are like bran there is one sort smaller and another grosser the smaller sort is like the bran of Wheat that is finely ground and those may I call fine bran The grosser is like bran of Barley or of evill ground wheat and may therefore be called gross bran Fine bran Gross bran for it is thrice as big as the other Scales The third sort which is like Scales hath no notable thicknesse but onely breadth and length These three doe betoken waste of the strongest parts of the bodie but yet not all alike as Hippocrates doth declare in the second Book of his Prognosticks Howbeit because that place of Hippocrates is so difficult that scarcely the great learned men can agree thereon I will not now meddle therewith but will write Actuarius mind of those three Fine bran When the Ague saith he is grounded in the bottome of the veins then there appeareth such fine bran Howbeit sometimes it is a token of the onely grief of the bladder being scabbed as witnesseth Hypocrates 4. Aphor. 77. But then hath the Patient no Ague and again there doth appear tokens of concoction in the urine But when it cometh of the whole body this is the cause thereof The Ague getting power and prevailing unto the hard parts of the body as in those Agues which are called Fevers hectike then in the striving between those parts and the Ague the Ague having the masterie doth by his violence raise of such brannie scurffe For the nature of fire whose operation the Ague hath is to work according as the matter is that it findeth either to melt it if it be a liquid and unctuous thing either else to scale it and fret it if it be hard and unpliant and the harder that the matter is the greater scales it fretteth off which thing you may see by daily experience how fire melteth wax and tallow and such like turning them into liquids whereas of iron and of other metals Scales it maketh scales and not liquor But when the Ague hath attained and overset not onely the substance of the veins but also the strong parts of the body and doth melt and waste them then doth there appear in the urine scales broad and thin which you shall know to come 〈◊〉 the whole body as I said of the other before if the Pacient have an Ague or theâ— appear default of concoction in the urine â— else if these two be absent it may come oâ— the blistering of the bladder as Hippocrateâ— writeth 4. Aphor. 81. and namely if therâ— be in the urine an evill savour withall Gross bran Now to speak of the great and grosse bran which as it is much greater then the other so doth it declare a greater strength of the Ague and that in the whole body and all the parts of it enflaming and burning the whole substance thereof and therefore is it not only the worst of them all but is nigh unto a deadly sign Note and that either by the waste and consuming of the great and strongest parts of the body or else by the burning or drying up of the bloud Which two things you may discern asunder by the colour of them For if they be red then come they of the burning of the bloud but if they be white then come they of the wast of the strongest parts of the body Hippoc. 7. Aphor. 31. Of this kind of contents speaketh Hippocrates saying In whatsoever Agues there doth appear grounds like unto grosse bran it is a token that the sickness shall continue long Which saying Galen doth understand so to be true If the Patient have sufficient strength to continue with such sickness else it may be a sign rather of short life then of long sickness For as that token is commonly deadly so those few that doe escape do recover hardly and not without the long sufferance of the violence of that cruell Ague Now as touching the foreknowledge of it whether the patient may endure with it or no that shall you gather of the multitude order and stableness or unstableness of it For if they be many in number and proceed to worse and worse then it is an evill and mortall sign and doth declare that nature is wearied and doth quite faint thorow the waste and decay of the whole constitution of the body But contrariwise if they appear few and do alter continually unto lesse evill tokens then is there good hope of health And this shall suffice as touching these Ragged scraps Now to speak of the rest of the ragged scraps hairs and other like First you shall understand that sometime a good ground is coupled with certain evill and unconcted fragments of all sorts of humours for sometime there appeareth with the contents certain ragged scraps enclining in colour toward a yellow or a white â— else some such like if those appear in greâ— quantitie they declare the matter to be haâ— unconcoct and that the humour who scraps they are doth abound in the depth â— the body and is as dust or burned but if theâ— bee few then declare they the malice â— the humour to be milder and that the â— of evill meats doth cause them the greatâ— that such ragged scraps are the lesser aduâ—on of humours they declare to be in tâ— veins and the lesser they be the greater he they do betoken For the cause of sucâ— ragged scraps is excessive heat which do turn those humors into a thickness and as â— were a bony nature by reason that they haâ— remained long in certain veins and weâ— neither dissolved nor extenuated nor yeâ— quickly expelled by urine Hairs Besides these there are hairs of sundrâ— lengths some an inch and some an handfuâ— long some longer and some shorter anâ— these are in colour whitely and do betokeâ— grief of the reins These are ingendred in thâ— water-pipes which go from the reins tâ— the bladder so that as long as those water-pipes are in length so long may those hair also be which are a gross and baked humor wrought in form of a hair Of those speaketh Hippocrates saying 4. Aph. 76. In whose Vrine soever there doth appear little peeces of flesh either as it were hairs those same come from the reins namely if the urine be thick Howbeit these are sometimes seen in such mens urines as feel no grief in the reines but only have fed some continuing space on flegmatick meats which will prepare matter to such diseases as they do also to many other griefs of which to speak in this place it is meet But to go on with this thing that wee have in hand beside such ragged scraps and hairs as I have spoken of there appear sometimes in the ground of the urine and also dis-parkled abroad in the urine it self sundry and divers kinds of motes as it were which do declare that there is grief dispersed in sundry parts of the body Motes The places of
thus into water then doth it drop down and gathereth together and so runneth out as it can finde or prepare way As long therefore as there is hollownes in that place with such sort of coldnesse and none other let the Spring of water shalâ— never cease But if the way by any mean be stopped then the water turmoileth and laboureth either to expell that let or to make a new way The causes of diversity in tast of Water Now this water being thus ingendred of the air which hath no taste is also naturally without all taste but the tast that it hath is the taste of the vaines of earth or mettall by which it doth run And that is the cause that some waters are sweet and some soure some fresh and some salt and otherwise diversly tasted some also are hot and some cold and with other like qualities endued according to the ground whereby it passeth But of this I will not now speak because I have appointed for it a peculiar Treatise if God grant me time Only this I say now that a man that is expert can by the colour tast and other qualities of the water which he seeth tell what vains of earth or mettals is in that place whence that water cometh though he see it not And this water is expelled out of his first place as unprofitable there to remain and yet when it is come forth thence it is good for divers and sundry uses The generation of urine Thus may we thinke of the generation and use of urine or mans water Three Concoctions It shall not need that I here reckon exactly the places causes and the order of the three concoctions which go before the generation of urine but it shall suffice to teâ— briefly that of the meat and drink togetheâ— concocted in the stomack is made rudâ— blood if I may so call it which rude blooâ— is wrought again and made more perfectâ— in the liver and thirdly yet more purified in the hollow vein where the urine iâ— separate from it as whey from milk but yeâ— may not exactly be called urine till it comâ— into the reins or kidnies which draw it ouâ— of the hollow vein by a certain natural power resting in them And then doth the reins or kidnies alter it perfectly into urine us the coldnes of the ground turneth air into water But you must take this comparison oâ— similitude to be spoken of the alteration it self and not of the cause Now when Urine is thus made like to that fashion of water as I said then as the water passeth forth from his first place by issues outward so doth the urine descend from the reins by certain veins as it were called Water pipes and runneth into the bladder from whence at due times it is expelled forth if the way be not let So that you may compare the reins to the head of a conduit the water pipes to the conduit pipes the bladder to the conduit and the shaft to the rock of the conduit And further as the water doth declare by â—aste and colour the qualities of the earth or â—eins of mettall whereby it runneth and â—rom whence it commeth so the urine by â—olour and other wayes declareth of what â—ort the places that it cometh thorow and humors that it commeth from are affected And yet not only serveth for this but also â—s the water though it depart from the earth as superfluous in that place yet in other places and to other purposes it is greatly profitable So the urine though it be expelled as a superfluous excrement yet beside the commodity of judgement which it giveth of the parts that it cometh from it doth also serve for divers uses in medicine and other good commodities Of both which I will anon orderly write after I have declared certain things appertaining to the due judgement of it Of the Instrument and parts by which Vrine is engendred and passeth mark this Figure following A. Is the liver B. The hollow vein C. Veins by which the reins do draw the urine and therefore be called sucking veins D. The reins E. The water Pipes F. Is the Bladder G. The spout of the yard All the other parts beside appertain to Generation and seed CHAP. III. What Vrine is and what tokens it giveth in generall YOu have heard now how urine is ingendred from whence it cometh and â—y what places it passeth which things all â—o the intent that you may the better keep â—n minde you shall note this short definitiâ—n The definition of urine Urine is the superfluity or wheyie substance â—f the bloud into a hollow vein conveyed by â—he reins and water pipes into the bladder â—o that hereby you may plainly perceive â—hat if the bloud be pure and clean and none 〈◊〉 grief in the reins Water-pipes Bladâ—er nor Shaft then shall the urine so declare â—t being also perfect and pure in substance â—nd colour and all other tokens according â—o the same But if there bee any grief in â—ny of those parts or the blood corrupt by â—ny means then shall the urine declare cerâ—ain tokens of the same as I shall anon partiâ—ularly expresse But first it shall be necessary to instruct â—ou of the vessel place and time meet to â—udge urine and of the manner of receiving CHAP. IIII. Of the form of the Vrinall and of the pâ— and time meet to judge urine and how it should be received THat urine should be kept to see whâ— is first made after midnight common or namely when the patient hath slept loâ— but you must take heed whether the patiâ— be man or woman The order to receive urine that they make not thâ— urine in another vessel first as many use do and then pour it into the urinall whâ— it is setled for that causeth much deâ— and error in the judgement of it And that the Patient cannot well make it in 〈◊〉 urinall either by weaknesse or any otâ— cause then let them make it in another vâ—sel but see that it be clean and dry and soon as the water is made pour it forth pâ—sently into the Urinall altogether and leaâ—â— no part of it out as some curious folkâ— use to put the clear part only into the urinâ— and cast away the dregs as though it stoâ— not with their modesty to bring such foâ— gear to the Physitian others of such like foâ—lish mind Pour it therefore in wholly anâ— let not the urinall stand open namely industy place but stop it close with a glove 〈◊〉 other leather and not with cloth paper nor â—ay and let it be brought to the Physitian within six hours at the furthest for after that â—ime it cannot well be judged The Urinal Now as touching the Urinall it should be of pure cleer glasse not thick nor green in colour without blots or spots in it not â—at in the bottome nor too wide in the neck out widest in the midle and narrow still
the spring time And those countries that be hot and dry make urine like unto summer And contrariwise cold and moist alter water as doth winter But countries that are drie and distempered between heat and cold make urine like harvest Meats drinks and medicines Also meats and drinks and order of diet causeth urine to alter and medicines also as not only experience reacheth but also Hippocrates witnesseth in the sixt Book of his Epidemies or raining sicknesses in the fift part and the fifteenth sentence as for example Meats of light concoction Those meats that are light of concoction and good in substance cause good and temperate urine with pure contents but contrary meats cause discoloured urine and thin with strange contents Meats of hard concoction Meats that will not concoct make lesser contents and divers in substance Evill meats cause greater contents and in nothing duely formed And as the quality of meats doth alter urine so doth the quantity also For if a man have eaten much and not concocted it his urine shall be thin and white and sometime without ground But if this crudity or rawness in stomack continâ— long the urine will become divers in suâ—stance Drinking of wine and in contents Also wine drunk abundantly causeth â—teration in urine Fasting long But now contrariwise if a man doe sâ— long his urine will appear fiery and saffrâ— coloured and thin with lesser ground Suffering of famine But if a man suffer famine and do nâ— nourish his water shall be thin and whiâ— with a certain glistering and withoâ— ground Labour Moreover exercise and rest changeth â—rine for through excessive labour the uriâ— changeth from light saffron and at lengâ— becommeth saffron coloured with litâ— ground thin and higher coloured then should be And some time there fleete on the top a certain fastness specially aftâ— overmuch wearinesse Rest But idleness and rest doth contrariwiâ— cause white urine with greater and grosâ— ground Sleep Watching Furthermore sleep and watching if thâ— exceed measure they alter urine but theâ— is a difference between both sleepe aâ— watching comming of sickness and theâ— both when they be taken willingly in healâ— For if that sickness cause overmuch sleeâ— â—hen is the urine whitish with substance eiâ—her fully thick or but partly thin and the contents many and undigest Naturall sleep But if that such sleep come naturally the urine is not so white but rather flaxen and the substance mean with greater and well concoct contents Voluntary sleep And likewise they that have watched purposedly and not by reason of sickness their urine is but little changed Watch in sickness But if they watch for any sickly cause their urine will change but little at the beginning but with continuance the contents will be dispersed and at the last clean wasted and the substance of the urine waxeth thinner and thinner by little and little and the colour inclineth either to white and watery or unto golden saffron oylie or black according as the cause is that maketh it so to change Of alteration by complexion I will write in the next Chapter Now have you heard as touching alteration of urine in health according to diversity of ages both in men and women times of the yeer countries meats and drinks labour rest sleep and watch so that you must have regard to these in all judgements both in health and in sicknesse For if these be not diligently marked they may cause great error as you may well coâ—der What is to be considered in urine First therefore in every urine you 〈◊〉 consider whether it be a mans or a womâ— and what age he or shee is of then wâ— time of the yeer it is and what count what meats and drinks the person usâ— and likewise of labour and rest sleep 〈◊〉 watch And then must you consider 〈◊〉 every one of these doth alter urine so 〈◊〉 if the altering of them from that health urine whereof I spake in the beginning this Chapter be but such as one of thâ— foresaid things would cause then may it be judged to come of any disease as for â—â—ample High coloured water in sumâ— so that it pass not saffron colour or wâ— coloured water in winter should rather reckoned to come of the time of the yâ— then of any sickness and likewise of oâ— things CHAP. VII What be the generall qualities that alteâ— the parts of Vrine BEfore I treat of the signification of 〈◊〉 parts of Urine I think it good to instrâ— you of the generall qualities which cause all alterations in urine whereby you shall perceive not only what every urine doth betoken as I shall anon set forth but also if you mark well this Chapter you shall see â—he cause why every urine doth so signifie You shall understand therefore that there be four chief and only qualities whereof all things that are both in the Sea and Earth are made as man and beast fish and fowl trees herbs stones and mettals These four qualities are heat cold moistness and driness and these four continuing duly tempered as nature ordered them first in every perfect body be the cause of continuall health But if they bee altered wrongly then doe they cause diseases diversly according to the diversitie of the alterations And as they doe cause diseases so they change the colour substance and other parts of the urine whereby wee may conjecture the cause of the disease and so consequently the disease it self though sometime it declareth the disease it self and not the cause thereof Passive and active qualities But now to come to the matter meetest for this time you shall mark that two of these four qualities are named Passive and they cause but small alteration in comparison The other two are called Active anâ— they cause great alteration The Active qualities are heat and colâ— and the Passive qualities are driness anâ— moistness Moistness When Moistness therefore exceedeth alone it dulleth the naturall colour of urinâ— thicketh and ingrosseth the substance anâ— increaseth the quantitie And as the oveâ— part of it above waxeth rough and troubleâ— so the ground increaseth and continueâ— raw and unconcoct Dryness But dryness doth diminish the quantitâ— of urine and also the contents It maketâ— it thin in substance cleer and bright anâ— causeth mean colour and the ground appeareth grosser Heat Likewise heat if it exceed measure buâ— little it maketh pale and light saffron colour in the urine But if heat exceed greatly it causeth golden and saffron colourâ— with mean substance and a little brightness the ground is mean in respect to the quantity of urine but it declineth from the duâ— whiteness toward saffron colour Cold. But cold on the other side maketh urinâ— turn to white colour and changeth the substance from a mean And if the cold increase the urine will alter from mean substance and therefore consequently will bee either thin or grosse
THE JUDGMENT OF Vrines By Robert Record Doctor of Physick Whereunto is added an ingenious Treatise concerning Physicians Apothecaries and Chirurgeons Set forth by an Eminent Physitian in Queen Elizabeths dayes With a Translation of Papius Ahalsossa concerning Apothecaries Confecting their Medicines Worthy perusing and imitating LONDON Printed and are to be sold by Peter Parker at the Leg and Star in Cornhil against the Royal Exchange 1679. To the Reader IF either the corruption or abuse of things might deprive us of this lawfull and necessary use of them even the sacred Scriptures our laws our provisions of life and clothing might fall under declension if not abolition It is true from the inspection of Urine some have presumed to pretend a larger judgement and indication then may justly be drawn or conjectured out of it yet it is generally concluded by Physitians both ancient and moderne that both Urine and Pulse are so necessary that without them all knowledge of Physick besides is doubtfull obscure and uncertaine whereof the first sheweth the estate of the liver and veines the second of the heart and arteries The Urine because with the blood it is conveâ—ed into all parts of the body and from thence returneth back again in the veines to the liver and urinall vessels bringeth with it some indicature of the state and disposition of all those parts from whence it commeth and who shall please to peruse that exact peice of Daniel Becherus shall finde observable peices both concerning the urine and divers experimented medicines made with it Concerning the judgement of the Pulse who shall please to peruse Doctor May upon Pennant shall finde the Pulses motion not so certain an indicature because in some diseases there is cessation or none or small appearance to conjecture by Concerning the Author he was one of the first who labour'd to reduce the tractate thereof unto order and method and hath been seconded by laborious Fletcher to whom our English Nation oweth much for their labours The antiquity and paines of the Author hath caused it to be presented again to the Presse hoping with judicious men it shall receive the acceptance is desired and studied By the well-wisher of your health R. R. The PREFACE The good use of a covetous example THough the unsatiable greedines of covetous men doe many and sundrie waies hurt yet some wayes it may do no lesse good if men will not disdain as they ought not to use it in such sort as I shall shew you But because that unsaciableness is never satisfied but beside thousand of means invented already to quench the unquenchable greedines it seeketh and findeth daily new and new means innumerable so that it were an infinite labour to declare them all I will wittingly and purposedly passe them over only taking one general sentence which shall be in stead of all the rest Vespasian one of the great schoolmasters of avarice which could pick out profit of every thing yea even of mens urine taught his Scholers I meane the whole court of covetous persons this lesson ensuing Lucri bonus odor 〈◊〉 qualibet Lucre is sweet and hath a good savour Though it come of Vrine dirt or Ordure This sentence if it be withdrawn from the filthy lucre of unsatiable covetousnesse wherein it is detestable and imployed rather to the due lucre of mans sustenance then it becomes tolerable But if it bee referred to the necessarie lucre of mans health then is it greatly commendable If there can be then any commodity for mans health gathered out of urine as there may be much men should not be negligent in seeking of that thing which should do good both to themselves and others seeing the covetous are so diligent in seeking for that thing which shall profit neither themselves nor others And the negligence is so much the greater if men be more remisse in seeking after so necessary a thing in a matter so commendable then the covetous in a bad thing But in as much as this thing by reason it is not plainly set forth is with no lesse difficulty to be studied on then it is necessary to be used the ignorant may have some excuse I therefore in the name of many other have taken this pains on me to set forth this thing so plainly Ignorance set aside that ignorance can have no excuse But that no man should doubt of the truth of this Treatise or of mine intent Why this Book is written in putting forth the same rather in this our English tongue then any other I shall briefly shew reasons of both First for the truth of it The first reason I will boldly speak knowing for certain that no man that can judge it will say or thinke otherwise but that it is as true as mans knowledge can devise it And it is the opinion of the most excellent writers of Physick both Greeks and Latine namely Hippocrates Galen Aetius Aeginâ—ta Philotheus Theophilus Actuarius also Cornelius Celsus Plinius Constantinus Africanus and Clementius Clementinus with others more conferring also with these Avicenna Egidius Polidamus and such like But with what temperance and moderation they that are learned may perceive These have I followed chiefly in this judgement of Urines And in the use of medicine and diseases touching urine I have joyned with them Dioscorides Quintus Serenus Columela Sextus Platonicus and divers others Now if there be any man that doubteth of the truth of those writers in this thing I am not here to force beleef upon them The inter of the Author But now as touching mine intent in writing this Treatise in English though this cause might seem sufficient to satisfie many men that I am an English man and therefore may most easily and plainly write in my native tongue rather then in any other yet unto them that know the hardness of the matter this answer should seem unlikely considering that it is harder to translate into such a tongue wherein the Art hath not been written before then to write in those tongues in which the terms of the Art are better expressed Now to shew briefly the causes moving me thereunto I am sure there are but few that ever sought counsell for their health but they know that the common trade to attain to the knowledge of the disease is by the judgement of the urine though not alone yet as the principall Likewise as there is not any thing so good but the abuse of it may cause harm to ensue therupon So this judgment of urines though it be a thing highly to be regarded yet if it be used rashly without foregoing signs it may cause as it doth often some error in the judgment of the Physitian though he were right excellently learned not so much by the ignorance of the Physitian as by want of knowledge in the patient which should instruct the Physitian in such questions as hee needed to demand of him and not to look that the Physitian should
other like Books of Physick hath there been put forth many yeers past And yet unto this day doe not learned wits sleepe How much is all England bound to that Worthy and Learned Knight Sir Thomas Eliot Sir Thomas Eliots Castle of Health which took the pains to build a Castle of Health for all English men besides many other learned Books that he hath puâ— forth in the Vulgar tongue whereby a man may learn both to govern himself so that though he escape not all sicknesses quiteâ— yet he shall eschew the great dangers of them England may rejoyce of such a Knight yea England hath too few that followeth such example But if England had as many well willing doers as she hath cruell and spitefull disdainers then were England the Flower of all Realmes in the world Now will I leave this and draw nearer to my purpose and will desire all men that shall read this Book patiently to bear with my boldness and thankfully to receive my good minde And if there shall bee found in this Book or in any other that I shall put forth a small error or oversight for greater errors I dare say there shall be none I shall desire all them that shall find any to advertise me thereof by word or writing and I shall be ready not onely to render condign thanks but also to amend duely that shall be thought amisse or else to yeeld a reason for the proof of the same An exhortation to the Reader And now to make an end I will desire every man soberly and discreetly to use this my Book not using it to the taunting or checking of other men nor to trust in â—heir own knowledge further then they ought And likewise I shall exhort all men not to mock and jest with any Physitian as some light wits do tempting them with Beasts stale in stead of mens urine others bringing to them mens water for womens and such other like things For in this doing they deceive not the Physitian but themselves For a mans water to be like a womans it need seem no strange thing Howbeit again there is a notable difference insomuch that that water which in a man declareth health if it were a womans might declare some disease and likewise that which in a woman signifieth health if it were a mans water it might betoken sicknesse And if a mans water and womans be like and betoken both diseases those diseases may be divers and not one Yea two mens waters being both alike shall not declare alwaies one grief except they agree also in age diet exercise and other like things Also that a Beasts Water may be like a Mans the Mans sicknesse being thereafter Hypocrates witnesseth and experience teacheth as I shall declare hereafter Therefore if you seek the Patients health look that you receive the urine diligently and as soon as you can present it to the Physitian and be diligent to instruct him in all things that you can and that he shall not have need to aske And so no doubt you shall receive great commodity of that Art to the health of man and the glory of God which hath given such knowledge unto man THE URINALL OF PHYSICK CHAP. I. Of the Division and Order of this Book BEcause that nothing done confusedly can be well understood of the Readers for every thing the better order it hath the better it may be understood and is much more easily remembred when the order of it is well and certainly known The sum of this Book I have therefore digested this Book orderly as I shall here set forth to the intent that you may read as it were in grosse the whole Book and thereby keep it the better in remembrance First therefore I will declare the nature of urine what it is and how it is ingendred within man and how it passeth forth from man Secondly of the order of receiving it in a convenient vessell And of the time and place meet to consider it Thirdly how many things are to bee considered in urine and how many wayes they may be altered in a healthfull man Fourthly what significations and tokens may be gathered of urine concerning any alteration in man past present or to come Fiftly to what use in medicine urine may serve and of other good uses of it to mans commodity And last of all I wil declare certain diseases touching urine which either let it or cause it to void unwillingly with the Medicines and remedies meet for the same CHAP. II. How Vrine is ingendred in Man and how it passeth forth AS unto them that are learned and know by the Art of Anatomy the scituation of the parts of man and the naturall office of every part it is easie enough to perceive the originall generation and cause of urine without any example so unto them that neither know the scituation nor offices no neither yet the names of the parts of mans body it is scarce possible to make them to perceive the generation of urine without some sensible exampleâ— But because it is very hard to find an artificiall example which can alone duely expresse this work of nature I will use therefore an example of a natural work which shall expresse in many points this thing though not in all for such can there none be but the thing it self And in as much as this example is not easie to be understood of all men though the most part do now a daies partly know it by experience of finding springs of waters I will first propose an artificiall example to make both the other to be the better perceived An example of Stilling It is daily seen in distilling of Waters that the temperate heat of the fire doth separate the purest part of the juice from the herbs and also from the grosser juice This by naturall lightness is drawn into the head of the Stillatorie where by the coldness of the helmet it is made somewhat grosser and so through naturall heat descendeth and passeth forth by the Pipe of the Stillatorie The Originall And as the Art of man useth to make this water so doth nature use to make the water of springs whereof come all rivers streams and floods except the sea For seeing the earth is not perfectly sound and thick of substance Cause of springs as stones and some woods appeareth to be but it is hollow and full of holes as you see that cork is so that the air which by his subtleness pierceth into never so little a hole entreth and filleth this hollowness nature so leading to it because no place should be emptie In which place by the coldness of the earth the air is turned into water as you may see in walls and pillars of stone namely of marble how the coldness of the stone turneth the air into water and hangeth full of drops which sometimes trickle down apace as if they did sweat So when the earth hath turned the air
If it be thin or unpure the ground shall be either obscure and little or much and that divers and unconcoct And this is the working of these four qualities when they exceed alone But and if two of them exceed together there may result of that sort four other distemperances as hot and dry hot and moist cold and dry and cold and moist Compound distemperatures of qualities Now what alterations these and every one of them doth cause the urine you may easily conjecture if you keep in mind that which I said of the four simple qualities and so adde togethet the alterations And this must you remember therewith that where they both agree in any alteration they cause that alteration to bee the greater and where they be contrary they cause the alteration to be nearer to a mean howbeit somewhat to help you take this brief declaration A temperate man As a temperate man doth make that perfect urine written of before in Chap. 6. so the urine of a sanguine man which is hot and moist shall be yellow or light saffron coloured by the reason of the heat and somewhat gross by reason of the moisture A cholerick man In a cholerick man being hot and dry 〈◊〉 the urine shall be in colour as in a sanguinâ— man but in substance thin by reason of thâ— dryness A melancolike man The urine of a melancholy man whose nature is cold and dry shall be white througâ— the cold and cleer for the dryness A flegmatick man The flegmatick man which is cold anâ— moist maketh urine white through cold anâ— thick by the moisture for as heat and colâ— altereth the colours so dryness and moisturâ— changeth the substance Now if you havâ— remembred all that I have written before then shall you be the meeter and better able a great deal to perceive the reasons 〈◊〉 the tokens which vrine doth give And 〈◊〉 shall your knowledge be the more certaiâ— if you know not only the thing but also thâ— cause of it Now therefore will I wriâ— of the signification of the parts of urinâ— particularly that you may perceive thâ— first and chief commoditie of urine which 〈◊〉 worketh for mans health CHAP. VIII The significations of the parts of Vrine particularly I Told you in the sixt Chapter of this Book what urine was most perfect sound and healthfull of all other And I said that it was the rule and tryall to examine all other urines by so that the neerer that any urine was to it the better it was and the further that it declineth from it the worse it is This I said should be as a generall rule which thing to be true in healthful men you may perceive by that I have written already And that it is also true in sick men Hypocrates witnesseth saying That Vrine is best whose ground is white duly knit and stable all the time that the sickness prevaileth But Galen to supply that that is understood in this saying and so to make it perfect addeth thereto That it must be of colour partie golden or pale and of a mean substance between thick and thin And also in these things is required stableness to make it a perfect Urine for that which is unstable in any part in that it is not perfect Here were a place to speake of the difference of this changeableness or unstableness for there is one sort called ordinary and another called unordinarie and of both these are there divers differences But because they depend of an exacter judgement theâ— unlearned men can well attain unto I overpass them for this time and will declare the other differences of urine whereby it altereth from this mean urine in all parts particularly Substance or urine And first I will begin with the substancâ— of urine the which as I said before is oâ— three kindes thick thin and mean Mean A mean urine is that that is in the middle between extream thick and extreaâ— thin And as it is mean between them iâ— substance so is it mean in signification so it doth betoken of it self only good temperance and health But the other two betoken distemperance and default of concoctâ—on and that diversly according to the diversity of the causes of them as you shall noâ— consequently hear Thin urine First to speak of thin urine either it doth still â— continue thin as it was first made or else it doth sheâ—ly waxe thick and troubled That that doth continâ— still thin doth betoken lack of concoction and so doâ— the other also but yet this that continueth thin beâ—keneth more lack of conoction for it betokeneâ— that nature hath not yet begun to concoct Aâ— therefore is that water a sign of extream crudâ— or rawness in nature But that that waxeth thick it beginneth to cool though it betoken lack of concoction yet doth it declare that nature hath begun to concoct alreadie notwithstanding it is an evill urine for it signifieth that nature hath need not only of great strength to perform that concoction which she hath begun but also that there is required long time to the performance of the same For the which cause Galen calleth this Of all Vrines the worst Thus have you heard touching crudity and concoction what thin urine doth signifie so that all thin urine betokeneth crudity And beside that doth further betoken as witnesseth Hypocrates gatherings or apostumations in the nether parts of the bodie namely if it continue so very long and the patient escape death Thin and white Furthermore if such thin urine have with it a light whiteness it is a very evill sign For if it be in a burning ague it is a token of frensines But if the patient be fransick alreadie and the urine doth so continue it doth most commonly betoken death And if he escape death the which is seldome seen then shall he be long sick and escape hardly Thin urine also betokeneth divers other things as the stopping of the reins and of the water veins And likewise if a man have had much bleeding or laxe or pissing his urine will be white and thin and almost without ground Like manner in old age and long weakness of sickness Also in young children if it continue long it is a deadly sign Yet thin urine doth sometime betoken the end of sickness and recovery of health as in Agues namely quotidians if at the beginning of them and so after the urine did appear thick and troubled and especially if the colour amend therewith Thin and â—axen And if it be thin in substance and of flaxen colour then is it better then thin and white for because the colour is better thoughâ— the substance bee all one so that thoughâ— it betoken some weakness and lack of concoction yet not so much as doth the other for the colour is meanly concoct that is to say naturall heat is meanly increased Thin and golden But if it be thin and golden it
contrarie waies and of contrary causes cometh small quantitie of urine For it cometh sometime of lack of drinke or dry meats and then is the colour light saffron with a smal ground but yet somewhat gross Also both meats and medicines that are clammie and apt to stop the water-pipes do cause little urine but then is the ground also little and thin Besides these much sege causeth urine to be lesser for if the one excrement be greater then nature would the other must needs be lesse if the body be healthful In this urine as you may partly know the cause of it by the knowledge of the excessive sege so will the urine it self be thinner and the ground very dark thin and not duely knit And thâ— many waies may this alteration appear in healthfull body Much urine in a sick body Now in a sick person much urine eitheâ— betokeneth the dropsie and then is it likâ— water with a raw and diverse ground or else if it be white thin and withoâ— ground then doth it betoken the pissing â—vill And this urine as witnesseth Galen â— in his first Book of Judicials is the worst â— any other of like sort Diabete I mean which declaâ— lack of concoction for it declareth the decayâ— yea I may say the utter extinction of twâ— naturall powers that is the retentive power and the alterative power also Much urine in colour fierie and light saffron or of any like colour is to be feared namely if it be coupled with evill contents But if it be of crimson or purple colour and so proceed especially if no concoctioâ— went before it then doth it encline to evill and betokeneth a certain mortifying and wasting of the whole composition of the body But if much urine come in an Ague namely toward the end and that there went before it little urine thick and ruddie then is that a good token 4. Aph 69. as witnesseth Hypocrates for it betokeneth the Ague to be at an end And this Urine will bee white and thin moderately and will have a mean ground Little urine in a sick body Now little quantity of urine with a grosse ground unduly knit and unconcoct is an evill token for it betokeneth the weakness of the alterative power which is not able to extenuate concoct neither alter the matter and therefore doth it with much difficulty pass forth in such grossnes Howbeit if there follow after it a more thinner urine with the ground well and duly knit and stable then is it without fear For this latter urine as you heard before is a token that the cause of the other is overcome and vanquished This little quantitie of urine cometh sometime in vehement Agues and then is the violent heat cause thereof Sometime also it cometh of the stopping of the water-pipes not only through clammy meats and drinks but also of some disease or grief in them And this now shall suffice for an Introduction as touching the substance colours and quantitie of urine Contents It followeth next to speak of the contents which so greatly help to the right judgement of urine that Hippocrates in his second book of Prognostications doth by them only yea and that by one of them I mean the ground pronounce the judgement of a perfect urine saying That that is the best Vrine Sediment which hath his sediment or ground white duly knit and stable and that continually all the time of the sickness Now seeing this great Clerk and Father of Physick doth thus esteem the ground it shall not seem unmeet that I orderly doe write briefly of those principall things that are to be considered as touching the contents and first of all of the ground which hath alteration as you have heard both in substance colour and quantitie But now as touching the substance then is it only mean when the third concoction in the veins is perfect For the ground is the excrement as you might say of that third concoction and is like in forme to matter save that it is more duly knit together then is matter and doth not smell so evill as it or else you may liken it to thin steam Grosse ground This Ground is then gross when the veins are replenished with raw humors Howbeit this grosseness or thickness is not alwayes an evill token for sometime it is a sign that nature hath prevailed against the crude humours which caused diseases and doth expell such superfluous excrements And that shall you discerne by the goodness of the colour and also if it come in the declining of the sickness for if it come at the beginning either in the increase of the sickness then are they to be suspected as evill especially if they bring with them evill colours Thin ground A thin ground being also pure and so cleaving to the bottom of the Urinal that it will not lightly rise though the urinall be shaked it is a token of great weakness of nature in the third concoction and such a ground appeareth most in white and watrie urine Howbeit sometime a thin ground cometh by the reason that the raw humors are extenuate through naturall heat which getting new strength doth extenuate and disperse all grossness of raw humors within the veins For the propertie of heat is to knit and bind together thin things and to extenuate and disperse grosse and raw things Colour of the grounâ— Now as touching the colours of the ground the perfect ground is neither exceeding white neither yet pale but mean between both for if there appear any such excessive white then is it some rag of phlegmatick matter or else matter extreamly concocted which commeth from some inward member being sore and that you may discern as I said before by the toughnes and by the savour And if any man be desirous to know the cause why the ground is white of colour let him remember that the ground is the superfluous excrement of the bloud being perfectly concocted in the veins Now that the bloud it self when it is exactly concocted is turned into a white or at least a party white colour you may conjecture by the generation of milke and also the seed of man yea and of matter which all three are nothing else but bloud exactly concocted save that matter cometh of evill bloud Pale Flaxen And therefore whensoever the ground hath in it any other colour then white it is no good token As first if it be pale and flaxen coloured then it is swarved from his right and commendable colour Howbeit yet it may be born as but meanly evill because that that colour commeth of small excess of choler Saffron Actuarius But if it be more higher coloured by choler so that it be saffron coloured then is it an evill token as Actuarius saith for it declareth that choler is excessively increased either by the order of diet or else by the corruption of bloud or some other wayes 7. Aph.
piss tempered with dust and lâ— in wool will heal corns marveilously anâ— destroy warts Childes urine A childs urine will heal the stinging of Bee Waspe and Hornet if the place be washed therewith Mans urine A mans urine will cleanse the freckleâ— and spots in the face And if a woman caâ—not be delivered of the after burden let he drinke mans urine and she shall be delivered straight Collumella Collumella saith that the best dunging fâ— yong shots of trees is mans urine namely which hath stood half a yeer For if yoâ— water vines or apple-trees with it there no dung that will cause so much fruit as â— will doe Sheeps urin and not only that but it causeâ— also the savour and the taste both of the apples and of the wine to be much the better Constantinus Affricanus Constantinus Affricanus saith That the urine of a Sheep or an Oxe with some hot oil is good for the grief in the ears that cometh of cold Vitalis Urine as Vitalis de Furno saith fretteth dryeth and burneth and is good for the grief of the spleen if it be drunk as Gentilis writeth Asse stale The Urine of a male Asse as the same Vitalis saith tempered with Nardus doth increase and preserve hair M. Virgilius And as some say by the writing of Marcellus Virgilius Vrine is of no smal nourishment for divers folk in the time of dearth have been preserved by the onely use and drinking of it Marcellus Also Marcellus the Practitioner in the 27. Chapter doth witnesse That the Vrine of a man is good for divers diseases of the wombe and bowels and namely for the Collick because that partly with provoking of vomit and partly by occasion of seges it expelleth strongly all noysome humours and for the same cause doth common Practitioners keep it still in daily use Vldericus Huttenus Vlderick Hutten also witnesseth That he did drive away the Ague above 8. times with the only drinking of his own Vrine at the beginning of his sickness And many still doe use the same practise and it proveth well Likewise Marsilius Ficinus writeth that Many men doe use to drink urine for the Pestilence Marsilius Ficinus which thing did Galen write long before him and also Paulus Aegineta and doe testifie also that it preserved them thaâ— dranke it at the least way as they thought Galen All urine as Galen writeth is hot iâ— vertue and sharp as saith Aegineta howbeit it differeth according to them that makâ— it For the hotter they are that make it the hotter is it also and likewise the colder urine cometh of a colder body Mens urine is the weakest of all otheâ— except tame barrow hoggs for they in verâ— many points agree with man but the urinâ— of wild Bores is stronger Mans urine Mens urine is of as strong cleansing vertuâ— as any thing else and therefore doe Fulleâ— use it to scoure and cleanse their cloth Anâ— in cure of griefs also for the same reason it is used to soke and wash maunginess anâ— scabbedness and running sores that are fulâ— of corruption and filth and specially if they have in them putrified matter and for sucâ— sores on the privie members it is good anâ— for mattering eares and for scales and scurfâ— if the head be washed in it I have healed with it many times sores on the toes namely which came of bruises and were without inflammation and that in servants and husbandmen which had a journey to goe and no Physitian with them bidding them to wet a small clout with it and to put into the sores and then to bind a cloth about it and as often as they listed to make water to let it fall on their sore toes and not to take the cloth away till it were quite whole Chrisocola That medicine which is made of childes urine called of some men in Greek Chrysocola that is to say gold soulder because men use to soulder gold This I say is exceeding good for sores that are hard to heal For this medicine doe I use for the chiefest mixing it with such other things as are good for such like sores In the time of Pestilence in Syria many did drinke Childrens urine and mens also and thought that they were preserved by it Alchumists Of urine also do Alchumysts make divers things as salt and other things moe And many other commodities there bee of urine as for washing and scouring and other like which for briefness I over-passe and the rather because they are commonly known of all folk Of the Diseases touching Vrines and the Remedies for the same NOw to come to that I promised as touching the griefs which hinder urine or expell it disorderly either in time oftner then is meet or in qualitie with other fashions then is agreeable to it or like other sorts I will briefly write not intending to teach the art of curing them which would require a longer Treatise and a meeter place but onely to name certain of the most common diseases and to set after them such simple and uncompound medicines only which cure those griefs Stopping of urine The stone First therefore touching the hinderance or stopping of urine it is not unknown that one common cause is the stone which sometimes is in the reins and sometime in the bladder I shewed you before that commonly you may discern those two asunder by the colour of the gravel but the more sure token is the grief in the sick part Now for the cure of the same doth these medicines serve which follow But as I have alwaies said you shal use them with the counsell of some learned Physitian for there is great difference both of the grief and of the medicines Medicines for the stone both in the Reins and Bladder Astra Bacca Ameos Angle toches sod Betony Bryony root Bylgrum Chamamel Capers Bark namely of the root Claret seed Clot seed Dock root Fenel seed and root Goats blood Gladian Gromell Gum of Plumtree and Cherry tree A hedge Sparrow Harebell Kneholm root and Berries Madder root High Mallows seed and Root Mugwort Parseley Pelliter of Spain Pyony Berries which are black Radish Sampere S. Johns Wort. Sperage Scholm Swines Fenell Sothern Wood-seed Sour Almonds Tent-wort Tutsan Berries Water Plantine Winter Gilli-flower And beside these there are divers others Also the Stone it selfe that came from a man being braid and drunken will breake and expell that other within him Beside the stone also it causeth the urine to be clean stopped by reason of weakness of the expulsive vertue and sometimes through clodds of blood which rest in the shaft Sometimes also through tough and clammie humours and sometime through some swelling within the yard and divers other wayes also of which the declaration is too long for this place and time but another time I intend to write of them at large and of all other griefs of
mans bodie But to return to this matter that is in hand One other stop of urine there is which doth not clean let it but causeth it to avoid lesser then it should and this commeth of like causes as that other last did save that the cause is less according as the stay of urine is and therefore the cure in both is much like For if it come of weakness of the expulsive vertue then with the use of other hot meats and drinks those medicines are good which doe provoke urine as these be that follow Medicines which doe provoke urine Annise-seed Ally-saunders Alkakengi Basyle Bylgrum Cammock Charlock Chervell Carawayes Calamus Aromaticus Cubebes Dictany of Candie Dragance Fumitorie Fatchys Flower delyce Garlike Ground pine Ginger Helecompane Honey Juniper and the Berries Lase saverie Leeks Mints Margerom Maiden hair Navew Nepte Negella Romana Nettle Pepper Pye Ryall Quinces Rue Rosemary Rocquet Savine Sage Saverie Time Valerion Wild Marjoram Wild Parseley Wild Time Water Cresses Woodbinde with many other and namely those for the most part which I named before to be good for the stone But there must be discretion in the use of them Besides those is there a disease named the Strangurie which some corruptly call the Strangurion in which Disease the urine doth continually drop forth Excess of urine as fast as it cometh into the bladder And therefore may it well be noted the first kinde of such griefs as provoke forth and further urine excessively For that strangurie these Medicines following are noted good Medicines for the Strangurie Alisander Astra Bacca Brokelime Ceder berries Ceterake Calamus Aromaticus Gladiane Knot grasse Kneholm Sperage Seholm Spatula Fetida Turpentine washed Wilde Fennell Water mints But you must consider as I have often said that as the disease may come of sundry causes so it must have sundry cures For most commonly these are good that I have written yet such may bee the cause of the sickness that they may do harme therefore take alwayes counsell of some learned Physitian Another kinde of excessive making of urine cometh of the weakness of the retentive vertue in the reins whereby the Patient pisseth as fast as he drinketh Flux of urine Pissing euill The piss gout and that in like quantitie This I may call the flux of urine or pissing evill or after the imitation of the Greeks the pisse gout For which disease it is not greatly commendable to set forth medicines with the onely bare names Howbeit if I doe it I trust no man will the rather misuse them namely being warned so often to take no medicines without counsell and specially in this thing For some of the Medicines must be received inwardly and some of them emplaistred outwardly Medicines for the pissing evill Apples Dates Elecompane Perys Myrtle Berries Night shade Cycory Comferie Endive Paritarie Penny wort Lettis Lintels Pomegranat Purselane Vine leaves Other defaults there be of excess of urine as of them which cannot keep their urine and namely of children which pisse their beds This disease cometh oftentimes of the dissolution of the muscle which should keep the urine and therefore requireth cure meet for it and unmeet for this place and such shortnesse Wherefore for this time here I will make an end trusting that all men will with as gentle heart receive this my writing as I of gentleness have taken the pains to set it forth Additions Of the diversities of Colours and of the making of them BEcause that it is not very easie for every man to distinguish colours duly asunder I thought it good at the end of this Book a little to touch the distinction and making of them namely of such as are mentioned before in this Book Milk white Milk white by the name of it self doth sufficiently declare what it is for it is the very colour of milk though the substance need not to be so thick in the urine as in the milk for the colour must be understood several from the substance both in this and all other colours which thing would be remembred for it might else as it hath often done deceive the simple folk Horn white Horn white in like manner hath his name of the thing that it assimuleth most for it is like the white and cleer part of a horn of a lanthorn or such like Grey Grey is like the white part of a mans nail next unto the joynt or like hoar hair that is not very white for gray is so much darker then horn white as horn white is darker then milk white Pale Pale colour hath a certain appearance of yellow in it but is exceeding little If you seeth a peece of the rind of Pomegranate and then put to it thrice as much clean water it will be a pale colour Flaxen But if you put thereto little or no clean water it will be flaxen coloured that is somewhat more yellower then pale Pale After it followeth pale which is a kind of light yellow something lighter in colour then crown gold Yellow For the colour of pure gold as an angell or royall is a right yellow colour Light saffron A light saffron colour is that colour that saffron doth make when it is steeped in water and laid light on any white For if it be laid on deep then doth it make a full saffron colour Saffron For that is called a saffron colour which saffron doth die and not that that is in the saffron it self Red. Claret For that is very red and is higher then claret which is a mean colour between saffron and red as if it were made of them both mixed together Crimson Crimson is a dark bloody colour well known by his own name but is not in urine so light as it sheweth in cloth Purple Purple needeth not to be much described being so commonly known howbeit if you will see the making of it mixe a dark crimson with an orient blew and it will be purple And because that many men be deceived in the latin name of this colour you shall observe that it is not that which in Latin is called Purpureus color as most men think for that is rather a crimson but it is called more peculiarly Purpura violacea or Passeus color Blew Blew colour is the colour of the cleer Skie or of Azure Howbeit in urine it is not so orient but if you will mix pure white as white lead or pure lime with due portion of right black as cole dust or other like then there will of these amount that blew which is ascribed to urine Green Green is a compound colour of blew and yellow duly tempred together And the right green have I in this Book called a stark green Stark green But if the yellow do exceed in it then is it a light green and contrariwise if the blue do exceed Light green then is it a dark green Of this