Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	cause_v	cold_a	heat_n	1,474	5	8.1836	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A75801	A treatise of fruit-trees shewing the manner of grafting, setting, pruning, and ordering of them in all respects: according to divers new and easy rules of experience; gathered in ye space of twenty yeares. Whereby the value of lands may be much improued, in a shorttime [sic], by small cost, and little labour. Also discovering some dangerous errors, both in ye theory and practise of ye art of planting fruit-trees. With the alimentall and physicall vse of fruits. Togeather with the spirituall vse of an orchard: held-forth [sic] in divers similitudes betweene naturall & spirituall fruit-trees: according to Scripture & experie[n]ce. By Ra: Austen. Practiser in ye art of planting	Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.; Goddard, John, fl. 1645-1671,	1653 (1653)	Wing A4238; Thomason E701_5; Thomason E701_6; ESTC R12161	90,355	121

the sooner for if so then grafts from young unbearing trees coming of seed grafted in the same manner and upon as good stocks as other grafts from old bearing trees they would beare fruits the one sort as soon as the other but it is otherwise so that the Cause lyes not simply in grafting but in the Nature of the grafts Neither does Grafting make fruits at all the better otherwise then as you chuse grafts of a good kind for wee know Grafts rule and keepe their owne Natures And the Cause is not well assign'd by the Author who saies it is for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke then in the crude earth for we know the Branches of an ungrafted tree receive sap not immediately from the crude Earth but from a stock or body as well as the branches of the Grafted tree the stock of the Grafted tree is a wild stock and of the same nature as is the stock or body of the ungrafted tree they are both alike and the concoction and nourishment in both is alike the Cause being alike why is not the effect alike It s plaine this is not the Cause but the Cause is in the Graft not in the stocke Nat hist pag. 109. and p. 115. though the nourishment be never so well concocted in the stock and the fruit is not made better or worse simply by grafting The Author asserts this truth plainely elsewhere the graft saith he overruleth the Stocke and againe the Grafts will govern that is they keepe the Nature and properties of the trees from with they were gotten Another of the third sort of Errors is this A late Author saies the Cause why trees beare not fruit in a few yeares after grafting is because they were grafted in the old of the Moone for saith he so many daies as the Moone is old when you graft so many yeares will the Graft be ere it beare fruit The Cause is here mistaken for the Moone hath no such influence upon fruit-trees as to withhold their fruits in this manner men we see by experience graft in all seasons of the Moon and find no such difference in the bearing of the trees The cheife Causes of unfruitfulnesse of trees are when they are not fit for the Countrie where they are planted Secondly when the Grafts are chosen from young unbearing Trees thirdly Repletion or overmuch nourishment Fourthly Coldnesse or overmoistnesse of the ground Fifthly frosts or cold winds in the Spring Thirdly Another of the third sort of Errors is this Many conceive that sap in Trees doth descend from the Branches to the Rootes which causeth severall effects as falling of the Leaves goodnesse of the Rootes of divers Plants for use c but the Cause of these Effects is mistaken for Sap in Trees never descends but alwaies ascends And Leaves of Trees fall in Autumne not because sap descends from them but because Sap ascends not to them sufficient to nourish or feed them any longer And if Rootes are best in Autumne that is not Caused by descent of Sap but for that the Body and Branches of a Tree in Autumne draw but a small quantity of Sap from the Rootes and the Rootes even then draw sap for the Earth and increase upon it and are well stored with sap after the Branches haue done increasing and there the sap rests cheifely at that season Some who hold descending of sap may perhaps confirme their Opinion from small springs of the Rootes of Plants when they are removed in Autumne It s true The Roots of Plants set in the beginning of September or about that time doe spring forth a little at the cut ends of the Rootes before winter not because Sap descends from the Branches to them for though all the Branches are cut off before setting as sometimes they are yet the Rootes will spring then because some degree of heate proportionable to that purpose is at that season in the top of the earth by reason of the immediate fore-going summer soe that Plants set while this heat lasteth they will germinate and spring forth in their Rootes before winter the husbandman knowes in this season it is best to sow his Wheate and Rye And also because the Sunne as yet hath an influence sufficient to make seeds and Roots of Plants to spring forth which towards December it hath not being then too remote from us soe that it is not descending of Sap that Causeth these effects The learned Lord Bacon did not well consider this poynt who supposed a descention of sap in Autumne Nat hist p. 111. and 94. speaking concerning setting a Bough in the ground prepared by disbarking for that purpose saies the Cause why it will soone after be a faire Tree may be this the baring of the Bark keepeth the sap from descending towards winter here 's a wrong Cause assigned to an effect for it is not the supposed keeping up of the Sap by that meanes he speaks of that Causeth such a Bough to grow the better but the cause is for that such a Bough by disbarking hath got some small Roots or strings or at least some roughnesse or knobs capable of Rootes in the passage up of the sap whereby being set it will become a Tree in certaine yeares This Opinion of descention of sap in Trees is an old Error of many yeares standing and is radicated in the Minds of most men many using it as a Similitude to illustrate some spirituall thing as if it were a reall and undoubted truth whereas it is but a weake and groundlesse conceipt and contrary to Reason and experience I will therefore lay it open more plainly and prove and demonstrate the Truth concerning the motion of sap in Trees Sap in trees allwaies moves upwards and it is contrary to the Law and course of nature for sap to descend Natura nil agit frustra nature does nothing in vaine Now it were a vaine worke in Nature to cause Sap to ascend up into the Branches to descend againe to the roots the Roots send sap to the Branches and not the Branches to the Roots when it once comes into the Branches it is converted into Wood Barke Leaves Fruits c Whence is all that great Bulk and body which we see a Tree arise to in a few years if sap should descend one while as it ascends another it would follow that as a Tree increaseth by ascension of sap so it would decrease by its descension This may be more cleare if we consider the Cause why sap in Trees stirres ascends also why it riseth not after such a time to make any grouth When the sunne in the spring of the yeare by degrees drawes nearer to us then sap in Trees begins by its heat and influence to move to swell and open the Buds and to cause the Branches to shoot forth which increase by it all the summer and as the sunne by degrees drawes nearer and grows hotter so the sap

by degrees increaseth and riseth more plentifully and when the sunne is nearest then Trees are fullest of sap Now observe As by the vicinity and neernesse of the sunne which is by degrees the sap is increased by degrees so likewise by the sunnes remotenesse and absence which is also by degrees in his going back againe the sap is also diminished by degrees that is ascending lesse and lesse in quantity untill the sunne be gone so farre from us and the heat and influence of it be so weake that it works not to cause sap to rise up whereby the branches may increase any longer and then the Branches and Buds of Trees are all at a stand and grow no more untill the next spring And at that time the Leaves loose their beauty and fall off because sap riseth not up to them sufficient to feed them any longer but only so much as to preserve life in the Tree I would faine know of those who hold descension of sap what should cause it descend for Nullus effectus datur sine causa there can be no effect without a cause they cannot say that as heat causeth it ascend so cold causeth it descend Cold never causeth sap to stir but to stand or move slowly Cold is of a condensing nature and does constipate and fix rare and fluid bodies but if sap of its owne nature would descend yet there is none in the Branches at that season of the yeare that they can spare but all that has ascended in the sommer is converted into the substance of the Tree its Leaves and fruits And further To prove this more fully and clearely by a plaine undeniable Argument If there be a continuall ascension of sap then there is no descension but there is a continuall ascension therefore no descension To prove the Minor Proposition That there is a continuall ascension of sap in Trees The Sunne and Ayre continually draw sap and moisture out out of Trees and other Vegetables as the Lord Bacon and others conclude and as may be made appeare by Reason and Experience We know if Branches and Twigs of Trees being cut off and laid aside in the sunne and ayre but for a few daies they will be contracted and wrinkled the ayre drawes out the sap and moisture and such having no supply of sap from the Root they quickly wither Now know also that the sunne and ayre have the same operation upon the living Branches and Twiggs drawing sap and moisture out of them likewise but they are not contracted and wrinkled as the other because there is a continuall supply of sap from the Root aswell in winter as in sommer which keeps them in their full dimensions without wrinkling or contracting Further observe to prove this If we remove Plants in September or about that time the pretended season of descension of sap and let them lye out of the earth a day or two we shall finde that the sunne and ayre will in that short time have suckt and drawne out sap and moisture from the Branches so that they will be apparently shrunke and contracted I have seene some Branches so much wrinkled that I questioned whether they were dead or alive But after the Plants have beene set certaine daies so much sap will be ascended as will againe have filled up the wrinkled or contracted bark so that it is evident and apparent hereby that some small quantity of sap hath ascended into the branches since their setting and if so then its cleare there 's no descension of sap can any thing move contrary waies at one time And if we graft in November and December the very dead time of winter the grafts have some small supply of sap even then else the sunne and ayre would spoyle them by dayly sucking out their moisture were there not a supply of sap from the Root sufficient to keep them alive untill the spring It s manifest then from what hath been said that sap in Trees ascends as well in Autumne and Winter as in Sommer so much as to preserve life in Trees by supplying what is extracted by the Sunne and Ayre so that it may be concluded there is no descension of sap unlesse men will hold that a thing may move severall waies upwards and downwards at one and the same time which is a contradiction and impossible in nature Thus much concerning the three sorts of Errors in the Theory of this Art First Instructions hurtfull and dangerous Secondly Instructions for effecting some things impossible to be effected by the meanes prescribed and others impossible to be effected by any meanes Thirdly Assigning wrong Causes to effects I will now discover some Errors that I finde in the practise of this Art of Planting Fruit-trees that they may be avoided ONE Error in Practise is this Many remove their Trees in winter 1 Removing trees in winter or neere the spring whereas they ought to remove them in September or thereabouts Many Plants are ready to remove in the beginning of August and before which if done such have a great advantage of those removed in winter or neere the spring for trees removed betimes in the yeare grow in their Roots before winter and so make a faire preparation against the spring And this is a Generall Rule for Transplanting all trees To remove so soone as they have done growing in the branches which may be knowne by the top or ends of the branches if the tops be closed and shut up they may be removed without danger though it be in August or before which is no small advantage to them See pag. 60. 2 Planting trees too neer together Another Error in Practise is Planting trees too neere together This is a great and generall Error many thinke the more Trees they have the more fruit but a few having roome enough to spread will beare more fruits then many crouded one upon another as the custome is and fruits will also be better when the sun may come round about the trees I account 10 or 12 yards a competent distance for Apple-trees and Peare-trees upon ordinary soyle but if the ground be speciall good then give them the more roome for Cherry-trees Plum-trees and such like 7 or 8 yards is a convenient distance 3 Planting trees unfit for the Countrey Another Error is this Many Plant Fruit-trees unfit for the Countrey where they plant them Their care is chiefly to chuse Grafts of the best kinds and faire Plants to look upon not considering so much whether such kindes will prosper and beare fruits well in those Clymates and places where they plant them And hence it is often that many who have faire and goodly fruit trees have very little fruit from them It is an excellent Rule to chuse those kindes of fruits which we or others finde by many yeares experience to be good bearing trees in those parts neerest to us although the fruits be not altogether so good as some others 4 Chusing the greatest