chief and only qualities whereof all things that are both in the Sea and Earth are made as man and beast fish and fowl trees herbs stones and mettals These four qualities are heat cold moistness and driness and these four continuing duly tempered as nature ordered them first in every perfect body be the cause of continuall health But if they bee altered wrongly then doe they cause diseases diversly according to the diversitie of the alterations And as they doe cause diseases so they change the colour substance and other parts of the urine whereby wee may conjecture the cause of the disease and so consequently the disease it self though sometime it declareth the disease it self and not the cause thereof But now to come to the matter meetest for this time Passive and active qualities you shall mark that two of these four qualities are named Passive and they cause but small alteration in comparison The other two are called Active and they cause great alteration The Active qualities are heat and cold and the Passive qualities are driness and moistness When Moistness therefore exceedeth alone Moistness it dulleth the naturall colour of urine thicketh and ingrosseth the substance and increaseth the quantitie And as the over-part of it above waxeth rough and troubled so the ground increaseth and continueth raw and unconcoct But dryness doth diminish the quantity of urine Dryness and also the contents It maketh it thin in substance cleer and bright and causeth mean colour and the ground appeareth grosser Likewise heat Heat if it exceed measure but little it maketh pale and light saffron colour in the urine But if heat exceed greatly it causeth golden and saffron colour with mean substance and a little brightness the ground is mean in respect to the quantity of urine but it declineth from the due whiteness toward saffron colour But cold on the other side maketh urine turn to white colour Cold. and changeth the substance from a mean And if the cold increase the urine will alter from mean substance and therefore consequently will bee either thin or grosse If it be thin or unpure the ground shall le either obscure and little or much and that divers and unconcoct And this is the working of these four qualities when they exceed alone But and it two of them exceed together there may result of that sort four other distemperances as hot and dry hot and moist cold and dry and cold and moist Compound distemperatures of qualities Now what alterations these and every one of them doth cause the urine you may easily conjecture if you keep in mind that which I said of the four simple qualities and so adde together the alterations And this must you remember therewith that where they both agree in any alteration they cause that alteration to bee the greater and where they be contrary they cause the alteration to be nearer to a mean howbeit somewhat to help you take this brief declaration As a temperate man doth make that perfect urine written of before A temperate man in Chap. 6. so the urine of a sanguine man which is hot and moist shall be yellow or light saffron coloured by the reason of the heat and somewhat gross by reason of the moisture A cholerick man In a cholerick man being hot and dry the urine shall be in colour as in sanguine man but in substance thin by reason of the dryness A melancolike man The urine of a melancholy man whose nature is cold and dry shall be white through the cold and cleer for the dryness A flegmatick man The flegmatick man which is cold and moist maketh urine white through cold and thick by the moisture for as heat and cold altereth the colours so dryness and moisture changeth the substance Now if you have remembred all that I have written before then shall you be the meeter and better able a great deal to preceive the reasons of the tokens which vrine doth give And so shall your knowledge be the more certain if you know not only the thing but also the cause of it Now therefore will I write of the signification of the parts of urine particularly that you may perceive that first and chief commoditie of urine which it worketh for mans health CHAP. VIII The significations of the parts of Vrine particularly I Told you in the sixt Chapter of this Book what urine was most perfect sound and healthfull of all other And I said that it was the rule and tryall to examine all other urines by so that the neerer that any urine was to it the better it was and the further that it declineth from it the worse it is This I said should be as a generall rule which thing to be true in healthful men you may perceive by that I have written already And that it is also true in sick men Hypocrates witnesseth saying That Vrine is best whose ground is white duly knit and stable all the time that the sickness prevaileth But Galen to supply that that is understood in this saying and so to make it perfect addeth thereto That it must be of colour partie golden or pale and of a mean substance between thick and thin And also in these things is required stableness to make it a perfect Urine for that which is untable in any part in that it is not perfect Here were a place to speake of the difference of this changeableness or unstableness for there is one sort called ordinary and another called unordinarie and of both these are there divers differences But because they depend of an exacter judgement then unlearned men can well attain unto I overpass them for this time and will declare the other differences of urine whereby it altereth from this mean urine in all parts particularly Substance of urine And first will begin with the substance of urine the which as I said before is of three kindes thick thin and mean A mean urine is that that is in the middle between extream thick Mean and extream thin And as it is mean between them in substance so is it mean in signification for it doth betoken of it self only good temperance and health But the other two betoken distemperance and default of concoction and that diversly according to the diversity of the causes of them as you shall now consequently hear Fist to speak of thin urine either it doth still so continue thin Thin urine as it was first made or else it doth shortly waxe thick and troubled That that doth continue still thin doth betoken lack of concoction and so doth the other also but yet this that continueth thin betokeneth more lack of conoction for it betokeneth that nature hath not yet begun to concoct And therefore is that water a sign of extream crudity or rawness in nature But that that waxeth thick after it beginneth to cool though it betoken lack of concoction yet doth it
a good ground is coupled with certain evill and unconcted fragments of ' all sorts of humours for sometime there appeareth with the contents certain ragged scraps enclining in colour toward a yellow or a white or else some such like if those appear in great quantitie they declare the matter to be half unconcoct and that the humour whose scraps they are doth abound in the depth of the body and is as dust or burned but if they bee few then declare they the malice of the humour to be milder and that the use of evill meats doth cause them the greater that such ragged scraps are the lesser adustion of humours they declare to be in the veins and the lesser they be the greater heat they do betoken For the cause of such ragged scraps is excessive heat which doth turn those humors into a thickness and as it were a bony nature by reason that they have remained long in certain veins and were neither dissolved nor extenuated nor yet quickly expelled by urine Besides these there are hairs of sundry lengths Hairs some an inch and some an handfull long some longer and some shorter and these are in colour whitely and do betoken grief of the reins These are ingendred in the water-pipes which go from the reins to the bladder so that as long as those water-pipes are in length so long may those hairs also be which are a gross and baked humor wrought in form of a hair Of those speaketh Hippocrates saying 4. Aph. 76. In whose Vrine soever there doth appear little peeces of flesh either as it were hairs those same come from the reins namely if the urine be thick Howbeit these are sometimes seen in such mens urines as feel no grief in the reines but only have fed some continuing space on flegmatick meats which will prepare matter to such diseases as they do also to many other griefs of which to speak in this place it is meet But to go on with this thing that wee have in hand beside such ragged scraps and hairs as I have spoken of there appear sometimes in the ground of the urine and also dis-parkled abroad in the urine it felf sundry and divers kinds of motes as it were which do declare that there is grief dispersed in sundry parts of the body Motes And this now may suffice as touching contents of every kind Therefore now will I a little repeat out of Actuarius of the diversitie of judgement The places of the contents The lowest region That ground which fleeteth nigh to the bottom of the urinall being in other points also good and mild doth betoken no strange thing But if it be unconcoct and deformed it betokeneth default in nature And if his parts be disparkled asunder it betokeneth a dimness in nature which doth not resist the rebellion of noysome humors so that in such case there appeareth need both of long time and also more strength to overcome that evill But as it is commendable that the ground fleet nigh the bottome of the urinall so is it discommendable if it lye flat on the bottome of the same The middle region Now as touching the swim or sublimation if it be good in colour and other waies then doth it differ only in place from a right ground and that cometh of an unnaturall windiness which maketh it to be so light and to fleet above his due place but if his colour and other like points bee evill yet then doth it betoken lesse evill then if it were in the right place of the ground the highest region But now as touching the third and highest region which is the place of the clouds If there appear a light and thin cloud it betokeneth no small grief of the head But this difference is there in the clouds the better that they be in colour and substance the farther they differ from a right good and naturall Content And therefore need they long time to return thereunto And contrary wayes the worse that they are in colour and substance the less they are to be blamed by reason of their place which is so much distant from the naturall place of Contents For this is a generall rule The lower that good contents fleet in the urine excepting alwaies such as cleave to the had bottom the better they are And contrary wayes of evill contents and such like the higher they fleet the lesse evill they betoken The proportion of the regions to the parts of man Now to make an end of this You shall observe a certain proportion that is between the parts of the urine and the parts of mans body The highest part of the urine doth betoken the highest part of the body namely the head and such other neer unto it The middle region of the urine doth represent the middle parts of man as the breast the bowels and the parts about them The nether region of the urine doth purport the lowest parts of man from the bowels downward And if you mark well this proportion you may the easier judge the griefs of the parts of man For when the contents which in colour and substance are naturall and yet by the abundance of windiness be lift up to the higher part of the urine it declareth some great pain to be in the head And in like manner when the swim or sublimation doth declare grief that grief must be lodged to be in the middlemost parts of man as I said before and so of the other A gain as this proportion between the regions of urine and the parts of mans body doth declare that place in certain height so doth it in breadth also by like proportion if you doe duly mark the side unto which the contents do decline And if you mark wel what I have said you may perceive the only cause of most such griefs when the contents is only disordered in place cometh of an unnaturall windines but yet commonly annexed with phlegmatick and unconcocted matter And as the windiness doth cause disorder in the contents so it causeth also another kind of things not to be neglected in urine and that is bubbles Bubbles which sometimes flote in the ring or garland onely and sometimes in the middest of the urine onely and other times doe cover the whole face of the urine The Bubbles which stand round about over the garland only and continue without parting if they be of the same colour that the urine is they declare great pain co be in the head and that in all parts of the head if the Bubbles joyn together without parting But and if they occupie only the one half of the garland then is that pain in the one half of the head And so forth may you judge by like proportion But if they doe part in sundry places and joyn not all together it is a token that the pain is the lesser and cometh of a weaker cause The more yellower that their colour is
THE URINAL OF PHYSICK By ROBERT RECORD Doctor of Physick Whereunto is added an ingenious Treatise concerning Physicians Apothecaries and Chyrurgians Set forth by a Dr. in Queen Elizabeths dayes With a Translation of Papius Ahalsossa concerning Apothecaries Confecting their Medicines Worthy perusing and following LONDON Printed by Gartrude Dawson 1651. To the Reader IF either the corruption or abuse of things might deprive us of this lawfull and necessary use of them even the sacred Scriptures our laws out provisions of life and clothing might fall under declension if not abolition It is true from the inspection of Urine some have presumed to pretend a larger judgement and indication then may justly be drawn or conjectured out of it yet it is generally concluded by Physitians both ancient and moderne that both Urine and Pulse are so necessary that without them all knowledge of Physick besides is doubtfull obscure and uncertaine whereof the first sheweth the estate of the liver and veines the second of the heart and arteries The Urine because with the blood it is convened into all parts of the body and from thence returneth back again in the veines to the liver and urinall vessels bringeth with it some indicature of the state and disposition of all those parts from whence it commeth and who shall please to peruse that exact peice of Daniel Becherus shall finde observable peices both concerning the urine and divers experimented medicines made with it Concerning the judgement of the Pulte who shall please to peruse Doctor May upon Pennant shall finde the Pulses motion not so certain an indicature because in some diseases there is cessation or none or small appearance to conjecture by Concerning cerning the Author he was one of the first who labour'd to reduce the tractate thereof unto order and method and hath been seconded by laborious borious Fletcher to whom our English Nation oweth much for their labours The antiquity and paines of the Author hath caused it to be presented again to the Presse hoping with judicious men it shall receive the acceptance is desired studied By the well-wisher of your health R. R. THE PREFACE THough the unsatiable greedines of covetous men doe many and sundrie waies hurt The good use of a covetous example yet some wayes it may do no lesse good if men will not disdain as they ought not to use it in such sort as I shall shew you But because that unsaciableness is never satisfied but beside thousand of means invented already to quench the unquenchable greedines it seeketh and findeth daily new and new means innumerable so that it were an infinite labour to declare them all I will wittingly and purposedly passe them over only taking one general sentence which shall be in stead of all the rest Vespasian one of the great schoolmasters of avarice which could pick out profit of every thing yea even of mens urine taught his Scholers I meane the whole court of covetous persons this lesson ensuing Lucri bonus odor caece qualibet Lucre is sweet and hath a good savour Though it come of Vrine dirt or Ordure This sentence if it be withdrawn from the filthy lucre of unsatiable covetousnesse wherein it is detestable and imployed rather to the due lucre of mans sustenance then it becomes tolerable But if it bee referred to the necessarie lucre of mans health then is it greatly commendable If there can be then any commodity for mans health gathered out of urine as there may be much men should not be negligent in seeking of that thing which should do good both to themselves and others seeing the covetous are so diligent in seeking for that thing which shall profit neither themselves nor others And the negligence is so much the greater if men be more remisse in seeking after so necessary a thing in a matter so commendable then the covetous in a bad thing But in as much as this thing by reason it is not plainly ser forth is with no lesse difficulty to be studied on then it is necessary to be used the ignorant may have some excuse I therefore in the name of many other have taken this pains on me to set forth this thing so plainly Ignorance set aside that ignorance can have no excuse But that no man should doubt of the truth of this Treatise or of mine intent Why this Book is written in putting forth the same rather in this our English tongue then any other I shall briefly shew reasons of both First for the truth of it The first reason I will boldly speak knowing for certain that no man that can judge it will say or thinke otherwise but that it is as true as mans knowledge can devise it And it is the opinion of the most excellent writers of Physick both Greeks and Latine namely Hippocrates Galen Aetius Aeginota Philothous Theophilus Actuarius also Cornelius Celsus Plinius Constantinus Africanus and Clementius Clementinus with others more conferring also with these Avicenna Egidius Polidamus and such like But with what temperance and moderation they that are learned may perceive These have I followed chiefly in this judgement of Urines And in the use of medicine and diseases touching urine I have joyned with them Dioscorides Quintus Serenus Columela Sextus Platonicus and divers others Now if there be any man that doubteth of the truth of those writers in this thing I am not here to force beleef upon them The intent of the Author But now as touching mine intent in writing this Treatise in English though this cause might seem sufficient to satisfie many men that I am an English man and therefore may most easily and plainly write in my native tongue rather then in any other yet unto them that know the hardness of the matter this answer should seem unlikely considering that it is harder to translate into such a tongue wherein the Art hath not been written before then to write in those tongues in which the terms of the Art are better expressed Now to shew briefly the causes moving me thereunto I am sure there are but few that ever sought counsell for their health but they know that the common trade to attain to the knowledge of the disease is by the judgement of the urine though not alone yet as the principall Likewise as the is not any thing so good but the abuse of it may cause harm to ensue therupon So this judgment of urines though it be a thing highly to be regarded yet if it be used rashly without foregoing signs it may cause as it doth often some error in the judgment of the Physician though he were right excellently learned not so much by the ignorance of the Physitian as by want of knowledge in the patient which should instruct the Physician in such questions as hee needed to demand of him and not to look that the Physitian should tell him all things at the first sight more like a God then man So that
shall anon particularly expresse But first it shall be necessary to instruct you of the vessel place and time meet to judge urine and of the manner of receiving it CHAP. IIII. Of the form of the Vrinall and of the place and time meet to judge urine and how it should be received THat urine should be kept to see which is first made after midnight commonly or namely when the patient hath slept long but you must take heed whether the patient be man or woman The order to receive urine that they make not their urine in another vessel first as many use to do and then pour it into the urinall when it is setled for that causeth much deceit and error in the judgement of it And if that the Patient cannot well make it in the urinall either by weaknesse or any other cause then let them make it in another vessel but see that it be clean and dry and as soon as the water is made pour it forth presently into the Urinall altogether and leave no part of it out as some curious folk do use to put the clear part only into the urinall and cast away the dregs as though it stood not with their modesty to bring such foul gear to the Physitian others of such like foolish mind Pour it therefore in wholly and let not the urinall stand open namely in a dusty place but stop it close with a glove or other leather and not with cloth paper nor hay and let it be brought to the Physitian within six hours at the furthest for after that time it cannot well be judged The Urinal Now as touching the Urinall it should be of pure cleer glasse not thick nor green in colour without blots or spots in it not flat in the bottome nor too wide in the neck but widest in the midle and narrow still toward both the ends like the fashion commonly of an egg or of a very bladder being measurably blown for the Vrinall should represent the bladder of a man and so shall every thing be seen in his due place and colour If neither the grossenes of the Vrinall neither the colour nor spots shall let the true sight of the colour and substance of the urine and the contents of it neither the deform fashion of the urinall shall alter the regions or rooms of the urine Likewise concerning the place meet to behold urines The place you must look that it be neither too dark so that your sight should not discern perfectly either the colour substance or contents for lack of light neither yet that your fight be likewise deceived if the place be too light as in open light or beams of the sun The time Besides this also you must mark the time due to behold urines but because there can no one time be assigned certain and exact to judge all parts of it I will briefly shew the order of the things to be considered in their time First when the urine is made while it is yet somewhat hot you shall consider the colour of it for that may best bee discerned then and likewise the thickness of the substance of it which if it be mean shall then be best seen All other things as the bubbles and the contents shall be best judged somewhat after when the urine is somewhat cooled and they be duly setled in their proper places CHAP. V. How many things are to be considered in Vrine NOw leaving this as a brief instruction of the generation of the Water or Urine Four things to be considered in Urine viz. Substance Colour Quantitie Contents and of the manner of receiving it in vessels due with time and place meet to consider it I will particually declare how many things are to be considered in it which are commonly named four that is the Substance the Colour the Quantity and the Contents and the Savour thereto may be added as the fift to the which fift if you shall joyn stableness and order as two accidents common to the first four things but yet no lesse to be considered then they then shall you judge the more certainly Stablenes is called Stableness when the urine continueth certain daies together of one sort And if it alter every day Unstableness Order then is that called unstableness or changeableness to which thing order doth appertain For order is the following of one thing after another as black coloured urine after white green or pale I mean not because that so it ought to follow but only that you must observe how it doth follow For black Urine doth not signifie the same if it follow after green urine as it doth if it follow after white urine so that the order ought also to be marked But now to return to the four first things Substance is called in urine Substance the urine it self in respect of the thickness or thinness of it So that there are 3. Three sorts of substance in urine sorts of substance in urine thick thin and mean Thin substance is called Thin when you may perceive well the joynts of your fingers through the urine Thick And contrariwise it is called thick when you cannot well see your fingers through it and that is in the middle between extream thick and extream thin Mean Colours is called mean Colours are divers but the principall are these six white pale flaxen yellow red and black And all the other colours are contained under these six Light white as Chrystallse snowie As under white ate contained clear as chrystal white as snow and pure as water which three are light whites Waterie Dark white as milke-white horny gray pale flaxen yellow Then are there other three more darker as milk white cleer like horn and grey After white followeth pale colour and then flaxen after it followeth pale and then yellow which may be called golden for it is the colour of pure gold Light saffron saffron colour Claret Red. Crimson Purple Blew Green After it followeth light saffron and then saffron then claret colour and then red after it crimson and then purple and then blue Then is there green of divers kinds as light green green as grasse stark green and dark green There are also oil colours that is popingay green of three sorts as of green light oily Oylie stark oily and dark oily Ash colour After these is there Ash colour like unto lead and after it as last of all cometh black And these be the chief colours Black Now as touching quantity it is also in three sorts much little and mean Quantity Much. Then it is called much quantity when it exceedeth the measure of a mans drinking And then is it called little Little when a man pisseth lesse then he drinketh And that is mean Mean when a mans pissing and his drinking is of like quantity All this must be considered by due proportion The contents are
for you must understand all these ages with perfect health The diversity of Vrines according to the times of the yeer Even as the diversity of ages alters urine so doth the times of the yeer For the more that the spring time draws toward heat the more the urine gathereth high colour Spring departing from pale and flaxen toward pale and light saffron and the inequality of substance changeth into a due equality according to nature and the ground doth waxe thinner and the quantity is more in respect to that is drunk so that about the midst of the spring they return to a mean In the beginning of Summer the colour appeareth pale and light saffron Summer and the substance mean the ground white duly knit and stable but yet thinner then a mean ground And the more that the Summer proceedeth and draweth to the highest the lesser is the quantity of urine in comparison to the drink and the ground changeth from his naturall whiteness to a palish colour and is much lesser and thinner And this thinnesse glystereth withall and inclineth toward golden and saffron colour When Harvest commeth Harvest then the colours do return to a mean again but the thinness and brightness remaineth still the ground also is still obscure and little but yet it is white duely knit and stable And as Harvest goeth forward so the urine returneth to a mean in all things In the middle of winter and thereabout the urine keepeth due quantitie but the colour inclineth toward white and the ground is over great but in all other points it is mean And as Winter goeth on Winter the substance of urine appeareth divers and the colour white the quantity greater in respect to the drink and the contents greater and unconcoct but toward the spring time they return towards a mean as I have before said Yet beside these also diversity of countries causeth diversity of urine even by the same reasons as doth the times of the yeer Countries alter urine For countries that be temperate exactly make urine like unto the spring time And those countries that be hot and dry make urine like unto summer And contrariwise cold and moist alter water as doth winter But countries that are drie and distempered between heat and cold make urine like harvest Meats drinks and medicines Also meats and drinks and order of dier causeth urine to alter and medicines also as not only experience teacheth but also Hippocrates witnesseth in the sixt Book of his Epidemies or raining sicknesses in the fift part and the fifteenth sentence as for example Meats of light concoction Those meats that are light of concoction and good in substance cause good and temperate urine with pure contents but contrary meats cause discoloured urine and thin with strange contents Meats of hard concoction Meats that will not concoct make lesser contents and divers in substance Evill cause greater contents and in nothing duely formed And as the quality of meats doth alter urine so doth the quantity also For if a man have eaten much and not concocted it his urine shall be thin and white and sometime without ground But if this crudity or rawness in stomack continue long the urine will become divers in substance Drinking of wine and in contents Also wine drunk abundantly causeth alteration in urine But now contrariwise if a man doe fast long Fasting long his urine will appear fiery and saffron coloured and thin with lesser ground But if a man suffer famine and do not nourish Suffering of famine his water shall be thin and white with a certain glistering and without ground Moreover exercise and rest changeth urine Labour for through excessive labour the urine changeth from light saffron and at length becommeth saffron coloured with little ground thin and higher coloured then it should be And some time there fleereth on the top a certain fattness specially after overmuch wearinesse But idleness and rest doth contrariwise cause white urine Rest with greater and grosser ground Furthermore sleep Sleep Watching and watching if they exceed measure they alter urine but there is a difference between both sleepe and watching comming of sickness and them both when they be taken willingly in health For if that sickness cause overmuch sleep then is the urine whitish with substance either fully thick or but partly thin and the contents many and undigest Naturall sleep But if that such sleep come naturally the urine is not so white but rather flaxen and the substance mean with greater and well concoct contents Voluntary sleep And likewise they that have watched purposedly and not by reason of sickness their urine is bur little changed But if they watch for any sickly cause Watch in sickness their urine will change but little at the beginning but with continuance the contents will be dispersed and at the last clean wasted and the substance of the urine waxeth thinner and thinner by little and little and the colour inclineth either to white and watery or unto golden saffron oylie or black according as the cause is that maketh it so to change Of alteration by complexion I will write in the next Chapter Now have you heard as touching alteration of urine in health according to diversity of ages both in men and women times of the yeer countries meats and drinks labour rest sleep and watch so that you must have regard to these in all judgements both in health and in sicknesse For if these be not diligently marked they may cause great error as you may well consider What is to be considered in urine First therefore in every urine you must consider whether it be a mans or a womans and what age he or shee is of then what time of the yeer it is and what country what meats and drinks the person used and likewise of labour and rest sleep and watch And then must you consider how every one of these doth alter urine so that if the altering of them from that healthfull urine whereof I spake in the beginning of this Chapter be but such as one of those foresaid things would cause then may it not be judged to come of any disease as for example High coloured water in summer so that it pass not saffron colour or white coloured water in winter should rather be reckoned to come of the time of the yeer then of any sickness and likewise of other things CH AP. VII What be the generall qualities that alter the parts of Vrine BEfore I treat of the signification of the parts of Urine I think it good to instruct you of the generall qualities which cause all alterations in urine whereby you shall perceive not only what every urine doth betoken as I shall anon set forth but also if you mark well this Chapter you shall see the cause why every urine doth so signifie You shall understand therefore that there be four
declare that nature hath begun to concoct alreadie notwithstanding it is an evill urine for it signifieth that nature hath need not only of great strength to perform that concoction which she hath begun but also that there is required long time to the performance of the same For the which cause Galeu calleth this Of all Vrines the worst Thus have you heard touching crudity and concoction what thin urine doth signifie so that all thin urine betokeneth crudity And beside that doth further betoken as witnesseth Hypocrates gatherings or apostumations stumations in the nether parts of the bodie namely if it continue so very long and the patient escape death Thin and white Furthermore if such thin urine have with it a light whiteness it is a very evill sign For if it be in a burning ague it is a token of frensines But if the patient be fransick alreadie and the urine doth so continue it doth most commonly betoken death And if the escape death the which is seldome scen then shall he be long sick and escape hardly Thin urine also betokeneth divers other things as the stopping of the reins and of the water veins And likewise if a man have had much bleeding or laxe or pissing his urine will be white and thin and almost without ground Like manner in old age and long weakness of sickness Also in young children if it continue long it is a deadly sign Yet thin urine doth sometime betoken the end of sickness and recovery of health as in Agues namely quotidians if at the beginning of them and so after the urine did appear thick and troubled and especially if the colour amend therewith Thin and flaxen And if it be thin substance and of flaxen colour then is it better then thin and white for because the colour is better though the substance bee all one so that though it betoken some weakness and lack of concoction yet not so much as doth the other for the colour is meanly concoct that is to say naturall heat is meanly increased Thin and golden But if it be thin and golden it is yet more better then thin and flaxen for the colour is more exact and this betokeneth concoction half compleat for that which it lacketh in substance it hath in colour Thin and saffron After this is there thin and saffron coloured which betokeneth first lack of concoction and beside that default of nourishment as in a young man that fasteth long And sometime it betokeneth that excess of heat in the inner parts of the body doth cause cholerick humours to abound as in the fever tertian Beside all this it betokeneth thought carefulness and watching and also overmuch labour and taking of heat in the Sun And thus have you heard the significations of thin urine both alone and also with such colours as it can be coupled Now shall you hear what thick urine doth betoken both alone and also with such divers colours as it may be coupled Thick urine which is so I mean when it is first made either it doth continue still thick Thick or else it doth settle and waxe clear If it continue still thick it betokeneth that that disturbance which was in the blond that is to say the rage of sicknesse doth still continue strongly and that naturall strength is but weak This urine is not so good as that which doth settle and waxe cleer For that doth betoken that the disease shal shortly be overcome howbeit there remaineth yet somewhat of that distemperate trouble in the blood yet nature hath the over-hand and expelleth the matter of the grief and therefore is such a urine called good but yet it betokeneth some lack of concoction though not so much as that which continueth troubled and thick still Also thick urine if it be exceeding thick doth betoken death as Hypocrates saith And the urine that is thick and troubled like beasts urine doth betoken head ach either present already or shortly after to come If thick urine appeare in an ague where thin urine went before it betokeneth that the sickness will abate straight waies for it declareth that nature hath overcome the matter of the sickness but if it appear thick at the beginning of the ague and do not waxe thin in process of time it betokeneth plenty of matter and weakness of nature so that there is fear lest nature should be overcome except the colour do amend Thick urine also betokeneth opennesse of the water pipes and reins Thick and white And if it bee thick and white it betokeneth great plenty of raw humours and sundry kinds of flegm to be gathered in the bodies and betokeneth also namely if it be much that those gatherings which might be looked for in sore agues shall not ensue for the matter which should cause them deparreth out by urine but the whiteness of this urine is bright as snow For if it be somewhat darker like the whiteness of milk it is a token of the stone either in the bladder or reins namely if such urine chance in the end and amending of sickness But if the colour of it be grey it betokeneth not only plenty of matter in the body but also that the whole body is possessed with a dangerous sickness whereof oftentimes it chanceth the patient to break out with blisters and heat in his skin Thick and claret Next after this followeth thick claret colour for flaxen yellow nor saffron colour doth not agree with thick urine and it doth signifie that the disease shall continue long specially if the ground of it be also of claret colour But yet this disease without perill of death Thick and red Thick urine if it be red coloured doth betoken abundance of blood as is seen in continuall Agues and in all perillous Agues as witnesseth Theophylus If this water come by little and little it is an evill token for it doth alwaies declare danger And if that sort of urine in such Agues do waxe trouble so that there come with it deafness of hearing and ach of the head with pain in the neck and in the sides of the belly it betokeneth that the Patient shall have the falling evill within a seven night Thick and crimson And if a thick urine have a crimson colour If it bee burning Agues and the Patient then have the headach it betokeneth that a chief criticall sign either is then present or else night at hand Thick and blew But if the urine be thick and blew coloured it signifieth diversly as the persons are that made it For in them that are in way of recovery it betokeneth that the shall escape their grief It signifieth also pain in the water-pipes or else that the party hath runn much And if it appear such in old men and that continue long it declareth not only that the bladder is infected with evill humours but commonly also that he shall be rid of them But if it come after
nigh to the reins which either are broken or other waies opened But how it may be known from whence it commeth and how there are many means to search but because they are not light to perceive I will reserve them for Physicians that are learned This colour of it self is no great evill sign namely in young men for it betokeneth excess of bloud which may well bee born of them But in old men it is a very evill sign for it betokeneth either long sickness or else death sith nature is so weak that it cannot keep in her natural humour And if that red colour come of red choler as it doth in young men for the most part and not of blood which thing a learned Physician may conjecture partly by the former diet and other signs more the accidents shal be the more troublous howbeit yet not so evill as when it commeth of saffron or golden choler for this causeth greater thirst and more troublous sleep then the other Of Crimson colour Crimson colour CRimson colour is a token that the good humours of the bodie are burned and turned into red or black choler which cause worse griefs then the other howbeit if it have a good ground the grief is the more moderate But if it have either no contents for a space or else evill contents and the urine appear like a thick myste but somewhat glistering light it is a sign that nature needeth such strength to recover her selfe to her own state Notwithstanding such urine is caused sometime in whole folk by reason of much labour and long journying and then it hath some good signs therewith But in them that have a sharp Ague such crimson colour of urine doth betoken that corrupt blood doth abound and that it doth putrifie and turn into choler And commonly they that make such urine doe thirst much and are dry in their mouth and are troubled in their sleep and feel sharp Agues and are half distract and feel pain of the liver with coughing Howbeit yet these signs may be sometimes as well good as bad according as the colours do change to better or worse Of Purple Colour Purple colour PUrple colour declareth need of much strength before it can be altered to a good urine This urine is a sign of burning choler And if it do continue very long it is a token of the yellow Jaunders with abundance of gross and corrupt choller gathered in the liver And at the beginning there goeth with it some spices and grudgings of the Ague with a little thirstiness but unless there bee discretion used in the diet of such a Patient it may turn to a much worse disease Of Green Vrines Green colour GReen colour is an evill and a dangerous token for it needeth not only long time but also cotinual strength to bring it again to a good trade The higher that this colour is the more it declareth that choller exceedeth the other humours which if it be any more burned will cause black urine of which I will anon speak But if green colour come of wasting of the fat then is it somewhat like to oylie colour or popinjay green but if it come of abundance of purpelish colour and through increase of his qualitie then doth the colour incline more toward black and glistereth with shadowie green drawing very nigh unto black After green choler followeth madness parbreaking and avoiding of choler sometimes with matter or else burned and also continuall thirstiness and burning heat of the tongue straightness about the stomack And like other things But if the patient continue strong and the colour of the urine do waxe lighter there is good hope else there is great fear least of the dryness and burning there do follow contraction of the sinews which will kill the patient Of Oilie Vrine or Popinjay Green Oilie urine popinjay green OYlie Urine is of three sorts as I said in the first Chapter that is light oylie stark oylie and ddark oylie Oylie urines are a token of unnatural heat and the higher that the colour is the greater is the heat And also they betoken melting of the fat within a man for of it are they so coloured But at the beginning when there is a little fat melted the urine is light oylie For if it look stark oylie then it signifieth that the disease increaseth But if it come once to dark oylie then is the disease sore increased Hippocrates in the seventh Book of his Aphorisms speaking of fatness in urine saith thus Who so maketh urine with fatty flotes comming much and fast they have sharp pains in the reins Which sentence though it seem more to appertain to the contents then to the colour yet doth not onely Galen but also Aetius Actuarius and also another Grecian whose name I know not expound it amongst colours and by it declare the difference to know whether that wast or melting of fat be in the reins it self or in other parts of the body For if it come fast together as Hippocrates saith then commeth it from the reins it self and betokneth the wasting to be in them But if it come softly and increase by little and little then doth it declare that the whole body is overcome with unnaturall heat and that the fat of it doth wast it doth betoken as Act. witnesseth a wasting Ague consuming the body Of blew Vrine Ash colour and Black BLew colour Ash-colour and Black do differ only in lightness and darkness For ash-colour is darker then blew and black is darker then any of them both Blew colour Blew colour sometime cometh of moderate melancholy and then is the urine somewhat thin in substance And sometime it commeth of great cold and then it is thick in substance And sometime it is a token of mortifying of some part Yea and sometime even of whole nature namely if the colour change to worse and worse and there went before no token of concoction Ash-colour Ash coloured urine commeth of like causes and betokeneth like things Howbeit it is so coloured many times when the party that made it hath been fore beaten an bruised But in this you need not the help of urine for you may see the walts and tokens of the stripes in his body Black urine Urine which is extream black sometime betokeneth extream heat and sometime extream cold the which both you may distinctly discerne if you doe observe order of alteration in the colours of the urine that the patient made last before For if his urine before were green or like thereto then doth the black urine which follows it betoken extream heat But if it were last before blew or ash coloured then doth it signifie extream cold This black colour though it be commonly an evill and deadly sign as I said before speaking of thick urine and black yet sometime it is a good token For in all diseases lightly that come of melancholy matter it betokeneth that the
matter doth avoid and so the sicknes to end And such urine doth appear many times after purgations or other meats and drinks which purge the splene namely if a man do labour upon them that was before diseased of the splcen Howbeit sometime meats and drinks of like colour cause black urine as Galen witnesseth namely after dark red wine and Allegant But in moderate Agues if such black urine doe appear it is a token of death except it be on some Criticall dayes And likewise in sharp agues especially if the savour be strong and stinking unless it come of some grief of the bladder Quantitie of urine Let this suffice for this time as touching colours Now for the quantitie of urine as when it is mean it is a good token so when it is either too much or too little it is an evill sign except it come of such cause as I shewed before that altereth urine in a healthfull man Much in a whole body As first excessive quantitie of urine commeth of much drinking of thin wine as Rennish wine and such like But that shall you thus know for the colour will be whitely and the substance thinner then a mean the contents also will be divers and not duly knit Likewise if there be aboundance of raw humours in a man unconcocted and yet nature persevering strong then is there great quantity of urine and somewhat thin of substance but not so white as the other and the contents of this are better Also as Hippocrates saith much Vtine made in 4. Aph. 3. the night is a token of small sege so that if any impediment let naturall sege then will the quantity of urine be the greater But in this as the colour is mean so is the ground both greater and grosser yet in healthfull folk may the urine by another means also be greater then a mean and that may be by medicines which provoke urine but then is the colour more natural then the last that I spake of and the ground is thinner of substance so that it is dark and scarcely scene and then is there a certain glistering in the urine it self Little urine in a whole body Now contrarie waies and of contrary causes cometh small quantitie of urine For it cometh sometime of lack of drinke or dry meats and then is the colour light saffron with a smal ground but yet somewhat gross Also both meats and medicines that are clammie and apt to stop the water pipes do cause little urine but then is the ground also little and thin Besides these much sege causeth urine to be lesser for if the one excrement be greater then nature would the other must needs be lesse if the body be healthful In this urine as you may partly know the cause of it by the knowledge of the excessive sege so will the urine it self be thinner and the ground very dark thin and not duely knit And thus many waies may this alteration appear in a healthfull body Much urine in a sick body Now in a sick person much urine either betokeneth the dropsie and then is it like water with a raw and diverse ground or else if it be white thin and without ground then doth it betoken the pissing evill And this urine as witnesseth Galen in in his first Book of Judicials is the worst of any other of like sort Diabete I mean which declare lack of concoction for it declareth the decay yea I may say the utter extinction of two naturall powers that is the retentive power and the alterative power also Much urine in colour fierie and light saffron or of any like colour is to be feared namely if it be coupled with evill contents But if it be of crimson or purple colour and so proceed especially if no concoction went before it then doth it encline to evill and betokeneth a certain mortifying and wasting of the whole composition of the body But if much urine come in an Ague namely toward the end and that there went before it little urine thick and rud die then is that a good token 4. Aph. 69. as witnesseth Hypocnates for it betokeneth the Ague to be at an end And this Urine will bee white and thin moderately and will have a mean ground Little uril in a sick body Now little quantity of urine with a grosse ground unduly knit and unconcoct is an evill token for it betokeneth the weakness of the alterative power which is not able to extenuate concoct neither alter the matter and therefore doth it with much difficulty pass forth in such grossnes Howbeit if there follow after it a more thinne urine with the ground well and duly knit and stable then is it without fear For this latter urine as you heard before is a token that the cause of the other is overcome and vanquished This little quantitie of urine cometh sometime in vehement Agues and then is the violent heat cause thereof Sometime also it cometh of the stopping of the water-pipes not only through clammy meats and drinks but also of some disease or grief in them And this now shall suffice for an Introduction as touching the substance colours and quantitie of urine It followeth next Contents to speak of the contents which so greatly help to the right judgement of urine that Hippocrates in his second book of Prognostications doth by them only yen and that by one of them I mean the ground pronounce the judgement of a perfect urine saying That that is the best Vrine Sediment which hath his sediment or ground white duly knit and stable and that continually all the time of the sickness Now seeing this great Clerk and Father of Physick doth thus esteem the ground it shall not seem unmeet that I orderly doe write briefly of those principall things that are to be considered as touching the contents and first of all of the ground which hath alteration as you have heard both in substance colour and quantitie But now as touching the substance then is it only mean when the third concoction in the veins is perfect For the ground is the excrement as you might say of that third concoction and is like in forme to matter save that it is more duly knit together then is matter and doth not smell so evill as it or else you may liken it to thin fleam Grosses ground This Ground is then gross when the veins are replenished with raw humors Howbeit this grosseness or thickness is not alwayes an evill token for sometime it is a sign that nature hath prevailed against the crude humours which caused diseases and doth expell such superfluous excrements And that shall you discerne by the goodness of the colour and also if it come in the declining of the sickness for if it come at the beginning either in the increase of the sickness then are they to be suspected as evill especially if they bring with them evill colours
it doth signifie if none other evill sign be coupled with it For though the person seed much on nourishing meats and that with rest and an idle life yet naturall heat appeareth so strong that she can easily concoct such meats According to this saith Galen in his Judicials that the plenty of the ground in urine betokeneth certain and exact with concoction And that as the body is repleat with crude humours so it declareth that those same be in expelling out at that present time And for this cause saith he in all children commonly and in men also which feed much or bee of some other cause replete with humors their urine hath a great ground Also oftentimes it chanceth the pores of the skin to be stopped so that inch excrements as were wont to pass out by them are inforced to seek a new passage which they find most readiest by the urine and thereof are the contents and namely the ground oftentimes encreased And all these waies chance in health But in sickness it chanceth many and grosse superfluities do appear in the urine as often as the naturall powers namely the alterative or concoctive power being weakned such crude humours pass out undefied So doth it chance as witnesseth Alexander Trallianus That the urine of them which have the Collick Tral 2. cap. 33. is flegmatick and hath a great ground But if the contents be either great or gross in the beginning or in the augmenting of sickness namely if the Patient have any notable Ague it argueth abundance of humours to the concoction of the which there needeth both strength of naturall powers with time and good speed Little Contents And now contrary wayes must you judge of the smalness of the contents for they be caused either of great labour long fasting stopping or obstruction of the veins and such like parts or else of slacknesse of concoction And as Galen saith when the body is replete with crude and raw humours Gal. 2. pres Hip. 26. then is the ground great but if the body be replenished with cholerick humors then is there in the urine either little ground or none at all but in such case it is well if there be any sublimation or swim Urine without ground Now seemeth the place most meet to speak of such urines as have no ground at all nor other orderly content and that will I doe by the order of the colours of the urine according as Actuarius proceedeth The urine that is very white and exceeding thin and so lacketh the ground doth betoken either some notable obstruction either immoderate cold or else cruditie and lack of concoction And as these tokens may be greater or lesser so shall the things which they betoken bee judged in like rate either more or lesser But if the urine bee pale coloured or flaxen and then lacketh contents as it doth declare lesser obstruction so it doth signifie as great cruditie as the other before And so shall you judge of urine that is yellow or flaxen coloured For in them it appeared that naturall heat doth prevail Notwithstanding such things I mean the default of the ground with those colours may chance as often they doe through vehement pain immoderate labour long watching and also default of matter But such urines as be higher coloured then these that I have named by their colours they declare the qualities of the humours which doc prevail and also betoken a certain putrefaction and cruditie in the veins It chanceth also sometimes that some gathering sore being in some of the principall members by his unnaturall heat withdraw thither the matter even as it were by cupping and so doth cause the urine to have no ground And though indeed it is never a good token to lack the ground in a urine yet it is lesse to be complained of if the colour and substance draw nigh to a mean for in such a case it betokeneth that though nature be somewhat slack yet will shee shortly gather strength so that there shall appear a ground in the urine Now to shew you the reason why it chanceth no ground to appear in the urine First in case of cruditie when there wanteth perfect concoction there must needs want also the contents in the urine for they are the excrements as you might say and the superfluities of the third concoction Likewise though concoction be perfect enough yet may there want the contents if there be any notable obstruction or stopping of the veins namely seeing the contents are somewhat gross of substance and therefore unable to pass if the way be any thing stopt After the same sort shall you judge of long fasting and default of meat and moreover of such meats as are unapt to concoct For in all such cases there can be ingendred few or no contents And contrariwise though nature doe work many superfluities yet if the wombe be so loose that it yeeldeth many seges then as the urine shall be the lesser so shall the contents be few or none for nature then doth expel by sege those superfluities which should cause the contents And likewise when there is in any part of the bodie an inflammation or excessive heat which doth draw matter to it either that any of those parts are weak unto which nature is wont to expell such superfluities for in all such cases there may want the ground and the other contents in the urine And as for some of them I mean cruditie and opilation they may be well enough born withal unles their continuance be long But now again there is great difference touching the time of the sickness in which it chanceth for in the beginning and increase of sharp Agues if the ground be lacking it betokeneth great weaknesse of naturall strength which if not prevented may continue unto the chief strength of the sicknesse And after such an urine there doth follow much waking and disquietness halfe madness and trouble of mind and all those shall bee according to the greatness of the Ague either extream or mild And sometime it is a token that there shall bee a gathering sore in some part of the body namely if other agreeable causes come therewith as a winterly disposition of the aire with an uncertain state of sickness and unconstant alteration and mean weakness of the Patients power But in the declination of the sickness such urine ought not greatly to be blamed for then hath nature escaped the brunt of sickness though she be yet weak Yea and in the chief strength of sicknes as well as in the declination it may seem no orange thing if nature as though already she had the over-hand do gather her power together and draw a little nourishment to her self and thereby causeth little or no ground to appear But afterward when shee is somewhat refreshed and doth more liberally nourish the body then doth shee shew forth contents in the urine And lightly the order of the contents is such
the greater they declare the pain in the head to be If they be white or rather whitish and stand about in the compasse of the garland they betoken little pain or none And if the urine bee thin withall they betoken weakness of naturall heat or else the opilation and stopping of the reins namely if there appear no ground in the urine This doth Hippocrates witness saying 7. Aph. 14. When in the urine there swimmeth bubbles they betoken grief in the reins And also that it shall long continue The reason of the long continuance as Galen and Philotheus doe both declare is because that the grief commeth of cold and tough phlegmatick matter which always is long before it may overcome Pliny also saith Lib. 28. c. 6. that that urine is evil which is ful of bubbles and thick in which if the ground be white it is a token that there shal be grief either about the joynts or else about the bowels Howbeit yet sometimes the bubbles are not an evill token but contrariwise a good token of concoction and declare that nature doth now apply her self wholy unto concoction And this do the Bubbles signifie when they appear in the water in which they were not seen long before And therefore in an Ague we may conjecture the declination of it when we see bubbles to appear after that sort except it be so that they appeared in the urine at the beginning of the sickness and hath so continued still For then they declare grievous pain to be in the head yea and that dangerous if the urine also be thin in substance But if the substance of the urine be thick then the bubbles are not so evill a sign neither declare so greivous danger Sometimes in stead of Bubbles which doe not appear when they should it sufficeth that there appear a gross some as it is sometimes seen to rise upon wine and it doth betoken even the same thing that the Bubbles do Tome especially in the declination of the Ague of which I spake a little before These Bubbles do appear very thick about the garland in the urine of him that hath the issue of seed or wast of nature Sometime also there are seen in the Bubbles certain small scrapps as you would say much like hairs in grossness and so such length sometime that they reach from the one side of the bubble unto the other and sometimes longer and sometimes shorter which things may come either of the wasting of the reins or else of the shedding of nature The cause of the generation of bubbles and also of the dispersing and elevation of the contents is an unnaturall windiness Of which as there are divers kindes much differing asunder partly in multitude partly in substance and partly also in quality so doth the bubbles engendred of them diversly varie according unto those differences whether they be sole and severall or joyntly many knit together But windiness if it be grosse then doth it puffe up such Bubbles and if it be subtile then doth it rather work a dispersion in the contents and is not able nor meet to cause Bubbles And hereby may you know the qualitie of the windiness and likewise also the quantitie For there appeareth lesse quantitie of windinesse to bee where the contents onely are dispersed then where such Bubbles be ingendred Now as touching the other qualities of it as heat and cold which are the chief qualities indeed and molt active you may judge them by the colour of the bubbles For as pale colour and other low colours declare coldnes of that windiness so high colours enclining toward yellow or higher be certain tokens of heat Bubbles that are small and thick knit together in the garland or the urine doth betoken a grosse windiness whose cause cannot easily be vanquished for the grossness and toughnesse that is in them will not suffer them to swell great and that causeth them to be so small And contrariwise the greater that the bubbles be and the more bouled the more they declare that windines that causeth them to be severed from tough matter Moreover the colder that such windiness is the lesser grief is felt of them Bubbles in the urine of old men namely being great and large doe betoken cold windinesse but sometime such bubbles are a sign of rheum distilling from the head into the lights especially if the Patient at the entring of Summer were very hot and so did drink much which matter the head being dryed did draw unto him and did distill again part of it down into the lights whereof commeth a cough and part of it into the womb which thereby is moved to laxe CHAP. X. Of the Garlanded other like things AS I have compendiously and yet not very slightly spoken of those former parts to bee considered in urine so will I briefly speak of a few more which may not well be omitted and so make an end of the Judiciall The Garland First therefore in the over-part of the urine round about the edge of the urine there appeareth a garland circle or ring which doth there appear by reason that the higher part of the urine being thinner than the rest and more subtiller and therefore doth not only more sooner alter but doth more readier declare the alteration Howbeit sometime there doth appear no ring at all and that is when the colour of the urine and of it is all one by reason of the great force of the cause which altereth the urine but yet so that nature doth match that humour and is neither overcome by it neither yet hath overcome it For if nature have plainly either got the victorie or lost it then is there another colour in the garland then is in the rest of the urine Now if the colour of the urine be evill and the colour of the garland better it is a token of health As if the colour of the urine bee yellow red or crimson or any such like and the colour of the garland be white or whitely it is a token full of good hope but when the colour of the whole urine is evill and the colour of the garland worser yet then is it an evill sign As when the colour of the urine is green or purple and the garland worse coloured then is it a plain token that nature is overcome and that the evill humours have gotten the upper-hand Of these more particularly doth Egidius treat but yet not more truly nor more sufficiently his words are these If the circle of the urine be thick and waterie it is a token that the hinder part of the head is oppressed with phlegmatick matter but if it be purple-coloured and thick then is the forepart of the head overcharged with blood A pale and a thin circle declareth the left side of the head to be troubled with melancholy matter but if it be red and thin it betokeneth choler to abound in the right part of the head Leddy or
known of all folk Of the Diseases touching Vrines and the Remedies for the same NOw to come to that I promised as touching the griess which hinder urine or expell it disorderly either in time oftner then is meet or in qualitie with other fashions then is agreeable to it or like other sorts I will briefly write not intending to reach the art of curing them which would require a longer Treatise and a meeter place but onely to name certain of the most common diseases and to set after them such simple and uncompound medicines only which cure those griefs Stopping of urine The stone First therefore touching the hinderance or stopping of urine it is not unknown that one common cause is the stone which sometimes is in the reins and sometime in the bladder I shewed you before that commonly you may discern those two asunder by the colour of the gravel but the more sure token is the grief in the sick part Now for the cure of the same doth these medicines serve which follow But as I have alwaies said you shal use them with the counsell of some learned Physitian for there is great difference both of the grief and of the medicines Medicines for the stone both in the Reins and Bladder Astra Bacca Ameos Angle toches sod Betony Bryony root Bylgrum Chamamel Capers Bark namely of the root Claret seed Clot seed Dock root Fenel seed and root Goats blood Gladian Gromell Gum of Plumtree and Cherry tree A hedge Sparrow Harebell Kneholm root and Berries Madder root High Mallows seed and Root Mogwort Parseley Pelliter of Spain Pyony Berries which are black Radish Sampere S. Johns Wort. Sperage Seholm Swines Fenell Sothern Wood-seed Sour Almonds Tent-Wort Tutsan Berries Water Plantine Winter Gilli-flower And beside these there are divers others Also the Stone it selfe that came from a man being braid and drunken will breake and expell that other within him Beside the stone also it causeth the urine to be clean stopped by reason of weakness of the expulsive vertue and some times through clodds of blood which rest in the shaft Sometimes also through tough and clammie humours and sometime through some swelling within the yard and divers other wayes also of which the declaration is too long for this place and time but another time I entend to write of them at large and of all other griefs of mans bodie But to return to this matter that is in hand One other stop of urine there is which doth not clean let it but causeth it to avoid lesser then it should and this commeth of like causes as that other last did save that the cause is less according as the stay of urine is and therefore the cure in both is much like For if it come of weakness of the expulsive vertue then with the use of other hot meats and drinks those medicines are good which doe provoke urine as these be that follow Medicines which doe provoke urine Annise-seed Ally-saunders Alkakengi Basyle Bylgrum Cammock Charlock Chervell Carawayes Calamus Aromaticus Cubebes Dictany of Candie Dragance Fumitorie Fatchys Flower delyce Garlike Ground pine Ginger Helecompane Honey Juniper and the Berries Lase saverie Leeks Mints Margerom Maiden hair Navew Nepte Negella Romana Nettle Pepper Pye Ryall Quinces Rue Rosemary Rocquet Savine Sage Saverie Time Valerion Wild Marjoram Wild Parseley Wild Time Water Cresses Woodbinde with many other and namely those for the most part which I named besore to be good for the stone But there must be discretion in the use of them Besides those is there a disease named the Strangurie which some corruptly call the Strangurion in which Disease the urine doth continually drop forth Excess of urine as fast as it cometh into the bladder And therefore may it well be noted the first kinde of such griefs as provoke forth and further urine excessively For that strangurie these Medicines following are noted good Medicines for the Strangurie Alisander Astra Bacca Brokelime Ceder berries Ceterake Calamus Aromaticus Gladiane Knot grasse Kneholm Sperage Seholm Spatula Fetida Turpentine washed Wilde Fennell Water mints But you must consider as I have often said that as the disease may come of sundry causes so it must have sundry cures For most commonly these are good that I have written yet such may bee the cause of the sickness that they may do harme therefore take alwayes counsell of some learned Physitian Another kinde of excessive making of urine cometh of the weakness of the retentive vertue in the reins whereby the Patient pisseth as fast as he drinketh Flux of urine Pissing evill The piss gout and that in like quantitie This I may call the flux of urine or pissing evill or aster the imitation of the Greeks the pisse gout For which disease it is not greatly commendable to set forth medicines with the onely bare names Howbeit if I doe it I trust no man will the rather misuse them namely being warned so often to take no medicines without counsell and specially in this thing For some of the Medicines must be received inwardly and some of them emplaistred outwardly Medicines for the pissing evill Apples Dates Elecompane Perys Myrtle Berries Night shade Cycory Comferie Endive Paritarie Penny wort Lettis Lintels Pomegranat Purselane Vine leaves Other defaults there be of excess of urine as of them which cannot keep their urine and namely of children which pisse their beds This disease cometh oftentimes of the dissolution of the muscle which should keep the urine and therefore requireth cure meet for it and unmeet for this place and such shortnesse Wherefore for this time here I will make an end trusting that all men will with as gentle heart receive this my writing as I of gentleness have taken the pains to set it forth Additions Of the diversities of Colours and of the making of them BEcause that it is not very easie for every man to distinguish colours duly asunder I thought it good at the end of this Book a little to touch the distinction and making of them namely of such as are mentioned before in this Book Milk white Milk white by the name of it self doth sufficiently declare what it is for it is the very colour of milk though the substance need not to be so thick in the urine as in the milk for the colour must be understood several from the substance both in this and all other colours which thing would be remembred for it might else as it hath often done deceive the simple folk Horn white Horn white in like manner hath his name of the thing that it assimuleth most for it is like the white and cleer part of a horn of a lanthorn or such like Grey is like the white part of a mans nail next unto the joynt Grey or like hoar hair that is not very white for gray is so much darker then horn white as horn white is darker then milk white Pale