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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57390	The merchants map of commerce wherein the universal manner and matter relating to trade and merchandize are fully treated of, the standard and current coins of most princes and republicks observ'd, the real and imaginary coins of accounts and exchanges express'd, the natural products and artificial commodities and manufactures for transportation declar'd, the weights and measures of all eminent cities and towns of traffick in the universe, collected one into another, and all reduc'd to the meridian of commerce practis'd in the famous city of London / by Lewis Roberts, merchant.	Roberts, Lewes, 1596-1640.; Mun, Thomas, 1571-1641. England's benefit and advantage by foreign-trade.; Marius, John. Advice concerning bills of exchange.	1700 (1700)	Wing R1601_PARTIAL; Wing M608_PARTIAL; ESTC R1436	687,097	516

Persian Cities for these Commodities here is also to be sold all manner of Drugs Spices Pearls Diamonds Rubies and Turquoises and all sorts of Silks both raw and wrought so that the Author who in this Relation I follow is verily perswaded that there is more Silk yearly brought into Casan than there is of broad Cloth brought into London Policy of Casan The civil Policy of this City is also commendable an idle person not being permitted to live amongst them and the Children after six years old are presently set to work here being a Law to the shame of Christendom That every Inhabitant must yearly give up his name to the Magistrate therewith declaring how and in what manner he liveth what Art he exerciseth and if he be found in a falshood he is beaten on the feet or else imployed in some publick slavery to the example of others and for other notes of Trading see Hispahan in Parthia Caramania Caramania is the third Province the chief Cities are Gadil Cobin and Caraman Famous for the excellent Fabricks here made Cloth of Gold and for the best Cymitars in the World and here it was that Alexander being returned out of India kept his Bacchanalian feasts Gedrosia c. In Gedrosia Drangiana or Sigestan Aria now Sablestan Aracosia now Cabul Paraphmisas Saca and Flircania I find not any thing worthy the survey therefore I willingly pass them over and close these Provinces with the City of Sciras which is comprehended in this Tract CHAP. LXXIX Of Sciras and the Trade thereof Sciras and the Trade thereof SCiras in times past Persepolis built by Perseus who gave the name of Persians to the Inhabitants was for a long time the Seat-Royal of this Empire for which cause Alexander as is before mentioned at the request of his Curtizan Lais commanded it to be set on fire but afterward repenting him of so great an Over-sight he re-edified the same Bindamir it is situated on the banks of the famous River Bindamir which courseth through the Kingdom of Persia and Lar and so emptieth it self into the Persian Gulph and standeth just in the road-way which leads from Hispahan to Ormus it sheweth yet many eminent signs and monuments of its former glory as two very great Gates twelve miles distant asunder shewing what the circuit was in the time of the Monarchy also the ruines of a goodly Palace and Castle built by Cyrus having a three-fold Wall beautified with many Spires and Turrets the first twenty four foot high the second forty eight foot high the last ninety foot high all of Free-stone and formed in a square with twelve Gates of Brass on each Angle with Pales of Brass set before them curiously wrought testifying the magnificence of the Founder It is now accounted one of the most famous Cities of the East both for Traffick of Merchandize and for excellent Armour and Furniture of War which the Inhabitants here with wonderful cuisning and art do make of Iron and Steel and the juice of certain Herbs of much more notable temper and beauty than are those which are made with us in Europe The Coins here in use being proper to the whole Kingdom and the Weights and Measures not found differing from the same used in Ormus the prime Port of this whole Kingdom I shall not need here further to insist thereupon and therefore from hence accompanying the Caravan I in the next place survey the said famous Port of Ormus CHAP. LXXX Of Ormus and the Trade thereof Ormus and the Trade thereof THE last Province of this Countrey is accounted to be the Island and Territories of Ormus twelve miles from the Continent small in compass and very barren yet famous throughout the World for the great Trade there exercised by the Indians Persians and Arabians and other Nations the King thereof some years past was a Mahometan and drew by the Customs of this City 140000 Xeriffs yearly since which it became tributary to the Portugals who fortified the same in Anno 1506 and for the excellency thereof the Arablans use to say proverbially Si terrarum Orbis quaqua patet annulus esset Illius Ormusum gemma decusque foret If all the World should be a Ring the Stone And Gem thereof were Ormus Isle alone Ormus restored to the Persians by the English valour Since which time by the valour of our English East-India Companies Arms this Island hath been reduced to the subjection of the King of Persia to whom it is now obedient and still enjoyeth the former splendid Trade to all the parts of the East here are found the Spices and precious Gems of India the Tapestries Carpets and Shashes of Persia the Grograms Moheirs and Chamblets of Turkie the Drugs of Arabia and lastly the Moneys called the Larins of Persia which are here accounted as a great and special Merchandize all which be excellent helps to make this place a famous Mart and Magazine of all Eastern Commodities Orders of Caravans from Syria to Balsara Now the cause that in part moveth this great Trade hither and the great concourse of Merchants into this Island is that twice yearly there cometh a great company of people over land out of Syria Aleppo and other those parts which are called Caffiles or Caravans with all the Commodities of the Mediterranean Seas which in their journeys observe this order They have first a Captain and certain hundreds of Janisaries or Souldiers which convey and conduct the said Caffila or Caravan until they come to Balsara from whence they travel by water to Ormus and this twice yearly hapneth in April and in September which constant times of their departure thence thus known their number is oftentimes augmented to 6000 in 10000 persons with their Mules Camels and Dromedaries passing by Babylon now Bagdate and so to Balsara as is abovesaid and in this same nature they travel at certain set times in their return hence for Aleppo carrying with them all manner of Merchandise of this place fitting either for Turkie or the Mediterranean Sea and in which Caravans all Nations are found freely to travel excepting the King of Spain's Subjects which are very narrowly lookt into though notwithstanding they are found oftentimes to pass in the names of Venetians French and other Nations so that when these Caravans do come to Ormus against their coming there is general preparation made by all other Merchants of that Countrey for to have Commodities in readiness to barter and exchange with them The Island it self is but small and barren and composed only of a Salt Rock whereof their houses and walls are made and in Summer it is found so excessive hot that the Inhabitants are forced to lie and sleep in wooden Cisterns made for the purpose full of water and all naked both men and women lying clean under water their heads only excepted yet they have no fresh water in the Island but what they fetch from other Islands

Goa is 1 Pecul and 132 l. ⅘ English nearest So that the difference as already said which ariseth in the Pecul from 130 l. 15 32 parts of a pound to 132⅘ and 133 l. English is by weighing by the Ballance or Stilyard the Stilyard or Dotchen making more the Ballance less The Covid or Maccao is rather a very small matter more than less than 3 quarters of our Yard and 2½ Inches or more rather 29 Inches ⅝ of an Inch nearest which Covid is used by the Portuguez The Chinese have another Covid or Measure consisting of between 14 11 12 of an Inch and 14 6 7 of an Inch which is divided into 10 parts and each of those are subdivided into 10 other parts The Covid or Measure of the Chinchoses a Province of China bordering upon the Province of Canton and Eastward of Maccao is but just 12 Inches of our measure and is the ⅘ parts of Chinese Covid or Measure nearest As for Coins there is none in the Southern parts but if you buy any thing after you have agreed for it you cut off of the Rial of Eight so many Mass Condreens c. as you agree for and so weigh it by the Dotchen which every one carries about him Having thus done with the main Continent of Asia and cursorily surveyed the particular Trade of some of the most eminent Cities of the Kingdoms therein contained being constrained by reason of the remoteness of these places and want of better information to let the same pass not so perfect as otherwise I could wish for and desire I shall willingly in what is here by me omitted crave the advices of the better experienced and that they would add by their knowledg and trial what is either here defective or altogether left out and thus leaving the Continent according to my method I will in brief run through some of those Islands which merit observation and survey the Trade thereof as amply as my Adviso's will give me leave CHAP. C. Of the Islands of Asia and the Trade thereof Islands of Asia and the Trade thereof THE Islands of Asia are either in the Oriental Seas as Japan Zeilan Moluccoes Javas Summatra Barneo the Philippines and others or in the Mediterranean Sea as Rhodes Cyprus c. of the Trade whereof a word before I conclude this Commerce of Asia CHAP. CI. Of the Island of Japan and the Trade thereof Island of Japan and the Trade thereof JApan is situated over against Canton in China having in length 600 miles but narrow in breadth in some places 90 and in some but 30 miles it obeys 66 several Sovereigns the King of Tense holding the principal authority commanding 50 of the 66 above mentioned Kingdoms every King Lord and Master having full power and authority over the goods and lives of the subjects servants and children subject unto him It was discovered by the Portugal Anno 1542. and since is much frequented by Jesuits who in great numbers have settled themselves here and are found to exercise Trade and Commerce as cunningly and subtilly as any Jew elsewhere in the world Their chief Towns are Osacaia Bunguin Meaco and are the principal Ports frequented by Merchants Strangers the Commodities of this place and Islands is Silver in some good measure digged up here and carried hence by Merchants to China to exchange for Silks and principally Rice which is found here growing in such abundance that the King or Emperour draweth Two millions of Ducates yearly out of that which is gathered from his own Possessions which he hath received at his own Demesne Firando and at Firando one of the Islands of Japan the English have setled a Factory for Trade in 1613. by Captain Sari's labour and industry The civil Wars that continually vex these Islands hinder an exact survey of the materials whereby their Trade is driven yet so far as I have collected I will here insert Coins current in Japan Their Moneys current for the most part through these Islands are thus termed and with some small difference have this value Their Silver Coins current is a Tail a Mass and a Condery A Tail is a ℞ of 8 ● or 5 s. sterling or ⅛ Tail of Siam and this Tail is 10 Mass or 100 Conderies A Mass is 10 Conderies or 6 d. sterling And in some places the ℞ ● ● passeth for 74 Condories only and no more Their Gold is coined into two small Barrs of two several sorts the one is called an Iehebo worth about 15 in 16 Mass of Silver the other is called a Coban worth from 60 to 68 Mass which may be valued from 30 s. to 34 s. sterling The Wars that continually vex this Country is the cause of this unconstant rate and price thereof Weights in Japan The Weights in use in Japan is the Pecul and the Cattee A Pecul is 10 Cattees A Cattee is accounted by some 21 ounces and by some 20¾ ounces Averdupois so that a Pecul is about 130 or 131 l. English Measure of length in Japan Their Measure of length is an Incken or Tattamy which is 2½ yards English 25 yards being 12 Tattamies Measure of Rice and Grain in Japan Their measure for Rice is thus accounted A Gant is 3 Cocas being as much as three English Ale-Pints An Ickgoga is 100 Ganta's One Ickmagog is 1000 Ickgoga's One Managoga is 10000 Ickmagogs CHAP. CII Of Zeilan and the Trade thereof Island Zeilan and the Trade thereof ZEilan lieth in the gulph of Bengala in length 250 and in breadth 140 miles found so fruitful that the grass groweth and the trees bear fruit all the year long without intermission it is commanded in chief by the great Mogul the principal Towns are Zeilan the Metropolis of the Island and Columbo fortified by the Portugals and as it is conceived commanding over the best harbour in India Commodities of the Island Zeilan For Commodities it hath many and almost all things that are found in India through all the several Provinces and places thereof first it hath Nutmegs Cloves and Pepper-Trees good store and the best Cinnamon in all India which is here had and found growing in whole woods and hence dispersed into all parts of the World also it affords all kinds of precious Stones except Diamonds as Saphirs Rubies Topazes Spinals Granati also a plentiful fishing for Pearl yet not accounted so good as at Bareim by Ormus it hath likewise Mines of Gold Silver and other metals also Iron Flax Brimstone Ivory bones and sundry other Commodities Adam's Hill the Zeilans Paradise Here is also a Hill of that great height that the Inhabitants hold it the highest in India and call it Adam's Hill upon which they say Paradise stood and that Adam was there created whose foot-steps if they may be believed do remain yet ingraven there in the Rock and go not out but the Inhabitanis being most active in their bodies may be

of Traffick stand in his Road the limits and bounds of Kingdoms the disposition of the Inhabitants the alteration of the Climates the Laws of those several Regions the Commodities that those Countries do afford for Merchandizing the plenty and scarcity thereof and lastly how they are supplied with forein Wares and Merchandizes either by Lands Seas or navigable Rivers and all these besides many other needful lessons may be hence learned and observed which laid up in memory both in the course of his life and traffick may in after-times much profit and advantage him The benefit reaped thereby being thus briefly expressed the thing it self challengeth in the next place to be handled which according to my skill and insight I shall succinctly touch so far as is needful to my present purpose Geography demonstrated Geography in brief then is an Art that doth demonstrate by rules in a flat level or Plano the whole Sea and Earth and the division thereof setting down by a certain method the limits and extents of Countrïes Provinces and Dominions of Princes the situation of Cities Towns Hills Rivers Woods c. The bounds of Seas Capes Islands c. All which is performed and expressed by apt lines numbers and parts of the Heavens and lastly it giveth rules to know the distances of the said places either in leagues or miles from one Country City or place to another all which being also necessary to be known by the Merehant I will in few words declare the same Maps and Cards First then to make the same more evident the ground of this Art is ordinarily demonstrated and best expressed in Maps and Cards which do comprize both the Earth and Waters of which making one entire body the Cosmographers do environ with five Circles the first is the Equinoctial then the two Tropicks and lastly the two Polar Circles thereby dividing the whole which now we call the World into five Zones two whereof are found to be cold two temperate and one extreme hot all which in these our days are found to be habitable contrary to the opinion of some ancient Cosmographers of which Circles and their particular parts divisions demonstrations and descriptions it will not be unproper I should briefly handle as an entrance into this work and for the better understanding of what is to follow hereafter The use of Maps and Cards in general Every Map or Card then for the most part is commonly traced with two sorts of lines or circles that is Meridians and Parallels Meridian the Meridians are either Right or Circular lines passing through both the Poles of the World and are imagined to be drawn right up and down from the head to the foot of the Map and called Meridians because that when the Sun cometh to touch any of those lines it is mid-day to those that dwell under the same Parallel And Parallels are either right or circular lines imagined to be equally distant one from another which do cross the aforesaid Meridians with right Angles and in the very midst of these Universal Maps and Cards are most commonly drawn from head to foot a right line which signifieth not only the first Meridian but also the Axletree of the World Poles Artick and Antartick the upper end of which line is call'd the Pole-Artick or the North-Pole and the nether end is called the Pole-Antartick or the South-Pole Equinoctial and this line is crossed in the very midst betwixt the two Poles with another great circle or rather right line called the Equinoctial because that when the Sun cometh to touch this line or circle the day and night is equal throughout the whole World the one half of which line towards the right hand sheweth the East part and the other half towards the left hand sheweth the West part of the World so as those two lines the first Meridian and the Equinoctial do point out the four Quarters of the World East West North and South from whence the four principal winds do blow between which winds are set down in all general Maps and generally in all Sea-Cards the other division of the winds which as not much pertinent to my present purpose I willingly omit Further It is to be noted that both the Equinoctial and the Meridian Circles or Lines are divided each of them into 360 degrees so as every quarter of them containeth 90 degrees and in the Equinoctial are set down the degrees of Longitude which is the length of the World round about from West to East and from East by West home again The first degree whereof beginneth where the first aforesaid Meridian crosseth the Equinoctial in the very midst of all Universal Maps in general and so proceedeth Eastward unto the number of 180 degrees which is as far as you can go Eastward for from thence by reason of the roundness of the Earth you must needs turn back again Westward until you come to the 360 degrees which is the last degree of Longitude and endeth where the first degree beginneth Moreover In the said first Meridian are set down the degrees of Latitude that is breadth of the World both in Nor hern and Southern for from the Equinoctial to the North-Pole are contained in the aforesaid Meridian 90 degrees and that is called the North Latitude and from the Equinoctial to the South-Pole are contained in the said Meridian other 90 degrees which is called the South Latitude and in most Maps the Equinoctial Line is divided and crossed with 18 Meridians on each side of the first Meridian dividing the Equinoctial into 36 several distances every distance containing 10 degrees and every degree containeth 60 Italian miles of length Circles Artick and Antartick Again betwixt the Equinoctial and each of the Poles are drawn certain Circles or Lines which as I said before are called Parallels of which most commonly it is found that four are pointed with red Ink signifying the four lesser Circles the highest towards the North-Pole is called the Circle-Artick which is 23½ degrees distant from the Pole and the lowest towards the South Pole is call'd the Circle-Antartick which is also distant 23½ degrees from the Pole 2 Tropicks 1 Cancer 2 Capricorn and as touching the other two red Circles the one lying betwixt the Circle-Artick and the Equinoctial it is called the Tropick of Cancer and the other lying betwixt the Equinoctial and the Circle Antartick that is called the Tropick of Capricorn and each of these two Tropicks is distant from the Equinoctial 23 degrees 2. 8. ½ which is the greatest declination of the Sun for betwixt these two Tropicks the Sun continually maketh his course and returneth mounting never higher than the Tropick of Cancer nor descending never lower than the Tropick of Capricorn for which cause some do set down in their Maps betwixt the said two Tropicks an overthwart line signifying the Ecliptick line under which the Sun continually walketh Five

Zones and where placed Furthermore By help of the said four Circles the Earth as I said before is divided into five Zones one hot two temperate and two cold The hot is contained betwixt the two Tropicks in the midst of which the Equinoctial line is placed of the two temperate Zones the one lieth betwixt the Tropick of Cancer and the Circle Artick and the other betwixt the Tropick of Capricorn and the Circle Antartick and of the cold Zones the one lieth betwixt the North Pole and the Circle Artick and the other betwixt the South Pole and the Circle Antartick Moreover besides the four special Parallels there be also divers other Parellels drawn on each of the Equinoctial both Northward and Southward which crossing in certain points the first Meridian marked with degrees do shew the true Latitude of every place and under what Clime or Parallel it is and also how many hours the longest day of any place under every Parallel is beginning to account the same either from the Equinoctial upward towards the North Pole along the first Meridian marked with degrees of Northern Latitude or else from the first Equinoctial downwards towards the South Pole marked with degrees of Southern Latitude The division of the World into four parts Also this World in all common Maps and Cards is divided into four parts Europe Africk Asia and America the bounds whereof will not be amiss here to be observed and how many miles each particular division containeth as well in Longitude as in Latitude according to the opinion of Mercator whom I willingly follow for my director in this point Europe Europe then is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea and on the South with the Mediterranean Sea on the East with the Flood Tanais and on the West with the West Oceane and Europe in measuring with a right line from the farthest part of Ireland on the West unto the Flood Tanais on the East both places having 52 degrees of Latitude Long. 2166 miles hath in Longitude 2166 miles and in measuring with a right line from the farthest part of Morea on the South whose Latitude is 35 degrees unto the North Sea side having 72 degrees of Latitude Lat. 2220 miles hath in Longitude 2220 miles or thereabouts Africa Africa is bounded on the North with the Straight Sea Gibralter and with the Mediterranean Sea and on the South with a Sea which divideth Africa from the South Land not yet to us fully known and on the East with the Red Sea and on the West with the great Atlantick Ocean and in the measuring of Africa with a right line from Gambra on the West unto the Cape de Gardaso on the East both places having 10 degrees of North Latitude Long. 4425 miles hath in Longitude 4425 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 50. degree of the Equinoctiall unto the Mediterranean Sea it hath in North Latitude 32 degrees which multiplied by 60 maketh 1920 miles and in South Latitude measuring with a right line from the 50. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Cape of bona Esperansa it hath 35 degrees which also multiplied by 60 makes 2100 miles Lat. 4020 miles which maketh the whole Latitude of Africa to be 4020 miles or thereabouts Asia Asia is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea and on the South partly with the Red Sea and partly with the other Seas and Gulphs adjoyning thereto on the East with the East India Ocean and the Straight Sea of Anian and on the West with the Flood Tanais and Fens of Meotis with the Cimmerian and Thracian Bosphorus the Euxine and Mediterranean Sea and part of the Arabian Gulph and Asia then in measuring with a right line from the mouth of the Flood Tanais to the Promontory Tamos both places having 50 degrees of Latitude Long. 4284 hath in Longitude 4284 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 150. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Promontory Tabin it hath in North Latitude 75 degrees Latit 4500. which being multiplied by 60 maketh 4500 miles America America is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea and on the South with the Magellanick Sea on the East with the Atlantick Ocean on the West with the West Indian Ocean and the Straights of Anian and in measuring with a right line from the Straights of Anian to the furthest part of Estotiland upon the 64. degree of Latitude hath in Longitude 164 degrees Long. 4264. which maketh 4264 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 270 degree of the Equinoctial unto the North Sea it hath in North Latitude 76 degrees which makes 4560 miles and in measuring with a right line from the 305. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Magellanick Sea it hath in South Latitude 53 degrees Latit 3210. which makes at 60 miles the degree 3210 miles Thus far shall suffice to have spoken in general of the Lines Circles and Divisions of the Universal Maps and Cards found to be made by our Modern Cosmographers That which cometh in the next place to be handled as the more material and useful part belonging to my present work is the knowledge and situation of every Kingdom Region City Mountain Flood and Lake found in this circumference also the knowledge of the Seas together with the Islands Ports Capes Points and Bays which do belong to every one of the aforesaid parts and divisions of the World and that are found therein comprised which principally is manifested and learned by the Longitude and Latitude thereof in it self which teacheth these particulars Latitude how accounted First The very situation of the place Secondly The very distance from one place or City to another Thirdly How one place lieth from another And lastly With what wind you may sail from one Point Cape or City maritime to another in which four things the chief use of Maps are found principally to consist First then The degrees of Latitude or the elevation of the Pole being both one thing is accounted from the Equinoctial to either Pole which is 90 degrees and the degrees of Longitude accounted upon the said Equinoctial from the Isles of Cape Verde towards the East and so round about the Earth till you come to the number of 360 degrees where it is to be noted that the Provinces and Towns situated under one and the same degree of Latitude have at the same time like hours of the day but those that are situated under divers degrees of Longitude do differ in number of hours and that is the cause that when it is in one Town noon-tide it is in another Town distant thence 30 degrees towards the East two a clock in the afternoon and so consequently for every 15 degrees distance it is then found to differ one hour in time Days and nights differ according to the Latitude Also those that dwell under