Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	call_v	sun_n	zone_n	32	3	13.0526	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19376	The arte of nauigation conteyning a compendious description of the sphere, with the making of certayne instruments and rules for nauigations, and exemplifyed by many demonstrations. Written by Martin Cortes Spanyarde. Englished out of Spanishe by Richard Eden, and now newly corrected and amended in diuers places.; Breve compendio de la sphera y de la arte de navegar. English	Cortés, Martín, 1532-1589.; Eden, Richard, 1521?-1576.	1589 (1589)	STC 5802; ESTC S111167	116,085	174

the day or day spryng should equally and at one time appeare to them in the West as to them in the East But we see the contrarie that it appeareth fyrst to them that dwell in the East and afterward to them in the West This is prooued by the Eclipse of the Moone which beginning at one instant they of Hierusalem see it begin at foure a clocke of the night and we of Andalusie in Spayne at one a clocke of the night It foloweth hereby that to them it nighteneth three houres sooner then vnto vs in Spayne and this is caused by the roundnesse of the earth But heere some may mooue a doubte saying that on the earth we may see many Mountaynes and consequently many great Uallyes and P●aynes with many diuersities of sundrye other deepe and vnequall places by reason whereof the earth can not truely be called rounde To this I say that in two manners the earth is called and vnderstoode to be rounde As after one manner speakyng precisely it is called rounde as a Ci●cle or a Sphere which we call rounde because that all ryght lines drawen from the center thereof to the circumference are equall The other roundnesse is consydered without this precisenesse and is suche as not by all his partes is equally distant from his myddest or center but hath some partes hygher and some lower yet not in such quantitie as may destroy the roundnesse of the whole As yf in a Bowle there we●e certayne clyftes or holes it should not thereby leaue to be round although not perfectly or precisely rounde And for this cause sayth Auerrois that although both the heauenly bodyes and the Elements are of round fourme yet differ they in this that the heauenly Spheres haue perfect roundnesse and the Eleme●ts not As the earth by reason of his Mountaynes and Uales the Sea by his encreasing and decreasing the Ayre also for his nearenesse to the fyre and by his contrarietie doth sometime doo and so●etime suffer that is to say is sometime actiue and sometyme passiue So that folowing the one it fleeth the other by reason whereof it also lacketh perfect roundnesse But the fyre for as muche as it is neare to the concaue of the circle of the Moone which is Sphericall may therefore be called Sphericall or rounde The viij Chapter of the motion of the Heauens and Elementes IT is not to be forgotten that all the Elementes are wholy mooueable by locall motion except the earth The water is mooued by the motion of the Moone or tossed by the Wyndes The fyre as sayth Aristotle is mooued circulerly by the motion of the day and is drawen of the circles● that embrace it or compasse it about as is manyfest by the Cometes or blazing Starres and other fyerie exhalations conteyned and engendred in it Which beeyng caryed with thys motion conclude that the fyre mooueth in lyke maner And with thys motion is the superiour parte of the ayre violently caryed about as the other impressions therein doo shewe The inferiour part is mooued by dyuers motions that is to meane laterally as by experience we see when the wyndes blowe The Moone with her Heauen or Sphere by her proper motion geueth her turne from the West to the East in xxvii dayes and vii houres with xv minutes Venus Mercuri and the Sunne in a yeere which is the space of three hundred threescore and fyue dayes with fyue houres and fourtie and niene minutes Mars in two yeeres Iupiter in twelue yeeres Saturne in xxx yeeres The eyght heauen which is the Fyrmament or Starrie Heauen by his owne proper motion is mooued by the nienth Heauen vpon the beginning of Aries and Libra and vpon these two poyntes accomplysheth hys Reuolution in seuen thousand yeeres This motion is called Motus trepidationis that is to say the tremblyng motion or motion of accesse and recesse The nienth heauen endeth his motion from the West to the East in fourtie and niene thousand yéeres And by this motion moueth the eight heauen T●e tenth heauen called Primum mobile is mooued from the East to the West and in twentie and foure houres whiche is a naturall day perfourmeth one reuolution and with the myghtye force and swyftnesse of his motio● caryeth wyth hym all the other inferior heauens and maketh them to geue the same turne in twentie and foure houres where as neuerthelesse they ceasse not in the meane tyme to keépe the course of theyr owne proper motion As for example yf an Ant or Pismi●e sho●ld goe about the wheéle of a Myll contrary to the moouing of the whéele before the Ant in goyng styll forward should come agayne to the poynt from whenee she fyrst departed which is once about or one turne the wheéle should in that space make many turnes The ix Chapter of the diuision of the Sphere into formall partes THE Sphere of the worlde is diuided in two manners that is to say by substaunce and by accident By substaunce into tenne Spheres as we haue sayde By accident into a right Sphere and oblique or crooked Sphere They haue the ryght Sphere that dwell vnder the Equinoctiall lyne and is called ryght because to them the P●les are equally in the H●rizon as appeareth by thys Figure folowing The Sphere is compounded of tenne circles imagined And as sayth Iohn de sacro bosco in his booke of the Sphere syxe of them are greater and foure lesse The greater Circle is that which deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and hath his center with the center of it These are the Equinoctiall the Zodiacke the two Coluri the Horizon and the Meridian The lesse Circle is that that deuideth the Sphere into two vnequall partes These are the two Tropykes and two Poler Circles The x. Chapter of the Equinoctiall Circle THE Equinoctiall is a Circle that deuideth the Sphere into two equall partes and is by euery parte equally distaunt from both the Poles It is one of the greate● Circles in the Sphere and is the greatest Circle of those which are described in the Sphere by the motion of Primum mobile or fyrst moueable This Circle for his equalitie and regularitie is more noble then the Zodiacke which we haue described in the eight● sphere and also then any of the other It is imag●ned to gyrd the world round about by East and West It is called Equinoctiall because this word Equinoctium signifyeth equalitie of nyghtes and dayes whereof the cause is that the Sunne comming to this Circle the Arke of the day is equall with the Arke of the night and then is the Equinoctiall It is also called the Zone or gyrdle of the fyrst mooueable For euen as a gyrdle doth gyrde a man by the myddest so doth this Circle gyrd in the middest betweene both the Poles vppon the whiche the fyrst moou●able is mooued One of these imagined on our pa●te

sense as Beastes other vnderstanding as Man who in holy Scripture is called all Creatures according to the sayi●g of Christ to his Disciples where he sayth Goe and preache the Gospell to all Creatures And therefore not without good cause was Man called of the Greeke Philosophers Microcosmos that is the lesse World In the which we contemplate things of no lesse admiration then in the great World The similitude betweene them both is that euen as the great world and the whole Globe or Sphere thereof is mooued by the voluntarie motion of an intellectiue substaunce or an Angell euen so is this For as Aristotle wryteth What so euer is mooued is mooued by vertue of an other As Man is mooued by the internall or inward fourme that is within him that is to say by the intellectiue soule that is proper vnto him In lyke maner in the great worlde are found dyuers mooueable thyngs All which are reduced to one immoueable moouer So in man are found many thyngs mooued by diuers motions which are all referred to his intellectiue soule The great worlde conteyneth the creatures within it selfe and consequently is all really as hauing nothing without it Euen so man by knowledge is all and knoweth all things and nothing naturally is ●id from him or vnknowen to him Agayne in this lesse humane world are two motions Intellectiue and Sensu●●● 〈…〉 the great world hath two locall mot●ons the one wherewith the fyrst mooueable is mooued and draweth with it all the other Spheres from the East to the West and is called Rationall moouing The second is the moouing of the other Spheres from the Weast into the East and is called Irrationall moouing But now leauing to speake of the lesse world we will proceede to speake further of the great ¶ The seconde Chapter of the definition of the worlde THE world as sayth Isodorus is Heauen and Earth and the other woorks of God that are conteyned therein It is compounded of things visible and yet vnsearchable Moses and Saint Iohn the Euangelist witnesse that it was made by God The Philosophers called it M●ndus a mouendo because it is in continuall moouing and neuer in rest The Greekes called it Cosmos which signifieth Fayre or Beautifull and so named it because of the marueilous ornament thereof and diuersitie of Elements with the resplendence or shining of the Sunne Moone and Starres And doubtlesse nothing may be seene with the corporall eyes of man more beaut●full then it is In so much that the diuine Philosopher Plato affyrmed that eyes were geuen to men to beholde the beautie thereof and to take pleasure in the contemplation of the heauenly bodyes and roundnesse of the world which also for the roundnesse thereof is called Spheri●all because that Sphera in the Greeke tongue signifieth a round body The thyrd Chapter of the definition of the Sphere THeodosius sayth that the Sphere is a whole and corporall figure vnder one superficial in the middest whereof is a poynt or pricke from the which all right lines drawne directly to the circumference are equall This poyut or pricke is called the center of the Sphere according to Euclide it is the passage of the circumference of h●lfe a circle which is turned round about his Diameter that is fixed vntill it returne to his owne proper place againe as where it was at the fyrst By the center of the Sphere passeth a right lyne and thextremities or endes thereof touch in the circumference And this lyne imagined is called the Axis or Exeltree of the Sphere and the endes thereof are called the Pales Uppon this Axis is the Sphere of the world mooued The fourth Chapter of the diuision of the world IT is to be presupposed that there is ● difference betweene Element and Elementate and the fyfte being cal●ed Quinta Essentia The Quint essence or fyfte substance is a body of it selfe differing from all Elements and things Elemental aswell in matter as in fourme and no lesse in nature and vertue and hauing in it selfe no contrarietie is certaynly without corruption And hereof com●eth it that the Philosophers called the heauens and heauenly bodyes the fyfth substaunce or fyfth essence by reason of the inco●ruptibilitie thereof Element is that whereof any thing is co●●ounded It is the fyrst of compositions and of it self● is not compounded W●ereby it foloweth that neyther the earth the ayre the water nor the fyre that are neare vnto vs or about ●s are pure and simple Elements For these Elements do sometimes mingle themselues one with another and especially where they are neare togeather and touche one another Of these elements euery part is named by the name of the whole As euery part of fyre is called fyre and euery part of earth is called earth and so of the other They are called simple bodyes in respecte of other compound and mixt bodyes They are diuisible into partes of diuers fourmes and of the commixtion of them are made and engendred diuers things of sundry kyndes These foure that is to meane Earth Ayre Water and Fyre although they are named simple but in respecte as aforesayde yet are they the Elements that is to say beginnings and principles of all other compoundes and mixtes A pure Element can not be seene forasmuch as that that is pure lacketh colour and that that hath no colour is not visible The Elements as sayth Isodorus were diuided by the hand of God The imperiall Heauen was replenished with Angelles the ayre with byrdes the sea with fyshes and the land with men and other beastes Elementate is euery body compounded of the foure Elements Not that they are Elements formally but vertually in myxt bodies This knowen we wyll shewe how the world is diuided into two regions Celestiall and Elementall The region Elementall which is continually subiect to alterations is diuided into foure Elements which are Earth Water Ayre and Fyre These El●ments the Greekes call Yctogia for the communion and concord that they haue be●weene themselues The heauenly or etheriall region called Quinta Essentia compasseth and conteineth the Elementall worlde within it The fyfth Chapter of the number order and propertie of the Elements and Heauens THE Earth after the Philosopher is a pricke or poynt in the middest called the center to the which they assigne the lowest place Next vnto the earth and about it the Water occupyeth the second place and the Ayre the thyrd The Fyre is higher then any of the other elements And it is to vnderstand that the water hath two superficials One which is called concaue or halow● the other conuex or embowing You may compare the inward part of the concaue to a dyshe or a bolle whose outward part is called conuex As touching the concaue the water compasseth about the earth leauing discouered that part that serueth for the

fyfth part of an houre before the full sea as also when it decreaseth which shal be the halfe ebbe threé houres and halfe the fyfth of one houre after the full sea ¶ The Table foloweth This increasing and decreasing of the Tydes is not euer in equall quantitie In the coniunctions and oppositions they increase and decrease much which the Mariners cal hygh spring tydes and the greatest increase of al they cal the hygh springes In the quarters of the Moone which are at the 7. and 22. of the Moone or neére there about they increase and decrease but litle which the Mariners cal nepe tydes low water dead waters or lowe flooddes The xix Chapter of certayne signes which prognosticate tempestes or fayre weather A Good Pilot or Mariner ought not to be ignorant of certayne signes or tokens which the naturall Philosophers describe of tempests For as they signifie vnto him so shall he leaue his porte or enter into it which yf he can not then ought he with patience and hope to tary the tyme that God hath appoynted for hym who mooueth and troubleth the Seas when it pleaseth hym and appeaseth them agayne at his pleasure Lesse hurteth and damageth the stroke whiche we seé comming or foreseé then that which hath stricked vs and taken vs carelesse When the Sunne ryseth fayre and cleare it signifyeth a fayre day but yf it shewe yealowe or deadly tempest is lyke to folowe Agayne yf at the rysing of the Sunne his beames shewe them selues contract or geathered togeather and short you shal haue rayne if the mistes or cloudes make a circle about the Sunne or Moone how much the greater that circle shal be so much greater shal be the tempest to come and yf ●here shal be two circles the tempest shall increase the more And yf it chaunce that at the rysyng of the Sunne the cloudes be turned ●edde it is a signe of no small tempest When the Sunne or the Moone shall haue a circle looke towarde the part where it breaketh and from thence shall wynde come yf it depart or dispearse equally fayre weather shall follow When the Moone ryseth bryght and by the whyche they passe We seé that in some o●e region it rayneth with one wynde and the selfe same wynde in other places disperseth the cloudes The N●rthwest wynde is drye in Spayne yet in Lybia it is very moyst and rayny The South wynde in Europe causeth rayne in most places and therefore the Poets named it the wynde of waters and this wind in Palestina or Iurie is drie The cause of this diuersitie is that when the wynde bloweth in Palestina it passeth by hot and drye regions as by the desarts of Affrike and passeth not by any sea at al. But when it bloweth in these partes of Europe it must of necess●tie passe by and ouer the waters of the sea Mediterraneum or the Leuant sea where it gathereth moysture and causeth rayne The Leuant or East wynde in Malaga and Gibralter is moyste and in Sheres De la Frontera is hot as Hell The xx Chapter of the bright and shynyng exhalations that appeare in the tempestes which the Mariners call Santelmo or Corpus sancti IGnorance is the mother of errours and therefore will I not omitte to shewe the naturall cause héereof although among certayne simple and ignoraunt people it is accounted for a myracle that in certayne tempestes on the Sea the Maryners seé certayne shynyng and bright fyres which with great superstition they kneéle downe vnto and pray vnto affyrming that it is Santelmo that appeareth vnto them and not contented héerewith some sweare that they haue seén● drops of gréene w●xe fall downe Other affyrme that this waxe is of such heate that if it fall from the top of the Ship it doth melt the rosen and pitch of the hatches of the Ship with such other foolish imaginations and therefore it shall be good briefly to speake héereof to stop the mouthes of such fond and ignorant persons The exhalations or vapoures of the grosse ●umes or smokes that ryse from the ea●th are constrayned or geathered togeather by the coldnesse of the nyght and the ayre and are thickned in the fyrst region of the ayre next vnto the earth This may and is wont to be inflamed or kindled and yf it finde a body whereunto it may cleaue it abydeth in that vntyll it be consumed This fyre is cleare and shyneth and yet burneth not The Greékes call it Polyduces and the Latines call it Castor and Pollux It is accustomed to appeare vpon the shrowdes and oftentymes is séene vpon the pykes of souldyers in the armies of men of warre as Plinie wryteth and this aswell by reason of continuall smoke as also by the heate of muche people Certayne it is that smoke is none other thyng then fyre dispearsed as flame is an exhalation or euaporation that ryseth in maner of smoke from a grosse or fat body and at the tyme that it ryseth being geathered togeather is constrayned into flame inuestured with fyre This resplendence or shy●yng is also often tymes seéne not onely in iourneying by lande but also in sayling by ryuers and when it appeareth on the lande it ryseth of the smoke that is geathered togeather with the colde ayre of the nyght and on the bankes of ryuers this smoke is geathered of the exhalations of the water and consequently beyng kyndeled appeareth bryght and shynyng But nowe let vs come to the Shyps that sayle by the Sea and to the Mariners ●hat are accustomed to tempestes To them there●ore I saye that that lyght or suche other lyghtes as they seé is engendred of the fumes and smokes of theyr Shyp with the heate of men couched close and neare togeather in a narrowe place and when a tempest ryseth the sayde smoke is thickned prest togeather and beaten downe by the wyndes in suche sorte that beyng tossed from one syde to another it is set on fyre by moouing and taketh holde sometyme on the shroudes and sometymes on the toppe and sometyme also in the poupe or in the foreshyppe So that to seé this lyght or the same to appeare is a naturall thyng and not supernaturall When Captayne B●zerra was at Corron in the Emperours Nauie with his company of Souldyers he chaunced to be in a tempest and sawe the sayde fyre of Santelmo which shortly after descended so lowe that the Captayne might easily come to it and taking it in his cloke he found it to be a litle drop of water Some haue thought it to be a certayne shyning Flie called Taros whiche the sea men some time see in a calme in the Sommer season and thus Santelmo appeared no more The Captayne remayned astonished at the mockerie and the other perceyued it to be no miracle The opinion of the Maryners that affirmed it to be Santelmo may ryse of Sainct Erasmo Byshop of Naples who as they say not only in his life tyme