healthfulness of the Climate is such that they are not without cause call'd but are really and in truth Blessed and Happy Islands Lastly Macareus King of Lesbos made the first Law among them which was so beneficial and advantagious to the Publick that he gave it the Name of the Lion because of the strength and force of that Beast A considerable time after this Colony planted in Lesbos another was brought into the Island Tenedos in this manner Tennes was the Son of Cyrnus King of Colone in Troas and was a Man renown'd Tenedos for his Valour he brought over a Colony out of the opposite Continent and possess'd himself of the Island Leucophrys at that time desolate After he had divided the Country by Lot amongst his Subjects and had built a City he call'd it Tennus after his own Name By his good and upright Government he gain'd upon the Hearts of his People and was highly honour'd while he liv'd and after his Death was ador'd as a Demy-God For they built a Temple in honour of him and offered Sacrifices to him as a God Which Religious Veneration was continu'd to Times not long since But we are not here to omit what the Islanders report concerning Tennes the Founder of the City * Or Tennus Tenedos They say that Cygnus the Father of Tennes giving Ear to the false Suggestions and Calumniations of his Wife lockt his Son in a Chest and caus'd him to be thrown into the Sea and that the Chest was cast up by the Waves upon Tencdos and being thus strangely preserv'd by the special Providence of God became King of the Island and afterwards growing renown'd for his Justice and other eminent Virtues he was at length honour'd and ador'd as a God And because his Stepmother hir'd a †A Minstrel Piper by a false Oath to support her own Calumny it 's a Law amongst them of Tenedos That no Piper shall come into the Temple Afterwards when Tennes was kill'd by Achilles in the time of the Trojan War and Tenedos then laid wast by the Grecians the Tenedeans made another Law that it should not be lawful so much as once to name Achilles in Tennes his Temple These are the things related of Tenedos and it's ancient Inhabitanas Having now given an Account of the most considerable Islands we shall proceed in the next place to the lesser The Cyclade Islands were Formerly desolate and uninhabited But Minos the The Cycladae Islands Son of Jupiter and Europa King of Crete having a strong Army at Land and with a powerful Navy Master at Sea sent many Colonies out of Crete and Peopled many of the Islands of the Cyclades and divided the Lands to the People by Lot and subdu'd a great part of the Sea-Coasts of Asia and therefore the Sea-Ports and Havens of Asia and of the Islands have the same Names with those in Crete and are call'd Minoi Minos being now grown great and powerful began to envy his Brother Rhadamanthus his Copartner in the Kingdom for the honour and reputation he had gain'd by his Justice Willing therefore to remove him as far from him as possibly he could he sent him into the furthest parts of his Dominions Whereupon Rhadamanthus abiding in the Islands over against Ionia and Caria caus'd Erythrus to build a City in Asia after his own Name and made Oenopion the Son of Ariadna the Daughter of Minos Lord of Chius These things were all done before the Trojan War But after the destruction of Troy the Cares grown rich and wealthy gain'd the Dominion at Sea and subdu'd the Cyclades some of which they took into their own hands and rooted out the Cretians others they injoy'd in Common with the ancient Cretian Inhabitants But in process of time the Grecians growing strong and powerful the barbarous Carians were ejected out of most of the Cyclades and the Islands fell into the hands of the Greeks Of which we shall give a more particular Account hereafter in proper Time and Place D. G. The following Books that is to say the VI VII VIII IX X are lost THE Last Ten Books OF THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY OF Diodorus the Sicilian CONTAINING The Affairs of the WORLD for the space of 179 Years from the Expedition of Xerxes into Greece to Seleucus his coming into Cappadocia with his Army and the other Confederate Princes into other Parts against Antigonus in the 3 d Year of the 119 th Olympiad Together with The Fragments of PHOTIUS his BIBLIOTHECA and others Published by L. Rhodomannus AND The Fragments Published by H. Valesius and by F. Vrsinus WITH A SUPPLEMENT Made English By GEORGE BOOTH of Chester Esq LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1700. ANTIENT SICELE ACCORDING TO THE Description of Philip Cluuerius THE Historical Library OF Diodorus the Sicilian BOOK XI The PREFACE THE Book next before this being the Tenth in the whole Composure of our History ends with things done in the Tear immediately before the Descent of Xerxes into Europe and with those Debates in the General Assemblies of the Grecians at Corinth concerning the admission of Gelo into the Grecian Confederacy In this to proceed as things were done in a continued Series of the History we shall begin with Xerxes ' s Expedition into Greece and end the Year immediately before the Army of the Athenians under Cymon their General invaded Cyprus CHAP. I. Of Xerxes his Expedition into Greece and the Battel of Thermopyle and the Sea Fight at Salamis CAllias being Archon or chief Magistrate of Athens Spurius Cassius and Proclus Virginius Tricostus Consuls at Rome in the Seventy Fifth Olympiad celebrated at Elis in which * Asyehus Asylus the Syracusian Olymp. 75. Ant. Chr. 478. was Victor Xerxes for the reason after mention'd rais'd an Army against the Grecians †He married Artozostra the Daughter of Darius and was himself the Son of Gobrias whose Daughter Darius married Herod lib. 6. c. 43. and lib. 7. c. 5. Mardonius the Persian was Cousin German and by Marriage likewise nearly related to Xerxes of great esteem among the Persians for his Valour and Prudence This Man prompted forward by the greatness of his Spirit and the heat of his Youth burned with Ambition to be General of so great an Army as that Expedition requir'd and therefore persuaded Xerxes that he would bend all his power to subdue the Grecians those implacable Enemies of the Persians Being brought over to close with this Advice he determin'd utterly to destroy and root them up And to that end sent Embassadors to Carthage to treat with them concerning the joining of their Forces together Whereupon it was thus agreed between them That Xerxes should Land his Forces in Greece and that the Carthaginians at the same time should with a great Army invade the Greeks in Italy and Sicily According to which Compact the Carthaginians raised a great sum of Money and hired
accus'd by a Tribune of the People for a Capital Offence who fearing the imminent hazard of the Calumny made his application to Marius to intreat him to interpose for his deliverance for he had been his Friend formerly but through some suspicion he then had of him he was become his Enemy But he answer'd him thus Dy you must Upon this Catullus perceiving there was no hopes of his preservation studied how to dye without disgrace to which end he destroy'd himself by a strange and unusual way For he shut himself up in a House new plaister'd and caus'd a Fire to be kindled by the smoak of which and the moist vapours from the Lime he was there stifled to death Out of the 40th BOOK WE being about to write of the War against the Jews we take it to be part of our Province before we proceed further First in short to Declare the Original The Nation of the Jews of this Nation and their Laws In Ancient times there hapned a great Plague in Aegypt and many ascrib'd the cause of it to GOD who was offended with them For there being multitudes of Strangers of several Nations who inhabited there who us'd their Foreign Rites and Ceremonies in the Administration of the Publick Sacrifices the Ancient manner of worshipping of the Gods us'd by the Ancestors of the Aegyptians was quite lost and forgotten Hence it was that the natural Inhabitants concluded that unless all the Strangers were driven out they should never be freed from their Miseries Upon which they were all expell'd and the most Valiant and Noble among them under the Conduct of skilful Commanders as some relate after many great hardships came into Greece and other places of whom amongst other Leaders the most famous and remarkable were Danaus and Cadinus But the greatest part of the People came into that Country which is now call'd Judea not far from Aegypt and at that time altogether Desart and uninhabited The Leader of this Colony was one Moses a very wise and valiant Man who after he had possess'd himself of the Country amongst other Cities built that now most Famous City Jerusalem and the Temple there which is so greatly Reverenc'd among them He then instituted the manner of GOD's Worship and the Holy Rites and Ceremonies and made Laws for the Government of the Common-wealth and reduc'd them into a methodical Order He divided the People into Twelve Tribes as the most perfect number as he conceiv'd because answering the Twelve Months which make up the whole Year But he made no Representation or Image of the Gods because he judg'd nothing of an Human Shape was applicable to GOD But that this Heaven which compass'd the Earth round only was GOD and that all things were in its power But he so order'd the Rites and Ceremonies of the Sacrifices and the manner and Rule of their Conversations as that they should be wholly different from all other Nations For by reason of the Expulsion of his People he commanded a most inhumane and unsociable Conversation He pickt out likewise the greatest Persons of quality who were best able to Rule and Govern the People then embodied into one Nation and them he created Priests whose Duty and Office was continually to attend the Temple and employ themselves in the publick Worship and Service of God He constituted them likewise to be Judges for the decision of the most weighty Causes and committed to their Care the keeping and preservation of the Laws Therefore they say that the Jews never had any King but that the Care and Authority of Governing the People was always given to him who excell'd the rest of the Priests in Prudence and Virtue whom they call the Chief Priest and him they always took to be the Messenger and Interpreter to them of the Mind and Commands of GOD. And they say that he in all their Publick Assemblies and other Meetings declares what he has in Command and that upon that account the Jews are so observant that forthwith they prostrate themselves upon the ground and Adore him as the High Priest and Interpreter to them of the Oracles of GOD. But in the close of the Laws this is subjoin'd Moses the * Or who heard these thing from God Messenger of God thus saith to the Jews This Law-giver likewise laid down many prudent and excellent Rules and Instructions for Martial Affairs and inur'd the Youth to endure hardship and difficulties and to exercise Patience in all Miseries and Distresses Moreover he undertook many Wars against the neighbouring Nations and gain'd many large Territories by force of Arms and gave them as an Inheritance to his Countrymen in such manner as that every one shar'd alike saving the Priests who had a larger proportion than the rest that having more they might continualy attend upon the publick Worship of GOD without distraction Neither was it lawful for any Man to sell his Inheritance allotted him lest by the Covetousness of them that buy others should become poor and so the Nation should be depopulated He order'd likewise the Inhabitants to be careful in the Educating of their Children who are brought up with very little Cost and Charge and by that means the Jewish Nation was always populous Lastly as to their Marriages and Funerals he appointed them Laws much different from all other People But under the Empires that have risen up in these latter Ages especially in the Fourth Monarchy of the Persians and in the time of the Macedonian Empire which overturn'd the former through mixture with Foreign Nations many of the Ancient Laws and Customs among the Jews have been chang'd and grown obsolete Henry Valesius HIS FRAGMENTS OUT OF The 6 th 21 st 22 d 23 d 24 th 25 th 26 th 34 th 36 th and 37 th lost Books OF Diodorus Siculus By him Published in the Year MDCXXXIV Now Translated and Compar'd with the Greek LONDON Printed by Edw. Jones for A. and J. Churchill at the Black-Swan in Pater-Noster-Row 1699. To the READER THese Fragments of Diodorus the Sicilian were first Collected by Constantine the Seventh one of the Eastern Emperors the Son of Leo the Sixth He began to Reign about the Year of our Lord 911. He got together from all parts Books of all sorts of Learning in order to make up a compleat Library Out of the several Authors he Collected such Observations as were most remarkable and Marshall'd each of them that concern'd one and the same subject under their several and proper Heads The Heads or common Places of his Historical Collections were Fifty three in Number and made up a Hundred and Six Volumns For every Head he divided into two Books in the first of which was contain'd what was said of that particular subject by the most Ancient Authors or such as writ Universal Histories from the begining of Time In the second are Collections out of those Authors that writ of the Acts and Affairs past in the time of
their Hourly Imployment Sacrifices Diet c. Their Burials The division of Egypt Their Trades in Egypt Courts of Justice Their Law Proceedings The several Laws of Egypt Beasts and Birds ador'd in Egypt as Lions Wolves Cats the Bird Ibis Kites c. Costs in their Burial of these Creatures Reasons given of this Adoration SInce sufficient hath been said of the Egyptian Kings from the most ancient The Customs of the Egyptians Times to the Death of Amasis leaving for a while what remains till a more proper time we shall now give a brief account of those Laws and Customs of the Egyptians that are most to be admir'd and may especially delight and profit the Reader For many of the ancient Customs of the Egyptians were not only allow'd by the natural Inhabitants but were greatly admir'd by the Grecians so that every Learn'd Man earnestly coveted to travel into Egypt to learn the Knowledge of their Laws and Customs as things of great weight and moment And though the Country anciently forbad all reception to Strangers for the Reasons before alledg'd yet some of the Ancients as Orpheus and Homer and many of latter times as Pythagoras the Samian and Solon the Lawgiver adventur'd to travel thither And therefore the Egyptians assirm that Letters Astronomy Geometry and many other Arts were first found out by them and that the best Laws were made and instituted by them To confirm which they alledge this as an undeniable Argument that the Native Kings of Egypt have reign'd there for the space of above Four Thousand and Seven Hundred Years and that their Country for all that time has been the most prosperous and flourishing Kingdom in the World which could never have been so if the Inhabitants had not been civilized and brought up under good Laws and Liberal Education in all sorts of Arts and Sciences But we shall omit what Herodotus and other Writers of the Egyptian History relate who wilfully pursue and prefer prodigious Stories before Truth and relate a company of Fictions meerly for Sport and Diversion sake and shall give an Account of such things as we have carefully perus'd and examin'd recorded in their Books by the Egyptian Priests The First Kings of Egypt liv'd not after the way and manner of other Monarchs The way of Living of the First Kings of Egypt to do what they list without Controul but in every thing conform'd themselves to their Laws not only in the publick Administration of the Government but in their daily private Conversation and their very Meals and Diet. For among their Attendants they had neither Slaves for Servants nor such as were born in their Houses but the Sons of the chiefest of the Priests after they attain'd to the Age of Twenty Years brought up and educated more nobly than any other of the rest of the Egyptians that having such noble Attendants upon his Person of the best and highest Rank in the Kingdom to be always with him night and day he might not do any thing that was base and blame-worthy For no Prince is apt to be very wicked except he have some ready at Hand to incourage him in his Lusts There were Hours set apart in the Night as well as the Day wherein the King Hours set apart was to do something injoyn'd him by the Laws and not to indulge himself in his Pleasures When he rose in the Morning the first thing he was to do was to peruse all the publick Letters and Advices sent from all Parts that he might order his Concerns the better by having perfect knowledge of all the Affairs of the Kingdom Then Washing himself and putting on his Splendid Robes and the Ensigns and Badges of his Royal Authority he went to Sacrifice to the Gods When the Victims were brought to the Altar it was the Custom for the High The Priests Prayers for the King Priest in the presence of the King and People standing round about him to pray with a loud Voice for the Health and Prosperity of the King who righteously rul'd and govern'd his Subjects wherein he recounted all the Virtues of the Prince his Piety towards the Gods his kindness to his People how Continent Just Magnanimous and Faithful he was how Bountiful and what a Master he was over all inordinate Appetites and Passions how he was Mild and Gentle in inflicing Punishments upon Offenders less than their Deserts and Bountiful in distributing of his Rewards When the Priest had utter'd these and such like Commendations he at last pronounc'd a Curse upon all such Offences and Miscarriages as had been ignorantly committed yet withal clearing the King and laying all the Blame and Guilt upon his Ministers and Advisers And this the Priest did that he might thereby induce and persuade the King to an Awe of the Gods and to live so as might be pleasing to them and likewise by Praise and Commendation rather gently to win upon him than by harsh and rugged Rebukes to drive him to the practice of Virtuous Actions Afterwards when the King had view'd the Intrals and * Atton'd the Gods by Sacrifice History read finish'd his Sacrifices the Priests read out of the Sacred Records the Edicts Laws and most useful and remarkable Actions of such as were most famous in their Generations that the Prince might seriously consider and ponder upon what was most commendable in those Examples and imitate them according to the Rules there prescrib'd For there were not only set Times allotted for dispatch of publick Business and Administration of Justice but likewise for taking of the Air Bathing lying with the Queen and almost every action of their Lives The Custom was likewise for the Kings to feed upon plain and ordinary Meat Diet. as Veal and Goose and to drink Wine according to a stinted measure which might neither overcharge their Stomacks nor make them drunk Such a moderate Diet was prescrib'd as that it seem'd rather to be order'd by a Skilful Physitian for Health sake than by a Law-maker It is indeed to be admir'd and very strange that the King should not be left to his liberty for his daily Food but much more is it to be admir'd that he could not do any publick Business Condemn or Punish any Man to gratify his own Humour or Revenge or for any other unjust Judgment not to be given to gratify the King's Passion Cause but was bound to do according as the Laws had ordered in every particular case The Kings observing those Rules according to the ancient Custom were so far from thinking it dishonourable or being uneasy under it that they lookt upon themselves to live most desirable and happy Lives and judg'd that all other Men who inconsiderately indulg'd their natural Appetites did many things that were attended with great Losses or apparent Hazards at the least yea that some though they know beforehand that what they were about to do was ill and unjustifiable yet overcome either with
in a Judgment they lately gave in a Cause between them of Argos and Athens For they that were Judges in that Assembly were so envious against the Athenians that though the Athenians provided more Ships for the late War than all the Grecians beside Ant. Chr. 469. yet they judg'd them worthy of no more Honour than any of the rest of the Greeks For these Reasons he judg'd it not advisable to trust to that Assembly at Sparta for from his late defence made at Athens they took occasion to renew their Accusation for in his Justification he had confess'd he had received Letters from Pausanias to perswade him to joyn with him in his Treason conceiving this would be a strong Argument for the support of his Innocency in as much as it might be concluded that Pausanias would never have used such earnest intreaty unless he had before disallow'd of Pausanias his Treasonable Designs For these Reasons Themistocles fled to Admeius King of the * Of Epirus Themistocles flies to the Molossians Molossians and at his Court humbly prayed for Protection The King at the first receiv'd him courteously and promis'd that he would take care of his safety But when the Lacedemonians sent some of the Nobility to him to demand Themistocles calling him Traytor and the ruin of Greece and denouncing War against the King by all the Grecians unless he did deliver him The King at length mov'd with their Threats and yet pitying his late Suppliant on the one hand and desiring to avoid the imputation of ignominy of harbouring a Traitor on the other hand advis'd Themistocles with all speed to be gone as privately as he could and furnish'd him with a great Sum of Money for his support in his Flight Having receiv'd the Money and all other Supplies necessary provided by the King for Ant. Chr. 469. him he fled in the Night from the Molossians and finding Two Young Merchants of Liguria who were well acquainted with the Voyage he fled with them and by the advantage of the Night and the unwearied care and industry of the Two Young Men he deceiv'd the Lacedemonians and came safe into Asia Themistocles flies into Asia where he had a special Friend call'd Lysithedas a Man of great wealth and interest and with him he abode This Man was in great favour with Xerxes the Persian P. 271. King and had nobly entertain'd his whole Army as they pass'd that way By which means he became very familiar and endear'd to the King The Man pitying the present condition of Themistocles endeavour'd all he could to prefer him and promis'd to do him all the service that was in his power But when Themistocles desir'd him to bring him to the King he at first refused alledging if he did the King would take off his Head because he had done so much Mischief to the Persians Yet when he found that Themistocles was in earnest and pressing he yielded to him and in a short time procur'd him a safe Conduct into Persia It was a Custom there that when any of the King's Concubines Themistocles convey'd into Persia were brought to him they were carried in a Chariot close cover'd and it was not lawful for any either to spie or inquire who was so carried Lysitheidas made use of this to effect what he design'd for he procur'd a Chariot sumptuously adorn'd with Flags and Streamers and put Themistocles into it and with all secresie brought him safe to the King who had first promis'd Lysitheidas Ante Chr. 469. in private that none should do him any Injury After he came into the King's presence and in an elegant and fluent Discourse had satisfied him that he had not been any ways injurious to the Persians he was fairly discharg'd and acquitted And being thus safe by the favour of an Enemy he fell presently into a new and far greater danger which was thus Mandona the Daughter of Darius that destroy'd the Magi and Sister of Xerxes The further danger Themistocles fell into was of high esteem among the Persians she lost all her Children in the Sea-Fight where the Persians were routed which she could not bear without great trouble which mov'd all to pity her She hearing that Themistocles was come to Court in a Mourning Habit and with many Tears petitioned the King her Brother that he would kill Themistocles but not being able to prevail she solicited the Nobility to the same purpose and at length rais'd a tumultuous Multitude to demand Justice against him who rush'd with great Clamours and Noise into the Palace crying out for Justice against Themistocles The King told the Nobility that he would call a Senate and whatever they ordered should be effected Themistocles had time sufficient given him to prepare for his Trial within which time he perfectly learnt the Persian Language and did so manage and plead his own Cause before the Senate that he was acquitted both of Guilt and Themistocles deliver'd Punishment The King rejoic'd at his Discharge and honour'd him with many rich Gifts For he gave to him in Marriage a Virtuous Persian Lady of Noble Birth and excellent Beauty And order'd him many Servants to wait upon him and gave him all sorts of drinking Vessels and Ant. Chr. 469. The King of Persia's Bounty to Themistocles things for daily use not only for necessity but for delight and pleasure He bestow'd likewise upon him Three Cities for his Support and Maintainance Magnesia near the River Meander the richest City of Asia for Corn to provide him Bread Mynutes for Meat and Victuals being near the Sea where much Fish was caught and Lampsacus full of Vines for his Drink Themistocles now free from all fear of the Grecians by whom he was undeservedly banish'd after all the good Services he had done for them and richly provided for by them whom he had afflicted with grievous Slaughters lived in these Cities with great plenty of all things At length he died at Magnesia Themistocles his Death where he was Buried and a Sumptuous Monument there set up for him which remains to this day Xerxes long'd to renew the War against Greece and requir'd Themistocles to P. 272. be General of the Army Who assented upon Condition that Xerxes would swear that he would not undertake the War without him Upon which a Bull was sacrifi'd and at the Solemnity the King swore accordingly Then Themistocles drunk off a Cup of the Bull 's Blood and immediately fell down Dead Thus was Xerxes diverted and Themistocles by the manner of his Death left behind him a remarkable Evidence of his Sincerity in the Management of the Affairs of his Country And now we are come to the Death of the bravest Man amongst the Grecians of whom it may be justly doubted whether he fled to the Persians with Ant. Ch. 469. The Praise of Themistocles the stain of any Guilt or Treachery against his Country but rather believ'd that
discover what she should then intrust them with Then she told them privately that they only should have the Burial of the King's Body and recounting the many good Works he had done charg'd them to bury the Body in a proper place among themselves and to pay unto him all Divine Honour as to a God That they should Dedicate to him one of the Beasts bred among them which of them they pleas'd and that while it was alive they should pay it the same Veneration as they did before to Osiris himself and when it was dead that they should Worship it with the same Adoration and Worship given to Osiris But being willing to incourage the Priests to these Divine Offices by Profit and Advantage she gave them the Third part of the Country for the Maintenance of the Service of the Gods and their Attendance at the Altars In memory therefore of Osiris's good Deeds being incited thereunto by the Commands of the Queen and in expectation of their own Profit and Advantage the Priests exactly perform'd every thing that Isis injoin'd them and therefore every Order of the Priests at this Day are of opinion that Osiris is bury'd among them And they have those Beasts in great Veneration that were so long since thus consecrated and renew their Mournings for Osiris over the Graves of those Beasts There are Two sacred Bulls especially the one call'd Apis and the other Apis and Mnevis Mnevis that are Consecrated to Osiris and reputed as Gods generally by all the Egyptians For this Creature of all others was extraordinarily serviceable to the first Inventers of Husbandry both as to the Sowing Corn and other Advantages concerning Tillage of which all reapt the Benefit Lastly they say that after the Death of Osiris Isis made a Vow never to Marry any other Man and spent the rest of her Days in an exact Administration of Justice among her Subjects excelling all other Princes in her Acts of Grace and Bounty towards her own People and therefore after her Death she was numbred among the Gods and as such had Divine Honour and Veneration and was buri'd at Memphis where they shew her Sepulchre at this day in the Grove of Vulcan Yet there are some that deny that these Gods are Buri'd at Memphis but near the Mountains of Ethiopia and Egypt in the Isle of Nile lying near to a place call'd Philas and upon that account also nam'd the Holy Field They confirm this by undoubted Signs and Marks left in this Island as by a Sepulchre built and erected to Osiris religiously Reverenc'd by all the Priests of Egypt wherein are laid up Three Hundred and Threescore * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bowls which certain Priests appointed for that purpose fill every Day with Milk and call upon the Gods by Name with Mourning and Lamentation For that cause none go into the Island but Priests The Inhabitants of * Or of Thebais the higher Egypt Thebes which is the most ancient City of Egypt account it a great Oath and by no means to be violated if a Man swear by Osiris that lies bury'd at Philas The several parts therefore of Osiris being found they report were bury'd in this manner before related but his Privy-Members they say were thrown into the River by Typhon because none of his Partners would receive them and yet that they were divinely honour'd by Isis for she commanded an Image †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this very part to be set up in the Temples and to be religiously ador'd and in all their Ceremonies and Sacrifices to this God she ordered that part to be held in divine Veneration and Honour And therefore the Grecians after they had learn'd the Rites and Ceremonies of the Feasts of Bacchus and the †Noise and rude Shoutings at the Feasts of Bacchus Orgian Solemnities from the Egyptians in all their Myteries and Sacrifices to this God they ador'd that Member by the Name of Phallus From * Mizraim the Son of Cham. Osiris and Isis to the Reign of Alexander the Great who built a City after his own Name the Egyptian Priests reckon above †These must be understood Lunary Years of Thirty Days as the Egyptians us'd to account Vid. Plut. Numa Lact. lib. 2. c. 12. p. 118. Orus the Son of Osiris was Born An. Mund. 1778. Alexander's Conquest of Egypt An. Mun. 3661. which is 1889 Years after which makes up 22996 Lunar Years and 15 Days which comes near to this Account of Diodorus Orig. Sacr. c. 5. Ten Thousand Years or as some write little less than Three and Twenty Thousand Years They affirm that those that say this God Osiris was born at Thebes in Boetia of Jupiter and Semele relate that which is false For they say that Orpheus after he came into Egypt was initiated into the Sacred Mysteries of Bacchus or Dionysus and being a special Friend to the Thebans in Boetia and of great esteem among them to manifest his Gratitude transferr'd the Birth of Bacchus or Osiris over into Greece And that the Common People partly out of Ignorance and partly out of a desire they had that this God should be a Grecian readily receiv'd these Mysteries and Sacred Rites among them and that Orpheus took the occasion following to fix the Birth of the God and his Rites and Ceremonies among the Greeks As thus Cadmus they say was born at Thebes in Egypt and amongst other Children begat Semele That she was got with Child by one unknown and was deliver'd at Seven Months end of a Child very like to Osiris as the Egyptians describe him But such Births are not us'd to live either because it is not the pleasure of the Gods it should be so or that the Law of Nature will not admit it The Matter coming to Cadmus his Ear being before warn'd by the Oracle to protect the Laws of his Country he wrapt the Infant in Gold and instituted Sacrifices to be offer'd to him as if Osiris had appear'd again in this shape and caus'd it to be spread abroad that it was begotten of Jupiter thereby both to honour Osiris and to cover his Daughter's Shame And therefore it is a common Report among the Grecians that Semele the Daughter of Cadmus was got with Child by Jupiter and by him had Osiris In After-times Orpheus by reason of his excellent Art and Skill in Musick Orpheus and his Knowledge in Theology and Institution of Sacred Rites and Sacrifices to the Gods was greatly esteem'd among the Grecians and especially was receiv'd and entertain'd by the Thebans and by them highly honour'd above all others who being excellently learn'd in the Egyptian Theology brought down the Birth of the ancient Osiris to a far later time and to gratifie the Cadmeans or Thebans instituted new Rites and Ceremonies at which he ordered that it should be declared to all that were admitted to those Mysteries that * Osiris was call'd Dionysus or Bacchus
the Torrid Zone the Water is boil'd and therefore this River is sweeter than any other in the World for Heat does naturally dulcorate Water But this Reason is easily refuted for its plainly impossible that the River should rise to that height and come down to us from the opposite Zone especially if it be granted that the Earth is round But if any yet shall be so obstinate as to affirm it is so as the Philosophers have said I must in short say it 's against and contrary to the Laws of Nature For being they hold Opinions that in the nature of the things can hardly be disprov'd and place an inhabitable part of the World between us and them that are opposite to us they conclude that by this device they have made it impossible and out of the reach of the Wit of Man to confute them But it is but just and equal that those who affirm any thing positively should prove what they say either by good Authority or strength of Reason How comes it about that only the River Nile should come down to us from the other opposite Zone Have we not other Rivers that this may be as well apply'd to As to the Causes alledg'd for the sweetness of the Water they are absur'd For if the Water be boyl'd with the parching Heat and thereupon becomes sweet it would have no productive quality either of Fish or other Kinds of Creatures and Beasts for all Water whose Nature is chang'd by Fire is altogether incapable to breed any living thing and therefore being that the Nature of Nile contradicts this decoction and boyling of the Water we conclude that the Causes alledg'd of its increase are false The Opinion of Oenopides of Chios is this The Waters say he that are under the Earth in Summer-time are cold and warm in the Winter as we see by experience in deep Wells for in a sharp Winter they are the least cold but in Summer they are the coldest of any other time and therefore saith he there 's good reason that Nile in the Winter should grow low and contracted because the Heat in the Bowels of the Earth exhales much of the Water which cannot be supply'd in regard no Rains fall in Egypt But in Summer-time when the Waters that lye deep in the Earth are no longer exhal'd then the Channel of the River according to the order of Nature fills without any obstruction But to this it may be answer'd that many Rivers in Africa whose Mouths lye parallel with this River and run the like Course yet overflow not like Nile For on the contrary they rise in Winter and fall in Summer which clearly evinces his Falsity who endeavours with a shew of Reason to oppose the Truth But to the true cause * This is now found to be the true Reason at this day Agartharchides of Cnidus comes nearest For he says that in the Mountainous parts of Ethiopia there are Yearly continual Rains †From the 10th of June to the 10th of September from the Summer Solstice to the Equinox in Autumn and therefore there 's just cause for Nile to be low in the Winter which then flows only from its own natural Spring-heads and to overflow in Summer through the abundance of Rains And though none hitherto have been able to give a Reason of these Inundations yet he says his Opinion is not altogether to be rejected for there are many things that are contrary to the Rules of Nature for which none are able to give any substantial Reason That which happens in some parts of Asia he says gives some confirmation to his Opinion For in the Confines of Scythia near Mount Caucasus after the Winter is over he affirms that abundance of Snow falls every Year for many Days together And that in the Northern Parts of India at certain Times there falls abundance of Hail and of an incredible Bigness And that near the River Hydaspis in Summer-time it rains continually and the same happens in Ethiopia for many Days together and that this disorder of the Air whirling about occasions many Storms of Rain in Places near adjoyning and that therefore it 's no wonder if the Mountainous Parts of Ethiopia which lies much higher than Egypt are soakt with continual Rains wherewith the River being fill'd overflows especially since the natural Inhabitants of the Place affirm that thus it is in their Country And though these things now related are in their nature contrary to those in our own Climates yet we are not for that Reason to disbelieve them For with us the South Wind is cloudy and boysterous whereas in Ethiopia it 's calm and clear and that the North Winds in Europe are fierce and violent but in those Regions low and almost insensible But however after all though we could heap up variety of Arguments against all these Authors concerning the Inundation of Nile yet those which we have before alledg'd shall suffice lest we should transgress those Bounds of Brevity which at the first we propos'd to our selves Having therefore divided this Book because of the Largeness of it into Two Parts having before determin'd to keep within moderate Bounds we shall now end the first part of this Treatise and continue in the other those things that are further remarkable in Egypt coherent with those before beginning with the Actions of the Kings of Egypt and the antient way of Living among the Egyptians THE SECOND PART OF THE FIRST BOOK OF Diodorus the Sicilian CHAP. IV. The First way of Living of the Egyptians Gods and Demy-Gods their Reigns in Egypt The antient Kings of Egypt Menis c. Their several Works Thebes built by Busiris The stately Sepulchers Oblisks and Temples there A Description of Osimanduas's Sepulcher Memphis built by Uchoreus Meris's Lake Sesostris or Sesoosis his famous Expedition and great Works THE First Book of Diodorus is divided into Two Parts by reason of the Greatness of it the First whereof is as a Preface to the whole Work and in which an Account is given of what the Egyptians say concerning the Beginning of the World of the first Creation of the Universe and of those Gods that built Cities in Egypt and call'd them after their own Names of the First Men and their antient way of Living of the Worship of the Gods and the building of Temples by the Egyptians Moreover of the Situation of Egypt and what strange things are related of Nile the Causes of its Inundation and the various Opinions of Philosophers and Historians concerning it Wherein likewise is set down the Confutations of the several Writers In this we shall handle and go through those matters that have a dependance upon the former After we have distinctly set forth the antient way of Living among the Egyptians we shall then begin with their first Kings and declare the Acts of every one of them successively down to Amasis They say the Egyptians in antient Times fed upon nothing but Roots
World For they know exactly the Nature of the Land the Inundation of the Waters Seed-time and Harvest and the gathering in of the other Fruits of the Earth partly from the knowledge gain'd from their Ancestors and partly from their own particular Experience The way and manner of the Shepherds is the same who being us'd to look after the Flocks and Herds from Father to Son make it their whole Imployment to feed and pasture them They have indeed learnt many things from their Ancestors concerning the best way of governing and feeding their Flocks but not a few by their own Study and Invention And that which is chiefly to be admir'd is that their Industry is such in these matters that they that keep Poultry and Geese not content with the ordinary way of breeding these Creatures as amongst other People but by their Wit and Ingenuity cause them to increase to an infinite number for they do not suffer them to hatch but to admiration force out the Young with their Hands with so much Art and Skill that it 's done as effectually as by Nature it self Arts and Trades likewise among the Egyptians are greatly improv'd and brought All to follow their own Trades and no other to their highest perfection For it 's a Rule only among the Egyptians that no Mechanick or other Artificer is to be of any other Trade or Imployment or to be reckon'd up among any other Orders or Classes of the Commonwealth than such as by the Law is allow'd and taught them by their Parents to the end that neither Envy attending Magistracy nor publick Business of the State or any thing else might interrupt them in the diligent improvement of their Trades In other Places we see Artificers and Tradesmen busy'd about many other things and to gratify their Covetousness not to stick to any one Imployment For some apply themselves to Husbandry others to Merchandize and some follow Two or Three Trades at once And many who run to the publick Assemblies in Cities under a Democratical Government by Bribes and Rewards inrich themselves to the damage and prejudice of the Commonwealth But in Egypt if any Tradesman meddle in Civil Affairs or exercise any more than one Trade at once he is grievously punish'd And in this manner the antient Egyptians divided their Commonwealth and every Order took care to preserve themselves intire as that which they had learnt and had been handed down to them from their Ancestors They Courts of Justice were likewise extraordinary careful concerning their Courts of Justice for they lookt upon just Sentences and Decrees pronounc'd from the Seats of Justice on both sides to be of great weight and moment to the advancement of the publick good For they knew very well that Mens miscarriages would be best reform'd if Offenders were duly punish'd and the Injur'd and Oppress'd reliev'd And on the contrary they foresaw that if the Punishment due by the Law to Malefactors could be bought off for Mony Favour or Affection then nothing but Disorder and Confusion would enter into all Orders and Societies of Men among them And therefore to prevent this with good effect they chose Men of the greatest Reputation out of the Chiefest Cities to be their Judges As out of Heliopolis Thebes and Memphis which Assembly of the Judges was nothing inferior to the Arcopagites in Athens or the Senate at Sparta Out of these being Thirty in number they chose one the most eminent among them to be President and in his Room the City sent another The Judges receiv'd their Salaries from the King but the President had the greatest Allowance about his Neck he wore a golden Chain at which hung a Picture representing Truth set with precious Stones When the President put on his Chain it was a Sign then he was about to hear Causes And when the Eight Books wherein the Laws were written were laid before The Law proceedings the Judges it was the Custom that the Plaintiff exhibited his Complaint in writing distinctly and particularly setting forth wherein he was injur'd and how and the value of his damage sustain'd On the other side the Defendant or the Party accus'd after a Copy had of his Adversaries Libel answered in Writing to every particular either by denying or justifying or pleading something in mitigation of Damages Then the Plaintiff reply'd in Writing and the Defendant rejoyn'd After the Litigants had thus twice exhibited their Libels it was then the part of the Thirty Judges to consider amongst themselves of the Judgment to be pronounc'd and incumbent upon the President * To shew that Truth was on his side to turn the Essigies of Truth towards one of the Litigants And this was the usual manner of Proceedings in their Courts of Justice among the Egyptians For it was judg'd that by the Harangues of Lawyers a Cloud was cast upon the Truth and Justice of the Cause inasmuch as the Arts of Rhetoricians the jugling Tricks of Dissemblers and the Fears of them that are like to be overthrown in their Cause have wrought upon many to wave the strictness of the Law and to turn aside from the Rule of Justice and Truth And indeed it s often found by experience that Offenders brought to the Bar of Justice by the help of a cunning Orator or their own Rhetorical Flourishes either through a Fallacy put upon the Court or taking Insinuations or melting Compassions wrought by the Speaker in the Judge have escap'd Therefore the Egyptians concluded that if all the Accusation was put into Writing and consideration had barely of what was there set down the Sentence would be more exact and just And so by that means crafty and ingenious Fellows would be no more favour'd than those that were more dull nor the experienc'd Artist more than those that were ignorant and unskilful nor the audacious Liar more than those that are modest and sincere but all would have equal Justice in regard sufficient time was allow'd by the Law both for the Parties to answer each other and for the Judges to consider and give Judgment upon the Allegations of both sides And since now we are come to mention the Laws we conceive it will not be Laws of Egypt foreign from our History to give an account of such Laws of the Egyptians as are either remarkable for their Antiquity or strange and different from all other or that may be any way useful and profitable to the studious Readers 1. And in the first place those were to dye who were guilty of Perjury being such as committed the Two greatest Crimes that is Impiety towards the Gods and Violation of Faith and Truth the strongest Band of Humane Society 2. If any upon the Road saw a Man likely to be kill'd or to be violently assaulted and did not rescue him if he were able he was to dye for it And if in truth he were not able to defend him yet he was bound to discover the
Members of Osiris who was kill'd by Typhon were thrown by Isis into an Ox made of Wood cover'd with Ox-Hides and from thence the City Busiris was so call'd Many other things they fabulously report of Apis which would be too tedious particularly to relate But in as much as all that relate to this Adoration of Beasts are wonderful and indeed incredible it s very difficult to find out the true Causes and Grounds of this Superstition We have before related that the Priests have a private and secret account of these things in the History of the Gods but the Common People give these Three Reasons for what they do The First of which is altogether Fabulous and agrees with the old Dotage For they say that the First Gods were so very few and Men so many above them in number and so wicked and Reasons given for this Adoration impious that they were too weak for them and therefore transform'd themselves into Beasts and by that means avoided their Assaults and Cruelty But afterwards they say that the Kings and Princes of the Earth in gratitude to them that were the first Authors of their well-being directed how carefully those Creatures whose Shapes they had assum'd should be fed while they were alive and how they were to be Buried when they were dead Another Reason they give is this The antient Egyptians they say being often defeated by the Neighbouring Nations by reason of the disorder and confusion that was among them in drawing up of their Battalions found out at last the way of Carrying Standards or Ensigns before their Several Regiments and therefore they painted the Images of these Beasts which now they adore and fixt 'em at the end of a Spear which the Officers carry'd before them and by this means every Man perfectly knew the Regiment he belong'd unto and being that by the Observation of this good Order and Discipline they were often Victorious they afcrib'd their Deliverance to these Creatures and to make to them a grateful Return it was ordain'd for a Law that none of these Creatures whose Representations were formerly thus carry'd should be kill'd but religiously and carefully ador'd as is before related The Third Reason alledg'd by them is the Profit and Advantage these Creatures bring to the common support and maintenance of Humane Life For the Cow is both serviceable to the Plow and for breeding others for the same use The Sheep yeans twice a Year and yields Wool for Cloathing and Ornament and of her Milk and Cream are made large and pleasant Cheefes The Dog is useful both for the Guard of the House and the pleasure of Hunting in the Field and therefore their God whom they call Anubis they represent with a Dog's Head signifying thereby that a Dog was the Guard both to Osiris and Isis Others say that when they sought for Osiris Dogs guided Isis and by their barking and yelling as kind and faithful Associates with the Inquisitors drove away the wild Beasts and diverted others that were in their way and therefore in celebrating the Feast of Isis Dogs lead the way in the Procession Those that first instituted this Custom signifying thereby the ancient kindness and good Service of this Creature The Cat likewise is very serviceable against the Venemous Stings of Serpents and the deadly Bite of the Asp The Ichneumenon secretly watches where the Crocodile lays her Eggs and breaks them in pieces and that he does with a great deal of eagerness by natural instinct without any necessity for his own support and if this Creature were not thus serviceable Crocodiles would abound to that degree that there were no Sailing in Nile Yea the Crocodiles themselves are destroy'd by this Creature in a wonderful and incredible manner For the Ichneumenon rouls himself in the Mud and then observing the Crocodile sleeping upon the Bank of the River with his Mouth wide open suddenly whips down through his Throat into his very Bowels and presently gnaws his way through his Belly and so escapes himself with the Death of his Enemy Among the Birds the Ibis is serviceable for the destroying of Snakes Locusts and the Palmer Worm The Kite is an Enemy to the Scorpions horn'd Serpents and other little Creatures that both bite and sting Men to Death Others say that this Bird is Deify'd because the Augurs make use of the swift flight of these Birds in their Divinations Others say that in ancient Time a Book bound about with a Scarlet Thred wherein were written all the Rites and Customs of Worshipping of the Gods was carry'd by a Kite and brought to the Priests at Thebes For which Reason the Sacred Scribes wore a red Cap with a Kite's Feather in it The Thebans worship the Eagle because she seems to be a Royal Bird and to deserve the Adoration due to Jupiter himself They say the Goat was accounted amongst the number of the Gods for the sake of his Genitals as Priapus is honour'd among the Grecians For this Creature is exceeding Lustful and therefore they say that Member the Instrument of Generation is to be highly honour'd as that from which all living Creatures derive their Original They say that these Privy Parts are not only accounted Sacred among the Egyptians but among many others are religiously ador'd in the time of their Solemn Rites of religious Worship as those Parts that are the Causes of Generation And the Priests who succeed in the Office descended to them from their Fathers in Egypt are first initiated into the Service of this God For this Reason the * Hobgoblins Panes and Satyrs are greatly ador'd among them and therefore they have Images of them set up in their Temples with their Privy Parts erected like to the Goat which they say is the most lustful Creature in the World By this Representation they would signify their Gratitude to the Gods for the Populousness of their Country The Sacred Bulls Apis and Mnevis they say they honour as Gods by the Command of Osiris both for their Usefulness in Husbandry and likewise to keep up an honourable and lasting Memory of those that first found out Bread-corn and other Fruits of the EARTH But however its lawful to sacrifice red Oxen because Typhon seem'd to be of that Colour who treacherously murder'd Osiris and was himself put to Death by Isis for the Murther of her Husband They report likewise that anciently Men that had red Hair like Typhon were sacrifis'd by the Kings at the Sepulcher of Osiris And indeed there are very few Egyptians that are red but many that are Strangers And hence arose the Fable of Busiris his Cruelty towards Strangers amongst the Greeks not that there ever was any King call'd Busiris but Osiris his Sepulcher was so call'd in the Egyptian Language They say they pay divine Honour to Wolves because they come so near in their Nature to Dogs for they are very little different and mutually ingender and bring forth Whelps They give
gratify'd him so far as to suffer him to carry back his Wife along with him that dy'd a little before In like manner they say Bacchus hereupon rais'd his Mother Semele from the Shades below and enduing her with Immortality surnam'd her Thyone Having now done with this Digression relating to Orpheus we return to Hercules When he enter'd the Infernal Regious the Mythologists say Proserpina kindly receiv'd him as her Brother and gave him liberty to loose Theseus and Perithous from their Chains and at length contrary to the Expectations of all Men brought up the * Cerberus Dog ty'd in his Chain and presented him to open view The last Labour injoin'd him was to fetch away the Golden Apples of the 12th Labour The Hesperian Apples Hesperides to which purpose he pass'd over a Second time into Africa The Mythologists vary in their Writings concerning this for some affirm that there were really golden Apples in some of the Gardens of the Hesperides guarded continually by a terrible Dragon Others say that there are Sheep of exquisite beauty in the Hesperides and that from thence they are Poetically call'd Golden Apples as Venus from her Beauty is call'd Golden Venus Others will have it that the Fleeces upon the Sheep's Backs are of that admirable Colour that they glitter like Gold and thence have been so call'd And by the Dragon they understand the Shepherd of the Flocks who being a Man of a strong Body and stout Heart preserv'd the Flocks and kill'd the Thieves that attempted to steal them But let every one judge of this matter as he thinks best himself For Hercules kill'd the Keeper and brought away the Apples or Sheep which soever they were to Eurystheus trusting now that since all his Tasks were perform'd according to the Oracle of Apollo he should be rewarded with Immortality CHAP. II. An Account of Atlas and his Daughters call'd Atlantides and Hesperides The Amazons routed by Theseus in Attica The further Acts of Hercules he goes against Leomedon King of Troy and other Acts. The Story of Meleager Son of King Oeneus Amalthea's Horn. Hercules his further Acts. His Death by a poyson'd Shirt BUT we are not to omit what is said of Atlas and the Original of the Hesperides In the Country call'd Hesperis liv'd Two famous Brothers Hesperus Atlas and Atlas They were possess'd of most lovely Sheep of a Ruddy and Golden Colour for which cause the Poets in their Phrase call'd them * Melon in Greek signifie both a Sheep and an Apple Golden Apples Hesperis the Daughter of Hesperus was married to his Brother Atlas whence the Country was call'd Hesperis by her Atlas had Seven Daughters which from their Father were call'd Atlantides and from their Mother Hesperides Busiris King of Egypt having a great desire to injoy these Virgins by reason of their extraordinary Beauty sent out some Pirates with Orders to seize these Ladies and bring them away to him P. 163. About this time Hercules being imploy'd in his †Second last Labour kill'd Anteus in Lybia who compell'd those Strangers that came into his Country to wrestle with him and inflicted condign Punishment upon Busiris in Egypt who sacrific'd all Strangers that arriv'd there to Jupiter Afterward passing over the River Nile he came into Ethiopia and kill'd Ematheon the Ethiopian King who had challeng'd him to a Battel And then he again set upon the Task injoin'd him In the mean time the Thieves hurried away the Girls out of a Garden where they were Playing and in great haste got to their Ships whom Hercules met with upon a certain Shoar where they were refreshing themselves and being inform'd by the Virgins of the Rape he kill'd all the Thieves but deliver'd the Girls to Atlas their Father for which Kindness he was so grateful that he not only readily assisted him with what things were needful for the accomplishment of what he had then in hand but willingly taught him the Art of Astrology For he bestowed much of his Care and Pains in the Study of this Art and because he had a curiously wrought Sphear of the Stars he was said to carry the whole World upon his Shoulders In the like manner Hercules tranferring the Doctrine of the Spheres to the Greeks gain'd a Name as he that from Atlas took upon himself the burden of the whole World The Greeks darkly signifying thereby what then happened betwixt him and Atlas While Hercules was thus imploy'd they say those Amazons that were left gather'd Amazons routed by Theseus all in a Body from all Parts of the Nation to the River Thermodon with a Design to revenge themselves upon the Grecians for the Losses they sustain'd by Hercules and they bore a particular grudge and hatred to the Athenians because that Theseus carry'd away Captive Antiope or as others write Hippolytes Queen of the Amazons Being therefore join'd with the Scythians as their Confederates they rais'd a great Army with which the Amazonian Leaders passing over the Cimerian Bosphorus marcht through Thrace and pierc'd through a great part of Europe and incamp'd at length in Attica at a Place which from them is now call'd the Amazonian Field Theseus having intelligence of their Approach marcht out against them with an Army rais'd from among the Citizens taking along with him Antiope by whom he had now his Son Hippolytus Battel being join'd those with Theseus through the Valour of the Athenians won the day and slew part of the Amazons upon the spot and drave all the rest out of Attica There Antiope in the defence of her Husband fought bravely and dy'd in Battel like a Hero Those Amazons that remain'd despairing ever to recover their Country went away with the Seythians their Confederates into Seythia and there seated themselves â—at having spoke sussiciently of these we return to Hercules who having now finish'd all his Labours was told by the Oracle that it was a thing very necessary that before he was translated to the Gods he should plant a Colony in Sardâ—nia and make his Sons of the Stock of the Thespiadae Governors of the Island He therefore with his Nephew Iolaus pass'd over thither with the Boys because they were yet very Young Here we think it convenient to premise something concerning the Birth of these young Boys that we may more clearly give an account of the Colony Thespis was of the most noble Family among the Athenians the Son of â—râ—â—theus and Prince of a Territory so call'd from him He had of many Wives Fifty Daughters This Thespis being desirous that his Daughters should have Issue by Hercules who was as yet but very Young but of strength of Body beyond the usual course of Nature at that Age invited him to a sacred Festival and there nobly entertain'd him and sent for his Daughters severally one after another Hercules lay with them all and got them with Child and so became both a Husband of Fifty Wives and a Father
of the young Man but that he hop'd among so many Hazards and Difficulties he would be cut off for having no Issue Male he was afraid lest his Brother with the Assistance of his Son would some time or other invade his Kingdom But he conceal'd his Suspicion in the mean time and promis'd to furnish him with Provisions for his Voyage encouraging him to undertake the Adventure in Sayling to Colchis to bring away the Ram's Golden Fleece so much fam'd and spoken of all the World over Pontus at that time was inhabited by fierce and barbarous People that were infamous for murdering of all Strangers that came amongst them and therefore it was call'd * Inhospitable Axenos However Jason being ambitious of Glory tho' he was something concern'd at the Difficulty of the Undertaking yet when he consider'd it was not altogether impossible to be accomplish'd and that the more hazardous it was the greater his Honour and Glory would be he furnish'd himself with all things necessary for his Expedition And in the first Place built a Ship at the Mountain Pelius much larger in P. 171. every respect than was usual in those Times for then they us'd to sayl only in Boats and little Skiffs Every one therefore at the sight of the Vessel was amaz'd and the intended Design and the Building of this Ship was nois'd over all Greece so that many of the noble and brisk Youths were eager to joyn and go away with Jason in Order to partake of the Honour in this Expedition Jason now lanching forth his Ship compleatly furnish'd with all things necessary made choice of four and fifty of the greatest Persons of Quality out of the Number of those that were desirous to go along with him Amongst whom the most remarkable were Castor and Pollux Hercules and Telamon Orpheus and Atalanta the Daughter of Schaeneus the Sons of Thespius and JASON himself the Head and Captain of the Expedition to Colchos he call'd the Ship Argo from the Builder whose Name was Argus as some fabulous Writers report who they say imbark'd with them to repair the Ship as Occasion might serve But others say it was so call'd from its swift Sayling for that Argon among the ancient Greeks signify'd swift Being all on Board they unanimously chose Hercules for his extraordinary Valour to be their General After they had set Sayl from Iolcus and passed by Athos and Samothrace they were by a Tempest cast upon Sigeum a Promontory of Troas Where landing they found a Young Virgin tied near to the Sea-shoar for this Reason as is said The Report was that Neptune being displeas'd with Laomedon the King concerning the fabulously fam'd building of the Walls of Troy sent a vast Monster out of the Sea upon the Land which devour'd all that came upon the Shoar and the Husbandmen that till'd the Ground upon the Sea-Coast and that this Sea-God destroy'd the People by a Plague and blasted all the Fruits of the Field The whole Country being in this miserable Condition the People met in a general Assembly and consulted together what Course was to be taken for the redress of their deplorable Condition Hereupon it 's said that the King sent to inquire of the Oracle of Apollo what was to be done in this matter Who receiv'd this Answer That Neptune was angry and would be then appeas'd when one of the Trojan's Children upon whom the Lot should fall should be offer'd up to be devour'd by the Sea-Monster Hereupon they say that a General Lot was cast and that it fell upon the King's Daughter call'd Hesione whereupon Laomedon was forc'd to deliver up his Daughter and left her bound in Chains upon the Shoar And it fortunately happened at that very time that Hercules landed with the rest of the Argonauts and being inform'd by the Lady of her Misfortune he broke off her Fetters and brought her into the City promising he would kill the Monster Laomedon hereupon rejoyced exceedingly and promis'd to bestow upon him as a Reward some Horses he had that were unconquerable They say this Monster was kill'd accordingly by Hercules and that free Liberty was given the Lady either to go along with her Deliverer or stay at Home with her Parents the Lady it 's said chose to go along with the Stranger not only as being more affected with the deliverance than the Society of her Parents and Kindred but fearing lest if another Monster should appear she should be again expos'd by the People to the same Calamity Hercules therefore receiving honourable Rewards suitable to so welcom a Guest left Hesione and the Horses in trust with Laomedon to be restor'd to him after P. 172. his return from Colchis Then he proceeded on his Voyage with the Argonauts and presently after they were overtaken with another violent Storm insomuch as they despair'd of their Lives Orpheus only they say of all his Companions in the Expedition being a Religious Man sacrific'd and pray'd to the Gods of Samothracia for their Preservation Whereupon on a suddain there was a Calm and Two Stars fell down upon the Heads of Castor and Pollux to the great amazement of the Beholders and so all concluded that by the Providence of the Gods they were now out of danger Hence it has been a Custom ever since that when any are in a Storm at Sea they call upon the Gods of Samothracia and when any Stars appear they are lookt upon then to be Castor and Pollux that appear for their Deliverance When the Storm was over the noble Adventurers landed in a Province of Thrace of which Phineus was King where met them Two Young Men who for the Punishment of their Offences were driven out of the Territories and grievously whipt all along as they came They prov'd to be the Sons of Phineus by Cleopatra the Daughter of Boreas and Orithya the Daughter of Erechtheus But through the malice of their Stepmother by false Accusations their Father was wrought upon to deal thus severely and unjustly with them for Phineus having Marry'd besides his former Wife Idaea the Daughter of Dardanus King of Seythia was so inslav'd by an inordinate Affection to her that he humour'd her in every thing she requir'd and therefore at that time he gave credit to her Accusation that those Two Young Men to please their own Mother and in contempt of her attempted to lay violent Hands on her Hercules with the rest fortunately landing at that very time they say the Young Men call'd out to those noble Hero's and implor'd them as if they had been so many Gods to rescue them out of those miserable Circumstances declaring the cause why their Father was so inrag'd against them But Phineus meeting the Strangers in a rage charg'd them not to meddle in other Peoples Concerns for they might be assur'd that no Father would willingly so punish his own Sons unless the greatness of their Faults had overcome all Natural Affection But it happened
Built the City calling it from the Name of the Spring Thurium The City in length contain'd four Streets The first they call'd Heraclea the second Aphrodisiade the third Olympiad the fourth Dionysiad The bredth was divided into three Streets the first call'd Heroa the other Thuria and the last Thurina When all these Streets were fill'd with Houses the City appear'd very compact and beautiful But the Thurians continued not long at Peace amongst Sedition at Thurium themselves for a grievous Sedition and not without some cause began to disturb their Common-wealth For the Sybarites the ancient Inhabitants shar'd all the chief Places of the Magistracy amongst themselves and left only the inferior Ant. Ch. 445. Offices to the new Colonies And the Wives of the antient Citizens were first admitted to Sacrifice before those that were lately brought into the Freedom of the City And besides they ingross'd all the Land next to the City and divided it among themselves and left that which was far off to the new Comers This Fire of Dissention broke out into a devouring Flame insomuch that the new Colony then more powerful than the other destroy'd almost all the ancient Inhabitants and brought the whole City into their own Power But the Country being very Rich and more than was sufficient for them that remain'd they sent for many out of Greece to till and improve the Land amongst whom they divided both the Houses in the City that were destitute of Inhabitants and the Land in the Country The Inhabitants grew very Rich in a short time and entring into League with the Crotonians govern'd their Common-wealth from thenceforth with great Commendation and having setled a Democracy divided the Citizens into ten Tribes and gave them Names according to their several Countries Three that came out of Peloponesus they call'd the Arcadian Achaian and Elean The same Number of them that came from other more remote Parts of Greece they nam'd the Beotian Amphyctonidae and Doridae according to their several Tribes The four residue from other Countries of Greece they call'd the Jadans Athenaidae Enboedae and Islanders Out of the most learned and best accomplish'd Citizens they chose for their Legislator Charonidas who examin'd the Laws of every Country and pickt out of every one what he judged to be the best and digested them all into one Body or Systeme But Charonidas his Laws Ant. Ch. 445. he added many himself of his own Contrivance To rehearse some of which it will not be unprofitable to the Reader And first he institued That whoever Married a second Wife and brought a Stepmother amongst his Children should 1 Concerning second Marage P. 296. be remov'd from the Senate and Common Assemblies for he judg'd that Man could never advise his Country well who was so imprudent in his own Family For they that were once well Marry'd ought to rest satisfied with such a Happiness and such as are unfortunate in their first Match and yet against their own experience commit a second Fault in the same kind justly deserve to be noted for Fools To False Accusers he appointed this Punishment That they should be led through the City Crown'd with the Shrub-Tamarisk that it might 2 False accusers appear to all that the Offender was guilty of the highest Wickedness And it is reported that some Convicted of this Offence to avoid the disgrace have kill'd themselves By the severity of this Law false Informers the Plague of the Common-wealth were driven out of the City and the Citizens lived in great prosperity Charonidas made likewise a new Law never before instituted by any former Legislator concerning keeping bad Company For he found by Experience That both the Manners and Judgments of good and honest 3 Bad Company Men were often depraved by the society and familiarity of wicked Men and drawn aside from the Paths of Virtue to the filthiness of Vice and that such Company like an infectious Disease seised the Minds of the very best with it's Contagion and Corruption For the way to Vice is down the Hill with a very easy descent by reason whereof many of more than ordinary Integrity insnar'd with the inticing Charms of Pleasure have fallen into the highest degree of Wickedness desiring therefore to prevent this mischief he severly forbad the keeping company and familiarity with lewd Men And fram'd a Process against ill Society and impos'd a severe Fine upon such as should be found Guilty And he made moreover another Law more excellent than this past Ant. Chr. 445. by by all the ancient Lawmakers That is That all the Children of the Citizens should learn to * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4 Teaching to Write Write and the City should pay the Master Wages For he knew that they who were poor were not able to be at the Charge and by consequence must lose the advantage of Instruction for their Children For he prefer'd and not without Cause the †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The praise of the Art of Writing knowledge of Writing to be learnt in the first place before all other Arts For by the help of this many things conducing to the publice Good are preserv'd to Posterity as Suffrages Decrees Epistles Wills Laws and other things necessary for Instruction Who can sufficiently set forth the praises this Art By this the Memory of the Dead is preserv'd amongst the living by these Messengers they that are at the greatest distance far absent may be Convers'd with as present These preserve the Opinions of the wisest Men the Answers of the Gods the Learning of Philosophers all the Sciences of the World and hand them down to Posterity for ever Life is due to Nature but how to live well we ow to the Books of the Learned so that by this good Law at the public Care and Charge those who were illiterate before wholly depriv'd of those great Blessings were now improv'd by more happy Education so that we may say he far exceeded those former Lawmakers who appointed Phisicians for the curing of private Mens Distempers at the charge of the Public for they provided cures for Mens Bodies but he for Ignorance and disease of Mens Souls And we never desire to have need of a P. 297. Phisician but are always unwilling to part with a learned Man Many Poets have Celebrated these Laws concerning evil Company among others are these If one Herd with bad Company I ask not what he is but see Such as his Friends are such is he Ant. Chr. 457. Of his Law concerning Stepmothers mention is made thus The lawgiver say they Charonidas amongst others made this Law Let him have no repute but of a Fool That sets a Stepdame o're his House to Rule Nor let him for a civil Office sue Who to an old Plague dares to add a new If good luck in a Wife thou hast had then Stick at a good hand if bad as most Men Th' art Mad
any Wife that had a desire to leave Law about Marriage her Husband to marry any other Man provided he were no younger than her former Husband and that he who cast off his Wife should marry none younger than the Wife he rejected And he succeeded so well in his Proposal that by having the Law amended he not only escap'd the Rope but by this means his Wife that had a Mind to a young Fellow was forc'd to return to him again Ant. Chr. 445. The Third Law which Solon likewise had made which was amended was that concerning Virgins and Orphans The Law was that where there was an Heiress left the next of Kin might demand her in Marriage and so on the other hand a young Woman an Orphan might demand him that was of her next Kindred in Marriage and he should be forc'd to marry her or if she were poor give her Five Hundred * Drachma was of the Value of 7 d. in our Money Drachma's for her Portion There was an Orphan of this kind left of a good Family but yet extream Poor she by reason of her Poverty in no likelihood to get a Husband made her application to the People and with many Tears bemoaned her desolate condition and despicable state of Life and desir'd an amendment of the Law to this purpose That in lieu of the Five Hundred Drachma's the next of Kin whom by the Law the Orphan might demand in Marriage should be forc'd to marry her The People commiserating her Condition chang'd the Law and so she was delivered from P. 299. the Rope and the rich Kinsman was forc'd to marry the poor Maid without any Dowry Now it remains we should speak of the Death of Charonidas concerning which The remarkable Death of Charonidas there happened something remarkable and wonderful for when he was gone forth against some Robbers that made inroads into the Country before he return'd there happened a Tumult to be rais'd by the People in one of their Common Assemblies Determining therefore to make diligent Enquiry into the Cause and Authors of the Sedition he came hastily in amongst them with his Sword girt at his side and a Law he had made that none should come arm'd into the Senate-house but had forgotten his Sword then at his Side and so rushed into the Assembly and thereby gave an occasion to them that maligned him to accuse him Upon which one cries out You break the Law which you your self made No says he but I will confirm it and forthwith ran himself through †Vid. lib. 13. f. 53. Some Writers ascribe this Fact to Diocles the Law-maker of Syracuse But having spoken enough of Charonidas we shall now relate something in short of Zaleuchus the Law-maker because they were much alike in their Consultations The Law-maker Zaleuchus and bent their Minds and Thoughts to the same things and flourished in Cities near adjoyning one to another Zaleuchus was an Italian born at Locris of a noble Family of great Learning and Scholar to Pythagoras He was of great esteem and account in his Country and chosen by the People to be their Law-maker He began his Laws first with the Worship of the Gods In the Preface he requires the Inhabitants That in the First place and above all they should be fully perswaded and Law about Religion Excellent Notions and Rules of Natural Religion relating to Divine Worship and this by a Heathen undoubtedly believe that there were Gods and that devoutly looking up to Heaven and viewing the Beauty and admirable Harmony and Order thereof they should judge and certainly conclude that that great Work was not of Men or came there by chance And therefore he ordain'd they should adore and worship the Gods from whom all that is good descends upon Men. And to that end that they ought to have their Minds pure and unspotted inasmuch as the Gods are better pleas'd with the just and honest Actions of Righteous Men than with all their costly Sacrifices Having made this Preface or Introduction he then subjoyns his Precepts First That none should be implacable Ant. Chr. 445. 1. Against Implacableness one against another but that all should so manage their Animosities as to keep a reserve in a short time to be reconcil'd and in full Friendship with their Adversaries and if any did otherwise such a Man should be reputed of a fierce and inhumane Disposition Secondly He commanded the Magistrates 2. About Magistrates that they should not be Proud and Domineering that they should not give Judgment in any matter either for Love or Hatred And in other particulars he devised many things with great Wisdom Prudence and Ingenuity 3. Whereas in all other Countries by the excess and extravagance of Women 3. Against the Expence of Women much Silver was spent and wasted by a witty and ingenious kind of Punishment he restrain'd their Excess for he ordered That no Woman that was Free of the City should be attended Abroad with any more than one Servant unless she were Drunk That none should walk abroad in the Night except it were with an intent to play the Whoâ—e nor wear golden Ornaments or Garments embroider'd with Gold unless with the same intent Nor that any 4. Expences of Men. Man should wear a Gold Ring of a Milesian Garment unless he were guilty of Fornication or Adultery By these dishonourable Exceptions and Conditions of Indempnity which were Punishments in themselves he easily restrain'd the Citizens from Luxury and Excess for none were willing to expose themselves as laughing-stocks to their Fellow Citizens by owning themselves guilty of such foul Offences Many other Laws concerning Contracts and other Differences which might arise were with great Judgment made by him which would be too tedious particularly to relate and beside the scope and intent of our History We shall therefore return whence we made a digression P. 300. Olymp. 83. 4. Ant. Ch. 443. Lysimachides was chief Ruler of Athens when the Romans conferr'd the Consular dignity upon Titus Menenius and Poplius Sestius Capitolinus In their time the Sybarites that had escap'd in the late Sedition seated themselves at the River Tarentum where they continu'd for some time but at length were rooted out and utterly destroy'd by the Brutii In Greece in the mean time the Athenians having recovered Eubea drave the Hestians out of the City and sending thither a Colony of a Thousand Citizens of their own they divided the City and Land adjacent amongst them by Lot CHAP. IV. Of the Decemviri in Rome chosen to make Laws The War between the Thurians and Tarentines The sad Story of the Daughter of one Lucius Virginius in Rome which caus'd a disturbance and great Sedition The Law of the Twelve Tables Peace all over the World WHen Praxitiles was Governor of Athens the Eighty Fourth Olympiad was Olymp. 84. 1. Ant. Ch. 442. celebrated in which Crison of Himera
so this Difference being remov'd the People lived in Peace as formerly In Greece Archidamus King of Lacedemon died having reign'd Forty Two Years and Agis Archidamus dies succeeded who reign'd Seven and Forty Years At the time when Apseudes was chief Governor of Athens and Titus Minenius Olymp. 86. 4. An. Mu. 3539. Ant. Chr. 453. and Proculus Geganius Macerinus Roman Consuls Spartacus King of Bosphorus died after he had Reigned Seventeen Years whom Seleucus succeeding Reign'd only Four Years At Athens flourished that famous Astrologer Meton the Son of Pausanias who then published his Table of the Cycle of the Moon called Enneadeceterides beginning from the Thirteenth of the Attick Month * Answering to the Roman Months June and July See Aelian Var. Hist lib. 10. c. 7. Scirrophorion For in the space of Nineteen Years the Stars return to the same State and Place and compleat as it were a great Year And therefore by some it is called Meton's Year Meton's Year This Man in this Discovery seems to be exactly true to a wonder for the Motions and Aspects of the Stars fully agree with this Description And therefore most of the Grecians following the Rule of this Table have never err'd to this Day In Italy they of Tarentum drave out the Inhabitants of Siris and bringing a new Colony thither built a City call'd Heraclea When Pythodorus govern'd Athens and Titus Quintius and Titus Menenius Agrippa were Roman Consuls the Eleans celebrated the Eighty Seventh Olympiad in which was Victor Sophron of Olymp. 87. 1. An. Mund. 3540. Ant. Chr. 432. of Amphracion At this time Spurius †Milius kill'd by Servilius Hala Master of the Horse Manius affecting Sovereignty at Rome was kill'd In the mean time the Athenians in a Signal Battel at Potidea wherein they were Conquerors lost their General Callias Phormio was advanced to his Place who as soon as he came to the Army renew'd the Siege and press'd hard upon it with continual Assaults But by reason of the Valour and P. 306. Obstinacy of the Defendants the Siege continued long Here Thucydides the Athenian begins his History and then proceeds to relate Thucydides begins his History the War between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians call'd the Peloponesian War It continued Seven and Twenty Years but Thucydides writes only of the first Two and Twenty Years in Eight Books others say Nine CHAP. VII The Peloponesian War Potidea Revolts Besieg'd by the Athenians and is surrendred upon Articles Nicias made the Athenian Admiral Gorgias an excellent Orator sent from Leontine in Sicily to Athens A Peace concluded after the War had continu'd Ten Years WHen Euthydemus govern'd at Athens the Romans created Three Military Olymp. 87. 2. An. M. 3541. Ant. Ch. 431. Tribunes invested with Consular Power Manius Emilius Mamercus Caius Julius and Lucius Quintius At this time broke forth that War between the Athenians and the Lacedemonians call'd the Peloponesian War of longest continuance of any we read of in History According to the Design of our History it is convenient in the first Place to The Peloponesian War declare the Causes of this War The Athenians now endeavouring to have the Dominion of the Sea brought over to Athens all the Money they had laid-up at Delos which they had gathered together from the Cities of Greece almost to the value of Eight Thousand * Every Talent is 187 l. 10 s. Talents and made Pericles Treasurer He was of a very noble Family and in Eloquence far exceeded others of his Fellow Citizens But not long after having spent a great part of the Money intrusted with him upon his private occasions and being call'd by the People to give an account through grief of his incapacity to discharge himself he fell Sick And being thus disturb'd in his Mind in regard he was not able to make satisfaction Alcibiades his Nephew who was then under Age and under his Care and Guardianship directed him into a way how to extricate himself out of the present trouble◠For seeing his Uncle so disturb'd he ask'd the Reason who answered I am studying how I shall give an Account to the People for the Moneys committed to my Care and Custody He replied That it were better for him to consider and advise how he might give no account at all Pericles hereupon following the Advice of the Young Man contriv'd by all the ways imaginable how he might involve the Athenians in some great War For by this means he foresaw Ant. Ch. 431. he should avoid the Account inasmuch as the City would be so distracted with Cares and Fears in such a conjuncture To forward this Design an Accident fell out very opportunely upon the following occasion Phidias had made the Statue of Minerva and Pericles the Son of Xantippe was imploy'd to see the Work done But some of Phidias's Workmen and Servants fell out and stir'd up by the Enemies of Pericles they fled to the Altars of the Gods And being commanded to declare the Reason of a thing so unusual they said that they could make it out that Phidias with the connivance and help of Pericles had imbezilled a great Sum of Money belonging to the Goddess Whereupon an Assembly was call'd at which the Enemies of Pericles mov'd the People to apprehend Phidias and charge Pericles with the Sacrilege They accus'd likewise * A Famous Philosopher who held the Sun was a burning Plate or Stone He was tried in Athens for this and his Impieties He held God was an Infinite Moving of himself See Laertius Lact. lib. 1. c. 5. Anaxagoras the Sophist the Master of Pericles for his impious Opinions concerning the Gods with the same Calumnies they loaded likewise Pericles chiefly designing to stain the glory and weaken the interest of so brave a Man But Pericles being well acquainted with the Disposition of the People as knowing that they highly valued Men of worth in times when they were threatned with War the present Circumstances of Affairs making it at such times of absolute necessity And on the contrary that in times of Peace when they had nothing to do but giving the Reins to Envy and Malice blackned the same Men with all manner of Calumny therefore judg'd it advantagious for his Affairs if he could engage the City in some considerable War that thereby having occasion to make use of them they should be deaf to all Acccusations against him and should have no time or leisure to call him to an Account To help on this his Design Ant. Ch. 431. it was lately decreed at Athens that they of Megara should have no Traffick with the Athenians either by Sea or Land The Megareans therefore made their Address for Relief to the Spartans who agreed to their Requests and by the unanimous Assent of all the Assembly they sent Ambassadors to the Athenians with order to require them to rescind the Decree against them of Megara And that if they
refus'd then that their Embassadors should denounce War against P. 307. them in the name both of them and their Confederates Upon hearing of the Embassadors an Assembly was call'd to debate this matter where Pericles that far surpass'd all the rest in Eloquence and strength of Reason gave his Reasons against the abrogating of the Decree He alledged it was a step to Bondage and Slavery and against the common good to yield to the Demands of the Lacedemonians but advis'd them rather that they should draw all their Goods and Concerns out of the Country into the City and being now Masters at Sea to enter into a War with the Lacedemonians And hereupon making an accurate Discourse of the War he told them what a Multitude of Confederats they had what a brave and well man'd Fleet they were Masters of what a vast Treasure they were possessed of brought from Delos gather'd from the common Contribution of the Cities amounting to Ten Thousand * A Common Talent was about an Hundred Eighty Seven Pounds Ten Shillings of our Money Talents and though Four Thousand of it were spent in the building of the †The Propyle was a stately Gate or Porch belonging to the Acropolis or Citadel Propyle or Citadel and in the Siege at Potidea yet every Year Four Hundred and Sixty Talents were rais'd by Tribute from their Confederates And besides all this that the Adornments belonging to the Shows and the Persian Spoils amouned to Five Hundred Talents more And that in the Temples and other publick Works of the City there were great Riches so that the very Image of Minerva it self alone was worth Fifty Talents of Gold whose Ornaments were so plac'd that they might be taken off and all of them when necessity requir'd might be borrow'd from the Ant. Ch. 431. Goddess so that they be faithfully restor'd in time of Peace And as to the Estate of the Citizens he told them through the Enjoyment of a long Peace the City was grown exceeding Rich he added moreover that they had Twelve Thousand Armed Men besides their Confederates and what were in their Garrisons And those in their Garrisons together with their Colonies were more than Seventeen Thousand and that they had ready a Fleet of Three Hundred Sail. On the contrary the Spartans were Poor and far inferior to the Athenians in Naval Forces Having fired the Citizens with these Discourses he vehemently pressed the People not to give ear to the imperious Demands of the Lacedemonians And by the earnestness of his Speech he easily prevail'd for which reason he was called Olympius Aristophanes the Comick Poet who flourished in the time of Pericles mentions these things in the Verses following Ye Poor and Country Swains consider well The Words I speak if you would know they 'll tell Your Country how destroy'd a Spark but small Brought from Megara's Law blown up with all By him hath rais'd such Smoak of War Blood Fears As draws from Eyes of Greece continual Tears And likewise the Comick Poet Eupolis in other Verses says of Pericles whom Ant. Ch. 431. they call Olympius Thunder and Lightening he rais'd in Greece Of Eloquence who was the Masterpiece Only among the Orators his Darts Were left fast fixed in the Hearers Hearts And these were the causes of the Peloponesian War as they are related by Ephorus The principal Grecian Cities thus provoked to War the Lacedemonians in a general Convention with them of Peloponesus declar'd War against the Athenians and forthwith sent their Embassadors to the King of Persia to enter into a League offensive with them Embassadors were likewise sent to desire Two Hundred Ships of their Confederates in Sicily and Italy And now being join'd with the Peloponesians and having rais'd a Land-Army from several Parts and prepared with all things necessary for War they first begin At that time in Beotia the City Platea was a free City in league with the Athenians P. 308. But some of the Citizens designing to enslave the Place in contrivance with the Beotians promis'd to bring the City under their Power if they would but send them a Guard of Souldiers The Beotians therefore sent Three Hundred Souldiers in the Night to Platea who being let into the Gates the Traytors deliver'd up the City into their Hands But the Plateans willing to approve their Platea entr'd in the Night by the Thebans Faithfulness to the Athenians at first thinking that the whole Army of the Thebans were entr'd sent Embassadors to them to treat and make Terms But when Day appear'd and they of Platea understood how small a Number the Enemy was they all as one Man came upon them and Fought with great resolution for their Common Liberty But because the Fight was in the Streets the Thebans being better Souldiers at the first destroy'd many of the Plateans But afterwards they in the Houses even the very Boys and Children by throwing down Tyles from the Roofs so sorely gall'd the Thebans that they were forc'd to fly that part of them who got out of the City clearly escap'd but another part that fled for shelter to a little House at length were compell'd to give The Thebans driven out of Platea up themselves to the will of the Enemy The Thebans being inform'd by them that had escap'd of this misfortune with all their force hasten'd to the City By reason of which suddain incursion many of them who liv'd in the Country and those abroad being taken at unawares were kill'd and many Prisoners taken the whole Country being fill'd with Fears Devastations and Robberies In the mean time the Plateans sent to the Thebans to intreat them to depart out of their Coasts promising they would release the Prisoners Upon which conditions the Matter was Compos'd and the Thebans receiv'd the Captives and restor'd the Plunder to them of Platea and so return'd home The Plateans had sometime before sent to Athens for Aid and had brought much of their Goods out of the Country into the City The Athenians hearing of their Distress hastned away to them a competent Number of Souldiers who tho' they March'd with all expedition yet they Ant. Ch. 431. could not prevent the Thebans But what was left in the Country they brought into the Town The Women and Children and those that were infirm they got together in a Body and convey'd them to Athens Hereupon the Lacedemonians judging the Athenians had broke the League gather'd Forces together from all parts both from Sparta and from the rest of the Peloponesians The Confederats of the Lacedemonians were the Peloponesians wholly except the Argives for they then stood Neuters Those out of Peloponesus were the Megareans Ambraciots Leucadians Phocians Beotians many of the Locrians over against Eubea and the rest those of Amphissa Those that sided with the Athenians were the Inhabitants of the Sea-Coasts of Asia the Carians Dorians Ionians them of the Hellespont and all the Islanders except
return'd to Lacedaemon he was call'd to answer to the Charge But he so subtilly manag'd his Cause that he came off clear and nothing was discern'd concerning his Prospect to abolish the Government of the Heraclidae But a little after his death when some Notes of Accounts were sought for in his House there was found a Speech eloquently penn'd which he had fram'd to persuade the People That the King's might be chosen out of any of the Families of Sparta CHAP. IV. Dionysius his Actions in Sicily The Oropians subdu'd by the Thebans The Lacedaemonians quarrel with the Eleans Dionysius fortifies the Epipodae AS soon as Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse after his Peace made with the Carthaginians had quieted all at home he prepar'd to bring all the Towns and Cities of the Chalcideans into his Power that is to say Naxus Catana and Leontiúm And he was the more earnest to gain these because they lay near unto Syracuse and would much facilitate the Enlargement of his Dominions To this end he marches with his Forces to Enna and takes the Castle the Exiles there not being able to resist so great an Army Thence he goes against the Leontines and encamps at the River Tyria not far from the The Acts of Dionysius in Sicily in order to enlarge his Dominion Ant. Ch. 401. City where he presently draws out his Army and sends a Trumpet to the Town commanding them to surrender the Place supposing that out of Fear they would submit But when he perceiv'd the Leontines slighted his Commands and prepar'd to furnish themselves with all things necessary for a Siege having not then with him his Engines of Battery he drew off for the present and wasted and spoil'd the Country round about Thence he march'd against the Siculi pretending these were the People he chiefly aim'd at in the War thereby to make the Naxians and Cataneans the more secure When he lay near to Enna he persuaded Acimnestus of Enna to take upon him the Sovereignty promising to assist him This Acimnestus accomplish'd But when he would not receive Dionysius into the City he began to storm and change his Measures and stirr'd up the Enneans to throw off his Authority Upon this toregain their Liberty they suddenly ran P. 403. together arm'd into the Market place and now the City was full of Tumult and Confusion at which instant Dionysius hearing of the Sedition and getting together his trustiest Friends he advanc'd to a Place where was no Guard and there on a sudden rushing into the City takes Acimnestus and delivers him up to the Wills of the Enneans and return'd without doing any hurt to the Place Not that he did this either out of Love to Justice or to them but that he might be trusted for the future by the rest of the Cities Removing from thence he besieg'd the City of * Now St. Nicholas in Sicily Ant. Ch. 401. Erbita but not succeeding there he made Peace with them and led away his Army against Catana for Arcesilaus the Governor had promis'd to betray it And in accomplishment of his Treachery about midnight let him in within the Walls and so he gain'd the City Then he disarm'd all the Citizens and plac'd there a sufficient Garison Afterwards Procles the General of the Naxians won over by Promises of great Rewards betray'd the City to Dionysius When he had rewarded the Traitor and set all his Kindred at liberty he raz'd the City and gave the Spoil thereof to his Soldiers and carry'd away all the rest of the Citizens as Slaves He dealt not better with the Inhabitants of Catana whom he * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. sub hasta vendidit sold under the Spear sold for Slaves to the Syracusians The Country of the Naxians he gave to the neighbouring Sicilians but the City of Catana he bestow'd upon the Campanians for an Habitation From thence he again mov'd to Leontum and besieg'd it with all his Forces and by his Messengers requir'd them to submit to his Government and join themselves as one Body to the City of Syracuse The Leontines seeing no hope of Relief and considering the ruine of the Naxians and Cataneans were seiz'd with great terror lest they themselves should be swallow'd up in the like destruction therefore they concluded it most advisable to yield to the present time and so submitted to the Conditions offered and left their Country and went to Syracuse Archonide Prince of the Erbitans after the People of Erbita had made peace with Dionysius determin'd to build a new City for he had many Mercenaries and a mixt multitude Alesa built by Archonides of Strangers who fled thither for fear of the War by Dionysius and many likewise of Erbita freely gave up their Names to follow him to this new intended Colony With this multitude he possess'd himself of a little Hill Eight * About a mile Stages or Furlongs from the Sea and there laid the foundation of the City Alesa But because there were other Cities in Sicily that bore that name he added to it as it were a Sirname and call'd it from himself Alesa Archonidis In process of time when the City abounded in wealth partly by reason of its Traffick by Sea and Priviledges granted to it by the Romans Ant. Ch. 401. a great desire to finish this Fortification with all speed he gets together a great multitude from all parts of the Country out of which he chose Threescore thousand that were Free-Men and fit for his purpose and proportion'd the several parts of the Work amongst them To every Furlong he order'd an Overseer or Master-Workman and to every * About 20 Yards Plethrum a Mason and Two hundred Labourers Besides these a great number were imploy'd in cutting out of the Quarries rough and unwrought Stone He had likewise Six thousand yoke of Oxen appointed in several places for carrying on of the Work The multitude of the Workmen wrought great admiration in the Spectators whilst every one was diligent to perfect that which was allotted to his share For Dionysius to encourage 'em promis'd great Rewards here to the Architects there to the Carpenters and here again to the Labourers and he himself with his Friends would often oversee the Work whole Days together going every where from one place to another taking care to ease and relieve them that were tir'd out At length laying aside all State and Majesty he wrought like a private person and would be the first that Ant. Ch. 400. should set upon Works of the greatest difficulty and endure as much hardship as the meanest Labourer by which means every one striv'd who should do most insomuch as besides their daily Labours they wrought some part of the Night so great was the Ambition of the very common People to finish the Work so that beyond what could have been believ'd or imagin'd * Almost four Miles the Wall was finish'd in the space of
Athenians forthwith led out a great Army against the Plateans and having entred the Confines of Platea by this sudden and unexpected Irruption they found many of the Citizens stragling in the Fields who were presently snapt up by the Horsemen the rest fled into the City and having no Confederates to assist them were forc'd to deliver up themselves upon such Terms and Conditions as the Enemy was pleas'd to allow 'em For they were to leave the City and take away with them only their Houshold Goods and never more set foot in Baeotia After this the * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thebans raz'd Platea and took Thespia that sided against them by assault The Plateans fled to Athens with their Wives and Children and were there kindly receiv'd into the Franchises and Liberties of the City And in this condition stood the Affairs of Baeotia all that time The Lacedemonians had now sent Mnasippus Mnasippus sent to Corcyra by the Lacedemonians The City Cor-Tyra in the Island Corcycyra with a Fleet of Sixty five Sail and Fifteen hundred Men under his Command to Corcyra which after he arriv'd at the Island and had taken the Exiles on board he sail'd into the Haven and presently possess'd himself of Four of their Gallies and forc'd the rest upon Land which they of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Corcyra burnt to prevent their falling into the Enemies hands he routed them likewise in a Land Fight tho' they had advantageously possessed themselves of a Hill insomuch as all the Corcyrians every where were in fear and amazement The Athenians had some time before sent Timotheus the Son of Conon to the aid Ant. Ch. 371. Timotheus sent by the Athenians to Corcyra came too late of the Corcyreans with a Navy of Sixty Sail but before he came in to succour them he sail'd into Thrace and brought over many of the Cities there to the Athenian Interest and enlarg'd his Fleet with Thirty Sail But because he came too late to the assistance of them of Corcyra the people of Athens were very angry at him and took away his Commission yet when he return'd to Athens with a great number of Ambassadors that came along with him to confirm the Leagues with the Athenians and besides brought in â—â—motheus disearded the Fleet in good Order being more than they were by Thirty Sail the People rescinded the former Decree and restor'd him to his Command Before this they had Restor'd likewise prepar'd Forty Gallies more so that their whole Fleet was Fourscore and had made also plentiful Provision of Corn Arms and all other things necessary for the War But for the present they sent Five hundred Men to the aid of them of Corcyra under the Command of Ctesides who enter'd privately in the Night into * Corcyra where he found the Townsmen in bad circumstances by their Sedition and ill management of Cresides câ—mes to the City Corcyra from Athens Affairs relating to the War But forthwith quieting all Parties he made it his business to put all things in a posture of Defence and by this means put Heart and Courage into the Besieg'd In the first place he made a Sally and cut off Two hundred of the Enemy Presently after in a sharp Engagement he kill'd Mnasippus and many of his Army And Mnasippus kill'd Ant. Ch. 371. P. 482. now when the War was almost at an end in Corcyra arriv'd Timotheus and Iphicrates with the Athenian Fleet who coming too late did nothing worth remembring save that they took Nine Gallies Men and all sent by Dionysius out of Stcily to the assistance of the Lacedemonians under the Command of * Cissides Cassidas and Crinippus and by the Sale of the Captives rais'd Threescore Talents with which they paid off the Soldiers While these things were acting Nicocles an Eunuch in Cyprus treacherously murther'd Evagoras Murther'd in Cyprus King Evagoras and made himself King of Salamis In Italy the Romans fought with the Prenestines and routed and kill'd many of them Afterwards when Asteius was chief Magistrate at Athens and Six Military Tribunes viz Olymp. 101. 4. Ant. Ch. 370. Earthquakes in Peâ—oponnesus Marcus Furius Lucius Furius Aulus Posthumus Lucius Lucretius Marcus Fabius and Lucius Posthumus executed the Office of Consuls at Rome there hapned such dreadful Earthquakes and Inundations in Peloponnesus throughout all the Cities and over all the Country that are incredible to relate For never in any former Ages did the like Calamity fall upon the Grecian Cities which were now swallow'd up together with their Inhabitants and certainly some Divine Power contriv'd and executed this remarkable ruine and destruction of Mankind Nay the time when it was done aggravated the greatness of the calamity For the Earthquake hapned not in the day when the distressed might have found out some way or other to have help'd themselves but in the night when the Houses by the violence of the shake fell down in confused heaps so that by the darkness of the Night and the suddenness of the ruine Men were in that perplexity that they knew not which way to turn themselves for security insomuch as the greatest part of the Inhabitants buried in the rubbish of the Houses miserably perish'd But as soon as Ant. Ch. 370. it was Day some came running out of the Houses and thinking they had escap'd the danger fell into a far greater and unexpected mischief for the Sea rag'd to that degree and broke in with that violence that it swallow'd up them and their Houses together Two Cities of Achaia one call'd Helica and the other Bura chiefly suffer'd by this sad accident of which two Helica was of the greatest account of any of the Cities of Helica and Bura swallow'd up Achaia There was a very hot dispute concerning the cause of this Evil. Indeed the Natural Philosophers do generally ascribe all such Events to Natural Causes and necessary Circumstances and not to any Divine Hand But they who have more reverend Thoughts and Sentiments of a Deity give a very probable account of this Matter that this Destruction was the effect of the Anger of the Gods for the impious violation of the Rights of Religion of which we shall give a more particular account The Three Cities of Jonia were accustom'd to have a general Assembly of all the Jonians at Mycale and thereabouts where in a certain solitary place according to Ancient Rites they offer'd many costly Sacrifices to Neptune which * Pan Ionian A general Festival of the Ionians Panionion Festivals the Ionians not being able to solemnize at that place by reason of the frequent Wars and Disturbances they remov'd those Assemblies to a more secure place not far from Ephesus But sending to Delphos to consult there with the Oracle they were commanded to take Images from the most Ancient Altars of their Forefathers meaning from Helica a City of the Country formerly call'd Ionia but now
into Perrhebia he courted some of the Cities into submission and gain'd others by force of Arms. The Thessalians seeing him mount up so fast and in so short time began to be jealous In Thessaly Ant. Ch. 367. Cruel Seditions in Argos of the growth of his Power and the heat of his Ambition But in the mean time there arose such a Sedition follow'd with such Butcheries in Argos that the like had never been before in any of the Cities of Greece Which new and unheard of Cruelty was call'd by the Grecians * Knocking on the Head with Clubs Scytalism from the manner of the slaughter Committed And the Cause of the Tumult was this Argos was Govern'd by a Democracy The * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Orators and those that affected Popularity stirr'd up the Mob against the great Men of the City which caus'd them for their own preservation and to free themselves from the false accusations that were prosecuted against them to Plot and Contrive how to overturn the Democratical Government And when some who were suspected were call'd in question others fearing they should be put to the Rack Murder'd themselves For One in the height of his Torments Confess'd and Accus'd Thirty of the greatest Men of the City to be in the Conspiracy upon which the People without any further Trial Knockt them all on the Head and Confiscated their Estates P. 488. And whereas there were many others seiz'd upon suspition of the Plot and the false Accusations manag'd against them by the Orators with all the aggravation imaginable the People were so enrag'd that whoever were accus'd of whom there was a vast number and all very Rich were Condemn'd to Death so that there were Executed Ant. Ch. 368. above Sixteen hundred of the greatest and most powerful Men of the City Neither were the Orators themselves spar'd for when they slack'd in the Prosecution of the Calumnies because they were afraid left some sudden mischief would overtake them by reason of the extraordinary Cruelties that were Committed the People concluded that they had deserted their Cause which put them into such a ferment of Rage and Fury that they kill'd all the Orators that were then in the City which seem'd to be Executed upon them by the Hand of some revenging Deity as a reward of their Villanies After the Tumult was ceas'd the People return'd to their former quiet and paeceable dispositions About this time Lycomedes of Tegeata perswaded the Arcadians to join together in one Body of a Commonwealth and to Constitute a General Council consisting of Ten thousand Men who should have absolute power to Determine all matters relating both to War and Peace But a Tumult hapning among the Arcadians the controversie was decided by the Sword many being kill'd and above Fourteen hundred Banish'd some to Sparta others to * In Arcadia Pallantium Those that fled to the Pallantines were by them deliver'd up into the hands of their Enemies who cut all their Throats The other put on the Lacademonians to make an Inroad into Arcadia Upon which Agesilaus King of Sparta with an Army made up of the Citizens and Exiles broke into the Territories of Tageata because they were look't upon to be the Fomenters of all the Broils and Banishments amongst the Arcadians and wasted and spoil'd the Country which together with a strait Siege laid to the City greatly terrifi'd the Arcadians While these things were acting Jason who rul'd at Phercae a Man excellently well Ant. Ch. 367 Jason puts on the Thessalians to seck for the Sovereignty of Greece vers'd in Military Affairs who had now many of the Neighbouring Countries for his Confederates perswaded the Thessalians to end eavour to gain the Sovereignty of Greece to themselves For he alledg'd that whoever would Fight for it might now gain it as a reward of their Valour For that it was evident that the Lacedemonians were miserably Ruin'd at Leuctra and the Athenians were only Masters at Sea and the Thebans far unworthy of such a Dignity and in Conclusion that the Argives had weaken'd themselves with their own Civil Dissentions and bloody Broils Upon this the Thessalians made Jason General of all their Forces and Committed to him the whole Management of the War who having now receiv'd the Supream Command March'd into some of the neighbouring Countries and enter'd into a League with Amyntas King of Macedonia This Year there happen'd what was very remarkable For Three great Princes Di'd Three great Princes Die in one Year near one and the same time Amyntas the Son of Tharrhaleus after he had Reign'd in Macedon Four and twenty Years dy'd leaving behind him three Sons Alexander Perdiccas and Philip. Alexander Succeeded but Reign'd but one Year Then Agesipolis King of Lacedemon after one Year's Reign dy'd likewise His Brother Cleomenes succeeded him and sat at the Helm Four and thirty Years At last Jason of Pherae whom the Thessalians had lately made their General tho' he Govern'd with great Moderation and Kindness towards his Subjects was Assassinated by Seven young Men as Ephorus says who in hopes of Praise and Commendation had Conspir'd for that purpose But others write that he was Murther'd by his Brother Polydore who Reign'd not above one Year Jason â—ssassinated by his Brother Polydore after him Here Durius the Samian begins his History of the Affairs of Greece And these were the things done this Year Afterwards when Lysistratus Govern'd in Chief at Athens a great Sedition arose in Olymp. 102. 4. Ant. Ch 367. P. 489. Rome for some were for making of Consuls others were for Creating Military Tribunes in their room And by reason of this dissention there was an Anarchy for some time But at length Six Military Tribunes were chosen which were Lucius Amilius Caius * Veturius Polydore poyson'd by his Brother Alexander Verginius Serulius Sulpitius Lucius Quintius Caius Cornelius and Caius Valerius About the same time Polydore the Pherean Prince of Thessaly when he was drunk was poysoned by a deadly Potion given him by his Brother Alexander who Succeeded him and Reign'd eleven Years And as he got into the Throne by wickedness and injustice so he rul'd as he ever design'd with Tyranny and Oppression And whereas all those before him by their Moderation and Kindness to their Subjects gain'd the Love and Good-will of all he by his severe and tyrannical Government became the Object of all Mens hatred Therefore some of Larissa who from their high Birth were sirnam'd Alevadari fearing what might be the Effect of his Wickedness Conspir'd to Dethrone him To this end they made a Journey into Macedonia and Treated with Alexander the King in The Tyrant endeavour'd to be depos'd order to Assist them in Deposing of the Tyrant While they were Negociating this Affair Alexander the Pharean having Intelligence of the preparations making against him rais'd a considerable Army designing to Engage with the Enemy in
certain Enean corrupted Lipodorus who commanded a Brigade of Three thousand Men among the Rebels he routed them all For in the height of the Engagement when the Victory was doubtful the Traytor withdrew from the rest of his fellow Soldiers and with his Three thousand Men march'd up to the top of a rising Ground whereupon the rest thinking that he had fled broke all their Ranks and took to their Heels Pithon being thus Victor sent a Trumpet to the Rebels ordering them to lay down their Arms and upon Capitulation licensed them to repair every Man to his own home It was no small joy to Pithon to see things brought to such a pass as suited directly to his designs for he had now all confirm'd by Oath and the Grecians intermixt among the Macedonians But the Macedonians remembring the Orders Perdiccas had given making nothing of their Oaths broke Faith with the Grecians For on a sudden they fell unexpectedly upon them and put every Man of The Revolters all cut off them to the Sword and seiz'd upon all they had And so Pithon being defeated in his design return'd with the Macedonians to Perdiccas And this was the state of Affairs in Asia at that time In the mean time in Europe the Rhodians cast out the Garison of the Macedonians and freed their City And the Athenians began a War against Antipater which was call'd the The Lamian War Ant. Ch. 321. Lamian War It 's in the first place necessary to declare the Causes of this War that the Progress of it may be the better understood Alexander a little before his Death had order'd all the Exiles and Out-law'd Persons of the Greek Cities to be recall'd as well to advance his own Honour and Esteem as to gain the Hearts of many in every City by his Clemency who might stand up for his Interest against the Innovations and Defections of the Grecians At the approach therefore of the time of Celebrating the Olympiads he sent away Nicanor a Native of the City Stagira with a Letter concerning the Restitution of the Bandities of Greece and commanded it to be proclaim'd by the Common Cryer who declar'd him that was Victor who executed the Command and read the Letter in these Words King Alexander to the Banditties of the Grecian Cities WE were not the Cause of your Banishment but will be of the Return of you all Alexander's Epistle into your own Country excepting such as are Banish'd for outrageous Crimes of which things we have written to Antipater requiring him to proceed by Force against all such as shall oppose your Restitution When these Orders were proclaim'd the People set up a great Shout testifying their approbation For those of them that were present at the Solemnity readily laid hold on the King's Mercy and return'd their Thanks with Expressions of their Joy and applauses of his Grace and Favour For all the Banish'd Men were then got together at the Olympiads above the Number of Twenty thousand Many there were who approv'd Ant. Ch. 321. of their Restitution as a prudent Act but the Aeolians and Athenians were much offended at it for the Aeolians expected that the Oenians who were banish'd out from among them should have undergone due punishment for their Crimes For the King had made a great Noise with his Threats that he would not only punish the Children of the Oenians but that he himself would execute Justice upon the Authors themselves Whereupon the Athenians would not yield by any means to part with Samos which they had divided by lot But because they were not at present able to cope with Alexander they judg'd it more adviseable to sit still and watch till they found a convenient Opportunity which Fortune presently offer'd them For Alexander dying in a short time afterwards and leaving no Children to succeed him they grew confident that they should be able not only to regain their Liberty but likewise the Sovereignty of all Greece The vast Treasure left by Harpalus of which we have particularly spoken in the preceding Book and the Soldiers that were disbanded by the Lord-Lieutenants of Asia were great Supports and Encouragements for the carrying on of this War for there were Eight thousand of them then about Tenarus in Peloponensus They sent therefore privately to Leosthenes Ant. Ch. 321. the Athenian wishing him that without taking notice of any Order by them of his own accord so to dispose of matters as to have those Soldiers in readiness when occasion serv'd Antipater likewise so contemn'd Leosthenes that he was Careless and Negligent in preparing for the War and so gave time to the Athenians to provide all things necessary for that Affair Hereupon Leosthenes very privately Listed these Soldiers and beyond all expectation had ready a brave Army For having been a long time in the Wars in Asia and often engag'd in many great Battles they were become very expert Soldiers These things were contriv'd when the Death of Alexander was not generally known But when a Messenger came from Babylon who was an Eye witness of his Death the People of Athens declar'd open War and sent part of the Money left by Harpalus with a great number of Arms to Leosthenes charging him no longer to conceal or palliate the Matrer but to do what was most conducible to the Service of the Common-wealth Whereupon having distributed the Money among the Soldiers as he was commanded and arm'd those that wanted he went into Aetolia in order to carry on the War with the joint Assistance of both Nations The Aetolians join'd very readily and deliver'd to him for the service Seven thousand Soldiers Then he stirr'd up his Messengers the Locrians and Phocians and other neighbouring Nations to stand up for their Liberties and to free Greece from the Macedonian Yoke But in the mean time the Wealthy Men among the Athenians Ant. Ch. 321. dissuaded them from the War but the Rabble were for carrying it on with all the Vigour imaginable Whence it came to pass that they who were for War and had nothing to live upon but their Pay were far the greater Number To which sort of Men Philip was us'd to say War was as Peace and Peace as War Forthwith therefore the Orators who were in a Body together and clos'd with the Humours of the People wrote down the Decree That the Athenians should take upon them the Care and Defence of the Common Liberty of Greece and should free all the Greek Cities from their several Garisons and that they should rig out a Fleet of Forty Gallies of Three Tire of Oars and Two hundred of Four Tire of Oars and that all Athenians under Forty years of Age should take up Arms That Three of the Tribes should keep Watch and Ward in Athens and the other Seven should be always ready to march abroad Moreover Ambassadors were sent to all the Cities of Greece to inform them That the People of Athens in the first
r. 444 490 521 His Praise 516 r. 555 Issus the Battel at Issus by Alexander M. with the Persians 535 r. 579 Judges in Persia are flea'd alive 411 412 r. 462 463 L. Lacedemon the Earthquakes at Sparta 244 r. 270 Take Athens 353 r. 389 Their Quarrels with the Eleans 365 r. 404 Assist Cyrus against his Brother ib. 367 r. 405 407 Lose their Dominion at Sea 394 r. 441 Overcome by the Athenians in a Sea-fight at Naxus 422 r. 475 Their War with the Argives 493 r. 528 Lamia the Story of Lamia 674 r. 754 Lamia the Beginning and Cause of the Lamian War 490 576 r. 525 631 Laws Laws of Charondas 267 r. 295 Of Zeleucus 269 r. 298 Of Diocles the Syracusian and his Tragical End 314 r. 347 Of the Twelve Tables of Rome 271 272 r. 300 301 Confirm'd by the Death of the Legislator 270 314 r. 290 347 Leonides the Spartan General at Thermopyle 217 r. 244 His Heroick Death there 220 r. 247 Leosthines the Athenian General in the Lamian War 569 r. 621 Overcomes Antipater 579 r. 634 His Death and Praise ibid. Lesbians subdu'd by the Athenians 286 r. 315 Libanus a Description of Mount Libanus 367 r. 407 Long Life of Democritus 362 r. 401 Lucanians their War with the Thurians and remarkable Victory 400 r. 448 With Dionysius the younger 479 r. 512 With the Tarentines 701 r. 787 Lycaonia the Situation 576 r. 630 Lydia the Province of Meleager 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Lysander the Spartan General against the Athenians 333 r. 368 His Victory over the Athenians at Aegos Potamos 352 r. 388 His Death 393 r. 439 Lysimachus one of Alexander M. his Commanders Thrace his Province 574 r. 628 Relieves the Rhodians with Provision r. 782 Assists Cassander 702 r. 788 Stoops to Antigonus ibid. Lysimachia built 667 r. 746 M. Macedonians the Parricides amongst the Macedonian Kings 477 r. 510 Rout the Greeks at Charonea 516 r. 555 Mago the Carthaginian General fights with Dionysius and is kill'd 414 r. 465 Mantineans overcome by the Lacedemonians 295 r. 326 The City Mantinea besieg'd and taken by the Spartans 411 413 r. 460 464 The Battel with the Tageans describ'd 445 r. 502 503 Their War with the Megalopolites 449 r. 507 Marathon the Slaughter of the Persians there r. 242 Marmarensians being besieg'd burn their Houses Parents and Friends 532 r. 576 Megalopolis built 439 r. 495 Their War with the Mantineans 449 r. 507 With the Spartans 495 r. 530 Megara the Acts of the Megareans 231 256 265 r. 258 283 293 Their Sedition r. 478 Mentor the Rhodian betrays the Sidonians 496 r. 532 His other Acts 500 c. r. 536 c. Mesopotamia the Province of Arcesilas 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Messenians their War with the Spartans 248 r. 274 Are routed out of Greece by the Spartans 374 r. 415 Their Increase in Sicily 392 r. 438 The City Messina in Sicily sack'd by the Carthaginians 382 383 r. 426 427 Repair'd by Dionysius 392 r. 437 They assist Dion 481 r. 515 The City gain'd by Agathocles 652 r. 726 Messina in Peloponnesus rebuilt by Epaminondas 435 r. 491 Meteors an Astrological account of them 429 r. 483 Methon a City in Thrace Sack'd by Philip 493 r. 528 Meton the Circle of 19 years call'd Enneadeceterides 227 r. 305 Miletum their War with the Samians 273 r. 301 Their bloody Sedition 352 r. 388 Mitylene taken by the Athenians 285 286 r. 314 315 Their Goods sold ibid. The Port 340 r. 375 Motya a City of Sicily r. 359 Taken by Dionysius 373 379 r. 414 422 Recover'd by the Carthaginians 382 r. 426 Munychia Raz'd by Demetrius 676 r. 756 Muses the Games of the Muses in Macedonia 527 r. 570 Mycale a Description of the battel at Mycale 234 r. 261 Mycenas Raz'd to the ground by the Argives 249 r. 276 N. Nabathaeans Arabians their Laws and Manners 650 r. 722 Their War with Demetrius 651 r. 724 Naxus Raz'd by Dionysius 480 r. 513 Nectanabus King of Egypt his War with Artaxerxes 425 r. 478 Nectanabus revolts from his Father Tachos King of Egypt and is overcome by Agesilaus 448 r. 506 Rebells against Ochus 496 r. 531 Neptune the Causer of all Earthquakes and Innundations 429 r. 483 Priests drown'd in the Sea offer'd to him 305 r. 377 Niceas the Athenian General his Acts 485 r. 519 His Expedition into Peloponnesus 290 r. 320 His great misfortunes and lamentable Condition in Sicily 307 308 311 312 r. 340 341 344 345 Is put to death 314 r. 347 Nicocles the Cyprian the Tragical end of him and his whole Family 665 r. 743 Nicolaus the Syracusian his brave Speech for the saving the Athenian Captives from being put to death 200 r. 241 O. Ocean the Wonders found in it 568 569 r. 618 619 Ochus King of Persia succceeds Artaxerxes 448 r. 506 His Expedition against Egypt 491 r. 531 His Acts 498 534 Is destroyed with his whole Family 413 r. 564 Olympias the Mother of Alexander M. 598 r. 658 Her Return out of Epirus into Macedonia and Cruelty towards Archidoeus and Eurydice and others 612 r. 676 The terrible Famine in the Siege of Pydna 621 r. 697 Her Accusation and Death 629 630 r. 698 699 Olympus the Temple of Jupiter Olympus at Agrigentum 340 r. 375 Another at Syracuse 301 514 r. 333 553 Olynthians their War with Amyntas King of Macedon 416 r. 467 Demand their Land again 397. r. 444 War with the Lacedemonians 417 r. 468 Ophellas Subdues the Cyrenians 583 r. 639 Joins with Agathocles in Africa 673 r. 753 He with his Auxiliaries perfidiously slain by Agathocles 674 r. 754 His Cruelty ibid. Oracle of Dodona 439 r. 495 Of Hammon 543 r. 589 Oracles deliver'd to Alexander M. at Hammon ibid. To the Clazomeans and Cumeans concerning Leuca To Dionysius of his death 440 r. 496 To Eumelus King of Bosphoros of his death 667 r. 745 To the Helicenses 428 r. 482 To the Ionians ibid. To the Lacedemonians of expiating the murder of Pausanias 239 r. 266 To the Messinians in Sicily 399 r. 447 To Philip before his death 517 r. 557 To Philomelus 489 r. 524 To Satyrus King of Bosphorus of the manner of his death 667 r. 745 To Seleucus by the Caldeans 632 649 r. 701 720 To the Spartans of the Victory of the Thebans 241 430 r. 268 485 To the Thebans of the Victory at Leuctra Of their ruin 524 r. 566 To Timoleon of his success in Sicily from Ceres 508 r. 545 Orchomenos Raz'd by the Thebans 441 r. 498 The Thebans their old Enemies ibid. Ostracism the Law and manner of it at Athens 244 r. 270 P. Pallica a City in Sicily built by Ducetius 261 r. 288 It s Growth and Destruction ibid The strange boiling Pots call'd Craters in the Earth there ibid. Pamphilia the Province of Antigonus 574 r. 628 The Situation 576 r. 630 Paphlagonia with Cappadocia 574 628 The Provinces of Eumenes
Daughter of Bellerophon of her begat Sarpedon who went to the Trojan War with Agamemnon and is call'd by some the Son of Jupiter Deucalion and Molus they say were the Sons of Minos Deucalion had a Son call'd Idomeneus and Molus another nam'd Merion who as is said assisted Agamemnon against Troy with a Fleet of * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Margent confirm'd by Hom. Iliad 11. vers 652. Fourscore Sail and afterwards return'd and dy'd in their own Country and were honourably bury'd and ador'd as Gods They show their Sepulcher in †Crnosus in Crete Gnosus whereon is this Inscription 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Idomeneus in this Tomb doth lye Who born in Gnosus was and him hard by I Son of Molus rest Merion call'd These Two are ador'd as Demy-Gods by the Cretians for they offer Sacrifice to them and in their Wars call upon them for aid and assistance Having given an Account of these things it remains we should now speak of the Nations that are intermixt with the Cretians That the Aeteocretians were the first Inhabitants of this Island and reputed to have been there from the beginning we have before declar'd Many Ages after the Pelasgi planted among them a Nation inur'd continually to Arms and wandring up and down from their ancient Habitations seiz'd upon that part of the Island where they landed The Third Nation that came thither they say were the Dorienses under the Conduct of Teutamus one of the Posterity of Dorus. It 's said the greatest part of his Colony he brought from the Neighbouring Parts of Olympus and some part from the Achaians in Laconia for that Dorus gather'd his Colony out of the Parts and Territories near to Malea A Fourth sort of People that pour'd into Crete were a promiscuous Company of Barbarians from several Parts round about who notwithstanding in process of time spoke the same Language with the ancient Cretians the natural Inhabitants But after the power of Minos and Rhadamanthus became prevalent and considerable all these Nations were reduc'd into one Body as one People throughout the whole Island And at length after the return of the Heraclidae the Argives and Spartans sent Colonies and possess'd themselves likewise of other Islands and both in this and those other built several Cities of which we shall P. 239. treat more fully in due and proper time But since that almost all the Historians of the Cretian Affairs differ among themselves it 's not to be wonder'd at if we do not agree with them all in every thing we relate for we follow them who give the most probable Account and are esteem'd to be of most credit For sometimes we follow Epimenides the Theologist and sometimes Dosiadas Sosicrates and Leosthenidas Having therefore treated thus largely of Crete we shall now apply our selves to speak of Lesbos This Island was anciently inhabited by many several Nations one after another Lesbos by reason it was so often left and forsaken The first that seis'd upon it were the Pelasgi when it lay desert and uninhabited For Xanthus the Son of Triopas Prince of the Pelasgians that came from Argos seated himself in a part of Lycia which he had possessed himself of and there reign'd over the Pelasgians that came thither with him whence he sail'd over to Lesbos which at that time lay desolate and divided the Country amongst the People and call'd the Island Pelasgia which before was call'd Isa In process of time after the Seventh Generation many People were destroy'd by Deucalion's Flood and Lesbos likewise at that time was by * Deucation's Flood Chataracts of Showers laid waste and desolate But afterwards Macarius happening to touch there and considering Deucalion's Flood An. Mun. 2436 Eighteen Years before the Israelites departure out of Egypt Orige's Flood 248 Years before this while Jacob was with Laban An. Mund. 2189. the pleasantness of the Island there seated himself This Macarius was the Son of Crinacus the Son of Jupiter as Hesiod and some other of the Poets say and dwelt in the City Olanus then call'd Jados and now Achaia He got together a great Company of Ionians and multitudes from several other Nations flockt in to him in the first place he possessed himself of Lesbos afterwards growing more powerful through the richness of the Island and his own Justice and Humanity he gain'd many Neighbouring Islands and divided the Lands amongst his Countrymen and Followers About that time Lesbos the Son of Lapithas the Son of Eolus the Son of Hippotas by the Direction of the Oracle at Delphos arriv'd in this Island with new Colonies and marrying Methymna the Daughter of Macareus seated himself and his Followers there and injoy'd an equal Interest with them that were there before him and afterwards becoming a Man of great Renown he call'd the Island Lesbos after his own Name and the People Lesbians For Macareus had Two Daughters Mytylene and Methymna from whom two of the chiefest Cities of the Island were so call'd Macareus having a design to possess himself of some of the neighbouring Islands ordered one of his Sons to carry over a Colony first into Chius afterwards he sent another into Samos nam'd Cycholaus who seated himself there and divided the Lands by Lot amongst those of his Colony and rul'd over them as King The Third Island Peopl'd by Macareus was Coos over which he appointed Neander King After this he sent a large Colony with Leucippus into Rhodes whom the Rhodians by reason of the small number of Inhabitants that were left among them willingly receiv'd and suffered them to have and injoy the Lands equally with them But about that time the Continent over against these Islands lay under most The Macarian Islands pressing and grievous Calamities by reason of the late * Deucalion's Flood Flood for in regard all the Fruits of the Earth by the Inundation and Excess of Rain were rotted and spoil'd for a long time together Famine exceedingly prevail'd and through Corruption of the Air Plague and Pestilence depopulated and laid the Towns and Cities waste But in the mean time the Islands lying more open to the Winds and so partaking of their healthful Gales were loaded with the Fruits of the Earth and the Inhabitants had fulness of all things and in a short time were in a happy and prosperous State and Condition and by reason of the great Plenty that was amongst them they were call'd the Islands of the Blessed or †〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Blessed Islands But some say that they were call'd the Macarean Islands from Macareas and Ion two Sons of one of the Princes that formerly rul'd there And indeed these Islands for richness of Soyl and plenty of all things did not only excel all the neighbouring Countries in ancient Time but do so even to this Day For the fertility of the Soyl the pleasantness of the Situation and P. 240. the