion_n or_o for_o any_o other_o cause_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o he_o refuse_v to_o receive_v this_o nuncio_n and_o the_o very_a same_o year_n together_o with_o all_o his_o country_n return_v to_o their_o former_a idolatry_n nevertheless_o king_n the_o teutonic_n knight_n suffer_v he_o to_o continue_v king_n and_o under_o he_o in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o lithuanian_n samogitian_n etc._n etc._n invade_v masovia_n and_o make_v great_a havoc_n of_o that_o country_n but_o afterward_o mendog_v be_v unmindful_a any_o far_o of_o the_o civility_n of_o those_o knight_n turn_v his_o arm_n against_o their_o country_n destroy_v most_o of_o their_o city_n and_o return_v with_o great_a spoil_n next_o mendog_n have_v gather_v together_o a_o great_a army_n and_o be_v likewise_o assist_v by_o swarno_n duke_n of_o russia_n march_v against_o semovitus_n duke_n of_o masovia_n who_o together_o with_o his_o son_n conrade_n he_o surprise_v in_o his_o palace_n of_o jasdow_n where_o swarno_n strike_v off_o semovitus_n his_o head_n with_o his_o own_o hand_n but_o conrade_n be_v preserve_v by_o mendog_n and_o afterward_o ransom_v by_o his_o countryman_n soon_o after_o this_o the_o lithuanian_n and_o russian_n have_v make_v great_a devastation_n in_o masovia_n retire_v with_o the_o spoil_n and_o captive_n into_o their_o several_a country_n the_o next_o year_n the_o same_o people_n not_o be_v content_a with_o their_o former_a eruption_n march_v again_o into_o masovia_n but_o scarce_o find_v any_o thing_n leave_v to_o prey_n upon_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o last_o year_n work_n they_o only_o burn_v and_o plunder_v a_o house_n belong_v to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o so_o return_v home_o at_o length_n heaven_n think_v fit_a to_o favour_v the_o polish_v christian_n by_o take_v away_o king_n mindog_n who_o be_v murder_v by_o his_o nephew_n murder_v stroinat_n and_o his_o son-in-law_n dowmant_n in_o the_o year_n 1263._o 1263._o stroinat_n begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 1263_o by_o the_o murder_n of_o his_o brother_n towcivil_a duke_n of_o polocz_n but_o not_o long_o afterward_o woisalk_v son_n of_o mendog_n though_o then_o a_o russian_a monk_n be_v mindful_a of_o his_o father_n death_n deprive_v he_o also_o of_o life_n and_o immediate_o seize_v on_o his_o dominion_n 1264._o woisalk_n take_v upon_o he_o only_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n and_o begin_v his_o government_n with_o frequent_a eruption_n into_o poland_n mascovia_n and_o prussia_n but_o in_o the_o year_n
can_v never_o learn_v he_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o jaroâ—â—_n marriage_n duke_n of_o russia_n son_n to_o vlodomirus_fw-la and_o 〈◊〉_d ry_v his_o sister_n mary_n afterward_o call_v doâ—â—neva_n who_o mother_n be_v the_o princess_n 〈◊〉_d sister_n to_o basil_n and_o constantine_n emperoun_n constantinople_n he_o conquer_v the_o province_n of_o masoâ—â—_n war_n where_o now_o lie_v warsaw_n and_o defeat_v â—â—_o army_n of_o maslaus_n than_o duke_n of_o that_o coâ—â—try_n who_o retire_v among_o the_o neighbourâ—â—_n barbarian_n not_o long_o after_o return_v 〈◊〉_d great_a force_n and_o ravage_v masoviaâ—â—_n â—â—_z along_o to_o the_o vistula_n but_o be_v soon_o meet_v 〈◊〉_d overthrow_v a_o second_o time_n by_o casimir_n whâ—â—_n fly_v to_o his_o friend_n as_o he_o think_v that_o 〈◊〉_d assist_v he_o they_o take_v flay_v and_o fasten_v 〈◊〉_d to_o a_o exceed_a high_a cross_n say_v 34._o that_o be_v but_o just_a that_o he_o shall_v be_v exalt_v who_o aâ—â—_n tion_n be_v so_o boundless_a afterward_o casimir_n beiâ—â—_n mindful_a of_o the_o benefit_n he_o former_o receiuâ—â—_n in_o the_o abbey_n of_o clunie_n send_v thither_o great_a prâ—â—sents_n and_o offering_n at_o length_n this_o good_a king_n have_v settle_a hâ—â—_n issue_n kingdom_n in_o its_o former_a tranquillity_n die_v and_o leave_v three_o son_n boleslaus_n vladislaus_n and_o miâ—â—cistaus_n and_o one_o daughter_n suentochna_n he_o be_v â—â—yed_v at_o posnan_n in_o the_o year_n 1058._o 1059._o boleslaus_n ii_o his_o son_n surname_v the_o d_o succeed_v he_o who_o reign_v 23_o year_n n_o the_o beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o have_v war_n war_n â—â—h_v the_o hungarian_n bohemian_n russian_n and_o â—â—ssians_n all_o cause_v by_o the_o protect_a of_o three_o â—â—les_n he_o vigorous_o maintain_v the_o cause_n bela_n prince_n of_o hungary_n who_o be_v then_o marâ—â—d_v to_o his_o aunt_n and_o banish_v by_o king_n anâ—â—_n whereupon_o he_o dethrone_v andrew_n and_o â—â—wned_a bela_n king_n of_o hungary_n notwithstandâ—â—_n the_o considerable_a succour_n send_v to_o andrewâ—â—_n â—â—_z of_o germany_n and_o bohemia_n afterward_o reâ—â—ning_v into_o poland_n he_o marry_v viseslava_n marriage_n ughter_n and_o heiress_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o russia_n by_o they_o he_o have_v that_o dukedom_n for_o a_o portion_n 73._o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o come_v very_o dissolute_a and_o lewd_a oppress_v the_o â—â—ple_n with_o extraordinary_a and_o insupportable_a x_n take_v away_o public_o gentleman_n die_n to_o satisfy_v his_o lust_n can_v not_o endure_v â—â—_o that_o take_v notice_n of_o his_o irregularity_n wish_v such_o as_o complain_v of_o his_o tyrannical_a vice_n government_n and_o at_o length_n kill_v stanislaus_n â—â—zepanovius_fw-la bishop_n of_o cracow_n for_o refuse_v â—â—_o the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o altar_n the_o manner_n which_o be_v thus_o boleslaus_n continue_v in_o enormous_a crime_n and_o extravagancy_n this_o odd_a man_n earnest_o entreat_v he_o to_o amend_v life_n but_o perceive_v his_o obstinacy_n one_o y_o he_o refuse_v he_o the_o communion_n which_o be_v prince_n be_v high_o offend_v at_o watch_v a_o opportunity_n to_o revenge_n and_o a_o little_a while_n after_o as_o the_o bishop_n be_v officiate_a at_o mass_n he_o give_v he_o such_o a_o blow_n with_o his_o sabre_n that_o he_o make_v his_o brain_n fly_v against_o the_o wall_n and_o afterward_o his_o guard_n enter_v cut_v the_o good_a bishop_n to_o piece_n hereupon_o he_o be_v soon_o pursue_v with_o vatican_n thunder_n and_o consequent_o render_v odious_a to_o his_o subject_n wherefore_o fear_v some_o conspiracy_n may_v be_v kingdom_n raise_v against_o he_o he_o leave_v his_o kingdom_n and_o retire_v with_o his_o son_n miecislaus_fw-la which_o he_o have_v by_o his_o queen_n viseslava_n to_o ladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o out_o of_o death_n mere_a madness_n he_o afterward_o kill_v himself_o this_o bishop_n stanislaus_n be_v canonize_v by_o pope_n gregory_n vii_o and_o have_v all_o along_o from_o thence_o poland_n be_v receive_v for_o the_o patron_n of_o poland_n the_o pope_n also_o excommunicate_v the_o whole_a country_n and_o boleslaus_n his_o successor_n be_v for_o a_o ceases_z considerable_a time_n 40._o deprive_v of_o the_o title_n of_o king_n next_o come_v 1082._o uladislaus_n hermannus_n brother_n to_o boleslaus_n to_o be_v elect_v who_o be_v afraid_a of_o the_o pope_n or_o else_o fear_v his_o brother_n return_n will_v only_o accept_v of_o the_o title_n of_o 45._o prince_n he_o recall_v his_o nephew_n miecislaus_fw-la who_o die_v in_o six_o year_n after_o he_o build_v many_o church_n and_o monastery_n all_o which_o he_o rich_o endow_v this_o prince_n also_o bring_v over_o the_o rebellious_a war_n pomeranian_o and_o prussian_n and_o defeat_v likewise_o the_o army_n of_o vratislaus_n prince_n of_o bohemia_n who_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv._o have_v dignify_v with_o the_o character_n of_o king_n give_v he_o moreover_o a_o right_n over_o poland_n though_o he_o have_v no_o title_n to_o dispose_v of_o it_o his_o predecessor_n otho_n iii_o when_o he_o crown_v boleslaus_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n have_v renounce_v both_o for_o himself_o and_o his_o successor_n all_o claim_n to_o that_o kingdom_n nay_o i_o hear_v the_o pole_n themselves_o say_v that_o this_o be_v rather_o a_o piece_n of_o civility_n in_o otho_n than_o any_o obligation_n upon_o they_o their_o country_n have_v never_o be_v conquer_v by_o any_o foreigner_n not_o even_o by_o the_o roman_n themselves_o marriage_n he_o marry_v judith_n daughter_n of_o vratislaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n by_o who_o he_o have_v boleslaus_n iii_o surname_v krivoustus_n or_o the_o wry-mouthed_a and_o afterward_o by_o a_o daughter_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iu._n he_o have_v three_o daughter_n he_o die_v death_n in_o the_o fifty_o year_n of_o his_o age_n be_v bury_v at_o ploscow_n and_o succeed_v by_o his_o son_n 1103._o boleslaus_n iii_o surname_v krivoustus_n or_o the_o wry-mouthed_a he_o be_v the_o most_o warlike_a and_o successful_a prince_n that_o poland_n ever_o have_v and_o at_o length_n subdue_v his_o bastard_n brother_n sbigneius_n that_o rebel_v war_n against_o he_o who_o at_o last_o he_o be_v force_v to_o cause_n to_o be_v 60._o murder_v but_o of_o all_o other_o his_o contest_v with_o the_o emperor_n henry_n v._o be_v most_o famous_a which_o be_v as_o follow_v this_o emperor_n have_v declare_v war_n against_o colomannus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o engage_v the_o bohemian_n on_o his_o side_n boleslaus_n join_v colomannus_n and_o to_o make_v a_o strong_a diversion_n enter_v bohemia_n and_o destroy_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o country_n whereupon_o to_o be_v revenge_v on_o boleslaus_n the_o emperor_n surprise_v the_o province_n of_o silesia_n and_o marchia_n which_o be_v then_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o pole_n and_o have_v be_v absolute_a master_n of_o they_o have_v not_o boleslaus_n speedy_o march_v with_o a_o army_n to_o oppose_v he_o who_o find_v his_o enemy_n much_o superior_a in_o number_n at_o first_o think_v it_o better_a to_o compose_v the_o matter_n amicable_o and_o therefore_o send_v a_o ambassador_n to_o treat_v of_o peace_n to_o which_o the_o emperor_n think_v he_o have_v the_o advantage_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n condescend_v except_o upon_o very_o dishonourable_a term_n for_o the_o pole_n 55._o and_o hereupon_o lead_v scarbicus_n the_o ambassador_n to_o see_v his_o treasure_n he_o tell_v he_o that_o that_o point_v to_o his_o gold_n will_v bring_v the_o pole_n to_o what_o term_n he_o please_v at_o which_o scarbicus_n be_v high_o affront_v take_v off_o a_o gold_n ring_n from_o his_o finger_n and_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o treasury_n say_v whatever_o be_v your_o imperial_a majesty_n opinion_n i_o do_v not_o question_v but_o the_o polish_v iron_n mean_v their_o sword_n will_v prove_v as_o good_a metal_n as_o the_o german_a gold_n which_o say_v he_o immediate_o take_v his_o leave_n and_o return_v to_o his_o master_n acquaint_v he_o with_o his_o negotiation_n which_o the_o haughty_a pole_n high_o resent_v resolve_v to_o hazard_v a_o battle_n which_o he_o do_v and_o by_o the_o bravery_n of_o his_o army_n obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n in_o the_o dogsfield_n near_o breslaw_n chief_a city_n of_o silesia_n whereupon_o the_o emperor_n immediate_o strike_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o he_o give_v he_o marriage_n his_o sister_n adleida_n in_o marriage_n and_o his_o daughter_n christina_n to_o his_o young_a son_n vladislaus_n this_o prince_n force_v the_o pomeranian_o to_o the_o christian_a faith_n which_o they_o have_v often_o reject_v before_o the_o pole_n all_o this_o while_n be_v in_o possession_n of_o silesia_n but_o afterward_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n conquer_v it_o and_o therefore_o it_o consequent_o now_o be_v under_o the_o emperor_n 74._o it_o be_v report_v of_o this_o prince_n that_o he_o have_v fight_v forty_o seven_o battle_n with_o success_n except_o success_n one_o only_o with_o the_o red_a russian_n which_o be_v mere_o lose_v through_o the_o cowardice_n of_o a_o
have_v elect_v he_o with_o such_o universal_a affection_n yet_o nothing_o can_v prevail_v upon_o he_o but_o he_o however_o promise_v that_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v settle_v his_o affair_n in_o france_n he_o will_v return_v among_o they_o and_o moreover_o acknowledge_v that_o he_o be_v extreme_o oblige_v to_o the_o polish_v nation_n for_o their_o kindness_n and_o goodwill_n towards_o he_o hereupon_o the_o senate_n afterward_o fruitless_a send_v two_o ambassador_n into_o france_n to_o entreat_v he_o to_o return_v which_o the_o king_n have_v several_a time_n a_o mind_n to_o comply_v with_o for_o he_o love_v that_o nation_n extreme_o well_o but_o his_o french_a subject_n still_o prevail_v upon_o he_o to_o change_v his_o mind_n represent_v to_o he_o the_o many_o danger_n he_o will_v expose_v france_n to_o by_o such_o a_o journey_n thus_o the_o pole_n have_v lose_v all_o hope_n of_o have_v their_o king_n again_o the_o primate_n vchanski_n call_v a_o diet_n at_o warsaw_n the_o four_o of_o november_n follow_v to_o proceed_v to_o a_o new_a election_n where_o two_o prince_n be_v principal_o propose_v which_o election_n be_v the_o emperor_n maximilian_n and_o stephen_n batori_fw-mi prince_n of_o transylvania_n but_o they_o can_v never_o unanimous_o agree_v which_o of_o the_o two_o to_o choose_v and_o therefore_o the_o diet_n be_v dissolve_v maximilian_n party_n send_v ambassador_n to_o acquaint_v he_o that_o he_o be_v choose_v and_o that_o they_o expect_v he_o shall_v speedy_o come_v and_o be_v crown_v while_o batori_n faction_n do_v the_o like_a for_o he_o and_o invite_v he_o to_o come_v forthwith_o into_o poland_n hereupon_o 1577._o batori_n make_v more_o haste_n than_o the_o emperor_n to_o comply_v with_o their_o request_n for_o he_o immediate_o leave_v transylvania_n and_o pass_v through_o valachia_n and_o russia_n quick_o arrive_v at_o cracow_n where_o on_o the_o 18_o of_o april_n 1577_o he_o be_v receive_v and_o crown_v by_o karnkovius_n bishop_n of_o vladislaw_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v for_o maximilian_n who_o yet_o afterward_o rather_o than_o he_o will_v undergo_v a_o siege_n in_o his_o castle_n of_o lowitz_n quiet_o submit_v to_o batori_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o emperor_n be_v more_o slow_a resolve_v to_o come_v with_o a_o army_n to_o dispute_v his_o right_n but_o his_o party_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o every_o day_n at_o length_n the_o senate_n send_v ambassador_n to_o acquaint_v he_o that_o his_o slowness_n and_o indifference_n have_v supersede_v his_o right_n to_o the_o crown_n it_o be_v resolve_v to_o be_v give_v to_o he_o that_o arrive_v first_o hereupon_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v then_o at_o the_o diet_n at_o ratisbon_n order_v the_o ambassador_n to_o be_v put_v in_o prison_n and_o forthwith_o determine_v to_o go_v for_o poland_n himself_o but_o be_v prevent_v by_o a_o dangerous_a sickness_n of_o which_o he_o soon_o after_o die_v octob._n 12._o batori_fw-mi it_o be_v true_a be_v chief_o indebt_v to_o his_o merit_n for_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n yet_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o family_n of_o zborowski_n be_v not_o a_o little_a assist_v to_o he_o occasion_v by_o his_o civil_a reception_n of_o one_o samuel_n of_o that_o family_n who_o have_v be_v banish_v his_o country_n for_o strike_v john_n teczynski_n castellan_n of_o wounitz_n in_o the_o king_n court._n whereupon_o samuel_n employ_v all_o his_o interest_n for_o batori_n for_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o election_n he_o write_v to_o several_a of_o his_o relation_n and_o friend_n to_o vote_n for_o that_o prince_n but_o it_o be_v the_o temper_n of_o the_o polander_n never_o to_o think_v themselves_o sufficient_o recompense_v after_o they_o have_v do_v a_o service_n batori_n though_o he_o seek_v all_o he_o can_v to_o oblige_v that_o family_n yet_o can_v not_o keep_v they_o from_o prove_v his_o most_o inveterate_a enemy_n by_o reason_n that_o he_o will_v not_o submit_v to_o govern_v according_a to_o their_o humour_n which_o not_o long_o after_o cost_v 340._o samuel_n his_o life_n by_o a_o formal_a proceed_v in_o a_o court_n of_o justice_n rise_n batori_fw-mi be_v first_o as_o i_o find_v he_o a_o private_a gentleman_n in_o transylvania_n but_o at_o length_n by_o his_o merit_n and_o valour_n come_v to_o have_v great_a authority_n among_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n for_o he_o be_v once_o send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o emperor_n court_n where_o he_o manage_v affair_n to_o the_o satisfaction_n and_o advantage_n of_o both_o party_n so_o that_o after_o prince_n john_n sigismond_n son_n to_o the_o sister_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o of_o poland_n die_v they_o elect_v he_o prince_n of_o transylvania_n after_o he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o karnkouski_n who_o he_o make_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o endeavour_v to_o appease_v the_o disorder_n among_o the_o great_a people_n and_o to_o win_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o malcontent_n which_o at_o last_o he_o effect_v by_o marry_v the_o princess_n ann_n marriage_n daughter_n to_o sigismond_n i._o and_o sister_n to_o sigismond_n ii_o by_o who_o he_o have_v no_o child_n reduce_v etc._n about_o this_o time_n the_o emperor_n foment_v a_o sedition_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o dantzic_n which_o induce_v they_o to_o refuse_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o batori_n and_o moreover_o to_o raise_v a_o army_n and_o stand_v upon_o their_o defence_n but_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n have_v declare_v they_o rebel_n their_o army_n be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o town_n besiege_v and_o at_o last_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o comply_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o brandenburg_n and_o landgrave_n of_o hesse_n the_o chief_a cause_n of_o this_o war_n be_v that_o the_o citizen_n of_o dantzic_n pretend_v not_o to_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n but_o only_o to_o the_o king_n yet_o notwithstanding_o this_o treaty_n they_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o both_o justice_n 306._o hitherto_o there_o be_v no_o court_n of_o judicature_n in_o poland_n all_o difference_n be_v decide_v by_o the_o king_n and_o council_n but_o the_o gentry_n find_v this_o way_n of_o procedure_v too_o tedious_a to_o the_o nation_n and_o too_o burdensome_a to_o the_o king_n obtain_v leave_v of_o batori_n to_o erect_v two_o court_n of_o judicature_n which_o they_o common_o call_v tribunal_n one_o at_o petricovia_n and_o the_o other_o at_o lublin_n where_o all_o civil_a cause_n be_v to_o be_v determine_v absolute_o without_o any_o appeal_n to_o court_n unless_o upon_o any_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o state_n in_o which_o case_n the_o last_o decision_n be_v to_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o king_n and_o diet_n together_o etc._n this_o king_n be_v more_o severe_a in_o his_o punishment_n than_o the_o polish_v law_n allow_v yet_o he_o molest_v none_o on_o account_n of_o religion_n always_o affirm_v that_o three_o thing_n god_n have_v whole_o reserve_v to_o himself_o which_o be_v to_o make_v something_o out_o of_o nothing_o to_o foretell_v thing_n to_o come_v and_o to_o govern_v and_o direct_v conscience_n this_o prince_n like_a sigismond_n i._o very_o much_o encourage_v speak_v latin_n in_o his_o dominion_n be_v report_v to_o have_v say_v often_o to_o the_o gentleman_n son_n discite_fw-la isatinè_n nam_fw-la unum_fw-la ex_fw-la vobis_fw-la aliquando_fw-la faciam_fw-la mosci_fw-la pan_n a_o great_a lord_n whereby_o the_o youth_n be_v all_o in_o hope_n practise_v that_o language_n with_o great_a diligence_n which_o very_o much_o contribute_v towards_o the_o increase_n of_o art_n and_o science_n in_o this_o kingdom_n when_o sigismond_n i._o send_v the_o bishop_n of_o varmia_n his_o ambassador_n to_o vienna_n the_o emperor_n be_v surprise_v to_o hear_v even_o the_o polish_v coachman_n speak_v latin_a fluent_o also_o after_o sigismond_n the_o second_v death_n when_o ambassador_n be_v send_v to_o bring_v henry_n of_o valois_n into_o poland_n the_o french_a wonder_v that_o not_o one_o of_o all_o their_o train_n but_o speak_v this_o language_n with_o great_a address_n this_o king_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n be_v like_a to_o have_v be_v overrun_v by_o the_o muscovite_n for_o they_o have_v so_o great_a advantage_n over_o the_o pole_n that_o they_o take_v several_a town_n from_o they_o in_o a_o dutchy_n of_o severia_n smolensko_n and_o lithuania_n in_o these_o war_n the_o muscovite_n be_v war_n not_o a_o little_a politic_a for_o they_o take_v occasion_n to_o invade_v the_o pole_n either_o when_o they_o have_v war_n abroad_o or_o disturbance_n at_o home_n but_o at_o last_o king_n batori_n have_v appease_v his_o own_o intestine_a jar_n and_o make_v peace_n with_o his_o neighbour_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o a_o general_a diet_n declare_v war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n and_o pour_v in_o upon_o they_o with_o such_o vigour_n and_o success_n that_o in_o three_o year_n time_n he_o retook_a all_o his_o own_o town_n and_o beside_o carry_v the_o
livonia_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n gustavus_n adolphus_n but_o it_o be_v suspect_v that_o he_o intend_v to_o betray_v that_o king_n for_o soon_o after_o the_o say_v farenbach_n be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n sigismond_n to_o who_o he_o restore_v all_o the_o place_n except_o pernau_n turk_n in_o the_o year_n 1620_o the_o pole_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n foment_v as_o be_v suppose_v by_o bethlem_n gabor_n prince_n of_o transilvania_n for_o which_o the_o turk_n afterward_o endeavour_v to_o banish_v that_o prince_n for_o side_v with_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v the_o turk_n march_v with_o their_o whole_a force_n against_o poland_n but_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o pole_n near_o chocim_fw-la under_o the_o command_n of_o prince_n vladistaus_n who_o with_o a_o army_n of_o about_o 65000_o man_n repulse_v above_o 392000_o turk_n command_v by_o their_o emperor_n osman_n in_o person_n the_o turk_n attempt_v three_o time_n to_o force_v the_o polish_v camp_n but_o be_v as_o often_o beat_v back_o with_o loss_n nevertheless_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o pole_n suffer_v extreme_o for_o want_n of_o ammunition_n and_o provision_n and_o beside_o be_v mighty_o weaken_v by_o sickness_n and_o a_o huge_a mortality_n among_o their_o horse_n notwithstanding_o all_o this_o at_o length_n the_o turkish_a emperor_n be_v force_v to_o strike_v up_o a_o honourable_a peace_n with_o they_o after_o have_v lose_v about_o 60000_o man_n in_o the_o several_a attack_n he_o make_v upon_o their_o camp_n and_o a_o great_a number_n in_o his_o march_n back_o to_o constantinople_n adolphus_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n gustavus_n adolphus_n fall_v into_o livonia_n take_v the_o city_n of_o riga_n without_o any_o great_a resistance_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o country_n except_o dunneburgh_n be_v conquer_v likewise_o by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1625._o afterward_o gustavus_n enter_v prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1626._o where_o he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o marienburg_n and_o elbing_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n this_o war_n be_v thus_o carry_v on_o without_o any_o general_a engagement_n till_o the_o year_n 1629_o when_o hans_n wrangel_n the_o swedish_n general_n defeat_v the_o pole_n near_o gorzno_n then_o the_o emperor_n send_v some_o force_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o pole_n who_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o stuma_n be_v very_o near_o have_v make_v gustavus_n prisoner_n but_o however_o the_o polish_v affair_n after_o this_o battle_n fall_v into_o great_a confusion_n they_o be_v force_v to_o clap_v up_o a_o truce_n till_o the_o year_n 1634_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o charles_n the_o first_o king_n of_o england_n and_o of_o lewis_n the_o thirteen_o of_o france_n the_o swede_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n be_v to_o keep_v possession_n of_o elbing_n mcmel_n braunsberg_n pillau_n and_o what_o beside_o they_o have_v take_v in_o livonia_n death_n after_o this_o sigismond_n die_v the_o last_o day_n of_o april_n in_o the_o year_n 1632_o be_v sixty_o year_n old_a and_o have_v reign_v forty_o four_o character_n 89._o he_o have_v all_o the_o quality_n that_o can_v be_v require_v in_o a_o great_a prince_n he_o love_v justice_n and_o all_o the_o world_n commend_v his_o piety_n he_o be_v always_o of_o a_o even_a temper_n either_o in_o good_a or_o bad_a fortune_n and_o the_o lustre_n of_o the_o polish_v crown_n obtain_v when_o he_o be_v but_o young_a together_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n to_o his_o uncle_n may_v well_o have_v either_o exalt_v or_o debase_v he_o have_v he_o not_o have_v a_o great_a soul_n yet_o among_o all_o these_o good_a quality_n he_o be_v too_o much_o wed_v to_o his_o opinion_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o some_o misfortune_n that_o happen_v to_o he_o prince_n vladislaus_n be_v absent_a when_o his_o father_n sigismond_n fall_v sick_a yet_o he_o arrive_v at_o court_n just_a as_o he_o be_v expire_n who_o presence_n so_o much_o revive_v the_o king_n as_o to_o give_v he_o power_n to_o put_v the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n on_o his_o son_n head_n though_o he_o be_v to_o leave_v that_o of_o poland_n to_o chance_n this_o election_n be_v much_o election_n more_o peaceable_a than_o his_o father_n sigismund_n in_o that_o he_o have_v no_o competitor_n to_o oppose_v he_o some_o thought_n gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n have_v a_o design_n upon_o the_o crown_n and_o his_o boundless_a ambition_n join_v with_o the_o great_a number_n of_o his_o friend_n the_o lutheran_n disperse_v throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n may_v very_o well_o support_v that_o opinion_n yet_o the_o gentry_n of_o great_a poland_n which_o be_v most_o to_o be_v suspect_v on_o account_n of_o conformity_n in_o religion_n with_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o strive_v to_o exclude_v he_o for_o they_o declare_v those_o enemy_n to_o their_o country_n that_o shall_v in_o the_o least_o dare_v to_o propose_v he_o likewise_o at_o another_o assembly_n a_o palatin_n offer_v but_o to_o insinuate_v that_o it_o will_v be_v proper_a to_o choose_v a_o foreign_a prince_n the_o gentry_n be_v so_o unanimous_o offend_v at_o he_o that_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o retire_v betimes_o to_o avoid_v their_o fury_n also_o gustavus_n adolphus_n have_v then_o too_o many_o iron_n in_o the_o fire_n to_o draw_v any_o more_o enemy_n upon_o his_o back_n competitor_n john_n casimir_n brother_n to_o prince_n vladislaus_n be_v likewise_o suspect_v to_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o this_o conjecture_n have_v a_o more_o plausible_a foundation_n than_o the_o former_a these_o two_o prince_n be_v both_o son_n to_o sigismond_n iii_o yet_o have_v they_o not_o the_o same_o mother_n that_o of_o casimir_n do_v all_o she_o can_v to_o advance_v her_o son_n to_o the_o throne_n at_o the_o diet_n meet_v at_o thorn_n she_o endeavour_v to_o have_v a_o successor_n elect_v whilst_o the_o king_n be_v live_v whereupon_o she_o employ_v a_o certain_a bishop_n to_o propose_v her_o son_n but_o with_o which_o the_o diet_n be_v so_o extreme_o incense_v that_o they_o will_v have_v immediate_o try_v that_o prelate_n for_o infringe_v the_o public_a liberty_n have_v not_o more_o weighty_a affair_n intervene_v which_o cause_v they_o to_o lay_v those_o intention_n aside_o during_o this_o prince_n casimir_n do_v all_o he_o can_v to_o satisfy_v the_o public_a that_o he_o have_v no_o design_n upon_o the_o crown_n but_o that_o all_o his_o aim_n be_v to_o promote_v the_o interest_n of_o his_o elder_a brother_n call_v the_o primate_n john_n vezik_n have_v notify_v the_o death_n of_o the_o late_a king_n convene_v the_o diet_n on_o the_o 27_o the_o of_o june_n where_o the_o lutheran_n continue_v their_o cabal_n and_o faction_n as_o former_o but_o do_v not_o favour_v any_o of_o vladislaus_n his_o competitor_n as_o before_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n be_v fix_v for_o the_o 27_o the_o of_o september_n in_o the_o same_o year_n whither_o the_o gentry_n all_o flock_v at_o the_o time_n appoint_v but_o that_o more_o to_o ingratiate_v themselves_o in_o their_o prince_n vladislaus_n favour_n than_o to_o sell_v their_o suffrage_n one_o thing_n be_v propose_v at_o this_o diet_n which_o have_v it_o be_v follow_v may_v have_v deliver_v the_o kingdom_n from_o great_a oppression_n this_o be_v to_o digest_v the_o law_n into_o a_o code_n and_o to_o get_v the_o king_n elect_v to_o confirm_v it_o also_o to_o reform_v the_o many_o abuse_v creep_v into_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o law_n but_o this_o be_v too_o vigorous_o oppose_v by_o the_o interest_v party_n and_o therefore_o be_v fain_o to_o be_v let_v fall_n election_n hereupon_o the_o diet_n devote_v themselves_o whole_o to_o the_o election_n prince_n casimir_n first_o propose_v his_o brothervladislaus_n which_o henry_n firley_n bishop_n of_o premislia_n second_v by_o a_o speech_n to_o this_o purpose_n that_o though_o that_o assembly_n have_v a_o right_a to_o elect_v who_o they_o please_v yet_o they_o have_v ever_o have_v a_o particular_a regard_n to_o the_o offspring_n of_o their_o king_n that_o every_o body_n there_o acknowledge_v the_o candidate_n to_o be_v of_o the_o blood_n of_o jagello_n that_o even_o the_o merit_n of_o his_o father_n plead_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o son_n that_o uladislaus_n his_o own_o conquest_n have_v sufficient_o testify_v his_o valour_n and_o last_o that_o a_o favourable_a result_n be_v to_o be_v expect_v from_o that_o assembly_n since_o each_o know_v as_o much_o of_o the_o merit_n of_o that_o prince_n as_o he_o this_o be_v courteous_o answer_v by_o the_o primate_n after_o which_o they_o proceed_v to_o admit_v the_o ambassador_n admit_v first_o honorius_n visconti_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n have_v audience_n who_o be_v place_v on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o primate_n first_o desire_v the_o assembly_n to_o choose_v a_o catholic_n prince_n and_o then_o recommend_v prince_n vladislaus_n next_o the_o ambassador_n of_o the_o emperor_n
part_n of_o the_o body_n desire_v to_o know_v what_o be_v proper_o death_n the_o school_n divinity_n maintain_v that_o death_n be_v a_o separation_n of_o the_o rational_a soul_n from_o the_o body_n i_o own_a indeed_o that_o in_o death_n the_o soul_n be_v actual_o separate_v from_o the_o body_n but_o i_o can_v not_o allow_v that_o that_o separation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o death_n but_o that_o the_o death_n of_o the_o body_n be_v the_o cessation_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o blood_n and_o of_o the_o spirit_n which_o cessation_n can_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o separation_n of_o the_o soul_n since_o these_o dont_fw-fr at_o all_o depend_v upon_o it_o as_o i_o prove_v before_o but_o it_o be_v occasion_v by_o some_o defect_n in_o the_o organ_n and_o fluid_n of_o the_o body_n which_o lose_v their_o due_a disposition_n and_o their_o mutual_a correspondence_n with_o one_o another_o all_o their_o action_n cease_v which_o cessation_n be_v proper_o call_v death_n so_o that_o the_o soul_n find_v they_o incapable_a of_o receive_v its_o influence_n and_o of_o obey_v its_o command_n quit_v the_o body_n after_o it_o be_v dead_a by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o separation_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v not_o proper_o the_o cause_n of_o death_n but_o that_o the_o death_n of_o the_o body_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o separation_n the_o king_n himself_o illustrate_v this_o opinion_n with_o a_o familiar_a example_n of_o a_o organ_n and_o a_o organist_n while_o the_o organ_n be_v in_o their_o due_a order_n and_o symmetry_n the_o organist_n play_v upon_o they_o but_o when_o by_o length_n of_o time_n they_o be_v either_o break_v use_v too_o much_o or_o any_o other_o way_n quite_o put_v out_o of_o tune_n he_o leave_v off_o play_v on_o they_o this_o discourse_n my_o lord_n hold_v from_o three_o of_o the_o clock_n till_o seven_o and_o the_o divine_n be_v extreme_o warm_a in_o it_o and_o some_o of_o they_o have_v the_o boldness_n to_o tell_v the_o king_n that_o his_o majesty_n shall_v not_o suffer_v such_o heretical_a opinion_n as_o they_o call_v they_o to_o be_v introduce_v before_o such_o a_o great_a assembly_n contrary_a to_o the_o receive_a doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n this_o discourse_n cause_v a_o great_a many_o other_o matter_n to_o be_v talk_v on_o of_o which_o it_o will_v be_v too_o long_o to_o inform_v your_o lordship_n by_o this_o you_o may_v plain_o see_v how_o fond_a the_o divine_n be_v of_o their_o old_a opinion_n rely_v upon_o the_o doctrine_n of_o aristotle_n who_o we_o can_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o thorough_o acquaint_v with_o the_o structure_n spring_n and_o motion_n of_o the_o humane_a body_n nor_o indeed_o with_o all_o other_o natural_a cause_n as_o the_o modern_a physician_n be_v yet_o it_o be_v the_o policy_n of_o the_o divine_n not_o only_o in_o poland_n but_o in_o spain_n italy_n and_o in_o most_o other_o country_n where_o their_o power_n be_v very_o great_a not_o to_o let_v any_o opinion_n creep_v in_o among_o they_o that_o will_v seem_v to_o contradict_v those_o of_o aristotle_n for_o have_v build_v their_o system_n of_o divinity_n upon_o the_o principle_n of_o this_o pagan_a philosopher_n they_o be_v just_o afraid_a that_o if_o experience_n and_o reason_n shall_v shake_v the_o foundation_n the_o superstructure_n will_v fall_v to_o the_o ground_n as_o doubtless_o it_o will_v for_o the_o most_o part_n building_n this_o king_n build_v several_a fine_a house_n both_o in_o russia_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n particular_o three_o mile_n from_o warsaw_n a_o neat_a country_n house_n call_v villa_n nova_n very_o rich_o furnish_v he_o have_v have_v several_a natural_a child_n but_o take_v no_o care_n of_o any_o of_o they_o for_o it_o be_v not_o customary_a in_o poland_n to_o have_v that_o consideration_n for_o they_o as_o there_o be_v in_o other_o country_n but_o he_o leave_v vast_a riches_n to_o his_o lawful_a child_n and_o make_v a_o motion_n in_o the_o diet_n five_o child_n or_o six_o year_n before_o he_o die_v to_o settle_v the_o succession_n on_o one_o of_o they_o he_o tell_v the_o assembly_n of_o the_o disorder_n that_o usual_o happen_v in_o election_n after_o the_o king_n death_n that_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o tartar_n take_v then_o opportunity_n to_o make_v inroad_n into_o the_o country_n and_o ravage_v all_o before_o they_o that_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v general_o divide_v head_a by_o faction_n and_o biased_a by_o self-interest_n against_o the_o public_a good_a of_o their_o country_n and_o that_o he_o himself_o will_v be_v glad_a to_o prevent_v all_o those_o dangerous_a broil_n before_o he_o die_v out_o of_o the_o love_n he_o bear_v to_o his_o country_n and_o subject_n but_o the_o diet_n find_v that_o his_o private_a design_n be_v to_o get_v one_o of_o his_o son_n elect_v answer_v that_o they_o hope_v that_o his_o majesty_n will_v live_v yet_o a_o long_a while_n that_o it_o be_v necessary_a to_o take_v a_o long_a time_n to_o consider_v of_o a_o matter_n of_o that_o great_a moment_n which_o the_o king_n see_v it_o be_v a_o civil_a way_n of_o refuse_v to_o enter_v upon_o that_o subject_a never_o after_o intimate_v any_o thing_n to_o they_o like_o it_o but_o take_v all_o possible_a care_n to_o enrich_v his_o child_n in_o case_n none_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v elect_v after_o his_o death_n it_o be_v exact_o compute_v to_o i_o that_o he_o lay_v up_o every_o year_n for_o above_o twenty_o year_n 100000_o l._n sterl_n which_o riches_n he_o leave_v partly_o in_o banker_n hand_n at_o dantzick_n hamburgh_n and_o amsterdam_n and_o put_v the_o rest_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o that_o kingdom_n to_o trade_v with_o it_o beside_o he_o buy_v great_a territory_n in_o the_o kingdom_n though_o it_o be_v against_o the_o constitution_n so_o that_o his_o three_o son_n james_n alexander_n and_o constantino_n if_o they_o manage_v their_o affair_n right_a may_v be_v worth_a each_o above_o 50000_o l._n sterling_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la for_o it_o be_v the_o law_n in_o poland_n to_o divide_v equal_o the_o estate_n among_o the_o child_n poland_n the_o queen_n be_v but_o ten_o or_o twelve_o year_n of_o age_n when_o she_o together_o with_o the_o present_a duke_n of_o gordon'_v aunt_n afterward_o marry_v to_o count_n morstin_n great_a treasurer_n of_o poland_n come_v from_o france_n into_o this_o kingdom_n with_o ladislaus_n king_n of_o poland_n queen_n who_o make_v they_o both_o her_o maid_n of_o honour_n and_o take_v great_a care_n of_o mademoiselle_fw-fr d'_fw-fr arquien_v be_v very_o ingenious_a marriage_n and_o beautiful_a she_o get_v she_o marry_v first_o to_o prince_n zamoiski_n who_o soon_o leave_v she_o a_o widow_n with_o a_o jointure_n of_o about_o 2000_o l._n a_o year_n she_o be_v afterward_o marry_v in_o casimir_n reign_n to_o john_n sobieski_n than_o captain_n of_o the_o guard_n who_o be_v not_o very_o willing_a to_o marry_v she_o until_o the_o king_n promise_v that_o he_o will_v give_v he_o considerable_a place_n which_o he_o according_o do_v by_o the_o instigation_n of_o the_o queen_n for_o he_o make_v he_o great_a marshal_n and_o great_a general_n of_o poland_n which_o give_v he_o authority_n and_o interest_n enough_o to_o make_v himself_o afterward_o king_n and_o her_o queen_n so_o that_o this_o marriage_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o his_o rise_n in_o the_o world_n which_o he_o be_v so_o sensible_a of_o that_o he_o refuse_v to_o be_v divorce_v from_o she_o as_o the_o diet_n will_v have_v persuade_v he_o to_o do_v after_o his_o election_n qualification_n the_o queen_n be_v now_o about_o fifty_o four_o year_n of_o age_n though_o she_o appear_v not_o to_o be_v forty_o she_o go_v in_o the_o french_a dress_n as_o all_o the_o polish_v lady_n do_v she_o speak_v almost_o natural_o the_o polish_v tongue_n which_o with_o liar_n sweet_a temper_n refine_a sense_n and_o majestic_a air_n gain_v she_o such_o affection_n with_o the_o pole_n such_o influence_n over_o the_o king_n and_o such_o interest_n always_o in_o the_o diet_n that_o she_o manage_v all_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o prudence_n and_o that_o to_o the_o advantage_n of_o her_o native_a country_n france_n who_o interest_n she_o general_o espouse_v upon_o most_o occasion_n during_o the_o king_n life_n which_o be_v believe_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o he_o do_v not_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n with_o vigour_n these_o late_a year_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n she_o maintain_v at_o her_o court_n her_o father_n cardinal_n de_fw-fr arquien_v and_o her_o brother_n count_n maligny_n who_o have_v but_o a_o very_a small_a estate_n of_o their_o own_o she_o have_v two_o sister_n one_o be_v the_o widow_n of_o the_o late_a count_n bethune_n who_o be_v ambassador_n from_o france_n in_o poland_n and_o afterward_o die_v in_o his_o embassy_n in_o
gules_a palatinate_n the_o second_o palatinate_n of_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n be_v that_o of_o ploskow_n lie_v towards_o the_o east_n between_o the_o vistula_n and_o prussia_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o four_o district_n viz._n the_o district_v of_o ploczkow_n zancren_n mlava_n and_o stenen_n in_o all_o which_o be_v these_o principal_a city_n and_o town_n viz._n ploczkow_n bish_n cap._n sieprcz_n srensko_n mlaw_n and_o radzanow_n the_o capital_a of_o all_o which_o be_v ploczko_n ploczkow_n or_o ploczko_n metropolis_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o that_o name_n which_o stand_v on_o a_o high_a bank_n of_o the_o weissel_n or_o vistula_n from_o whence_o one_o may_v have_v a_o very_a fair_a prospect_n of_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a country_n this_o city_n be_v considerable_o enrich_v by_o the_o navigableness_n of_o its_o river_n be_v very_o populous_a and_o have_v be_v long_o dignify_v with_o a_o bishop_n see_n beside_o the_o cathedral_n there_o be_v divers_a other_o church_n and_o monastery_n rich_o endow_v especial_o the_o abbey_n of_o benedictin_n in_o the_o suburb_n where_o among_o other_o relic_n the_o head_n of_o st._n sigismond_n be_v keep_v in_o gold_n which_o be_v give_v by_o king_n sigismond_n iii_o sieprcz_n sieprcz_n a_o wooden_a town_n build_v on_o a_o hill_n among_o the_o marsh_n and_o about_o five_o mile_n from_o ploczkow_n srensko_n srensko_fw-mi a_o timber-built_a town_n seat_v in_o a_o plain_a with_o a_o castle_n found_v among_o the_o bog_n this_o place_n be_v about_o ten_o mile_n from_o ploczko_n mlaw_n mlaw_o a_o town_n build_v on_o the_o confine_n of_o prussia_n and_o wash_v by_o the_o river_n of_o its_o own_o name_n it_o be_v also_o about_o ten_o mile_n from_o ploczkow_n radzanow_n radzanow_n a_o timber-built_a town_n on_o the_o river_n vkra_fw-mi with_o a_o castle_n found_v upon_o a_o rock_n among_o the_o marsh_n this_o town_n be_v about_o eight_o mile_n from_o ploczkow_n ploskow_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o bishop_n palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o ploskow_n the_o castellan_n of_o sieprcz_n and_o radzanow_n arms._n the_o standard_n or_o arm_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v a_o eagle_n expanse_v sable_n with_o a_o p_o on_o the_o breast_n all_o in_o a_o field_n gules_a palatinate_n the_o three_o palatinate_n of_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n be_v that_o of_o dobrina_n lie_v towards_o the_o west_n between_o cujavia_n and_o prussia_n it_o abound_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o fruit_n and_o fish_n and_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o district_n viz._n the_o district_n of_o dobrina_n ripin_n and_o slonsk_n in_o all_o which_o be_v these_o principal_a city_n and_o town_n viz._n dobrina_n cap._n ripin_n slonsk_n and_o gorzno_n of_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v dobrina_n dobrina_n a_o timber-built_a city_n seat_v on_o a_o rock_n near_o the_o river_n vistula_n it_o have_v former_o a_o castle_n which_o be_v demolish_v by_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n ripin_n ripin_n a_o wooden_a town_n build_v in_o a_o plain_a on_o the_o river_n odleck_n it_o be_v about_o five_o mile_n from_o dobrina_n slonsk_n slonsk_n a_o town_n in_o a_o plain_a situate_a upon_o the_o river_n vistula_n and_o about_o two_o mile_n from_o dobrina_n gorzno_n gorzno_n or_o gurzno_n a_o wood-built_a town_n tolerable_o well_o defend_v by_o nature_n and_o art_n it_o be_v about_o six_o polish_v miles_n from_o dobrina_n this_o palatinate_n be_v former_o the_o cause_n of_o frequent_a war_n between_o the_o pole_n teutonick_n knight_n and_o prussian_n dobrina_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o dobrina_n ripin_n and_o slonsk_n arms._n the_o arm_n and_o standard_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v a_o man_n head_n proper_a double_o crown_v or_o and_o argent_fw-fr all_o in_o a_o field_n gules_a province_n the_o six_o province_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v samogitia_n have_v in_o it_o no_o palatinate_n though_o many_o capitany_n of_o which_o the_o chief_a starosta_n be_v he_o of_o the_o province_n who_o have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o senate_n though_o no_o other_o of_o the_o same_o dignity_n have_v the_o like_a throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n except_o he_o be_v otherwise_o qualify_v this_o province_n be_v indifferent_o large_a and_o fruitful_a though_o it_o be_v very_o much_o overrun_v with_o wood_n to_o the_o north_n it_o be_v bound_v by_o curland_n and_o the_o bound_n baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o west_n it_o have_v ducal_z prussia_n and_o the_o baltic_a and_o towards_o the_o south_n and_o east_n it_o border_n on_o lithuania_n it_o have_v several_a city_n as_o well_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n as_o the_o gentry_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v all_o build_v with_o wood._n this_o province_n take_v its_o name_n from_o its_o situation_n which_o be_v low_a and_o marshy_a the_o word_n samogitz_n in_o the_o language_n of_o this_o country_n denote_v as_o much_o it_o abound_v with_o lake_n and_o inaccessible_a mountain_n yet_o afford_v great_a quantity_n of_o honey_n pure_a than_o that_o either_o of_o lithuania_n or_o livonia_n and_o breed_v horse_n which_o be_v very_o much_o admire_v for_o their_o swiftness_n the_o ordinary_a people_n here_o live_v in_o people_n cottage_n for_o the_o most_o part_n seat_v near_o lake_n or_o river_n and_o cover_v either_o with_o thatch_n or_o board_n they_o plough_v the_o ground_n not_o with_o iron_n but_o wood_n though_o the_o soil_n be_v most_o common_o fat_a and_o stiff_a which_o custom_n they_o be_v addict_v to_o even_o to_o superstition_n for_o when_o a_o certain_a starosta_n of_o that_o country_n think_v to_o introduce_v iron_n plowshare_n among_o they_o and_o the_o season_n not_o happen_v to_o prove_v as_o kind_a as_o usual_a they_o attribute_v all_o the_o cause_n to_o this_o change_n of_o instrument_n whereupon_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o return_v to_o their_o old_a way_n for_o fear_n of_o a_o insurrection_n their_o horse_n be_v general_o so_o small_a that_o one_o will_v wonder_v how_o they_o can_v undergo_v the_o fatigue_n they_o put_v they_o to_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n differ_v little_a in_o manner_n habit_n or_o language_n from_o the_o lithuanian_n yet_o some_o of_o they_o still_o retain_v several_a idolatrous_a worship_n especial_o superstition_n in_o the_o desert_n where_o they_o pay_v devotion_n to_o a_o fourfooted_a serpent_n under_o the_o name_n of_o givosit_n and_o you_o will_v hardly_o find_v a_o family_n in_o these_o part_n without_o one_o of_o these_o household_n go_n nay_o even_o at_o this_o day_n in_o many_o village_n both_o of_o prussia_n and_o lithuania_n the_o poor_a peasant_n although_o they_o profess_v christianity_n yet_o keep_v adder_n in_o their_o house_n to_o which_o they_o pay_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a veneration_n imagine_v that_o some_o great_a mischief_n will_v befall_v they_o if_o these_o idol_n shall_v come_v to_o any_o harm_n to_o be_v more_o particular_a with_o this_o country_n your_o lordship_n may_v understand_v that_o their_o house_n except_o only_o those_o of_o the_o gentry_n be_v build_v low_a and_o long-way_n with_o a_o hearth_n in_o the_o middle_n and_o but_o one_o room_n which_o serve_v not_o only_o for_o themselves_o but_o their_o cattle_n the_o better_a sort_n drink_v out_o of_o horn_n cup_n and_o eat_v out_o of_o wooden_a platter_n the_o honey_n here_o be_v extraordinary_a have_v but_o little_a wax_n and_o some_o of_o it_o be_v perfect_o white_a with_o which_o the_o wood_n be_v every_o where_o almost_o line_v sacrifice_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o pagan_a sacrifice_n and_o feast_n in_o samogitia_n keep_v at_o this_o day_n about_o the_o end_n of_o october_n be_v as_o follow_v first_o the_o place_n of_o meeting_n be_v assign_v the_o man_n with_o their_o wife_n child_n and_o servant_n punctual_o appear_v thereat_o when_o spread_v a_o cloth_n upon_o the_o straw_n several_a loaf_n be_v set_v in_o due_a order_n and_o between_o each_o loaf_n a_o large_a pot_n of_o beer_n then_o beast_n of_o divers_a kind_n both_o male_a and_o female_a be_v bring_v in_o and_o sacrifice_v after_o the_o ancient_a custom_n thus_o first_o the_o augur_n or_o priest_n after_o have_v mumble_v over_o some_o few_o word_n strike_v they_o with_o a_o wand_n he_o hold_v in_o his_o hand_n on_o the_o back_n belly_n etc._n etc._n when_o all_o that_o be_v present_a likewise_o follow_v his_o example_n cry_v out_o o_o zimiennick_n for_o so_o they_o call_v their_o god_n these_o offering_n we_o make_v to_o thou_o for_o protect_v we_o so_o merciful_o hitherto_o and_o we_o most_o humble_o implore_v thou_o to_o have_v the_o like_a compassion_n on_o we_o for_o the_o future_a as_o to_o preserve_v we_o from_o fire_n sword_n pestilence_n and_o our_o enemy_n which_o say_v they_o immediate_o fall_v to_o but_o first_o cut_v off_o a_o bit_n from_o every_o plate_n and_o throw_v they_o about_o the_o room_n cry_v o_o zimiennick_n gracious_o partake_v of_o our_o sacrifice_n and_o favour_v thy_o adorer_n after_o
one_o form_n of_o government_n i_o need_v not_o insist_v any_o long_o upon_o the_o succession_n of_o its_o duke_n since_o what_o past_a remarkable_a in_o their_o time_n be_v comprehend_v in_o the_o history_n of_o the_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonic_a family_n who_o reign_v in_o poland_n from_o jagello_n time_n to_o the_o late_a king_n michael_n wiesnowiski_n therefore_o i_o will_v proceed_v to_o enter_v upon_o the_o geographical_a description_n of_o this_o great_a duchy_n the_o two_o province_n of_o lithuania_n contain_v these_o palatinate_v viz._n province_n lithuania_n proper_a contain_v the_o palatinate_n of_o vilna_n troki_n and_o briescia_n or_o polesia_n province_n lithuanic-russia_n contain_v the_o palatinate_n of_o novogrodec_n mscislaw_n vitebsko_fw-mi or_o witebsko_n minski_n and_o polocz_n lithuanic-russia_n be_v common_o call_v russia-alba_n or_o white_a russia_n either_o because_o its_o hill_n be_v general_o cover_v with_o snow_n and_o which_o last_v long_o there_o than_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o this_o country_n or_o else_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o animal_n breed_v there_o be_v general_o incline_v to_o be_v white_a though_o in_o other_o country_n the_o same_o species_n be_v of_o another_o colour_n both_o these_o province_n abound_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o necessary_n beside_o several_a merchandize_n part_n of_o which_o they_o transport_v by_o the_o river_n duna_n to_o riga_n in_o livonia_n and_o part_n by_o the_o river_n niemen_n to_o koningsberg_n in_o prussia_n palatinate_n the_o first_o palatinate_n of_o lithuania_n proper_a be_v that_o of_o vilna_n who_o palatin_n be_v chief_a governor_n of_o the_o city_n of_o that_o name_n this_o palatinate_n comprehend_v three_o large_a district_n which_o be_v the_o district_v of_o osmian_n bratislaw_n or_o braslaw_n &_o wilkomitz_n in_o all_o which_o be_v the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o vilna_n cap._n bish_n osmian_n bratislaw_n or_o braslaw_n wilkomitz_n ikaznia_n and_o drizwiatz_n of_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o all_o which_o and_o metropolis_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v vilna_n vilna_n call_v also_o vilenski_n by_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o wildaw_n or_o die_v wild_a by_o the_o german_n and_o be_v situate_v near_o the_o conflux_n of_o the_o river_n wilia_n and_o wiln_n from_o whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n it_o lie_v about_o 130_o polish_v miles_n from_o cracow_n to_o the_o north-east_n 48_o from_o riga_n to_o the_o north_n 70_o from_o warsaw_n and_o a_o hundred_o from_o smolensko_n to_o the_o east_n it_o be_v a_o large_a and_o very_o populous_a city_n well_o fortify_v with_o two_o castle_n whereof_o one_o be_v build_v in_o a_o plain_a and_o the_o other_o on_o a_o hill_n the_o former_a wash_v by_o the_o river_n wilia_n and_o the_o latter_a by_o the_o wiln_n the_o first_o of_o these_o river_n be_v large_a and_o navigable_a whereby_o the_o inhabitant_n transport_v merchandize_n to_o dantzic_n and_o the_o other_o small_a and_o inconsiderable_a the_o house_n of_o this_o city_n be_v general_o low_a and_o mean_a be_v most_o build_v with_o wood_n except_o some_o belong_v to_o the_o gentry_n other_o to_z foreign_a merchant_n and_o several_a public_a edifice_n which_o be_v all_o either_o of_o stone_n or_o brick_n of_o the_o two_o castle_n that_o on_o a_o hill_n be_v very_o ancient_a and_o almost_o ruin_v but_o the_o other_o be_v a_o pile_n of_o beautiful_a modern_a architecture_n the_o church_n here_o be_v all_o of_o stone_n both_o those_o belong_v to_o the_o roman_a and_o russian_a persuasion_n the_o cathedral_n stand_v in_o the_o low_a castle_n wherein_o lie_v the_o body_n of_o st._n casimir_n canonize_v by_o leo_n x._o in_o a_o large_a silver_n tomb_n of_o great_a value_n here_o also_o be_v a_o very_a large_a bell_n like_v to_o that_o of_o cracow_n which_o require_v above_o four_o and_o twenty_o strong_a man_n to_o ring_v it_o within_o this_o castle_n be_v the_o archiepiscopal_n see_v of_o the_o metropolitan_a of_o russia_n among_o the_o other_o public_a edifice_n be_v the_o great_a duke_n palace_n in_o which_o be_v a_o famous_a guard-chamber_n furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o arm_n and_o about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o this_o city_n stand_v another_o ducal_z palace_n name_v from_o its_o situation_n rudnick_n that_o be_v near_o the_o water_n this_o palace_n be_v entire_o build_v with_o wood_n and_o beautify_v with_o a_o park_n pleasant_a garden_n orchard_n etc._n etc._n next_o come_v the_o academy_n of_o this_o city_n found_v by_o king_n stephen_n in_o the_o year_n 1579_o and_o erect_v into_o a_o university_n by_o gregory_n xiii_o the_o same_o year_n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o founder_n valerian_n bishop_n of_o vilna_n in_o this_o university_n be_v six_o professor_n of_o divinity_n five_o of_o philosophy_n four_o of_o law_n and_o seven_o of_o human_a learning_n among_o the_o merchant_n house_n there_o be_v one_o particular_o neat_a erect_v by_o the_o moscovite_n company_n for_o the_o repository_n of_o their_o fur_n ermine_n and_o other_o rich_a merchandize_n bring_v from_o moscow_n here_o be_v also_o many_o other_o fair_a edifice_n which_o i_o pass_v by_o for_o brevity_n sake_n in_o this_o city_n gun_n of_o all_o sort_n be_v cast_v and_o likewise_o divers_a other_o warlike_a instrument_n of_o excellent_a workmanship_n make_v vilna_n have_v the_o honour_n to_o have_v a_o tribunal_n for_o all_o lithuania_n the_o moscovite_n find_v mean_n to_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o city_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o but_o be_v soon_o force_v to_o surrender_v it_o to_o the_o pole_n who_o be_v at_o present_a in_o possession_n of_o it_o osmian_n osmian_n a_o wooden_a town_n capital_a of_o its_o district_n about_o seven_o mile_n from_o vilna_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o large_a jurisdiction_n with_o several_a eminent_a to_n bratislaw_n bratislaw_n or_o braslaw_n a_o timber-built_a city_n situate_v on_o a_o large_a lake_n with_o a_o castle_n found_v on_o a_o rock_n this_o place_n lie_v about_o twenty_o mile_n from_o vilna_n with_o a_o considerable_a jurisdiction_n wilkomitz_n wilkomitz_n a_o wood-built_a town_n upon_o the_o river_n swienta_fw-mi here_o be_v keep_v a_o court_n of_o justice_n to_o try_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o gentry_n to_o this_o district_n belong_v a_o very_a large_a jurisdiction_n in_o which_o be_v several_a considerable_a town_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n bishop_n and_o gentry_n ikaznia_n ikaznia_n a_o town_n build_v with_o wood_n near_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n it_o lie_v about_o three_o polish_v miles_n from_o bratislaw_n drizwiatz_n drizwiatz_n a_o town_n build_v on_o a_o lake_n near_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o about_o five_o mile_n from_o bratislaw_n vilna_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v only_o the_o palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o vilna_n for_o it_o must_v here_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o minor_a castellan_n in_o all_o lithuania_n arms._n the_o arm_n or_o standard_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v of_o four_o sort_n the_o first_o of_o the_o palatinate_n itself_o which_o be_v argent_fw-fr and_o azure_a in_o the_o former_a the_o arm_n of_o lithuania_n and_o in_o the_o latter_a two_o pillar_n of_o the_o first_o beside_o these_o each_o district_n have_v its_o arm_n which_o be_v first_o of_o osmian_n those_o of_o vilna_n differ_v only_o in_o change_v the_o column_n or_o pillar_n to_o erect_a sword_n that_o of_o bratislaw_n a_o field_n gules_a with_o no_o charge_n three_o that_o of_o wilkomitz_n the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o palatinate_n change_v only_o the_o pillar_n to_o the_o image_n of_o st._n michael_n palatinate_n the_o second_o palatinate_n of_o lithuania_n proper_a be_v that_o of_o troki_n which_o have_v in_o it_o these_o four_o large_a district_n viz._n the_o district_v of_o grodno_n lida_n cowno_n and_o vpita_n in_o all_o which_o be_v these_o principal_a city_n and_o town_n viz._n troki_n cap._n grodno_n lida_n cowno_n and_o vpita_n of_o the_o chief_a city_n of_o all_o which_o be_v troki_n troki_n otherwise_o call_v troccum_fw-la or_o trocum_fw-la build_v with_o wood_n and_o seat_v on_o a_o point_n of_o land_n that_o shoot_v out_o into_o a_o lake_n and_o which_o lie_v about_o four_o mile_n from_o vilna_n to_o the_o west_n this_o city_n have_v former_o a_o strong_a wall_n to_o defend_v it_o but_o which_o be_v long_o since_o destroy_v by_o the_o prussian_a knight_n but_o yet_o it_o still_o have_v a_o castle_n found_v in_o the_o lake_n and_o sufficient_o fortify_v both_o by_o nature_n and_o art_n gedeminus_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o this_o city_n which_o be_v the_o ducal_z seat_n before_o it_o come_v to_o be_v translate_v to_o vilna_n the_o moscovite_n storm_v burn_v and_o pillage_v this_o place_n in_o the_o year_n 1655._o grodno_n grodno_n a_o timber-built_a city_n on_o the_o river_n niemen_n or_o cronon_n have_v a_o strong_a castle_n on_o a_o rock_n near_o adjoin_v found_v by_o king_n stephen_n who_o be_v