ancestor_n but_o of_o this_o we_o have_v speak_v enough_o before_o now_o marriage_n be_v a_o equivocal_a word_n since_o it_o signify_v also_o the_o fee_n itself_o which_o be_v give_v in_o matrimony_n 39_o matrimony_n brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 34._o &_o 39_o and_o this_o shall_v suffice_v of_o service_n that_o be_v noble_a 21._o that_o service_n which_o â—s_v rural_a and_o ignoble_a be_v by_o we_o call_v socage_n from_o the_o french_a word_n soc_n which_o signify_v a_o plough_n or_o soccage_n as_o sockage_n the_o cause_n of_o which_o appellation_n be_v that_o these_o kind_n of_o tenant_n be_v by_o our_o predecessor_n bind_v to_o the_o service_n of_o the_o soc_n or_o plough_v and_o come_v yearly_a when_o the_o season_n require_v with_o their_o ox_n to_o plough_v and_o sow_v some_o part_n of_o their_o lord_n land_n but_o by_o process_n of_o time_n it_o be_v now_o become_v so_o that_o these_o kind_n of_o work_n be_v in_o most_o place_n change_v into_o a_o certain_a rent_n although_o the_o ancient_a name_n of_o the_o service_n remain_v still_o 31._o still_o lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 5._o inst_z come_v c._n 31._o so_o that_o this_o tenure_n which_o at_o first_o be_v slight_o esteem_v of_o be_v now_o account_v mud_n the_o better_a for_o the_o original_a labour_n be_v convert_v into_o a_o moderate_a sum_n of_o money_n only_o the_o value_n of_o the_o yearly_a rent_n be_v exact_v for_o relief_n and_o it_o be_v oblige_v neither_o to_o guaâ—â—_n or_o marriage_n 18._o marriage_n dyer_n fol._n 362._o n._n 18._o 22._o wherefore_o socage_n which_o at_o first_o be_v pure_o a_o villain_n and_o rural_a service_n be_v now_o â—â—vided_v into_o free_a and_o villain_n free_a socage_n 〈◊〉_d that_o which_o in_o lieu_n of_o villain_n service_n pay_v 〈◊〉_d the_o lord_n a_o certain_a annual_a rent_n 1._o rent_n brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 35._o n._n 1._o villâ—â—â—_n socage_n be_v double_a that_o ancient_a viz._n by_o which_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a service_n perform_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o fee_n for_o this_o be_v even_o still_o in_o use_n 31._o use_n lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 5_o inst_z corn_n c._n 31._o and_o the_o other_o which_o be_v pure_a villainage_n in_o which_o there_o be_v obligation_n to_o incertain_a service_n and_o undetermined_a where_o one_o can_v tell_v over_o night_n what_o service_n will_v be_v require_v next_o morning_n viz._n where_o any_o one_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o fee_n or_o person_n be_v engage_v to_o do_v whatsoever_o be_v command_v he_o b._n he_o brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 8._o n._n 3._o vet_z n._n b_o fol._n 49._o brac._n l._n 1._o c._n 11._o n._n 1._o bri._n c._n 66._o foe_n 165_o b._n but_o our_o modern_n do_v not_o subject_v those_o who_o hold_v in_o villainage_n to_o such_o uncertain_a service_n but_o call_v that_o villainage_n where_o a_o villain_n tenant_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o a_o manor_n or_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o a_o freeman_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o fee_n performs_z service_n duty_n to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n as_o to_o carry_v dung_n out_o of_o a_o city_n or_o ouâ—_n of_o the_o manor_n of_o the_o lord_n to_o his_o lord_n land_n and_o the_o like_a 9_o like_a lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 11._o inst_z come_v c._n 34._o bro._n c._n 66._o n._n 9_o 23._o that_o fee_n therefore_o which_o be_v hold_v by_o free_a socage_n enjoy_v the_o best_a condition_n of_o any_o other_o at_o this_o day_n be_v free_v from_o the_o encumbrance_n of_o guard_n and_o marriage_n 5._o marriage_n smith_n com._n l._n 3._o c._n 5._o which_o to_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n often_o fall_v out_o most_o heavy_a but_o this_o at_o present_a if_o take_v according_a to_o the_o utmost_a latitude_n of_o its_o signification_n be_v understand_v to_o include_v all_o other_o kind_n of_o tenor_n which_o be_v hold_v by_o a_o certain_a rent_n free_a from_o guard_n and_o marriage_n 66._o marriage_n brit._n c._n 66._o as_o those_o which_o be_v hold_v by_o franck-almaign_a ib._n franck-almaign_a id._n ib._n or_o in_o ancient_a demesne_n of_o the_o king_n socage_n king_n id._n lb._n lit._n c._n socage_n by_o fee-farm_n ib._n fee-farm_n brit._n ib._n in_o free_a bank_n ib._n bank_n id._n ib._n or_o burgage_n 77._o burgage_n bro._n tenor_n n._n 5._o &_o 77._o 24._o the_o service_n of_o franck-almaign_a if_o at_o least_o we_o may_v call_v that_o a_o service_n which_o pay_v neither_o fealty_n nor_o any_o terrene_a duty_n to_o the_o donor_n be_v where_o a_o fee_n be_v give_v to_o a_o abbot_n or_o prior_n &_o their_o covent_n or_o to_o a_o dean_n &_o chapter_n to_o a_o mr._n of_o a_o hospital_n or_o any_o body_n or_o person_n ecclesiastical_a under_o that_o capacity_n or_o notion_n that_o they_o shall_v pray_v for_o the_o soul_n of_o the_o donor_n and_o his_o family_n live_v or_o dead_a but_o this_o at_o present_a can_v be_v do_v only_o by_o the_o supreme_a power_n for_o that_o there_o be_v a_o statute_n westminst_n statute_n westminst_n which_o prohibit_v any_o from_o grant_v their_o fee-simple_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o himself_o wherefore_o whosoever_o from_o that_o time_n the_o king_n except_v give_v a_o estate_n in_o franck-almaign_a do_v in_o vain_a add_v that_o word_n franck-almaign_a because_o it_o wrought_v nothing_o but_o that_o the_o donee_n hold_v the_o same_o estate_n of_o the_o superior_a lord_n by_o the_o same_o service_n which_o the_o donor_n hold_v it_o who_o act_n can_v prejudice_v none_o but_o himself_o 61._o himself_o bro._n tenor_n 61._o but_o it_o seem_v the_o capital_a lord_n may_v remit_v these_o service_n and_o so_o make_v it_o frank-almaign_a 97._o frank-almaign_a id._n ib._n 71._o 97._o the_o service_n of_o ancient_a demesne_n be_v that_o which_o the_o tenant_n of_o the_o ancient_a demesne_n of_o the_o king_n perform_v now_o ancient_a dâ—mesne_n be_v all_o that_o which_o be_v immediate_o helâ—_n of_o the_o king_n st._n edward_n oâ—_n â—illiam_fw-la the_o conqueror_n deme_n conqueror_n term._n law_n ancient_a deme_n for_o the_o late_a take_v a_o exact_a survey_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n so_o that_o heâ—_n may_v know_v of_o what_o lord_n every_o rod_n 〈◊〉_d ground_n within_o it_o be_v hold_v this_o survey_n he_o cause_v to_o be_v enter_v into_o a_o book_n which_o be_v yet_o remain_v in_o the_o public_a exchequer_n by_o he_o style_v â—â—nchester_a roll_n or_o doomsday_n book_n doomsday_n camd._n br._n c._n 94._o coo._n pref_o to_o his_o 3_o d._n book_n now_o by_o ancient_a demesne_n we_o understand_v all_o those_o manor_n which_o be_v there_o assign_v and_o ascribe_v to_o the_o king_n namely_o because_o they_o be_v the_o king_n demesne_n 〈◊〉_d ancient_n and_o the_o service_n by_o which_o these_o tenant_n hold_v of_o the_o king_n be_v socage_n c._n socage_n f._n n._n b._n foe_n 13._o d._n &_o 14._o b._n c._n but_o these_o have_v a_o double_a manner_n of_o hold_v vâ—â—_n some_o by_o charter_n and_o be_v call_v the_o king_n free_a tenant_n other_o by_o seal_n which_o we_o call_v copy_n of_o court_n roll_n or_o by_o the_o verge_n and_o these_o be_v style_v the_o king_n free_a sockmans_n 8._o sockmans_n brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 8._o n._n 4._o brit._n c._n 66._o f._n n._n b._n fol._n 14._o d._n flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 8._o neither_o of_o these_o be_v tenant_n at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n but_o by_o service_n first_o due_a according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o mannoâ—_n 66._o mannoâ—_n kitch_n fol._n 99_o brit._n c._n 66._o many_o writer_n have_v treat_v of_o the_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n which_o these_o tenant_n have_v that_o they_o may_v have_v the_o great_a leisure_n to_o attend_v the_o king_n business_n 8._o business_n brit._n ib._n f._n n._n b._n ib_o lit._n l._n 2._o â—â—st_n come_v c._n 35._o flet._n l._n 1_o c._n 8._o 26._o the_o service_n which_o be_v perform_v also_o by_o tenant_n in_o fee-farm_n be_v socage_n in_o regard_n fee-farm_n can_v be_v where_o guard_n and_o marriage_n be_v reserve_v to_o the_o lord_n by_o charter_n ib._n charter_n brit._n ib._n and_o the_o same_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o tenant_n in_o frank_a bank_n 2._o bank_n brit._n ib._n br._n l._n 4._o tr_fw-la 6._o c._n 13._o n._n 2._o 27._o burgage_n be_v a_o certain_a rent_n payable_a by_o those_o which_o inhabit_v the_o ancient_a burrough_n or_o city_n which_o spring_n from_o they_o of_o this_o kingdom_n either_o to_o the_o king_n or_o another_o lord_n to_o who_o the_o king_n have_v grant_v it_o and_o this_o also_o be_v call_v socage_n 10._o socage_n littl._n l._n 2._o c._n 10._o 28._o have_v pass_v so_o cursory_o over_o these_o we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o there_o be_v many_o more_o fee-service_n behind_o which_o be_v partly_o proper_a to_o tenant_n in_o knight_n service_n partly_o to_o socage_n and_o some_o common_a even_n to_o both_o as_o secta_fw-la ad_fw-la curiam_fw-la secta_fw-la ad_fw-la molendinum_fw-la herriot_n aide_n to_o make_v
as_o public_a or_o private_a we_o call_v that_o the_o law_n public_a which_o appertain_v to_o the_o very_a constitution_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n and_o it_o consist_v in_o thing_n holy_a in_o priest_n and_o magistrate_n for_o it_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o commonwealth_n to_o have_v church_n in_o which_o man_n may_v address_v themselves_o to_o god_n for_o the_o forgiveness_n of_o their_o sin_n it_o be_v also_o convenient_a to_o have_v priest_n or_o minister_n by_o who_o we_o may_v be_v enjoin_v repentance_n for_o our_o sin_n and_o who_o may_v pray_v for_o we_o and_o mediate_v to_o god_n on_o our_o behalf_n for_o his_o help_n and_o providence_n and_o it_o be_v requisite_a likewise_o that_o there_o be_v magistrate_n ordain_v because_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o those_o who_o be_v appoint_v to_o precede_v as_o judge_n the_o law_n may_v be_v put_v in_o execution_n for_o it_o be_v to_o little_a purpose_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v law_n if_o there_o be_v not_o some_o to_o govern_v by_o those_o law_n 6._o law_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 5._o num_fw-la 6._o 4._o that_o which_o we_o term_v private_a law_n be_v that_o which_o chief_o belong_v to_o the_o utility_n of_o particular_a person_n and_o be_v secondary_o necessary_a for_o a_o commonwealth_n that_o no_o one_o abuse_v his_o own_o and_o so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n what_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o commonwealth_n be_v likewise_o secundary_o requisite_a for_o the_o profit_n of_o particular_a person_n and_o this_o private_a law_n have_v three_o foundation_n viz._n natural_a nationall_n and_o civil_a pri_fw-la civil_a bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 5._o num_fw-la 3._o flet._n 6._o c._n pri_fw-la of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n and_o the_o law_n civil_a tit._n ii_o the_o natural_a law_n be_v that_o which_o nature_n or_o rather_o god_n have_v instill_v into_o all_o creature_n 4._o creature_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 5._o num_fw-la 4._o 1._o the_o national_a law_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v that_o which_o all_o nation_n observe_v and_o which_o proceed_v from_o the_o natural_a law_n because_o the_o natural_a law_n be_v that_o which_o be_v common_a to_o all_o creature_n either_o on_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o sea_n or_o in_o the_o air_n 6._o air_n id._n l._n 1._o c._n 5._o num_fw-la 6._o from_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n come_v the_o conjunction_n of_o male_a and_o female_a 445._o female_a blow_n fol._n 445._o and_o that_o which_o by_o common_a consent_n be_v call_v matrimony_n but_o this_o can_v proper_o be_v term_v a_o law_n because_o it_o be_v corporate_v and_o may_v be_v see_v for_o law_n be_v incorporal_a which_o discend_v and_o be_v introduce_v by_o the_o custom_n of_o nation_n but_o from_o this_o law_n proceed_v the_o procreation_n and_o education_n of_o child_n 304._o child_n id._n 303._o &_o 304._o and_o this_o law_n of_o nation_n be_v â—olely_o common_a to_o man_n as_o religion_n towards_o god_n that_o we_o may_v become_v assist_v both_o to_o â—ur_n parent_n and_o country_n and_o repel_v force_n â—nd_a injury_n and_o from_o hence_o it_o come_v that_o â—hatosever_v we_o do_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o our_o own_o body_n be_v adjudge_v legal_a 7._o legal_a bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o num_fw-la 7._o from_o the_o law_n â—f_a nation_n also_o be_v servitude_n eod_a servitude_n id._n eod_a war_n distinct_a and_o divide_a nation_n several_a distinguish_v kingdom_n and_o dominion_n manumisâ—ons_n set_v of_o bound_n to_o land_n the_o build_n together_o and_o neighbour_a of_o house_n by_o â—hich_v mean_n we_o have_v our_o city_n borroughs_n â—nd_v villiage_n and_o general_o to_o this_o law_n of_o nation_n may_v be_v refer_v all_o manner_n of_o contract_n and_o many_o other_o thing_n 8._o thing_n id._n l._n 1._o c._n 5._o num_fw-la 6_o 7_o 8._o 2._o the_o civil_a law_n of_o england_n usual_o â—â—lled_v common_a law_n be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o â—ath_v a_o threefold_a acceptation_n for_o first_o it_o be_v â—â—ken_v general_o for_o that_o law_n which_o the_o enâ—â—â—sh_a use_n distinguish_v from_o that_o of_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o nation_n second_o it_o be_v take_v for_o these_o two_o court_n of_o judicature_n common_o call_v the_o bench._n the_o former_o king_n bench._n upper_a bench_n and_o the_o common_a pleas._n for_o when_o we_o say_v the_o cognisance_n of_o any_o cause_n belong_v to_o the_o common_a law_n we_o do_v not_o intend_v to_o any_o court_n baron_n county_n court_n pypowder_n court_n oâ—_n any_o such_o court_n but_o to_o one_o of_o these_o two_o judicatories_n who_o do_v most_o strict_o judge_v all_o causeâ—_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n 5._o law_n doct._n &_o stu._n l._n 2._o c._n 5._o eract_v l._n 1._o c._n 5._o num_fw-la 5._o although_o there_o be_v many_o case_n in_o which_o both_o in_o the_o chancery_n and_o fxchequer_n process_n be_v issue_v upon_o original_a writ_n and_o judgement_n give_v according_a to_o common_a law_n 9_o law_n blow_n fol._n 9_o and_o three_o it_o be_v take_v for_o that_o law_n which_o we_o term_v statute_n law_n 86._o law_n cook_n l._n 3._o fâ—l_n 86._o 3_o the_o law_n of_o england_n according_a to_o somâ—_n have_v six_o principal_a foundation_n viz._n the_o laâ—_n of_o reason_n 316._o reason_n plo._n f._n 316._o the_o divine_a law_n the_o general_a custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n certain_a principle_n and_o maxim_n particular_a custom_n and_o statute_n 4._o statute_n doct._n &_o stu._n l._n 1._o c._n 4._o but_o if_o we_o shall_v contract_v these_o more_o close_o we_o may_v say_v the_o law_n of_o england_n have_v twâ—_n part_n viz._n ancient_a custom_n confirm_v 〈◊〉_d the_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n and_z former_o the_o king_n oath_n and_o statute_n which_o 〈◊〉_d enact_v by_o parliament_n either_o as_o supplement_n or_o amendment_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a custom_n both_o which_o be_v derive_v from_o thâ—_n law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n as_o all_o other_o law_n â—s_v whatsoever_o which_o be_v either_o just_a 〈◊〉_d reasonable_a and_o thus_o we_o fit_o divide_v 〈◊〉_d law_n into_o write_v and_o unwritten_a 13_o unwritten_a fortc_n c._n 13_o there_o be_v other_o which_o make_v our_o laâ—_n three_o fold_n viz._n common_a law_n custom_n and_o statute_n 4._o statute_n cook_n pref_o l._n 4._o 4._o our_o write_a law_n at_o least_o that_o which_o be_v in_o use_n be_v contain_v in_o statute_n pres_fw-fr statute_n cook_n l._n 3._o pres_fw-fr which_o be_v not_o make_v according_a to_o the_o prince_n pleasure_n but_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o whole_a realm_n call_v together_o former_o by_o the_o king_n for_o this_o purpose_n 7._o purpose_n fort_n c._n 9_o &_o 18_o &_o bract_v l._n 1._o c._n 2._o nu_fw-la 7._o yet_o we_o as_o heretofore_o the_o king_n approbation_n be_v necessary_o require_v 5._o and_o in_o one_o pâ—rticuler_a the_o supreme_a powâ—â—_n wheresoever_o it_o rest_v as_o in_o time_n past_o the_o king_n be_v above_o the_o law_n for_o that_o it_o may_v grant_v privilege_n at_o pleasure_n as_o to_o single_a person_n as_o to_o corporation_n and_o college_n provide_v they_o become_v not_o injurious_a to_o a_o three_o person_n 28._o person_n f._n n._n b._n fol._n 28._o in_o which_o if_o any_o doubt_n arise_v some_o say_v itself_o alone_o have_v sole_a power_n of_o interpret_n 14._o interpret_n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 16._o num_fw-la 3._o brit._n c._n 63._o flet._n l._n 3._o c._n 14._o although_o other_o ascribe_v this_o power_n also_o unto_o the_o judge_n that_o such_o charrers_n may_v receive_v construction_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o law_n altonwoods_n law_n cook_n l._n 1._o case_n altonwoods_n 6._o but_o sometime_o it_o fall_v out_o case_n arise_v which_o be_v neither_o provide_v for_o by_o custom_n or_o statute_n sufficient_o and_o there_o the_o judge_n do_v decide_v by_o like_a reason_n proceed_v accorcord_v to_o former_a precedent_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n do_v many_o time_n meat_n together_o to_o argue_v such_o case_n demurrer_n case_n new_a term_n of_o the_o law_n tit_n demurrer_n but_o if_o any_o such_o disficulty_n chance_v to_o happen_v which_o require_v a_o high_a search_n than_o judgement_n be_v recite_v until_o the_o next_o parliament_n by_o the_o council_n of_o which_o court_n it_o be_v determine_v 7._o determine_v bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 2._o num_fw-la 7._o 7._o the_o unwritten_a law_n consist_v of_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o be_v observe_v for_o law_n 21_o law_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 3._o num_fw-la 2._o littl._n l._n 2._o c._n 10._o cook'l_n 4._o foe_n 21_o and_o to_o the_o observation_n of_o which_o our_o king_n at_o their_o coronation_n be_v oblige_v 34._o oblige_v fort._n c._n 34._o by_o oath_n notwithstanding_o any_o of_o these_o custom_n may_v be_v alter_v or_o null_v by_o a_o statute_n 465._o statute_n doct._n stu._n l._n 2._o c._n 5._o blow_n 465._o a_o custom_n be_v either_o general_a or_o particular_a a_o
general_a custom_n be_v that_o which_o be_v observe_v through_o the_o whole_a realm_n and_o be_v more_o proper_o term_v by_o we_o a_o common_a right_n 5._o right_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o nu_fw-la 2._o etc._n etc._n 3._o num_fw-la 5._o a_o particular_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o force_n in_o divers_a particular_a county_n city_n burrough_n village_n and_o manor_n 102_o manor_n cook_n l._n 4._o fol._n 78._o doct._n stu._n l._n 1._o c._n 8._o &_o 10._o n._n l._n entr._n tit_n custom_n kitch_n c._n custom_n fol._n 102_o the_o public_a judicatory_n also_o of_o england_n have_v their_o custom_n likewise_o which_o be_v observe_v as_o strict_o as_o law_n 93._o law_n cook_n l._n 2._o fol._n 16._o &_o 17._o l._n 4._o f._n 23_o 24._o &_o stu._n c._n f._n 93._o but_o any_o custom_n which_o be_v repugnant_a either_o to_o law_n or_o reason_n be_v to_o be_v abolish_v 400._o abolish_v blow_n fol._n 400._o 8._o natural_a law_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v immutable_a 4._o immutable_a blow_n 88_o elet_n l._n 1._o c._n 4._o but_o the_o law_n of_o england_n may_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o those_o by_o who_o advice_n it_o be_v first_o ordain_v to_o be_v alter_v 7._o alter_v bract._n l._n 1_o c._n 2._o num_fw-la 7._o yet_o so_o as_o it_o do_v neither_o oppugn_v reason_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n 9_o now_o that_o law_n concern_v which_o we_o shall_v treat_v at_o present_a belong_v only_o to_o person_n thing_n or_o action_n according_a to_o the_o right_n and_o custom_n of_o england_n and_o because_o person_n be_v the_o most_o worthy_a as_o for_o who_o sake_n all_o law_n be_v ordain_v therefore_o we_o discourse_v first_o of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o state_n and_o 3._o doct._n stu._n l._n 1._o c._n 19_o special_a justice_n l._n 3._o condition_n which_o be_v various_a and_o diverse_a 1._o diverse_a bract._n l_o 1._o c._n 6_o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o of_o the_o right_n of_o person_n tit._n iii_o the_o first_o and_o short_a division_n of_o person_n be_v this_o that_o all_o man_n be_v either_o free_a or_o servant_n 1._o servant_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o 1._o now_o liberty_n be_v a_o natural_a faculty_n in_o every_o one_o to_o do_v what_o seem_v good_a to_o they_o so_o it_o be_v neither_o against_o law_n or_o authority_n 4._o authority_n bract._n eod_a nu_fw-la 2._o &_o l._n 2._o c._n 19_o num_fw-la 4._o or_o it_o may_v be_v define_v a_o evacuation_n of_o servitude_n because_o it_o be_v direct_o contrary_a unto_o it_o 2._o it_o fl._n l._n 1._o c._n 2._o 2._o servitude_n be_v a_o constitution_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n by_o which_o contrary_a to_o nature_n one_o be_v subject_v to_o another_o power_n and_o it_o be_v so_o call_v from_o servando_fw-la and_o not_o serviendo_fw-la for_o ancient_o prince_n use_v to_o sell_v their_o slave_n and_o for_o that_o cause_n they_o do_v reserve_v rather_o than_o kill_v they_o 77._o they_o brit._n f._n 77._o wherefore_o when_o they_o be_v afterward_o set_v at_o liberty_n they_o be_v call_v manumissi_fw-la as_o be_v deliver_v out_o of_o the_o hand_n 3._o hand_n bract._n eod_a num_fw-la 3._o brit._n c._n 31._o spe._n just_a c._n 2._o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 3._o 3._o servant_n be_v either_o those_o which_o be_v bear_v so_o or_o make_v so_o those_o which_o be_v bear_v so_o come_v from_o native_n father_n and_o mother_n whether_o they_o be_v marry_v or_o not_o which_o be_v true_a both_o in_o native_n and_o they_o which_o be_v free_a 11._o free_a lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 11._o whether_o they_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o their_o lord_n or_o out_o of_o his_o power_n also_o that_o be_v a_o servant_n who_o mother_n be_v a_o native_a be_v not_o marry_v notwithstanding_o that_o the_o father_n be_v free_a because_o in_o that_o case_n as_o a_o common_a conception_n it_o follow_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o mother_n 2._o mother_n bract._n eod_a n._n 4._o brit._n d._n c._n 31._o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 3._o spec._n just_o d._n c._n 2._o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o issue_n of_o a_o free_a woman_n illegitimate_a though_o beget_v by_o a_o servant_n and_o it_o be_v bear_v free_a because_o in_o our_o law_n it_o be_v repute_v nullius_fw-la filius_fw-la 34._o filius_fw-la bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o instit_fw-la jâ—r_n come_v c_o 34._o those_o which_o be_v servant_n bear_v we_o term_v servant_n by_o prescription_n as_o those_o also_o may_v happy_o be_v call_v free_a by_o prescription_n who_o have_v gain_v their_o freedom_n through_o the_o negligence_n of_o their_o lord_n 23._o lord_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 10._o n._n 13._o fl._n l._n 1._o c._n 7._o &_o l._n 4._o c._n 11._o dyer_n fol._n 60_o n_o 23._o 4._o those_o which_o we_o call_v native_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o with_o those_o who_o the_o roman_n call_v adscriptim_fw-la gleba_fw-la namely_o those_o which_o serve_v the_o land_n together_o with_o their_o lord_n and_o be_v mancipate_v and_o alien_v with_o their_o estate_n 6._o estate_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o these_o we_o term_v villain_n regardant_n 2._o regardant_n littl._n l._n 2._o c._n 11._o brit._n c._n 66._o fol._n 165._o b._n bra._n l._n 1._o c._n 11._o n._n 1._o 2._o spec._n just_o l._n 2._o because_o they_o do_v villis_fw-la inservire_fw-la of_o who_o the_o ancient_a writer_n of_o our_o law_n speak_v thus_o a_o native_a servant_n be_v such_o a_o one_o who_o be_v beget_v by_o a_o free_a man_n of_o a_o woman_n who_o be_v a_o villain_n and_o life_n in_o a_o villainage_n whether_o they_o be_v marry_v or_o not_o but_o at_o this_o day_n the_o issue_n which_o be_v beget_v by_o a_o free_a man_n of_o a_o native_a be_v free_a g._n free_a f._n w._n fol._n 78._o g._n 5._o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a if_o a_o villain_n go_v in_o unto_o a_o free_a woman_n the_o issue_n shall_v be_v free_a but_o if_o it_o be_v beget_v between_o the_o villain_n of_o several_a lord_n than_o it_o be_v material_a to_o observe_v in_o who_o villainage_n it_o be_v bear_v and_o who_o it_o ought_v to_o follow_v whether_o father_n or_o mother_n according_a as_o they_o be_v either_o marry_v or_o unmarried_a or_o according_a as_o they_o be_v either_o within_o or_o from_o under_o the_o power_n of_o their_o lord_n also_o if_o it_o be_v the_o issue_n of_o a_o freeman_n and_o a_o single_a woman_n a_o villain_n the_o issue_n shall_v be_v native_a because_o it_o follow_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o mother_n but_o if_o of_o a_o she_o villain_n and_o a_o freeman_n marry_v out_o of_o the_o villinage_n and_o in_o libero_fw-la thoro_n it_o shall_v be_v repute_v free_a and_o see_v of_o a_o freewoman_n and_o freeman_n 3._o freeman_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o n._n 4._o brit._n c._n 31._o fl._n l._n 1._o c._n 3._o 6._o those_o which_o be_v make_v servant_n be_v make_v so_o by_o captivity_n from_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n for_o when_o war_n begin_v captivity_n follow_v a_o freeman_n may_v also_o be_v make_v a_o villain_n by_o law_n namely_o by_o his_o own_o confession_n and_o acknowledgement_n make_v in_o one_o of_o the_o court_n the_o former_o the_o king_n court_n superior_a court_n 11._o court_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o n._n 4._o brit._n c._n 31._o &_o 43._o fle._n l._n 1._o c._n 3_o 5._o lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 11._o a_o freeman_n may_v also_o become_v a_o villain_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_n 6._o ancient_n bract._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o if_o be_v once_o manumiss_a he_o shall_v happen_v to_o be_v call_v back_o again_o for_o his_o ingratitude_n into_o servitude_n but_o this_o by_o the_o mean_n be_v uncontradict_v 46._o uncontradict_v fort._n c._n 46._o also_o a_o freeman_n may_v be_v make_v a_o villain_n if_o at_o first_o be_v make_v either_o clerk_n or_o monk_n he_o shall_v afterward_o return_v to_o a_o secular_a life_n because_o such_o a_o one_o ought_v to_o be_v restore_v to_o his_o lord_n 3._o lord_n brac._n l._n 1._o c._n 6._o n._n 4._o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 3._o those_o which_o be_v make_v villain_n be_v call_v villain_n in_o gross_a because_o they_o be_v of_o themselves_o without_o be_v appendant_a to_o any_o estate_n 11_o estate_n lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 11_o but_o all_o that_o be_v villain_n in_o gross_a be_v not_o servant_n make_v because_o there_o may_v be_v villain_n issue_n between_o those_o which_o be_v our_o captive_n or_o by_o any_o other_o of_o this_o way_n become_v servant_n which_o we_o soon_o as_o bear_v like_o the_o issue_n of_o native_n fall_v immediate_o into_o the_o power_n of_o the_o lord_n 7._o a_o freewoman_n be_v not_o make_v a_o villain_n by_o marry_v with_o a_o villain_n and_o this_o be_v in_o favour_n of_o liberty_n against_o the_o common_a rule_n of_o our_o law_n which_o speak_v the_o wife_n to_o be_v the_o same_o flesh_n
of_o patronage_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o fee_n which_o we_o possess_v and_o these_o 〈◊〉_d term_v the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n patronus_fw-la fee_n prat_n â—i_fw-la lexicon_fw-la verb._n patronus_fw-la and_o theâ—â—_n be_v very_o few_o infant_n that_o succeed_v to_o good_a estate_n who_o escape_v their_o wardship_n and_o custody_n for_o as_o there_o be_v none_o with_o we_o except_o 〈◊〉_d crown_n who_o be_v seize_v of_o their_o estate_n anâ—_n tenement_n in_o a_o free_a or_o large_a title_n thâ—â—_n fee_n so_o be_v there_o scarce_o any_o fee_n less_o worth_a but_o that_o it_o be_v bind_v to_o the_o lord_n or_o a_o patroâ—_n by_o knight_n service_n now_o those_o thing_n whicâ—_n be_v proper_a to_o this_o service_n be_v guard_n maâ—â—age_n and_o relief_n 4_o relief_n lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4_o 1._o a_o infant_n heir_n who_o succeed_v his_o ancestor_n 4._o ancestor_n f._n b._n 262._o fletl_n 1._o c._n 11._o dyer_n 362._o gla._n l._n 7._o c._n 9_o bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 32._o brit._n c._n 66._o lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4._o in_o knight_n service_n remain_v under_o the_o guard_n and_o custody_n of_o his_o lord_n uâ—till_o he_o come_v to_o perfect_a age_n for_o before_o thâ—â—_n age_n he_o be_v not_o adjudge_v capable_a of_o those_o warâ—ick_a accomplishment_n requisite_a for_o a_o knight_n â—nd_v due_a to_o his_o lord_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o teâ—ure_n notwithstanding_o that_o it_o fall_v out_o sometimes_o that_o age_n be_v dispense_v with_o some_o be_v elect_v into_o the_o order_n of_o knighthood_n before_o â—hey_n be_v complete_a one_o and_o twenty_o year_n old_a but_o our_o law_n suppose_v these_o to_o be_v able_a to_o do_v those_o office_n due_a to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n wherefore_o they_o be_v out_o of_o the_o custody_n though_o infant_n 267._o infant_n brook_z tit_n gard._n 42._o &_o 72_o fulbeck_n in_o paral_n f._n 29._o plough_v 267._o 2._o and_o this_o right_n of_o custody_n spring_v from_o â—his_fw-la reason_n that_o since_o he_o who_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n be_v oblige_v according_a to_o the_o agreement_n at_o the_o first_o invest_n of_o the_o estate_n â—o_o follow_v his_o lord_n as_o a_o knight_n in_o the_o king_n war_n it_o be_v presume_v that_o no_o man_n will_v be_v more_o careful_a in_o train_v up_o the_o infant_n in_o â—eats_n of_o arm_n than_o the_o lord_n himself_o 16._o himself_o fort._n c._n 44._o polid._n virg._n l._n 16._o 3._o but_o if_o such_o a_o heir_n be_v female_a she_o remain_v in_o custody_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_n 3._o ancient_n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 37._o n._n 3._o but_o till_o fifteen_o and_o according_a to_o our_o modern_n no_o long_o than_o sixteen_o year_n of_o age_n 4_o age_n lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4_o â—or_a no_o soon_o do_v they_o come_v to_o that_o age_n but_o they_o be_v immediate_o presume_v to_o be_v able_a to_o govern_v their_o house_n and_o to_o marry_v such_o a_o husband_n that_o shall_v be_v capable_a of_o do_v the_o service_n due_a to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n ibid._n fee_n bract._n &_o lit._n ibid._n but_o if_o she_o be_v complete_a fourteen_o year_n old_a at_o the_o death_n of_o her_o ancestor_n neither_o her_o body_n or_o land_n shall_v fall_v under_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o lord_n 7._o lord_n lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4._o mert._n c._n 6._o west_n 1._o c_o 22._o instit_fw-la jur._n com._n c._n 24._o br._n tit_n gard._n 7._o 4._o but_o if_o in_o this_o case_n it_o come_v in_o question_n whether_o the_o heir_n be_v a_o infant_n or_o not_o he_o shall_v remain_v in_o custody_n until_o it_o be_v determine_v b._n determine_v brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 37._o brit._n c._n 66_o fol._n 167._o b._n 5._o if_o a_o knight_n fee_n descend_v to_o a_o heir_n 〈◊〉_d the_o mother_n side_n the_o father_n live_v shalâ—_n have_v the_o guard_n of_o his_o body_n and_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o land_n for_o it_o be_v a_o maxim_n that_o no_o one_o as_o to_o his_o person_n shall_v fall_v into_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o lord_n his_o father_n live_v 4._o live_v lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4._o 6._o if_o land_n discend_v to_o a_o wife_n who_o after_o issue_n have_v by_o her_o husband_n die_v so_o that_o the_o husband_n for_o default_n of_o have_v possession_n 〈◊〉_d the_o land_n in_o the_o life_n of_o his_o wife_n can_v be_v tenant_n by_o the_o courtesy_n of_o england_n in_o this_o case_n the_o issue_n unless_o it_o be_v heir_n to_o the_o father_n as_o be_v his_o elder_a son_n shall_v be_v in_o custody_n and_o if_o such_o issue_n be_v a_o female_a and_o a_o infant_n at_o the_o death_n of_o her_o mother_n she_o shall_v remain_v if_o her_o father_n have_v a_o son_n live_v in_o custody_n notwithstanding_o her_o father_n be_v alive_a 143._o alive_a f._n b._n fol._n 143._o 7._o lord_n of_o a_o knight_n fee_n may_v transfer_v the_o guard_n of_o his_o tenant_n to_o another_o from_o whence_o there_o arise_v this_o distinction_n of_o guardian_n iâ—_n law_n and_o guardian_n in_o tail_n guardian_n iâ—_n law_n be_v the_o lord_n himself_o guardian_n in_o tail_n be_v he_o to_o who_o the_o lord_n have_v grant_v the_o the_o custody_n of_o his_o heir_n 4._o heir_n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 37._o n._n 3._o lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4._o 8._o there_o be_v also_o a_o guardian_n simple_o and_o original_o so_o call_v and_o a_o guardian_n by_o accident_n from_o the_o cause_n of_o custody_n original_o be_v he_o who_o in_o right_n of_o his_o fee_n have_v the_o custody_n of_o his_o tenant_n causary_o be_v he_o who_o for_o that_o he_o have_v the_o custody_n of_o his_o own_o tenant_n be_v yet_o a_o infant_n have_v upon_o that_o score_n the_o custody_n of_o another_o who_o be_v tenant_n to_o his_o ward_n 38._o ward_n f._n b._n fol._n 139._o d._n dyer_n 123_o n._n 38._o for_o a_o infant_n can_v be_v guardiâ—â—_n of_o a_o infant_n 11._o infant_n flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 11._o â—_o when_o there_o be_v a_o heir_n male_a or_o female_a â—ho_n have_v many_o capital_a lord_n they_o can_v 〈◊〉_d have_v the_o custody_n of_o the_o heir_n and_o therefore_o one_o must_v be_v prefer_v before_o the_o rest_n â—nd_v that_o be_v he_o who_o first_o enfeoff_v the_o tenant_n 〈◊〉_d knight_n service_n the_o rest_n shall_v only_o be_v permit_v the_o custody_n of_o the_o land_n which_o â—â—e_v hold_v of_o their_o fee_n 2._o fee_n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 37._o n._n 4_o etc._n etc._n stamf._n prerog_n c._n 2._o 10._o but_o if_o any_o heir_n hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o â—â—pite_n by_o knight_n service_n whether_o he_o have_v â—â—her_a lord_n or_o not_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v prefer_v before_o the_o rest_n to_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o â—eir_n and_o that_o notwithstanding_o priority_n or_o posteriority_n of_o infeoff_v for_o that_o the_o king_n â—ath_v no_o equal_a or_o superior_a in_o his_o realm_n sup_n realm_n glan_n l._n 7._o c._n 10._o bract._n &_o stam._n ut_fw-la sup_n 11._o a_o ward_n who_o be_v once_o free_v from_o the_o custody_n of_o his_o guardian_n as_o by_o marry_v or_o contract_v matrimony_n with_o his_o consent_n â—â—all_v not_o return_v again_o into_o the_o custody_n and_o â—â—at_o notwithstanding_o he_o be_v under_o fourteen_o â—ears_n of_o age_n or_o afterward_o that_o he_o shall_v marâ—y_v before_o 21._o 4._o 21._o bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 38._o n._n 1._o lit._n l._n 2._o c_o 4._o 12._o if_o there_o shall_v be_v many_o daughter_n coâ—cites_v who_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n they_o â—hall_v be_v all_o under_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o capital_a â—ord_n and_o none_o under_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o mother_n 6._o mother_n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 37._o n._n 6._o of_o the_o legal_a guardianship_n of_o parent_n tit._n xviii_o the_o father_n be_v prefer_v before_o all_o other_o to_o the_o custody_n of_o his_o elder_a soâ—_n for_o if_o a_o inheritance_n fall_v to_o such_o a_o infaâ—â—_n who_o have_v a_o father_n live_v notwithstanding_o that_o the_o land_n if_o they_o be_v hold_v in_o knight_n service_n be_v in_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o fee_n yet_o the_o body_n of_o the_o heir_n shall_v remaiâ—_n with_o his_o father_n 37._o father_n lit._n l._n 2._o c._n 4_o cook_n l._n 3._o case_n rat._n foe_n .._o 37._o 1._o so_o also_o the_o mother_n of_o a_o infant_n 〈◊〉_d hold_v in_o socage_n shall_v have_v the_o custody_n 〈◊〉_d the_o body_n and_o land_n of_o the_o heir_n before_o aâ—â—_n kindred_n either_o of_o the_o father_n side_n or_o mothâ—â—_n side_n of_o fiduciary_a guardianship_n tit._n xix_o that_o tutela_n fiduciaria_n which_o the_o romanâ—_n impose_v upon_o the_o male_a child_n theiâ—_n parent_n be_v dead_a and_o upon_o the_o childreâ—_n of_o patron_n our_o ancestor_n seem_v whole_o 〈◊〉_d have_v neglect_v concern_v the_o first_o weâ—_n have_v nothing_o determine_v save_o that_o which_o we_o mention_v before_o of_o the_o legal_a guardianship_n
the_o son_n a_o knight_n or_o to_o marry_v the_o daughter_n quitrent_n and_o other_o which_o for_o that_o they_o depend_v upon_o divers_a custom_n of_o several_a place_n and_o upon_o the_o several_a will_n of_o lord_n be_v impossible_a punctual_o to_o reckon_v 58._o reckon_v bro._n tit._n tenor_n n._n 50._o &_o 53._o &_o 58._o 29._o secta_fw-la ad_fw-la curiam_fw-la be_v a_o service_n which_o bind_v the_o tenant_n to_o frequent_v the_o court_n of_o his_o lord_n 158._o lord_n f._n n._n b._n fol._n 158._o but_o they_o be_v not_o feodary_n alone_o who_o be_v oblige_v to_o this_o for_o we_o have_v mention_v make_v of_o a_o fourfold_a suit_n of_o court_n one_o by_o covenant_n and_o oligation_n viz._n when_o another_o who_o be_v not_o the_o lord_n of_o my_o fee_n covenant_n with_o i_o or_o my_o ancestor_n though_o not_o his_o feodary_n to_o perform_v this_o suit_n of_o court_n another_o by_o custom_n where_o any_o one_o and_o his_o ancestor_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n be_v wont_a to_o come_v to_o the_o court_n of_o another_o and_o his_o ancestor_n though_o not_o lord_n of_o their_o fee_n the_o three_o we_o may_v call_v a_o servile_a suit_n which_o the_o feodary_n perform_v to_o the_o lord_n under_o the_o notion_n of_o service_n the_o four_o be_v royal_a by_o which_o be_v find_v to_o go_v twice_o a_o year_n to_o the_o sheriff_n court_n or_o leet_n court_v that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v ignorant_a of_o what_o be_v do_v there_o for_o the_o peace_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n now_o our_o author_n call_v it_o royal_a though_o by_o corruption_n some_o rearm_v it_o real_a because_o the_o main_a reason_n of_o it_o be_v to_o perform_v legiance_n to_o the_o king_n for_o there_o all_o above_o 12._o year_n old_a sug_n old_a term_n of_o the_o law_n tit._n sug_n take_v the_o oath_n before_o mention_v 30._o secta_fw-la ad_fw-la molendinum_fw-la be_v a_o service_n by_o which_o the_o feodary_n as_o bind_v by_o custom_n to_o carry_v their_o corn_n to_o be_v ground_n at_o the_o mill_n of_o their_o lord_n 122._o lord_n f._n n._n b._n sol_fw-la 122._o 31._o heriot_n otherwise_o hariat_fw-la be_v compound_v of_o the_o saxon_a word_n here_o &_o gait_n here_o signify_v a_o army_n and_o gait_n a_o journey_n and_o it_o be_v a_o tribute_n payedunto_o the_o lord_n when_o he_o go_v to_o war_n heriot_n war_n lamb._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d vero._n heriot_n bracton_n say_v that_o heriot_n be_v alone_o with_o relief_n 36._o relief_n l._n 2._o c._n 36._o and_o britton_n 18._o britton_n c._n 69._o &_o flet._n l._n 1._o c._n 18._o that_o it_o be_v the_o gift_n of_o the_o feodary_n at_o his_o death_n give_v to_o his_o lord_n by_o which_o he_o leave_v unto_o he_o the_o best_a beast_n he_o have_v or_o some_o other_o thing_n according_a to_o assignment_n and_o he_o say_v that_o this_o do_v not_o touch_v the_o lord_n nor_o the_o heir_n or_o inheritance_n not_o that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v liken_v to_o relief_n but_o that_o it_o rather_o spring_v from_o the_o love_n and_o courtesy_n of_o the_o tenant_n come_v either_o from_o a_o right_n or_o necessity_n of_o duty_n and_o that_o both_o from_o villain_n and_o free-tenant_n heriot_n be_v at_o this_o day_n a_o service_n by_o which_o the_o tenant_n be_v bind_v to_o leave_v to_o his_o lord_n the_o best_a beast_n or_o for_o defect_n of_o that_o some_o other_o movable_n which_o he_o have_v at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o death_n and_o this_o be_v two-sold_a namely_o servile_a which_o tenant_n in_o fee_n simple_a pay_v or_o constumary_n which_o be_v â—yed_v by_o tenant_n for_o life_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n 5._o custom_n bro._n tit._n heriot_n n._n 5._o of_o uses_n and_o profit_v tit._n iu._n it_o appear_v from_o what_o have_v be_v say_v that_o service_n be_v either_o real_a or_o personal_a 39_o personal_a brac._n l._n 4._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 39_o 〈◊〉_d real_a we_o have_v already_o speak_v personal_a â—re_n such_o as_o be_v due_a unto_o the_o person_n ibid._n person_n id._n ibid._n and_o â—is_fw-la kind_n be_v twofold_a one_o due_a from_o the_o perâ—on_n of_o one_o to_o the_o person_n of_o another_o of_o which_o also_o we_o have_v make_v mention_n before_o the_o other_o which_o be_v due_a from_o a_o estate_n to_o a_o person_n of_o which_o sort_n be_v profit_n use_n habitation_n wherefore_o use_n and_o profit_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o perâ—on_n to_o who_o they_o be_v due_a be_v a_o right_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v due_a a_o service_n 1._o service_n id._n l._n 4._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 37._o n._n 1._o 1._o since_o there_o be_v none_o in_o england_n beside_o the_o sovereign_a power_n who_o have_v a_o plenary_a and_o absolute_a dominion_n over_o immovables_n it_o be_v not_o hard_a to_o discern_v who_o they_o be_v that_o be_v possessor_n of_o estate_n as_o to_o the_o profit_n the_o estate_n be_v not_o whole_o they_o which_o we_o shall_v term_v usufructuarii_fw-la and_o who_o nor_o namely_o whether_o all_o subject_n by_o what_o title_n soever_o they_o hold_v or_o only_o some_o who_o hold_v by_o this_o or_o that_o title_n for_o those_o which_o have_v a_o fee_n have_v only_o a_o power_n profitable_a 4._o profitable_a wesenbec_n dâ—_n feod_a c._n 1._o n._n 4._o which_o according_a to_o the_o feodists_n cease_v they_o violate_v the_o faith_n due_a to_o their_o lord_n 〈◊〉_d not_o by_o our_o law_n save_v in_o case_n of_o felony_n 30_o felony_n stanf._n plac_fw-la coron_n l._n 3._o c._n 30_o now_o he_o which_o have_v any_o use_n or_o profit_n loâ—â—_n have_v some_o way_n or_o other_o a_o power_n also_o 2._o also_o bra._n l._n 4_o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 36._o n._n 2._o moreover_o he_o which_o have_v a_o fee-farm_n whoâ—_n the_o civil_a law_n of_o the_o roman_n call_v eâ—phytenticus_n agre_z eâ—phytenticus_n vectigal_n agre_z which_o be_v one_o that_o have_v anâ—_n state_n to_o improve_v although_o he_o have_v a_o perpetuity_n yet_o he_o pay_v a_o yearly_a rent_n by_o 〈◊〉_d of_o a_o acknowledgement_n of_o the_o seignory_n 66._o seignory_n brit._n c._n 66._o last_o he_o that_o have_v a_o freehold_a and_o abuse_v it_o be_v liable_a to_o a_o action_n 〈◊〉_d waste_n 12_o waste_n f._n n._n b._n foe_o 55_o dr._n stu._n l._n 1._o c_o 23_o flet_fw-la l_o 1._o c._n 12_o which_o shall_v not_o be_v be_v 〈◊〉_d sole_a lord_n and_o have_v absolute_a power_n in_o 〈◊〉_d dispose_v of_o it_o but_o bracton_n be_v very_o clear_a 〈◊〉_d declare_v what_o title_n our_o lawyer_n incâ—â—â—_n under_o the_o notion_n of_o use_n and_o profit_n for_o 〈◊〉_d stinguish_v between_o a_o freehold_n and_o aâ—â—_n state_n in_o profit_n he_o be_v much_o more_o diligentâ—_n distinguish_v between_o fee_n 83_o fee_n l_o 4_o tr_fw-la 1_o c._n 36_o blow_n foe_n 83_o and_o fâ—â—_v farm_n or_o farm_v of_o the_o profit_n for_o thâ—_n in_o those_o the_o possessor_n have_v a_o perpetuity_n in_o theâ—â—_n only_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n whence_o it_o follow_v thâ—_n he_o only_o be_v a_o usufructuary_n in_o a_o estate_n 〈◊〉_d we_o who_o have_v land_n or_o tenement_n for_o teâ—_n of_o year_n or_o at_o the_o will_n of_o another_o or_o 〈◊〉_d who_o have_v land_n by_o way_n of_o pledge_n or_o security_n which_o we_o call_v mortgage_n or_o by_o way_n of_o eâ—â—cution_n who_o we_o call_v according_a to_o the_o â—â—versity_n of_o the_o cause_n tenant_n by_o elegit_fw-la tenant_n by_o statute_n staple_n or_o statute_n merchant_n or_o last_o he_o who_o have_v the_o land_n of_o a_o 〈◊〉_d in_o right_n of_o guardianship_n until_o he_o come_v to_o full_a age_n now_o a_o estate_n of_o profit_n may_v be_v create_v with_o we_o either_o by_o gift_n and_o bequest_n or_o by_o conditional_a agreement_n 12._o agreement_n inst_z come_v c._n 5_o flet_n l._n 1._o c._n 12._o and_o it_o appear_v that_o our_o ancestor_n do_v sever_v the_o profit_n of_o a_o fee_n from_o the_o propriety_n until_o it_o be_v change_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n case_n parliament_n 27._o h._n 8._o c._n 10._o coâ—_n l._n 1._o chudleys_n case_n but_o those_o estate_n which_o be_v hold_v by_o copy_n of_o court_n roll_n or_o by_o the_o verge_n at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n can_v be_v lease_v out_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o lord_n above_o a_o year_n come_v year_n instit_fw-la come_v nor_o can_v they_o be_v bequeath_v or_o alien_v by_o any_o agreement_n without_o be_v first_o surrender_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o from_o thence_o receive_v by_o he_o to_o who_o the_o former_a tenant_n desire_v to_o alienate_v they_o 15._o they_o id_fw-la c._n 15._o 3._o it_o be_v hold_v also_o among_o we_o that_o use_v and_o profit_n may_v be_v of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v extinguish_v by_o use_n and_o daily_a change_n so_o that_o without_o all_o doubt_n one_o may_v bequeath_v or_o by_o agreement_n create_v a_o use_n of_o servant_n money_n ox_n cow_n
le_fw-fr case_n and_o trespass_n bro._n tresp_n f._n n._n b._n foe_n 85._o and_o 92._o fulb._n foe_n 69._o blow_n second_o part_n 12._o 13._o dier_n foe_n 36._o n._n 38._o f._n 208._o n._n 14._o foe_n 285._o n._n 40._o 2_o he_o also_o be_v liable_a to_o this_o action_n who_o damnify_v or_o hurt_v another_o by_o accident_n though_o it_o be_v not_o through_o any_o fault_n and_o deceâ—t_n 17._o deceâ—t_n bract._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 36._o flet._n l._n 4._o c._n 17._o of_o trespass_n and_o injury_n tit._n iu._n we_o have_v declare_v how_o that_o under_o this_o general_a notion_n of_o trespass_n we_o comprehend_v every_o breach_n of_o the_o law_n but_o we_o shall_v treat_v here_o especial_o of_o that_o which_o redound_v to_o the_o disparagement_n and_o contumely_n of_o the_o person_n injure_v as_o when_o one_o strike_v beat_v wound_n or_o maines_z another_z 1._o another_z bract._n l._n 3._o c._n 19_o â—_o 1._o flet._n l._n 2._o c._n 1._o or_o where_o without_o any_o force_n he_o asperce_v the_o credit_n and_o reputation_n of_o another_o by_o approbrious_a word_n 15._o word_n id._n ib._n tr_fw-la 2._o c._n 24._o n._n 3._o flet._n l._n 4._o c._n 40_o 41._o dier_n foe_n 105._o n._n 15._o or_o by_o disperse_v libel_n or_o false_o imprison_v he_o 26._o he_o dier_n foe_n 72._o n._n 6._o foe_n 75._o n._n 21._o foe_n 118_o n._n 77._o foe_n 236._o n._n 26._o or_o ill_o entreat_v he_o in_o any_o such_o like_a sort_n 19_o sort_n bract._n l._n 3._o c_o 19_o 1._o they_o seem_v also_o to_o be_v guilty_a of_o this_o trespass_n who_o plot_n and_o imagine_v unjust_o against_o the_o life_n or_o fortune_n of_o other_o who_o our_o lawyer_n call_v conspirator_n n._n conspirator_n dier_n foe_n 85._o n._n 87._o foe_n 244._o n._n 61._o f._n n._n b_o 114_o g._n 115._o a._n l._n 116._o m._n n._n 2._o nor_o be_v we_o only_o capable_a of_o be_v injure_v in_o ourselves_o but_o also_o in_o the_o person_n of_o those_o who_o be_v under_o our_o power_n as_o of_o wife_n 79._o wife_n bro._n tresp_n 43._o fulb._n 79._o child_n 90._o child_n id._n 90._o and_o servant_n servant_n servant_n id._n 80._o and_o bo._n enter_v trespass_n in_o servant_n and_o villain_n 24._o villain_n bro._n villeinage_n 24._o trespass_n 53._o villeinage_n 24._o 3._o a_o trespass_n may_v be_v either_o great_a or_o lesser_a according_a to_o the_o circumstance_n now_o the_o circumstance_n we_o account_v seven_o viz._n the_o cause_n which_o move_v the_o actor_n the_o person_n as_o well_o of_o he_o that_o commit_v as_o of_o he_o who_o sufer_v the_o injury_n the_o place_n time_n quality_n quantity_n and_o event_n and_o these_o be_v material_a either_o as_o to_o the_o aggravate_v or_o diminish_v the_o punishment_n 1_o punishment_n brac_n l_o 3_o tr_fw-la 1_n c_o 6_o flet_n l_o 1_o c_o 16_o and_o l_o 2_o c_o 1_o 4._o we_o call_v a_o contumely_n or_o slanderous_a and_o injurious_a word_n speak_v against_o any_o nobâ—â—_n man_n scandalum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la which_o deserve_v 〈◊〉_d great_a punishment_n than_o any_o other_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o honour_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o person_n injure_v 11_o injure_v 3_o e_o 1_o c_o 33_o 1_o r_o 2_o c_o 5_o and_o 12_o r_n 2_o c_o 11_o unless_o it_o can_v be_v any_o way_n just_o excuse_v 37_o excuse_v dier_n foe_o 285_o n_o 37_o but_o it_o be_v much_o doubt_v whether_o slander_v speak_v against_o a_o prince_n may_v be_v refer_v hither_o or_o not_o 19_o not_o id_fw-la 155_o n_o 19_o 5_o this_o action_n as_o all_o other_o action_n of_o trespass_n lie_v against_o he_o through_o who_o fault_n and_o by_o who_o will_n the_o injury_n be_v do_v 6._o do_v brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1_o c._n 6._o and_o be_v give_v for_o the_o repair_n the_o damage_n of_o the_o party_n injure_v as_o himself_o esteem_v they_o and_o the_o jury_n who_o in_o this_o case_n be_v judge_n shall_v give_v ib._n give_v id._n ib._n 6._o nor_o will_v word_n which_o be_v too_o general_a 4_o general_a coo._n l._n 4._o sâ—anhops_n case_n foe_n 15_o n_o 4_o or_o which_o have_v a_o dubious_a interpretation_n c._n interpretation_n id._n ib_o hext_n c._n or_o false_a accusation_n before_o a_o competent_a 3._o competent_a id._n ib_o buckler_n case_n n_o 3._o judge_n give_v colour_n to_o this_o action_n beside_o that_o it_o may_v be_v defend_v by_o justification_n 17_o justification_n flet._n l._n 4._o c._n 17_o and_o adnul_v by_o the_o dissimulation_n or_o tergiverfation_n of_o the_o party_n injure_v 28_o injure_v brac._n l._n 4._o tr_fw-la 1._o c_o 28_o of_o obligation_n which_o arise_v from_o impute_a crime_n tit._n v._n a_o judge_n with_o we_o according_a to_o some_o make_v the_o suit_n his_o own_o by_o misjudging_a 15._o misjudging_a brac_n l_o 5_o tr_fw-la 5_o c_o 15._o but_o at_o this_o day_n the_o party_n who_o be_v prejudice_v and_o wrong_v by_o a_o judgement_n rather_o remove_v his_o cause_n to_o another_o court_n either_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o error_n if_o the_o court_n be_v a_o court_n of_o record_n or_o otherwise_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o false_a judgement_n and_o require_v amendment_n and_o correction_n of_o the_o former_a sentence_n 8_o sentence_n 27_o eliz._n c_o 8_o 1._o yet_o be_v there_o obligation_n with_o we_o also_o from_o impute_a crime_n as_o in_o case_n a_o under-sheriff_n give_v false_a information_n to_o the_o king_n court_n or_o make_v default_n in_o execute_v the_o command_n of_o the_o justice_n the_o sheriff_n himself_o shall_v undergo_v the_o penalty_n and_o not_o he_o 24_o he_o dr_n stu_fw-la l_o 2_o c_o 24_o so_o also_o if_o the_o king_n cupbearer_n do_v substitute_v other_o in_o his_o office_n he_o shall_v be_v oblige_v for_o their_o default_n 21_o default_n 25_o e_z 3_o stat_n 2_o c_o 21_o which_o hold_v true_a not_o only_o in_o the_o exchequer_n 38_o exchequer_n 14_o e_z 3_o stat_n 1_o c_o 9_o dier_n 161_o n_z 45_o and_o 238_o n_o 38_o but_o in_o other_o court_n likewise_o where_o the_o officer_n deputy_n do_v not_o perform_v their_o duty_n 111_o duty_n cromâ—_n juris_n 111_o as_o also_o in_o escheator_n who_o substitute_v another_o who_o act_n they_o refuse_v to_o be_v oblige_v by_o 33_o by_o 12_o e_z 4_o c_o 9_o coo._n l_o 4_o mittan_n case_n foe_z 33_o 2._o in_o the_o like_a manner_n be_v hundred_o of_o county_n oblige_v to_o the_o compensation_n of_o what_o be_v lose_v by_o robery_n commit_v within_o they_o unless_o they_o apprehend_v the_o thief_n b_o and_o the_o neighbour_a villiage_n to_o any_o place_n who_o trench_n and_o hedge_n be_v illegal_o throw_v down_o by_o person_n unknown_a 45._o unknown_a id_fw-la c._n 45._o 3._o so_o if_o a_o servant_n by_o negligence_n burn_v his_o master_n house_n and_o the_o neighbour_a house_n to_o it_o the_o master_n be_v oblige_v in_o like_a manner_n be_v the_o master_n of_o a_o common_a inn_n if_o his_o servant_n 9_o servant_n plough_v â—o_o 9_o or_o any_o one_o else_o within_o his_o inn_n 9_o inn_n dyer_n foe_fw-mi 158._o n._n 32._o foe_n 266._o n._n 9_o take_v money_n from_o any_o guest_n within_o the_o inn_n and_o the_o keeper_n of_o a_o prison_n if_o any_o of_o his_o servant_n suffer_v a_o prisoner_n to_o escape_v 24._o escape_v dr._n stu._n l._n 2._o c._n 24._o but_o of_o this_o you_o shall_v find_v many_o other_o kind_n in_o our_o learned_a writer_n 4_o writer_n fulb._n para_n v._o contract_v foe_n 3._o and_o 4_o of_o action_n tit._n vi_o a_o action_n and_o a_o writ_n be_v often_o time_n use_v promiscuous_o for_o a_o writ_n wherein_o a_o party_n be_v summon_v contain_v a_o breise_n and_o short_a narration_n of_o the_o fact_n which_o produâ—â—th_v a_o action_n but_o those_o lawyer_n of_o we_o who_o profess_v the_o explication_n of_o writ_n asfirm_v they_o to_o be_v of_o a_o far_o large_a extent_n than_o action_n 17._o action_n the_o author_n of_o the_o register_n f._n n._n b._n bract._n 1._o 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n 17._o for_o that_o they_o contain_v many_o extrajudiciall_a command_n of_o the_o supreme_a power_n in_o those_o business_n which_o concern_v either_o its_o self_n 147._o self_n f._n n._n b._n 232._o 251._o 147._o the_o commonwealth_n 164._o commonwealth_n id._n 170._o 169._o 164._o or_o private_a person_n 164._o person_n id._n 79._o 164._o but_o the_o chief_a part_n of_o they_o be_v in_o case_n of_o judgement_n of_o which_o some_o constitute_v judge_n 110._o judge_n id._n 110._o some_o require_v those_o who_o be_v already_o constitute_v to_o administer_v judgement_n to_o those_o who_o demand_n 240._o demand_n id._n 153._o 240._o some_o free_a man_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n from_o judgement_n for_o some_o special_a cause_n 28._o cause_n id._n 28._o some_o force_n those_o who_o be_v unwilling_a to_o give_v security_n to_o bear_v judgement_n 85._o judgement_n id._n 85._o some_o permit_v those_o who_o be_v in_o suit_n to_o substitute_v other_o to_o prosecute_v for_o they_o
19_o 193._o and_o those_o also_o which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n 358_o nature_n id._n 157._o blow_n 357_o 358_o 11._o we_o may_v sue_v for_o a_o possession_n or_o for_o that_o which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n whether_o they_o be_v lose_v by_o force_n or_o detain_v be_v commit_v voluntary_o to_o another_o against_o right_n in_o which_o the_o former_a case_n we_o may_v be_v relieve_v by_o â—â—its_n which_o we_o call_v assize_n 191._o assize_n f._n n._n b._n 177._o 179_o 181_o 183._o 134._o 88_o 190._o 191._o and_o those_o which_o be_v of_o the_o like_a nature_n 4._o nature_n 13._o ed._n 1._o c._n 25._o brac._n l._n 4._o 12._o and_o for_o the_o recovery_n of_o a_o possession_n which_o be_v voluntary_o deliver_v to_o another_o be_v unjust_o detain_v there_o be_v writ_n of_o entry_n of_o divers_a kind_n and_o other_o like_v they_o 7._o they_o f._n n._n b._n 201._o 205._o 206._o brac._n l._n 4._o tr_fw-la 7._o 13._o prejudicial_a action_n also_o be_v reckon_v â—mong_o real_a now_o those_o be_v term_v prejudicial_a which_o arise_v from_o incident_a and_o emergent_a question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v inquire_v whether_o one_o be_v bear_v free_a or_o not_o if_o not_o then_o whether_o he_o be_v actual_o free_a or_o a_o servant_n a_o son_n or_o not_o a_o son_n and_o if_o a_o son_n then_o whether_o legitimate_a or_o bastard_n &_o c_o 108._o c_o brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n._n 9_o brit._n c._n 108._o and_o they_o be_v call_v prejudicial_a because_o they_o be_v judge_v and_o determine_v before_o the_o principal_a action_n ib._n action_n id._n ib._n 14._o action_n which_o be_v mix_v be_v as_o well_o against_o the_o thing_n as_o the_o person_n and_o so_o call_v because_o they_o have_v a_o mix_a cause_n relate_v to_o both_o as_o the_o divide_v a_o inheritance_n between_o coheir_n the_o set_n of_o bound_n among_o neighbour_n for_o if_o we_o respect_v the_o person_n they_o be_v both_o complainant_n and_o respondent_o although_o he_o be_v not_o proper_o say_v to_o be_v complainant_a who_o cite_v the_o other_o to_o come_v to_o judgement_n the_o writ_n which_o be_v proper_a in_o these_o case_n be_v these_o de_fw-fr partitione_n 61._o partitione_n f_o n_o b._n 61._o de_fw-fr rationabilibus_fw-la divisis_fw-la 121._o divisis_fw-la id._n 121._o de_fw-la perambulatione_fw-la facienda_fw-la 133._o facienda_fw-la id._n 133._o de_fw-la curia_fw-la claudenda_fw-la 127._o claudenda_fw-la id._n 127._o de_fw-la reparatione_fw-la facienda_fw-la ib._n facienda_fw-la id._n ib._n 15._o furthermore_o there_o be_v action_n which_o be_v give_v either_o sole_o as_o penal_a 5._o penal_a brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n._n 5._o or_o as_o beneficial_a to_o both_o which_o some_o call_v civil_a criminal_a or_o mix_v release_v mix_v glan_n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o brac._n l._n 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n 31._o littl._n c._n release_v 16._o those_o which_o relate_v mere_o to_o a_o particular_a thing_n be_v all_o those_o which_o grow_v from_o contract_n or_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n and_o claim_v nothing_o for_o wrongful_a detain_v or_o nomine_fw-la penae_fw-la as_o a_o punishment_n of_o the_o crime_n 1._o crime_n f._n n._n b._n foe_o 1._o and_o those_o be_v penal_a which_o be_v ordain_v for_o the_o prevent_n of_o misdemeanour_n of_o which_o sort_n be_v those_o popular_a action_n which_o be_v give_v to_o informer_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o exchequer_n and_o themselves_o against_o the_o breaker_n of_o statute_n 171._o statute_n id._n 171._o and_o those_o relate_v both_o to_o the_o thing_n and_o person_n which_o regard_v the_o thing_n as_o the_o principal_a cause_n and_o the_o person_n as_o to_o personal_a performance_n 5._o performance_n brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n._n 5._o of_o this_o sort_n be_v a_o writ_n of_o assize_n which_o claim_v the_o thing_n as_o to_o restitution_n and_o yet_o be_v against_o the_o disseisor_n as_o to_o damage_n for_o the_o injury_n 4._o injury_n id._n l._n 4._o tr_fw-la 1_o c._n 6._o n._n 3._o 20_o h._n 3._o c._n 4._o and_o a_o writ_n of_o waste_n which_o require_v the_o thing_n waste_v and_o treble_a damage_n 5._o damage_n 6_o ed._n 1._o c._n 5._o 17._o there_o be_v also_o a_o three_o division_n of_o action_n for_o that_o some_o give_v bare_o the_o damage_n 6._o k_n brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n._n 6._o sustain_v some_o double_a some_o treble_a and_o some_o tenfold_o 6._o tenfold_o brac._n l._n 3._o tr_fw-la 1._o c._n 4._o n_o 6._o those_o which_o give_v bare_o â—he_n damage_n sustain_v be_v all_o action_n of_o trespass_n trespass_n trespass_n new_a book_n of_o entry_n trespass_n those_o which_o give_v double_a damage_n as_o against_o such_o as_o make_v a_o assault_n against_o those_o who_o be_v call_v to_o the_o high_a court_n of_o parliament_n 11._o parliament_n 11._o h._n 6._o c._n 11._o and_o against_o he_o who_o prosecute_v any_o action_n in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n which_o be_v not_o within_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o â—he_n court_n and_o last_o against_o those_o who_o â—et_o too_o high_a a_o rate_n upon_o victual_n 11._o victual_n 2._o h._n 4._o c._n 11._o treble_a damage_n be_v against_o those_o who_o unjust_o exâ—ct_v money_n for_o the_o probate_n of_o will_n and_o testament_n 6._o testament_n 23._o ed._n 3._o c._n 6._o or_o who_o cause_n riot_n 5._o riot_n 3._o &_o 4._o e._n 6._o c._n 5._o and_o tenfold_n the_o damage_n be_v recoverable_a against_o 〈◊〉_d juror_n who_o receive_v a_o bribe_n for_o bring_v in_o 〈◊〉_d verdict_n 2._o verdict_n ib._n &_o 1_o mar._n parl_n a._n 1._o c._n 2._o 18._o beside_o we_o have_v not_o unapt_o say_v some_o action_n to_o be_v bona_fw-la fidei_fw-la and_o some_o of_o â—rict_a right_n for_o though_o no_o such_o distinction_n 〈◊〉_d express_o find_v among_o our_o lawyer_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d find_v they_o frequent_v in_o practice_n for_o the_o damage_n which_o we_o receive_v from_o contract_n or_o trespass_n be_v leave_v and_o remit_v to_o the_o eâ—â—â—ty_n of_o the_o juror_n what_o and_o how_o much_o it_o 〈◊〉_d and_o judgement_n be_v give_v according_a to_o their_o estimation_n where_o on_o the_o contrary_a in_o action_n which_o have_v reference_n principal_o to_o the_o thing_n unless_o the_o complainant_n prove_v the_o thing_n 〈◊〉_d action_n to_o be_v due_a and_o to_o be_v his_o the_o action_n fall_v because_o neither_o the_o juror_n nor_o the_o 〈◊〉_d have_v any_o other_o power_n in_o these_o then_o to_o condemn_v the_o defendant_n as_o to_o the_o thing_n in_o action_n or_o to_o free_v he_o whence_o it_o happen_v that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n often_o occasion_n a_o double_a action_n viz._n a_o principal_a action_n for_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v of_o strict_a right_n and_o another_o which_o be_v accessary_a for_o the_o recovery_n of_o damage_n which_o be_v bona_fw-la fidei_fw-la 19_o in_o the_o distinction_n of_o arbitrary_a action_n from_o action_n bona_fw-la fidei_fw-la the_o civiliaâ—â—_n do_v not_o very_o punctual_o agree_v nor_o do_v we_o find_v any_o other_o of_o they_o in_o use_n among_o we_o in_o england_n more_o than_o these_o we_o have_v observe_v only_o this_o we_o may_v add_v that_o the_o chancellor_n of_o england_n or_o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o great_a seal_n who_o authority_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o to_o who_o conscience_n and_o equity_n every_o one_o who_o be_v without_o remedy_n in_o the_o law_n may_v appeal_v from_o other_o court_n before_o judgement_n give_v be_v not_o bind_v or_o prescribe_v by_o any_o law_n but_o that_o he_o may_v decide_v and_o compose_v all_o cause_n which_o be_v for_o this_o purpose_n bring_v before_o he_o according_a to_o the_o judgement_n and_o conscience_n of_o a_o good_a man_n and_o imprison_v he_o who_o be_v contumacious_a and_o refractory_a to_o his_o decree_n and_o detain_v he_o there_o until_o he_o become_v conformable_a 532._o conformable_a plough_v 532._o 20._o we_o have_v no_o use_n with_o we_o of_o that_o which_o be_v call_v actio_fw-la de_fw-la peculio_fw-la in_o regard_n we_o be_v not_o oblige_v by_o their_o contract_n who_o be_v under_o our_o power_n unless_o so_o far_o as_o they_o be_v in_o order_n to_o our_o command_n 42._o command_n dr._n stu._n l._n 2._o c._n 42._o what_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o contract_n make_v by_o he_o who_o be_v under_o the_o power_n of_o another_o tit._n vii_o those_o contract_n which_o be_v make_v by_o our_o servant_n by_o our_o command_n be_v bind_v â—o_o we_o g._n we_o v._o n._n b._n 62._o f._n n._n b._n 120._o g._n for_o if_o i_o make_v one_o of_o my_o servant_n â—y_a bailiff_n and_o give_v he_o a_o power_n of_o take_v oren_n or_o other_o cattle_n to_o graze_v in_o my_o pasture_n 〈◊〉_d a_o certain_a price_n i_o can_v have_v a_o action_n 〈◊〉_d trespass_n or_o de_fw-fr conculcatione_fw-la herbarum_fw-la against_o he_o who_o shall_v upon_o such_o a_o contract_n â—urn_v his_o cattle_n into_o my_o
which_o be_v as_o to_o law_n peculiar_a only_o to_o we_o english_a for_o the_o defendant_n be_v admit_v for_o the_o defeat_n of_o a_o action_n of_o debt_n which_o the_o plaintiff_n prove_v only_o witness_v without_o any_o specialty_n to_o wage_v his_o law_n i._n e._n to_o make_v his_o defence_n against_o the_o suit_n bring_v by_o the_o plaintiff_n by_o two_o compurâ—ators_n for_o every_o witness_n that_o be_v produce_v unto_o the_o full_a number_n of_o twelve_o now_o in_o this_o case_n â—e_v himself_o first_o make_v oath_n that_o he_o do_v not_o â—we_v the_o sum_n demand_v nor_o any_o part_n or_o parcel_n of_o it_o and_o the_o compurgator_n swear_v out_o of_o their_o own_o credulity_n that_o they_o believe_v the_o defendant_n to_o have_v make_v a_o true_a oath_n 63._o oath_n flet._n 1._o 2._o 63._o but_o against_o a_o instrument_n or_o specialty_n as_o we_o call_v it_o a_o wager_n in_o law_n licth_v not_o 143._o not_o dicr_n s_o 23._o 143._o 5._o genciall_a plea_n be_v those_o which_o lie_v general_o against_o all_o action_n as_o the_o plea_n against_o jurisdiction_n against_o the_o person_n of_o the_o plaintiff_n against_o the_o write_v that_o plea_n which_o arise_v from_o time_n according_a to_o the_o divers_a sort_n of_o action_n and_o that_o which_o come_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o place_n through_o the_o error_n of_o bring_v the_o action_n there_o now_o all_o these_o be_v dilatory_a as_o to_o the_o action_n and_o as_o it_o be_v beside_o the_o action_n and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o defeat_v the_o action_n although_o 10._o although_o brac._n l._n 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n i._o â—pec_fw-la just_a l._n 3._o c._n exception_n dilatory_a fletal_n 2._o c_o 61._o l._n 4._o c._n 10._o they_o do_v defer_v it_o and_o abate_v it_o for_o a_o while_n 6._o now_o one_o may_v use_v many_o dilatory_a plea_n and_o several_a provide_v they_o come_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n but_o if_o there_o happen_v to_o occur_v more_o than_o one_o which_o be_v peremptory_a as_o to_o the_o action_n the_o defendant_n ought_v to_o propose_v and_o prove_v one_o as_o contingent_a to_o the_o action_n as_o where_o a_o man_n have_v many_o action_n one_o ought_v to_o betray_a because_o if_o the_o defendant_n shall_v fail_v in_o proof_n of_o two_o plea_n he_o may_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o rest_n and_o prove_v they_o as_o if_o he_o be_v to_o defend_v himself_o with_o many_o weapon_n which_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v if_o the_o proof_n of_o one_o be_v sufficient_a 7._o sufficient_a brac._n ib._n c._n i._o n._n 7._o of_o replication_n tit._n fourteen_o agalnst_a a_o plea_n or_o exception_n which_o seem_v plausible_a and_o full_a at_o the_o first_o sight_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v relieve_v himself_o by_o a_o replication_n as_o if_o a_o man_n bring_v his_o acton_n the_o defendant_n may_v plead_v a_o covenant_n intervening_a to_o hinder_v the_o demand_n or_o action_n against_o which_o the_o plaintiff_n may_v in_o his_o replication_n produce_v a_o covenant_n insert_v after_o that_o which_o do_v permit_v and_o enable_v he_o to_o sue_v and_o demand_v 36._o demand_v brac._n l._n 5._o tr_fw-la 5._o c._n i._o n._n 4._o fle._n l._n 6._o â—_o 36._o 1._o after_o a_o replication_n follow_v a_o duplication_n after_o a_o duplication_n a_o triplication_n after_o a_o triplication_n a_o quadruplication_n as_o the_o case_n require_v and_o so_o ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la and_o lo_o it_o may_v fall_v out_o that_o a_o action_n which_o prima_n fasie_a seem_v good_a may_v be_v defeat_v by_o a_o plea_n and_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n a_o plea_n which_o seem_v good_a by_o a_o replication_n and_o so_o in_o the_o rest_n 2._o out_o lawyer_n call_v a_o duplication_n as_o well_o in_o the_o chancerv_n as_o in_o other_o court_v a_o rejoinder_n and_o a_o triplication_n a_o sur-rejoind_a 57_o sur-rejoind_a west_n proceed_n in_o chancery_n sect._n 56_o 57_o of_o prohibition_n tit._n xv._o interdicta_fw-la be_v whole_o out_o of_o use_n among_o the_o civilian_n so_o that_o at_o this_o day_n they_o make_v no_o disterence_n between_o they_o and_o action_n the_o roman_a praetor_n use_v they_o chief_o to_o reprcsse_v tumultuary_a and_o sudden_a violence_n especial_o in_o the_o case_n of_o possession_n but_o in_o these_o case_n our_o ancestor_n be_v wont_a to_o delegate_v and_o depute_v justice_n of_o oyer_n and_o terminer_n and_o justice_n of_o assize_n and_o those_o not_o to_o determine_v all_o cause_n at_o set_a time_n as_o now_o but_o upon_o every_o particular_a emergency_n so_o soon_o as_o it_o first_o arise_v 2._o arise_v brac._n l._n 3._o c._n 7_o n._n 2._o but_o as_o thing_n now_o be_v these_o kind_n of_o business_n be_v dispatch_v by_o action_n or_o decree_n which_o we_o call_v judicial_a writ_n or_o at_o least_o by_o the_o help_n and_o assistance_n of_o the_o sheriff_n and_o justice_n of_o the_o peace_n in_o every_o county_n 1._o county_n 13_o r._n 2._o stat._n 1._o c._n 7._o 15_o r._n 2._o c._n 2._o 8_o h._n 6._o c._n 9_o 13_o h._n 4._o c._n 7._o 19_o h._n 7._o c._n 13._o 2_o h._n 5._o c._n 8._o lamb._n l._n 2._o c._n 4._o and_o l._n 3._o c._n 1._o but_o whosoever_o desire_v to_o read_v what_o our_o sage_n of_o the_o law_n have_v write_v concern_v or_o recover_v of_o a_o possession_n let_v they_o read_v bracton_n 1._o bracton_n l._n 2._o c._n 17._o &_o l._n 4._o c._n 1._o briton_n 40._o briton_n c._n 40._o and_o fleta_n 1._o fleta_n l._n 3._o c._n 15._o &_o l._n 4._o c._n 1._o in_o their_o proper_a place_n of_o the_o penalty_n of_o those_o who_o be_v rash_o litigious_a tit._n xvi_o among_o the_o ancient_a writer_n of_o our_o law_n there_o may_v be_v many_o mark_n find_v of_o the_o severity_n wherewith_o our_o ancestor_n punish_v those_o who_o the_o issue_n and_o end_n of_o their_o suit_n prove_v and_o manifest_v to_o be_v litigious_a without_o cause_n which_o although_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v at_o the_o present_a more_o remiss_a yet_o be_v it_o not_o whole_o lay_v aside_o for_o if_o any_o be_v find_v raise_v suit_n against_o other_o malicious_o they_o be_v adjudge_v to_o bring_v a_o scandal_n upon_o the_o court_n and_o be_v oftentimes_o for_o their_o offence_n commit_v to_o prison_n 114._o prison_n bro._n ent._n tit_n attomey_n f._n n._n b_o 114._o 1._o but_o this_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o custom_n at_o this_o time_n that_o the_o plaintiff_n if_o he_o be_v cast_v be_v adjudge_v to_o pay_v unto_o the_o defendant_n the_o cost_v of_o his_o suit_n 8._o suit_n 23_o h._n 8._o c._n 15_o 24._o h._n 8._o c._n 8._o and_o the_o defendant_n if_o overthrow_v pay_v to_o the_o plaintiff_n the_o thing_n in_o action_n with_o damage_n and_o cost_n of_o suit_n and_o although_o it_o be_v the_o constant_a custom_n to_o pronounce_v the_o party_n cast_v to_o be_v in_o misericordia_fw-la regis_fw-la k._n regis_fw-la f._n n._n b._n f._n 77._o k._n yet_o those_o word_n as_o to_o the_o plaintiff_n be_v of_o no_o use_n and_o as_o to_o the_o defendant_n only_o where_o he_o betray_v too_o much_o contumacy_n in_o the_o maintenance_n of_o such_o a_o cause_n which_o be_v manifest_o unjust_a but_o if_o he_o appear_v malicious_a then_o be_v he_o to_o be_v take_v and_o make_v to_o pay_v his_o fine_a to_o the_o king_n for_o his_o contumacy_n yet_o be_v this_o fine_a for_o the_o most_o part_n very_o easy_a when_o he_o be_v take_v 19_o take_v dier_n s_o 67._o n._n 19_o 2._o the_o licence_n and_o liberty_n appear_v to_o be_v very_o great_a which_o our_o ancestor_n permit_v to_o those_o who_o be_v contentious_a that_o they_o may_v mere_o through_o envy_n and_o the_o pleasure_n they_o take_v in_o be_v vexatious_a take_v man_n upon_o writ_n and_o force_v they_o to_o put_v in_o bail_n in_o the_o king_n bench_n or_o marâ—â—alls_v court_n and_o oftentimes_o to_o appear_v and_o yet_o be_v unpunished_a though_o upon_o their_o appearance_n they_o object_v nothing_o against_o they_o but_o this_o be_v prudent_o remedy_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n which_o render_v all_o those_o who_o procure_v any_o one_o to_o be_v arrest_v and_o upon_o their_o appearance_n refuse_v to_o prosecute_v liable_a to_o pay_v they_o their_o cost_v and_o damage_n and_o for_o that_o the_o impudence_n of_o some_o have_v go_v so_o far_o as_o to_o feign_v sometime_o such_o person_n as_o be_v not_o in_o be_v in_o who_o name_n they_o cause_v other_o to_o be_v arrest_v that_o statute_n condemn_v such_o delinquent_n to_o six_o month_n imprisonment_n without_o bail_n or_o mainprize_n 6._o mainprize_n 8_o eliz._n c._n 1._o 17_o r._n 2._o c._n 6._o 3._o but_o for_o the_o suppress_n the_o power_n of_o such_o litigious_a man_n who_o the_o bare_a hope_n of_o recover_v their_o cost_v of_o suit_n will_v stir_v up_o to_o sue_v even_o for_o a_o trifle_n it_o be_v decree_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n that_o whosoever_o shall_v
upon_o their_o denial_n then_o of_o any_o two_o honest_a man_n who_o be_v oblige_v to_o take_v true_a and_o faithful_a inventory_n of_o all_o the_o good_n and_o chattel_n movable_n &_o immovables_n which_o the_o party_n decease_v have_v at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o death_n and_o to_o write_v all_o and_o singular_a the_o say_a good_n just_o apprize_v in_o 2._o charter_n or_o table_n indent_v the_o one_o to_o be_v reserve_v to_o themselves_o the_o other_o to_o be_v deliver_v to_o the_o ordinary_a but_o if_o the_o testator_n have_v appoint_v any_o of_o his_o land_n or_o tenement_n to_o be_v sell_v the_o money_n or_o profit_n thence_o arise_v be_v not_o to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o inventory_n 9_o inventory_n 21._o h._n 8._o c._n 5._o swinb_n part_n 6._o sect._n 9_o 2._o but_o the_o heir_n be_v oblige_v to_o satisfy_v the_o debt_n of_o their_o ancestor_n which_o the_o chattel_n will_v not_o suffice_v to_o do_v sup_n do_v glan_n &_o brac._n ubi_fw-la sup_n yet_o if_o the_o whole_a estate_n of_o the_o testator_n will_v not_o suffice_v to_o pay_v debt_n then_o the_o king_n prerogative_n except_v there_o use_v in_o former_a time_n to_o be_v a_o defalcation_n every_o where_n ib._n where_n brac._n ib._n 3._o and_o even_o at_o this_o instant_n the_o law_n be_v that_o legacy_n be_v not_o to_o be_v pay_v before_o debt_n be_v satisfy_v for_o in_o such_o case_n the_o executor_n be_v bind_v to_o pay_v the_o creditor_n out_o of_o his_o own_o estate_n 488._o estate_n dr._n &_o stu._n l._n 2._o c._n 11._o bro._n execut._n 116._o perk._n 488._o yet_o be_v he_o not_o tie_v to_o pay_v every_o one_o that_o demand_v a_o debt_n but_o those_o only_o against_o who_o the_o testator_n have_v he_o live_v can_v not_o have_v wage_v his_o law_n 55._o law_n bro._n ib._n 79._o 87._o 127._o 163._o 172._o dr._n &_o stu_fw-la l._n 2._o c._n 11._o plo._n 181._o dyer_n fol._n 23._o n._n 144_o 145_o &_o fol._n 80._o n._n 53_o 54_o 55._o 4._o the_o ancient_a law_n seem_v to_o be_v somewhat_o change_v as_o to_o the_o privilege_n of_o creditor_n yet_o even_o now_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o executor_n may_v in_o the_o first_o place_n allow_v moderate_a funeral_n charge_n and_o then_o satisfy_v creditor_n according_a as_o the_o law_n prescribe_v and_o of_o those_o the_o king_n be_v first_o by_o his_o prerogative_n 18._o prerogative_n mag._n char._n c._n 18._o next_o he_o those_o to_o who_o the_o testator_n be_v oblige_v by_o statute-merchant_n or_o recognisance_n in_o the_o three_o place_n those_o who_o have_v judgement_n against_o the_o testator_n 16._o testator_n swinb_n part_n 6._o sect._n 16._o four_o penal_a obligation_n 172._o obligation_n bro._n ib._n n._n 88_o 172._o and_o of_o these_o those_o have_v priority_n who_o day_n for_o payment_n be_v lapse_v 54._o lapse_v dyer_n foe_n 80._o n._n 54._o and_o of_o those_o if_o there_o be_v many_o they_o who_o sue_v first_o but_o if_o they_o commence_v their_o suit_n together_o or_o that_o day_n of_o payment_n be_v not_o yet_o come_v than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o executor_n to_o gratify_v who_o he_o please_v next_o to_o penal_a obligation_n follow_v simple_a bill_n super_fw-la bill_n swinb_n ubi_fw-la super_fw-la as_o we_o call_v they_o and_o last_o contract_v without_o writing_n against_o which_o the_o testator_n can_v not_o wage_v his_o law_n as_o servant_n salary_n and_o rent_n of_o land_n or_o house_n whereof_o the_o testator_n be_v lessee_n for_o year_n or_o life_n and_o the_o like_a 163._o like_a bro_n ib._n n._n 33._o 87._o 127._o 163._o but_o as_o for_o make_v contract_n executor_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o pay_v they_o ib._n they_o id._n ib._n yet_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o these_o have_v their_o remedy_n in_o a_o action_n upon_o the_o case_n upon_o a_o promise_n of_o the_o testator_n execut._n testator_n term_n v._o execut._n 5._o if_o a_o creditor_n be_v make_v executor_n he_o may_v in_o the_o first_o place_n satisfy_v himself_o after_o which_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o pay_v the_o other_o creditor_n out_o of_o the_o residue_n 185._o residue_n blow_n fol._n 185._o 6._o if_o after_o debt_n pay_v there_o remain_v enough_o to_o satisfy_v legacy_n every_o legatee_n may_v of_o right_a claim_n his_o whole_a legacy_n otherwise_o only_o according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o the_o quantity_n of_o all_o the_o legacy_n yet_o so_o that_o the_o executor_n may_v first_o deduct_v charge_n bonafide_fw-la expend_v and_o desperate_a debt_n but_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o lex_fw-la falcidia_fw-la we_o have_v not_o any_o thing_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o thing_n in_o that_o nature_n require_v from_o the_o office_n of_o a_o judge_n but_o as_o to_o those_o good_n which_o be_v not_o devise_v they_o be_v convertible_a to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o executor_n 525._o executor_n perk._n 525._o 7._o executor_n of_o executor_n be_v oblige_v to_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o first_o testator_n debt_n unless_o his_o good_n appear_v to_o be_v full_o administer_v by_o their_o testator_n 5._o testator_n dyer_n foe_n 174._o n._n 21_o &_o 22._o 25._o ed._n 3._o stat._n 5._o c._n 5._o of_o those_o trustee_n which_o the_o romanâ—_n call_v fidei_fw-la commissarii_fw-la haeredes_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la sanatusconsultum_fw-la trebellianum_fw-la tit._n xxiii_o these_o inheritance_n be_v out_o of_o use_n with_o we_o yet_o those_o trust_n be_v something_o parallel_v to_o they_o by_o which_o we_o be_v use_v to_o give_v our_o land_n to_o stranger_n to_o the_o use_n of_o we_o and_o our_o heir_n or_o to_o private_a person_n to_o the_o use_n and_o profit_n of_o a_o body_n politic_a but_o those_o invention_n of_o uses_n be_v injurious_a to_o the_o prince_n and_o to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n 123._o manor_n coo._n l._n 1._o shudleys_n case_n fol._n 123._o be_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n either_o whole_o take_v away_o or_o at_o least_o for_o the_o most_o part_n alter_v 10._o alter_v 1._o r._n 3._o c._n 1._o 4_o h._n 7._o c._n 7._o 27._o h._n 8._o c._n 10._o of_o thing_n leave_v per_fw-la fidei_fw-la commissum_fw-la tit._n xxiv_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v by_o the_o roman_n term_v fidei_fw-la commissa_fw-la except_v those_o which_o be_v appoint_v to_o the_o next_o title_n we_o have_v no_o mention_n in_o our_o law_n they_o be_v leave_v whole_o to_o the_o civil_a law_n definition_n of_o codicill_n tit._n xxv_o the_o term_n codicillus_fw-la be_v seldom_o use_v with_o we_o wherefore_o in_o this_o we_o only_o follow_v that_o which_o we_o borrow_v from_o the_o civil_a and_o common_a law_n unless_o it_o contain_v either_o a_o fee_n or_o a_o freehold_n in_o which_o case_n they_o be_v to_o be_v prove_v only_o before_o a_o ecclesiastical_a judge_n and_o to_o receive_v their_o interpretation_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n the_o end_n of_o the_o second_o book_n the_o three_o book_n of_o the_o institutes_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n of_o inheritance_n which_o be_v convey_v from_o such_o as_o die_v even_o intestate_a tit._n i._n there_o be_v also_o another_o way_n of_o gain_v dominion_n which_o be_v by_o succession_n and_o which_o happen_v to_o all_o heir_n of_o such_o thing_n whereof_o their_o ancestor_n dye_v seize_v in_o fee_n or_o whereof_o they_o be_v at_o any_o time_n seize_v as_o of_o fee_n by_o right_o of_o inheritance_n without_o have_v alienate_v they_o and_o this_o descent_n ought_v to_o be_v to_o the_o next_o heir_n male_n or_o female_n in_o a_o direct_a or_o transverse_a line_n wherefore_o right_o like_o all_o heavy_a thing_n fall_v downward_o direct_o or_o transverse_o nor_o do_v it_o ever_o ascend_v 〈◊〉_d same_o way_n by_o which_o by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o ancestor_n it_o descend_v yet_o do_v it_o collateral_o ascend_v sometime_o for_o want_v of_o heir_n to_o who_o 〈◊〉_d may_v descend_v 2._o descend_v glan_n l._n 7._o c._n 1._o brac._n l._n 2._o c._n 29._o n._n 1._o dr._n and_o stu._n l._n 1._o c._n 7._o flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o and_o c._n 2._o 1._o a_o right_n descend_v to_o the_o heir_n wheresoever_o bear_v whether_o in_o the_o womb_n or_o beyond_o 〈◊〉_d on_o this_o side_n the_o sea_n and_o that_o whether_o within_o or_o without_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o king_n provide_v his_o parent_n be_v the_o king_n liege_n people_n and_o that_o the_o mother_n go_v over_o sea_n with_o her_o husband_n leave_n nor_o can_v any_o man_n create_v to_o himself_o a_o heir_n because_o god_n only_o make_v they_o and_o because_o haeres_fw-la be_v not_o ab_fw-la haereditate_fw-la but_o haereditas_fw-la ab_fw-la herede_fw-la 2._o now_o inheritance_n be_v a_o succession_n to_o the_o whole_a right_n which_o the_o ancestor_n decease_v have_v in_o fee_n upon_o what_o cause_n soever_o whether_o by_o acquisition_n or_o succession_n with_o seisin_n or_o without_o and_o if_o by_o seisin_n then_o at_o whatsoever_o he_o be_v
seize_v either_o in_o his_o life_n time_n or_o at_o his_o death_n namely_o upon_o the_o day_n on_o which_o he_o die_v and_o if_o the_o right_n descend_v to_o more_o heir_n successive_o and_o without_o seisin_n yet_o the_o heir_n have_v the_o same_o seisin_n appertain_v to_o he_o as_o the_o ancestor_n have_v in_o the_o time_n of_o his_o life_n or_o at_o his_o death_n and_o where_o there_o be_v a_o participation_n or_o meeting_n of_o propriety_n with_o the_o seisin_n the_o heir_n have_v immediate_o ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la a_o freehold_n 1._o freehold_n glan_n and._n bract._n ib._n 25._o e._n 3._o stat._n 2._o and_o 42._o e._n 3._o c._n 10._o flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o 3._o our_o author_n do_v not_o make_v in_o the_o case_n of_o heir_n a_o like_a division_n some_o distinguish_v they_o into_o never_o and_o more_o remote_a 3_o remote_a glan_n l._n 7._o c._n 3_o and_o some_o into_o near_a and_o more_o near_o remote_a and_o more_o remote_a 2._o remote_a bract._n l._n 20._o c._n 30._o n._n 1_o brit._n c._n 118._o flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o and_o 2._o 4._o if_o one_o have_v many_o son_n they_o be_v all_o near_a heir_n those_o that_o be_v last_o bear_v and_o those_o that_o be_v bear_v before_o they_o ib._n they_o bract._n ib._n and_o so_o be_v daughter_n when_o son_n fail_v ib._n fail_v glan_n ib._n the_o next_o heir_n be_v he_o who_o be_v bear_v first_o ib._n first_o bract._n ib._n unless_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n hinder_v ib._n hinder_v glan_n ib._n or_o that_o he_o be_v a_o stranger_n and_o the_o young_a brother_n a_o denizen_n 20._o denizen_n dr._n and_o stu._n l._n 1._o c._n 7._o and_o c._n 20._o 6._o a_o heir_n remote_a be_v where_o one_o have_v many_o son_n and_o daughter_n the_o son_n be_v near_a heir_n and_o the_o daughter_n remote_a this_o hold_v always_o for_o a_o rule_n that_o the_o male_n shall_v be_v prefer_v before_o the_o female_n of_o the_o same_o degree_n 3._o degree_n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 30._o n._n 3._o 7._o if_o there_o be_v many_o son_n and_o no_o daughter_n but_o grandson_n the_o son_n shall_v be_v near_a heir_n and_o the_o grandson_n remote_a ib._n remote_a id._n ib._n if_o there_o be_v many_o daughter_n and_o no_o son_n they_o shall_v be_v all_o next_o heir_n ib._n heir_n glan_n ib._n 8._o so_o may_v they_o be_v term_v more_o remote_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o inheritance_n be_v more_o remote_a as_o the_o lineal_a nephew_n or_o neices_n son_n his_o grandson_n his_o great_a grandson_n his_o great_a great_a grandson_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o direct_a line_n or_o if_o there_o want_v of_o that_o line_n then_o in_o the_o transverse_n ad_fw-la infinitum_fw-la 20._o infinitum_fw-la bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 20._o 9_o it_o be_v the_o ancient_a custom_n of_o england_n that_o the_o elder_a son_n shall_v succeed_v as_o heir_n to_o his_o father_n but_o where_o there_o be_v no_o son_n but_o daughter_n then_o all_o the_o daughter_n shall_v be_v coheir_n 1._o coheir_n dr._n and._n stu._n ib._n glan_n ib._n flc._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o which_o be_v also_o true_a in_o nephew_n &_o their_o child_n where_o male_n be_v want_v 10._o and_o this_o be_v always_o a_o maxim_n that_o a_o fee-simple_n can_v never_o ascend_v from_o a_o son_n â—o_o a_o father_n or_o mother_n or_o any_o other_o ancestor_n â—n_o a_o direct_a line_n 119._o line_n coo._n l._n 3._o foe_n 40._o ratlife_n case_n dr._n and._n stu._n ib._n bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 29._o lit._n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o brit._n c._n 119._o nor_o can_v any_o one_o in_o a_o transverse_a line_n succeed_v so_o long_o as_o there_o be_v a_o heir_n to_o who_o it_o may_v descend_v in_o the_o direct_a 2._o direct_a bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 31._o n._n 1._o flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 2._o 11._o that_o issue_n which_o be_v bear_v before_o marriage_n be_v by_o our_o law_n a_o bastard_n nor_o can_v it_o succeed_v in_o a_o inheritance_n nor_o can_v a_o bastard_n have_v any_o heir_n save_v of_o his_o own_o body_n 50._o body_n dr._n and_o stu._n ib._n 20._o h._n 3._o c._n 4._o perk._n 49._o 50._o 12._o chattel_n neither_o personal_a nor_o real_a come_v unto_o the_o heir_n but_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o the_o executor_n or_o from_o a_o intestate_a to_o the_o ordinary_a and_o from_o he_o to_o the_o administrator_n who_o he_o shall_v appoint_v 48._o appoint_v glan_n l._n 7._o c._n 16._o perk._n 48._o or_o if_o no_o body_n will_v administer_v than_o ought_v the_o ordinary_a to_o sequester_v they_o upon_o his_o own_o peril_n 57_o peril_n 13._o e._n 1._o c._n 19_o 31._o e._n 3._o c._n 1â—_n 21._o h._n 8._o c._n 5._o flet._n l._n 2._o c._n 57_o dier_n foe_fw-mi 277._o n._n 57_o 13._o the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n be_v in_o stead_n of_o heir_n when_o either_o through_o defect_n or_o in_o case_n of_o felony_n the_o blood_n be_v extinguish_v 1._o extinguish_v flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o yet_o at_o this_o day_n this_o be_v not_o without_o distinction_n of_o the_o legal_a succession_n on_o the_o father_n side_n tit._n ii_o in_o the_o transverse_n or_o collateral_a line_n the_o rule_n be_v that_o those_o be_v heir_n who_o partake_v of_o the_o whole_a blood_n with_o the_o party_n decease_v for_o example_n a._n have_v issue_n b._n a_o son_n and_o c._n a_o daughter_n by_o one_o venture_n and_o d._n a_o son_n by_o a_o second_o venture_n and_o die_v b._n succeed_v he_o and_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o this_o case_n c._n the_o sister_n shall_v succeed_v and_o not_o d._n 1._o d._n lit._n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o brit._n c._n 119._o n._n 7._o flet._n l._n 6._o c._n 1._o 1._o so_o also_o a._n have_v a_o brother_n b._n and_o two_o son_n viz._n c._n by_o one_o venture_n and_o d._n by_o another_o die_v to_o who_o c._n succeed_v and_o die_v without_o issue_n in_o this_o case_n b._n the_o uncle_n who_o be_v of_o whole-blood_n shall_v succeed_v and_o not_o d._n the_o brother_n 40._o brother_n lit._n ib._n coo._n l._n 3._o rat._n case_n foe_n 40._o but_o if_o b._n die_v without_o issue_n then_o d._n shall_v succeed_v be_v of_o entire_a blood_n with_o he_o both_o by_o the_o grandfather_n side_n and_o grandmother_n and_o therefore_o if_o b._n have_v not_o be_v brother_n to_o a._n both_o by_o father_n side_n and_o mother_n side_n it_o shall_v have_v be_v otherwise_o 2._o the_o collateral_a line_n be_v double_a one_o descend_v by_o the_o brother_n to_o his_o child_n the_o other_o ascend_v by_o the_o uncle_n but_o none_o succeed_v on_o the_o ascend_a line_n but_o for_o default_n of_o heir_n on_o the_o descend_v 119._o descend_v bract._n l._n 2._o c._n 30._o n._n 1._o brit._n c._n 119._o 3._o he_o be_v heir_n in_o the_o collateral_a descend_a line_n who_o be_v near_a in_o degree_n and_o if_o this_o line_n fail_v than_o he_o who_o be_v next_o to_o the_o party_n decease_v in_o the_o ascend_a collateral_a line_n 2._o line_n bract._n ib._n flc._n l._n 6._o c._n 2._o 4._o if_o there_o be_v two_o in_o the_o same_o degree_n and_o both_o male_n the_o elder_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v but_o if_o they_o be_v male_a and_o female_a the_o male_a be_v heir_n as_o in_o the_o direct_a and_o right_a line_n 7._o line_n brit_n ib._n n._n 1._o 2._o and_o 7._o 5._o where_o a_o estate_n come_v by_o the_o mother_n side_n there_o the_o son_n die_v without_o issue_n the_o next_o of_o kin_n on_o the_o mother_n side_n be_v heir_n and_o not_o the_o brother_n of_o the_o father_n ib._n father_n id._n ib._n but_o where_o the_o son_n purchase_v a_o estate_n with_o his_o own_o money_n and_o die_v without_o issue_n there_o the_o next_o of_o kin_n on_o the_o father_n side_n shall_v succeed_v and_o not_o on_o the_o mother_n side_n unless_o for_o defect_n of_o heir_n on_o the_o father_n side_n 39_o side_n lit._n l._n 1._o c._n 1._o coo._n l._n 3._o rat._n case_n foe_fw-mi 39_o but_o the_o heir_n on_o the_o mother_n side_n shall_v succeed_v rather_o than_o the_o land_n shall_v escheat_n to_o the_o lord_n 444._o lord_n blow_n 444._o 6._o a._n have_v two_o son_n b._n and_o c._n b._n in_o his_o father_n life_n time_n commit_v felony_n and_o be_v punish_v with_o death_n after_o which_o a._n die_v the_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o fee_n whereof_o a._n die_v seize_v shall_v escheat_n to_o the_o lord_n or_o descend_v to_o c._n the_o second_o son_n and_o here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v whether_o b._n die_v without_o issue_n for_o than_o it_o descend_v to_o c._n otherwise_o it_o shall_v escheat_n 15._o escheat_n dier_n foe_fw-mi 48._o n._n 15._o but_o if_o b._n have_v be_v condemn_v live_v his_o father_n and_o survive_v he_o in_o this_o case_n notwithstanding_o his_o die_v without_o issue_n the_o estate_n shall_v have_v escheat_v and_o not_o descend_v to_o c._n 110._o c._n