is made the worsse therby and the redier alwaies to looke for the like This said he to his sonne but let vs think it giuen in precept to vs all Wherfore this certeinlie is no doute but that same liberalitie which standeth in trauail and diligence bothe is honester and also spreddeth farder and is able to profit mo Oftentimes yet a man must giue largelie and this kinde of liberalitie is not to bee vtterlie cast of and wee must manie times giue parte of our substauÌ„ce to mete men that haue need but wee must doo it heedfullie and measurablie For diuers haue spoilde oute their liuelod by lauishing it vnaduisedlie But what is folisher than to cause that you caÌ„ no lenger doe the thing which ye loue to doe And also spoile foloweth of lauishnesse For when by giuing they begin to be needie they be driuen to lay haÌ„d on other mennes goodes so when they wolde be beneficiall for cause of goodwill getting they purchase not so greate loue of theirs to whome they gaue as of them they gette hatered from whome they tooke Wherfore neither a mannes substaunce is so to bee shutte vp that liberalitie can not open it nor so to be vnlocked that it lye abrode for euerie bodie A measure is to be kept and let it bee referred to abilitie In anie wise wee must remember that which with our men is verie ofte in vsage and now is comme into the custome of a prouerb that Lauishnesse findes no bottome For what staie can ther be when bothe they who ar wonte to it and other do desire one thing In all ther be two sortes of largegiuers of which the one be called foolelarge the other liberall Foolelarge we call them who with open feastes and fleshgiftes and fenseshowes and furniture of sightes and hontinges power oute their money on those thinges wherof they shall leaue a memorie either shorte or none at all But liberall they be named who with their riches do raunsome men taken by preyeseekers or for their frendes sake do become sureties for dette or do ayde them in their daughters preferment of mariage orels do help them either in getting or encreasing their goodes And therfore I maruail what camme in Theophrastus minde in that boke which he wrote of riches wherin he spake manie thinges notablie but this oute of course For he is much in praising greate sumptuousnesse and furnishment of peoplepleasing showes and he deemeth the ablenesse of such charges to bee the frute of riches But methinketh that frute of liberalitie wherof I haue putte a fewe examples is bothe greater and more certain How much more grauelie trulie dothe Aristotle reproue vs who ar not in a wondermet at these lasshinges oute of money which bee done to clawe the multitude but in case they who ar besieged of enemies should bee driuen to bye a quarte of water for teÌ„ne crownes that this at first hearing seemeth to vs vncredible and all make a maruail at it but wheÌ„ we haue giuen good heede therto we holde w t necessitie yet wee make no greate maruail at these exceeding losses and endlesse charges when speciallie neither necessitie is relieued nor worship encreased that self-same clawing of y â— multitude shall endure for a short a small while yea and that w t euerie of the lightest mindes yet in the verie same euen togither with the fulnesse the remembraunce also of the pleasure dieth It is also well gathered that these showes be wellliked of Childern and women and slaues and freemeÌ„ moste like vnto slaues but y t no wayes they caÌ„ be allowed of a sage man and one y t with a grounded iudgement weyeth those thinges that be done Neuerthelesse I perceiue in our citie it hath growne into vse now in this good worlde that the gay showes of the Ediles office is loked for â—…uen of the best men Therfore Publius Crassus bothe by surname riche and also in substauÌ„ce kept his Edileoffice marueloê° suÌ„ptuously And soone after Lucius Crassus with Quintus Mutius the greatest meanekeper of all meÌ„ kept the time of their Edileoffice most royally Then caÌ„me Caius Claudius Appius sonne Afterwarde succeded manie as Lucullus Hortensius Silanus But Publius Lentulus when I was Consul passed all his predecessours Scaurus folowed him But our Pompeius showes in his second Consulship wer y â— costliest of all in eueriedeale wherof you see what liketh me We must yet auoide suspicion of couetousnesse For the refusall of the Edileship brought to Mamercê° a verie riche man a fall for the Consulship Wherfore the thing is to be done bothe if it be called for of the people good men though they do not require it do yet allow it so it be according to ones abilitie as we ourself haue done and also if anie greater and more profitable thing is wonne at anie time by peoplepleasing largesse as of late a greate honour to Orestes wer the dynings in opeÌ„ waies in name of his tenthes No nor it was not couÌ„ted a reproche to Marcus Seiê° that in a derth of corne he gaue to the people for foure peÌ„ce a busshell For froÌ„ a greate a loÌ„gefestred enuie he deliuerd himself neither by a dishonest losse seeig he was Edile nor yet verie greate But alate it was pauÌ„iÌ„g hie honour to our Milo bicause for the coÌ„monweales sake which in our safetie consisted with hired feÌ„smen he suppressed all Publius Clodius atteÌ„ptes and rages Ther is therfore cause of largesse if either it be necessarie or ê“fitable And yet in thesesame the rule of meankeeping is best Certesse Lucius Philippus Quintus sonne a manne of great witte and moste famous was wonte to glorie that he withoute anie gift giuing had atteined al maner dignities which were counted moste honorable The like said Cotta Curio We also in this may glorie after a certein sorte For doutlesse small was the cost of our Edileship in respect of such large honours as by all-mennes voices we atteined eueÌ„ in our yere which hathe befallne to none of them whome I named â—…while And also these expenses be better which ar bestowed vpon citiewalles shippedockes hauens conduites and all that appertein to the vse of the coÌ„monweale Although y â— is more pleasaunt which presentlie is giuen as it were in hande yet for time to coÌ„me these be more acceptable Sightcourts galereywalkes and new churches the more reuerentlie I fynde faulte with for Pompeius sake but the best lerned men do not alow them as bothe this same Panetiê° whoÌ„e I haue folowed much in these bokes yet not translated him also Phalereus Demetrius who dispraised Pericles the prince of Greece bicause he layed so much money vpon those goodlie porches But of this kinde vniuersallie it is diligeÌ„tlie disputed in
bodie so those thinges which with witte and reason wee go thorow be of more grace than those which we do with strength The first commendation then procedeth of sobermoode the next of naturall dutie toward pareÌ„tes the third of good will toward theirs But to the best coÌ„meÌ„dation yongmen be knowne soonest of all who haue bestowed themselues with noble and wise men well counseling the coÌ„monweale on whome if they be attendaunt they bring the people in beleefe that they will proue like them whome they haue chosen themselues to folowe Publius Mutius house did set out Publius 〈◊〉 ê° youthstate for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of harmlesse life of knowledge in the law For as for Lucius Crassus when he was a verie yongman he 〈◊〉 not from anie other place but wanne himself a verie greate praise by that noble and glorious accusation And in which age they who haue exercises ar 〈◊〉 to bee 〈◊〉 with praise as wee haue heard by 〈◊〉 in thesame age Lucius Crassus did showe himself in open courte to do that veriewell hauing forestudied which 〈◊〉 then at home with praise he might haue exercised But wheras ther bee two â—…ortes of speeche wherof in the one is familiar talk in the other 〈◊〉 it is no doute but the 〈◊〉 of spâ—…he may do mosâ—…e and hathe the greater furderaunce to glorie For y t is y â— thing which we do call eloqueÌ„ce but yet it is hard to tell how much a geÌ„tlenes â—… familiarnes of speeche winneth ménes mindes Ther be letters abrode of Philippus to Alexander and of Antipater to CassaÌ„der and of Antigonus to Philippus three very wysemen for so we haue heard in which thei giue rules that with gentle speche they allure the hertes of the multitude to owe theyr good will that they please their souldiours by speaking to them with faire wordes But y e oration which is made amonge the multitude with vehemence oftentimes raiseth an vniuersall glorie For great is the woÌ„derment at him that plentiefullie wiselie speaketh whome the hearers doe iudge also to vnderstande more and to be wiser than other And if in the oratioÌ„ ther be a grauenesse mingled with sobermoode nothing ther can be done more woÌ„derfull somuch the more if those be in a yongeman But wheras ther be verie manie kindes of causes which doe require eloquence and manie yongmen in our commoÌ„weale bothe before the iudges before the Senate haue atteined praise by speakiÌ„g in maters y â— grea test admiration is in iudiciall causes y â— nature wherof is in two partes For it staÌ„deth in accusation defence of which albeit defence is the more commendable yet also accusation is oftentimes alowed I spake of Crassus a litle before the like did Marcus Antonius being a yongman an accusation also brought Publius Sulpitius eloquence to light when into iudgement he called the seditious vnprofitable citiezen Caius Norbanus But this sothelie is not often to be done nor at anie time onlesse either for the commoÌ„weales cause as did the twoo Luculli or for protection sake as we did for the Sicilians and for y t Sardines Iulius Cesar for Marcus Albutius did y t like Also Lucius Fusius diligeÌ„ce was knowne in the accusing of Marcus Aquilius Once then it may be done not ofteÌ„ certesse But in case a man must needes do it often let him ascribe this office to the commonweale whose enemies to reueÌ„ge often is not to be reproued yet let ther be a measure present For of a hardherted man or rather scace a man it seemes vpon manie to bring the dauÌ„ger of life for that bothe is dauÌ„gerous to himself and also a shameful blotte in his name to giue cause that he be named a promotour Which chaunced to Marcus Brutus borne of a noble stocke his sonne who was verie well skilled in the ciuil lawe And therto this rule of dutie must bee diligeÌ„tlie kept that ye bring no innocent at anie time in iudgement vpon life for that can in no wise be done withoute haynous wickednesse For what is ther so vnnaturall as to turne eloquence being giuen of nature for the safegarde and preseruation of men to the harme and destructioÌ„ of good meÌ„ And yet as thiâ—… is to bee â—…schewed so is it not to be counted contrarie to godlinesse to defend the giltie otherwhile and mischeuous and wicked This the multitude desireth custome beareth humanitie also worketh The iudges parte is euermore in causes to folow the trouth the counselers parte manie times to defend the trouthlike though it be not so true which to write I wolde not be bolde namelie seeing I treate of philosophie but that thesame liked Panetius the grauest of the Stoikes But moste of all by defending bothe glorie and fauour is gotten and so much the more if euer it befall that he bee defended who dothe seeme to be besette and pressed with the richesse of anie man of power as ourself did bothe often at other times and also being yong for Sextus 〈◊〉 the Amerine against the might of Lucius Sylla bearing swey which oration as ye wotte is abrode But now we haue sette forthe yong mennes duties which auaile to the atteining of glorie hereafter we must speake of bountiefulnesse and liberalitie Wherof two maner waies ther ber For liberall dealing is showed to such as neede either by trauail or with money This latter is the easier speciallie to the possessioner but that other is the goodlier and more glorious meeter for a manlie and a noble man For though ther is a liberall will of pleasuring in bothe yet the one oute of the coffer the other oute of vertue is takeÌ„ and the lauishing which is made of a mannes housegoodes draweth drye the verie fountane of liberalitie so liberalitie is by liberalitie wasted and toward y â— mo that you do vse it the lesse ye can be able to vse it toward manie But whoso shall be bountiefull and liberall of trauail that is of vertue and diligence first the mo they haue profited the mo furderers they shall haue toward dealing liberallie afterwarde by customable vsing of bouÌ„teousnesse the redier they shall be and as it were the more practised to deserue well of manie Princelie dothe Philippus in a certein epistle accuse Alexander his sonne that by lauishnesse he hunteth after the good will of the Macedonians VVhat reason in a mischiefe quoth he hath brought you into this hope that ye should think those wolde be to you faithfull whome you had corrupted with money VVhy go ye aboute this that the Macedonians may think you not their king but their seruaunt and briber Well he sayd seruauÌ„t and briber bicause it is vile for a king Better also he sayd in that he called largegiuing corruption For he that receiueth
Now when a man is so enstructed with philosophie that he can full coÌ„uenieÌ„tly liue sole at pointe deuice by himself he must be brought forth abrode into the face of the worlde to the intent he may procure not onely that becoÌ„mes himself to do but also the welth of other folke He must remember the three folde state diuersitie that he hathe espyed practised in himself and must transâ—…erre thesame to the gouernauÌ„ce bothe of his housholde priuatlie and of the holle commons openly So shall the meanest sorte like the vitall parcell in man bee occupied aboute the moste seruile and needfull workes men of middle degree like y â— sensiue soule shall attend to affaires and sciences more liberall the nobilitie in the coÌ„mon gouernment like reason in the nature of maÌ„ shall rule all the multitude That thing also dothe Lullie touche in this treatise and showeth meÌ„ in authoritie theyr duties bothe iu warr and peas wherby thei may make themselues and theyr subiects happy and fortunate And not onely them but all sortes of men he admonisheth what thei haue to do thorough out their life according to theyr age trade and estate with respect to the circumstauÌ„ces of times places and persones In the first boke he first diuideth dutie into the perfit and the meane leauing the one which belongeth to the end of good is in it self right to men of perfectioÌ„ and prosecuting y â— other in certein rules preceptes so that therby euery maÌ„ may frame and order his life Then he leades vs to the fynding oute of duties by taking aduisement aboute the choise of honest thinges and refusall of the vnhonest Afterward he setts for the the originall causes and the chiefe parts of honestie with theyr duties properties At the last he warneth vs to discerne y â— more or most honest thing froÌ„ the lesse or leâ—… allwaies in the vse therof to preferr y â— greater In the second rehersing profitable vnprofitable thinges he showeth how to attein and to vse the profitable how to eschewe the contrarie and in the end makes a comparison of profits teaching to preferre the greater before the smaller or the mo before the fewer In the third he coÌ„pareth profit with honestie with euerie parte therof not as if ther could indeede bee contrarietie bitweene them but hee means the profit which semeth not honest the honestie which seemeth not profitable or of eyther of theÌ„ the apparaunt showe and hee tells vs what is to be done when these seeme so to striue one with an other that honestie allureth vs one waye and profit calleth vs an other waye Thus the holle mater is referred and applied to honestie and profit two principall pointes of good the third which wee call pleasure and is placed by the Peripatetiks in the noumber of good thinges Tullie like a Stoik dothe but briefly â—…ouche as a thing impertinent But of the other two places conteining all the doings of men Cicerâ—… hathe tolde his minde and left it vs in this boke euen as fully as in his lifetime he conceiued it in his hed For who euer sawe in so few leaues so much morall doctrine and politicall set out with so many conning castes and feates oratoriall What a sort of stories be there so notable of themselues so handsomly applied so elegantly tolde You shall not lightly reade the like within so litle commepasse in any historian that of purpose dothe nothing els How finely featly be y â— poets verses alledged With what a discretioÌ„ ar soÌ„me auncient writers reproued With what subtilitie fynesse of wit be certein coÌ„trouersies debated Either of y e chief philosophie or of all humanitie what pointe is ther lacking Aristotle artificiallie hathe written of maners but what for the lightsomnesse eloquent handeling of y â— treatise what for y â— latine tong which we do vse more than y â— greeke â—…llie is aboue him Panetiê° wrote of dutiefull demeanour but though his worke in soÌ„me points was Tullies pattern yet in all points by all their iudgemets y â— euer saw â—…heÌ„ both Tullie is aboue him 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 wrote of dutie but seeing diuers Grekes who ar Tullies inferiours wer as good as he certesse Tullie is aboue him Posidonius a Khodiane meddled with the same mater but nothing to Tullius So did Hecato but nothing to Tullius And many other mo of later time but lorde how farr be thei from Tulliê° Tullius in his graue yeres after he hadd herde a noumber of lerned men after he had redde the moste approued authors after he had endyted so many volumes and his style was woxen ripe his witt sage his 〈◊〉 full his iudgemeÌ„t perfit enterprised to drawe this draught made it of such excellence as we may well woÌ„der at in viewing yet not attein in folowing Tullius hauing done many glorious acts in a state of gouernment most triumphaÌ„te lerned the most part of these lessons by experience Tullius out of the Greeke authors of whome also soÌ„me had been gouerâ—…ours in florishing empires traÌ„slated a greate deale Tullius to Marcus his wellbeloued sonne abyding euen at Athenes among the best philosophers was not afraid to send this parcell of philosophie Nodoute as welcoÌ„ it was to y â— lerned Athenians as y â— Greeks doings were to the Romanes or as now adayes the French Italians welframed writings be to those English men that vnderstand theÌ„ yea and somuch the more wellcoÌ„me as it was a rare thing then to see that kinde of knowledge expressed in pure latine But in Rome in Italie in Europa in all quarters where latine speche had place O so it was embraced at all times of all men in euery degree order estate Rulers haue here fouÌ„de much witty policie apperteining to the gouernaunce of realmes Householders parents haue pyked oute of these bokes vertuous instructions for theyr children theyr seruauntes Doctors diuines haue here mett with morall sentence and ensaumples verie excellent Ciuil lawyers haue espied touching iustice and equitie bothe rules appointed and cases discussed Schoolemen haue taken herehence problemes and questions to debate at large and haue fetched from hence philosophicall conclusions with reasons and argumentes to proue and to disproue Oratours haue been well furnished hereby with sondry graces and ornaments of speeche and in the like maner of mater haue marked how to bestowe their style RhetoriciaÌ„s who for their exercise do vse declamatioÌ„s haue taken oute of this coÌ„mon places like large feldes where meÌ„ may walk at libertie Schoolemasters neuer wist of fyner phrases for to make theyr scholars acquainted with the verie veine of the latine language At few wordes all men that of wisdome be studious may gett sommewhat herein to sharpe the witt to store the intelligence to feede the minde to quicken the sprite to augment the reason to direct y â— appetite to frame the tounge to fashion the maners moreouer to rule to
continue vnskylfull and rude in y â— deeds that of dutie belonge to mannes life For all the whyle they yeelde themselues to be ledde awaie of their mad moodes if you talke to them of vertues and of maners ye do but sing the deaffe a song And how shall they be able to iudge what is discreetly rightfully valiauntly moderately worthylie done who neyther haue any such qualitie nor vnderstand by experieÌ„ce any pointe of the same Yet forasmuch as it of necessitie be knowne what is vertue vice before a maÌ„ can well wisely liue embracing the one and eschewing the otheâ—… eyther to make souÌ„de the sickâ—… minde incase it be miseased hath a will to bee relieued take this doctrine as a medicine orels to coÌ„firme the holle that is to mean incase you haue been well honestly trayned vp more perfitely to perceiue the path of good maners wherin you may walk with entire delite and coÌ„me to y â— honour of a laudable life Thus haue I holden you good reader w t my homely tale now will I not borowe your pacience anye lenger but for your gentlenesse and studious dispositioÌ„ will streightway send you from y â— scholar to the master and from me to the speche of this diâ—…ine oratour and worthy philosopher MARCVS TVLlius Ciceroes first booke of duties to Marcus his sonne ALthough you soÌ„ne Marke hauing now a yeare herd Cratippus y â— in Athenes must needes flowe full of rules and lessons of philosophie bicause of the passing great excellencie bothe of your teacher of y â— citie wherof the one may store you with knowledge the other w t ensamples yet as myselfe to mine owne furderaunce haue euermore ioyned the latine with the greke and haue done y â— not onely in philosophie but also in the practise of oratorie I think it â—…ere for you to doe thesame that alike you may be in y â— redinesse of bothe the kindes of eloquence To the which purpose verilye we as we suppose haue brought great ayde to our countrimen that not onelie the ignoraunt of the greeke tounge but also the learned recken themselues therby to haue atteined somewhat bothe to speche eloqueÌ„t also to iudgemeÌ„t Wherfore you shall learne in dede of the prince of philosophers in this age and you shall lerne so long as you will so long perdie ought you to be willing as it shall not repent ye how much ye profite But yet reading my bokes not greatly variaunt from the Peripatetikes bicause we wil be both Socratians Platonians of the verie maters vse your owne iudgemeÌ„t for I nothing let you but of trouth by reading my woorkes you shall make your latin tounge the fuller Nor yet I would haue this supposed of a vaunt to bee spoken For giuing place to manie in the knowledge of philosophie if I take vpon me that which is an oratours propertie aptlie orderlye and finelie to speake bicause I haue passed my tyme in that studie I seeme after a certeine sorte as in mine owne right to calenge it For which cause I ernestly exhort you my Cicero y â— diligentlie you reade not onelie my orations but these bookes also of philosophie which now welnie to those haue eeuened themselues in quantitie For there is a greater force of eloquence inthose but this eeuen and tempered kinde of style is also to be regarded And this truly I see hath happened to none of the Greekes as yet that one man trauayled in bothe the kindes and folowed as well y â— lawierlie trade of pleading as this quiet fourme of reasoning except perchauÌ„ce Demetrius Phalereus may be counted in this nouÌ„ber who was a suttle reasoner no vehemeÌ„t oratour pleasaÌ„t â—…et so as you may know him for Theophrastê° scholar But how much we haue profited iÌ„ bothe I referr it to other mens iudgemeÌ„t certes we haue folowed bothe I think verily Plaâ—… could haue spoken very grauelie pleÌ„tifully if he would haue practised y â— law like sort of pleading also Demosthenes could haue doone full finelie and semely if he hâ—…d kept still and would haue vttered those thinges which he learned of Plato And after the same sorte I iudge of Aristotle and Isocrates eyther of which delited with his owne studie despised the other But when I had determined to write somewhat vnto you at this season and many thinges hereafter I was moste willyng to begin with that which both for your age should be fittest and for my authoritie y â— grauest For wheras many maters in philosophie both weightie and profitable be diligentlye pleÌ„tifully disputed by philosophers those seme moste largely to sprede which of duties by them haue been taught prescribed For no part of mans life neither in coÌ„moÌ„ nor priuate affayres neither in maters abrode nor at home neither if ye do ought alone nor if ye contract w t an other may bew tout dutie and in regardiÌ„g therof resteth all honestie of lyfe and in despising the same dishonestie And this no doute is a common mater with all the philosophers For who is he which giuing no rules of dutie dare name hymself a philosopher But there bee sondry doctrines which in setting forth the endes of good and bad doe misturn all dutie For who in such wise appointeth the â—…erayn good that it hath nothing adioined with vertue and measureth the same by his commodities and not by honestie it commeth to passe that this man if in himself he agree and bee not sometime ouercome with the goodnesse of nature can vse neither freÌ„dship neither iustice nor liberalitie and in no wyse doutlesse can he be a maÌ„ly man who iudgeth payn the vtterest euil nor he a temperate man who counteth pleasure the greatest good Which poinctes though they be so apparauÌ„t that the thyng nedeth no disputation yet they bee debated by vs in an other place These doctrines then if they wil in theÌ„selues accorde can say nothing of dutie neyther of dutie can there be giuen any preceptes sure stedfast and with nature agreable but by them who mainteine that eyther onelie or chieflie honestie for itself is to bee embraced And therfore the teaching therof properlie belonges to the Stoikes and Academiks and Peripatetiks bicause Aristoes Pyrrhoes and Herillus opinioÌ„ long sins hath been hyst out of the scholes who neuerthelesse should haue their lawful libertie to reason of dutie if thei had lefte anie choyse of thinges that to the outfynding of dutie there might haue beeÌ„ an entrie We will folow therfore at this season and in this mater chieflie the Stoikes not as a translatour but as we ar accustomed we will draw out of their fouÌ„tains after our own minde and iudgement as much and in such sort as shall seme good It liketh mee theÌ„ sithens all my
the enemie was showed by our aunceters When a runawaye traytour from Pyrrhus had promised the Senate that he wolde giue the king poysoÌ„ and kill him the Senate and Caius Fabritius did deliuer the ruÌ„awâ—… traytour to Pyrrhus In such sorte with trecherie they alowed not the deth of their enemie such a one as was bothe mightie and mooued warre vnprouoked Thus of warrefaring duties ther is inough spoken Let vs remember also that euen toward the basest sorte ther is a iustice to be kept The basest degree and state is of slaues whome they that will ye so to vse as hyred men in requiring their worke giuing them their due doo teache you not amisse But whereas iniuries may bee doone twoo waies that is to saiâ—… other by force or by gyle gyle seemes as of the for force as of the lioÌ„ bothe introuthe ar verie vnfitte for man yet gyle deserueth the greater hatered But of all iniustice none is more pestilent thaÌ„ theirs which when they begyle a man moste yet so handle the mater that they will seeme to be wellmeaning men Of iustice here is said inough Let vs now speake as we purposed of bountiefulnesse and liberalitie for nothing without doute is to the nature of man more agreeable NotwithstaÌ„ding it hath diuers exceptions For first we must see y t our bountiefulnesse hurt not bothe those to whome bouÌ„tiefullie it shal seeme to be doone also othermo next y â— our liberalitie be not more thaÌ„ our abilitie thirdlie that to euerieniaÌ„ be giuen according to his worthinesse For that is the fouÌ„datioÌ„ of iustice wherto all these must be applied j. For bothe they y t pleasure anie bodie with that which may hurt him whome they wolde seeme willing to profit ought to be deemed not bouÌ„teous nor liberall but pestileÌ„t flaterers and they likewise who doo hurt soÌ„me that they may be liberall to other doo fall into thesame iniustice as if they should turn other mennes goodes into their owne But ther bee manie and namelie the desirous of honour glorie who doo catche from soÌ„me that they maie lauish to an other these suppose that they shall seeme bountiefull to their â—…endes if they may enriche them anie maner waie But that is so farre of from dutie that nothing may be more contâ—…arious to dutie We must see therfore that wee vse such liberalitie as may profit our freÌ„des and hinder nobodie Wherfore Lucius Syllaes and Caius Cesars conueyeng of gâ—…odes from the iust owners to strauÌ„gers must not be thought liberalitie For nothing is liberall which same is not iust The secoÌ„d pointe of exceptioÌ„ was that our liberalitie should not be more thaÌ„ our abilitie bicause whoso will be lauisher thaÌ„ their goods will beare they chiefly offend in this that they be iniurious vnto their next akinne For they conuey thosesame riches to freâ—…ne folke which it wer more reason bothâ—… to be delt and left to their kinsfolke And ther is in such liberalitie a greedinesse oftentimes of catchiÌ„g and pulling awaâ—…e with iniurie that ther may be stoâ—…e to lash oute A maÌ„ may see some also doo much not by nature so liberall as led w t a certein glorie y â— they may seeme bountieful which thinges may be thought to come rather of a bragge thaÌ„ of a free hert Such a faâ—…sse fainig is a nearer neibour to vanitie than either to liberalitie or to honestie The third restraint we sâ—…ake of is y t in liberalitie there be a choice of worthinesse Wherin ar to be coÌ„sidered bothe his maners vpon whoÌ„e y â— benefite shall be bestowed also his good will toward vs and the enterpartening felouship of life frendlie turns doone before to our commodities all which be 〈◊〉 to meete togither if not the mo causes and the greater shal haue in them the more weight Howbeit bicause wee leade not our life with perfite men and thoroulie wise but with such as in whome it is a goodly mater if ther be resemblaunces of vertue I 〈◊〉 this also meete to be coÌ„sidered that we despise no maner man in whome anie signe of vertue dothe appeare and speciallie that eueryman so be regarded as echeman chieflie shall be garnished w t these gentler kindes of vertues sobermoode temperauÌ„ce and this same iustice wherof allredie much hath been spoken For a manlie corage and a greate is commonlie soÌ„mewhat to feruent in a man that waÌ„tes of perfectioÌ„ and wisdome but those other vertues seeme rather to pertein to a good maÌ„ Thus much in maners may be considered But concerning loue that anie man beareth toward vs this is the chiefe poiÌ„cte of dutie that we giue moste to him of whome wee ar moste beloued But we must measure good will not after the gyse of yongmen by a certein heate of loue but rather by assurâ—…nesse and stedfastnesse But in case a maÌ„nes derseruing be such that we haue not to seeke to creepe in fauour but to requite his kindenesse a certein greater care is then to be vsed For ther is no dutie more necessarie than requiting of kyndnesse And if Hâ—…siodus willes ye with larger measure if ye may to restore such thinges as ye haue borowed to occupie what then ought we to doo prouoked by benefites Must we not doo like the frutefull feeldes that yeelde much more than they receiued For if we sticke not to bestowe pleasures vpoÌ„ them who we hope will profit vs hereafter what maner men ought wee to be toward them that haue doon vs good allredie For whereas ther be twoo kindes of liberalitie one of dooing a benefite an other of requiting whether we will doo it or no is in our owne choise but to leaue ought vnrequited is not law full for a good man so he may doo it withoute iniurie But ther be respectes to be hadde of benefites receiued and there is nodoute but moste is due to the greatest Wherin specially yet is to be wesed of what minde affection and good will a man hathe done it For manie meÌ„ doo manie thinges of a certeiÌ„ heddinesse w toute discretion or measure toward euerimaÌ„ orâ—…ls with a certein soden braide of minde caried as with the wynde which benefites ar not to be counted alike great as those that be offered with iudgement aduisedlie constantlie But in placing of benefites and requiting kindenesse if all other thinges be correspoÌ„deÌ„t this is a priÌ„cipall poincte of dutie that as euerieman moste needeth help so him moste of all we ayde Which contrariewise is done of a greate meanie for of whome they hope moste although he hath no neede of them yet to him they ar moste seruisable But the felouship and neibourhod of men shal best be mainteined if as eueriemaÌ„ shal be nerest vs so on him we bestow most liberalitic But what be natures principles of neibourhod and the
rather not to receiue it soÌ„etime or otherwhile to giue it ouer And we must be free froÌ„ al troublesome sturre of minde from desire feare from hertsicknesse and voluptuousnesse angrinesse that we may haue quietnesse of minde and voidnesse of care the which may bring bothe stedfastnesse and also a worthie estimacion But diuers ther bee and haue been who desiring thatsame quietnesse that I speake of haue withdrawne themselues from common affaires and haue gott them to quietnesse Amonge these bothe the noblest philosophers and the verie chief and also certein vpright and graue men neither could abide the maners of the people nor of the rulers and manie of them haue liued in desert places as delited onelie with their homematers These shoote at the same marke y t kinges doo that is to haue neede of nothing to obey noman and to vse their owne libertie whose propertie is to liue asye list Wherfore sithe this is common bothe to the desirous of power those whome I spake of that leade the quiet life the one sorte doo think themselues able to comepasse it if they haue greate welth the other if they bee contented with their owne and a litle Wherin verilie the opinion of nother of them is vtterlie to bee despised but the life of the quiet liuers is bothe easier and safer and lesse greeuous or troublesome to oother and theirs is the profitabler for mankinde and fitter for fame and honour who haue applied themselues to the commonweale and going thorough with greate maters Wherfore perauenture bothe they ar to bee borne withall that take not in hand the commonweale who of an excellent witt haue applied themselues to learning and also they who being letted either by sicklines or soÌ„e other more weightie cause haue conueyed theÌ„selues awaie froÌ„ the coÌ„monweale when they were well content to leaue to other y â— authoritie praise of ruling thesame But to whom ther is no such occasioÌ„ if they saye they sett nought by those thinges that moste men haue in admiratioÌ„ as rule and officebearing to these I think it worthie to be counted not onelie no praise but also a faulte Whose iudgement it were verie hard to disalow in that they despise glorie esteem it as nothing but they seem to feare the troubles and greeues bothe of giuing offence hauing repulses as a certein reproche and defame For ther bee who doo litle agree with theÌ„selues in thinges that be contrarie as soÌ„me moste ernestlie conteÌ„me pleasure and in paine be somwhat tenderer soÌ„me regard not glorie and be broken with sclaunder these thinges they doo not with sufficieÌ„t stedfastnesse But all lingering sett aside offices ar to be taken and the commonweale to be serued of those who haue by nature y â— helpes of dispatch of maters For otherwise can neither the state be gouerned nor the greatnesse of corage be declared And of such as take vpon them the coÌ„monweale nolesse than of philosophers yea and I wott not whether more must be vsed bothe a maiestie a contempt of worldlie thinges which I often repeate and also a quietnesse of minde voidnesse of care for so they shall not be thoughtfull and with grauite and sted fastnesse they shall leade theyr life Which thinges be so much the easier to philosophers as the fewer thinges lye open in their life that fortune maye strike and as the fewer thinges they stand in neede of and bicause they can not take so sorè a fall if anie aduersitie betide Wherfore not withoute cause greater motioÌ„s of mindes be stirred vp in them and greater enterprises ar meete to be compased by the gouernours of the commonweale thaÌ„ by the quiet liuers and therfore the more greatnesse of corage voidnesse of greeucs ought they to vse But whoso dothe coÌ„me to the doing of maters let him take heede that not onelie this he consider how honest the mater is but also that he haue an ablenesse to discharge thesame In the which pointe must be considered that neither ouersoone he despaire for dastardlinesse nor ouermuch haue affiaunce for greedinesse And in all maters before ye go aboute theÌ„ ther must be vsed a diligent preparation But wheras moste men suppose martiall feates to be greater than citiecauses this opinion is to be abated For many haue sought warr oftentimes vpon desire of glorie it commonlie befalleth in greate wits corages so much themore if they be men fitt for chiualrie and desirous of warrfare But if we miÌ„de to iudge trulie ther haue been manie citiematers greater nobler than martiall For though Themistocles be rightfullie coÌ„mended and his name is more famous thaÌ„ Solons and Salamis is cited a witnesse of his moste glorious victorie it is preferd aboue that couÌ„sell of Solon wherwith he first ordeined the Areopagites yet nolesse praiseworthie is this than that to be adiudged For that but once auailed this shall for euer auaile the citie By this counsell the lawes of the Athenians by this the orders of their elders bee preserued And Themistocles can alledge nothing wherwith he furdered the Areopage but SoloÌ„ furdered Themistocles For y t warr was mainteined by the aduise of that Senate which by Solon was established We may saye as much of Pausanias Lysander by whose deedes of armes though the empire of the Lacedemonians is thought to haue been enlarged yet verilie they ar not to bee compared in the leste parte with Lycurgus lawes and order yea moreouer by these occasions they had their armies bothe forwarder and valianter Neither when I was a childe methought Marcus Scaurus gaue place to Caius Marius nor when I had a 〈◊〉 in the commonweale Quintus Catulus to Cneus PoÌ„peius For of small force is the warre abrode onlesse ther be good aduise at home Nor Africanus bothe a singular man and captein also did more profit y â— coÌ„monweale in razing of Numance thaÌ„ at that time Publiê° Nasica a priuate maÌ„ did furder it when he sleew Tiberius Gracchus Nowbeit this case in deede is not onelie a citiemater For it belongeth also to the nature of martiall feates sithe it was wraught by force by stronge haÌ„d But yet that same was done by citicounsell withoute an armie And that is a goodlie sayeng wher with I heare that I am wonte to be touched of enuious lewed persones To the robe aboue armes let glorie belonge And the laurel yeeue place to the oratours tonge For that I may passe ouer other did not armes yeelde vnto the robe when I gouerned the coÌ„monweale For neither in the commonweale was euer a sorer perell nor yet a greater quiet So by our counsell diligence the verie weapons full sone sâ—…iding oute of y â— boldest citizeÌ„s handes did fall to y â— grouÌ„de What
enterprise I pray you in warre was euer done so greate what triumph is ther with it to be coÌ„pared For I may sonne Marke glorie before you to whome bothe the inheritance of this glorie the imitatioÌ„ of my deedes dooth pertein Cneus Pompeius a man flowing full of martial praises gaue me this commendatioÌ„ in the hearing of manie that he said he should in vaine haue borne awaie the third triumph except by my furderauÌ„ce in the commonweale he shoulde haue had a place where he might haue triumphed Homemanhod then is not inferiour to martiall in which also we must bestowe more labour and studie than in this For allwaies that honestie which we seeke in a hawtie and a princelie corage is wrought by y â— strength of the minde and not of the bodie Yet the bodie must be exercised and brought in such plight as it may be able to folowe counsell and reason in executing maters tâ—…steining trauail But y t honestie wherafter we serch allholle coÌ„sisteth in y â— care casting of the minde wherin they bring nolesse commoditie who robed doo gouern the coÌ„monweale than they doo who armed doo make the warres And therfore by their aduise oftentimes warres bee either not begonne or ended manie times atteÌ„pted as by Marcus Catoes couÌ„sell was the third Punik warre wherin the authorite of y â— dedde maÌ„ auailed Wherfore rather wisdoÌ„e in determiniÌ„g thaÌ„ maÌ„linesse in fightiÌ„g is to be desired but we must beware y â— we take not vp y â— mater by aduise more to auoide warr than for cause of profit And so let warre be takeÌ„ in hand as no other thing may seeme but peas to haue been sought And it is verilie a token of a maÌ„lie corage and a constant not to be disquieted in rough stormes nor in making a hurl to be thrust froÌ„ his place as they saie but to folowe the couÌ„sell of a preseÌ„t corage nor yet to swarue froÌ„ reason Notwithstanding the one commes of corage the other proceedes of a greate witt to fore conceiue in minde thinges â—…ocoÌ„me soÌ„mewhat before to appoint vpoÌ„ what may befall on both sides what is to be done wheÌ„ anie thing shall happen nor to coÌ„mitt ought y t at anie time one should haue cause to saie Had I wist These bee the workes of a greate loftie corage leaning vpon prudence couÌ„sell But for a maÌ„ to vse himself rashlie in feelde so to buckle with y â— enemie hand to haÌ„d it is a certein brutish beastlike thing but wheÌ„ time is necessitie requires a maÌ„ must fight hand to hand preserre death before slauerie and shame But touching the razing and sacking of cities this greatlie is to be considered that nothing rashlie nothing cruellie be done And it is y â— conditioÌ„ of a stouthertedman in y â— end of broyles to poÌ„nish y â— offeÌ„ders to saue y â— multitude in euerie estate to maintein right and honestie For like as ther be as I said tofore who doo preferre martiall feates before citiecauses so may ye finde manie to whome daungerous and hotebrained deuises seeme gloriouser and greater than quiet couÌ„sels We must neuer by seking to esâ—… perell deserue to seeme cowardes dastardes but this we must taâ—… heede of that we put not our selue in daunger without cause for thâ—… can be nothing foolisher than so 〈◊〉 doo Wherfore in auenturing daâ—… gers the gyse of the physicians is 〈◊〉 be folowed who doo lightlie cur the lightlie diseased but to sorâ—… sicknesses they be driueÌ„ to ministe dauÌ„gerous doutefull medicines Therfore in a caulme to wish a sorâ—… tempest it is a mad maÌ„nes part buâ—… to make shift in a teÌ„pest by all maner meanes it is a wisemaÌ„s propertie so much the more if ye attein more good when the thing is past than harm whan it was in doute But the doing of maters be daungerous partlie to those which take theÌ„ in hand partlie to the coÌ„monweale And also soÌ„me be brought in hasard of their life soÌ„e of their glorie soÌ„me of the peoples fauour We ought therfore to be redier to adueÌ„ture our owne thaÌ„ coÌ„mon perels to fight sooner for honour glorie than for other commodities But there haue been founde manie who for their countrey wer redie to spende not onelie their substaunce but also their life thosesame yet would not bee content to lose one iote of their glorie no not though the commonweale woulde require it as Callicratides who when he was captein of the Lacedemonians in the Peloponnesian warre had done manie thinges worthilie in the end â—…uerturned all when he did not folow their aduise who thought good to transporte the nauie from Arginnuses and not to fight with the Athenians To whom he made answer how the Lacedemonians that nauie being lost might make for the an other but he could not flee with out his dishonour And this was nodoute to the Lacedemonians a metely sore plage but that was a pestileÌ„t plage wherby the Lacedemonians power fell flatte to the grounde when Cleombrotus fearing enuie had rashely encountred with Epamiuondas How much better did Quintus Fabius Maximus of whom quoth Ennius One wight ther is that hath our welth restored by delayes For he before all rumours did our safetie sette alwaies wherfore in lenger course of time the greater is his praise Which kinde of misdoing must bee also auoided in citiematers For ther bee men who bee it neuer so good that they think yet for feare of enuie they dare not vtter it Whoso shall bee gouernours of the commonweale lette them obserue twoo precepts of Platoes one is that they so mainteine the profit of the commons that whateuer they doo they referre it therto allwayes forgettyng their owne commodities the other is that thei haue care ouer the holle bodie of the commonweale lâ—…ste while thei vpholde somme one parte the rest they leaue destitute For like as gardenshippe euen so gouernment of the commonweale ought to bee vsed to the profit of them who ar coâ—…itted and not of them to whom it is committed But whoso prouide for parte of the people and of parte bee recklesse they bring in sedition and discorde the thing most hurtfull to the coÌ„monweale wherby it befalleth that somme doâ—… seeme peoplepleasers somme affectionate to nobilitie but fewe to the holle Herof sprange greate dissâ—…on among the Athenians and in our commonweale not onelie seditioÌ„ but also sore ciuil warr the which a graue and stoute citiezen and worthie of rule in the commonweale will flee and hate and giue himself holle to the common-weale and nother hunt after riches nor power but will so defende the holle state as he maie prouide for all men Nor by false accusations wil he bring anie man
pleading than in writing afterward in verie writing we would not putt the thiges y ◠we doo now but our pleadings as we haue doone diuers times But whē y ◠cōmonweale in which all my care studie trauail was wonte to be bestowed was none a◅ all verilie those la◅ierlie Senatehouse lerninges were husht But seeing my minde could not ◅hoose but bee dooing hauing bene occupied in those studies from the beginning of my yonge age I thought sorowes might be putte awaie most honestlie if I returned miself to philosophie Wherunto when being yong I had giuē much time to lerne it after that I began to attend honours and betooke miself holle to the commonweale so much leasure was left for philosophie as remained of the times spēt about my frendes and the commōweales causes And y ◠was all bestowed in reading for writīg I had no time In our most miseries ther◅re we seme to haue gotten this so great a cōmoditie that wee might put those maters in writing which were not sufficientlie knowne to our men yet wer most worthie of knowledge For what is ther in faith more wish full than wisdom what more excellent what to a mā more worthe what for a man more honorable They then who doo desire this bee named philosophers neither is philosophie ought els if if ye will tell y ◠meanīg of y ◠worde but y ◠studie of wisdom And wisdō as it is defined of aūcient philosophers is y ◠sciēce of heuēlie world lie things of the causes wherby these things be vpholdē And whoso dispraiseth y ◠studie therof I wotte not verilie what ther may bee y ◠he wold deme praisworthie For whether y ◠delitīg of y ◠minde be sought quietīg of cares what may be cōpared w t their studies who alwaies gather sōmewhat y ◠tēdeth auaileth well wealfullie to liue or if the waie of stedfastnes vertue bee sought either this is the art or ther is none at all wherby wee may attein them To vphold ther is no art of the greatest things seeing none of the leste be without art it is a token of mē speaking with small aduisemēt and erring in the greatest maters But if ther bee anie science of vertue where shall it bee sought when you bee gone frō this kinde of lerning But these things ar wont to be more exactly discoursed when we exhort men to philosophie which in deede we haue done in an other booke But at this present onelie it was to be declared of vs why we gotte vs chieflie to this studie when we were bereft of our commonwelth offices But it is gainsaid vs and that of skilfull and lerned mē demaūding whether we seme to doo constantlie inough who allthough we holde y t nothing can be surelie knowne yet both we ar wont to dispute of other maters at this same time we prosecute precepts of dutie To whō I wold our opiniō wer wellknowne Forwe ar not thei whose mīde wādereth in errour hath not at all what to folowe For what a minde sholde this be or rather what a life wher y ◠meane not onely of disputīg but also of liuing is ◅aken clene awai But as other who do say sōme thīgs be certein sōme vncertein so we dissēting frō thē do saie again sōme things be proouable sōme vnproouable What is ther then that should let me to folow those things which to me doo seeme proouable which cōtrariwise to disproue to voide the presumptiō of affirming and to flee rashnesse which disagreeth from wisdome moste of all But by our men ther is disputing agaīst all things bicause this same thing y ◠is proouable can not shine for the except ther should bee a conference of reasons expressed vpon bothe sides But these maters as I suppose bee diligētlie inough made plain in our Academiks But allthough my Cicero you bee exercised in the moste auncient and moste noble philosophie Cratippus being your author a mā ful like vnto those who haue teemed these notable thīgs yet I wold not these of ours very nere vnto yours to you should be vnknowne But now let vs go on to our purpose Seeing then fiue waies bee setts out of treating vpon dutie wherof twoo do pertein vnto cōmelinesse and honestie other twoo belong to the commodities of a mannes life to aboundance power riches the fift dothe serue to the iudgement of choosing if euer those which I spake of should seeme to striue togither the parte touching honestie is made an ende of which trulie I desire to bee veriewell knowne to you But this wherof we treate now is the veriesame that is called profitable In the which term custome failing hath swarued out of the waie and by litle and litle is brought to this point that it wolde seuer profitable from honest and woulde make sommething honest which should not be profitable and sōmething profitable which sholde not bee honest than the which no greater daunger could bee brought to mannes life Philosophers surelie of verie greate authoritie doo grauelie no doute honestlie in imaginatiō sonder these three cōfused kindes For whatsoeuer is iust they also iudge thesame to bee profitable and likewise whatso is honest they take thesame to bee iust wherof is concluded that whatsoeuer is honest y ◠same is profitable The which thing who smallie foresee they oftētimes hauing in admiration suttlewitted mē craftie do repute their wylinesse for wisdom Whose errour must be takē awaie and their holle opinion is frō that to be brou◅ht vnto this hope that by honest counsell and good dedes not by guile craftiness thei vnder stand thēselues in possibilitie to attein such things as they would Sōme things then which appertein to the mainteinaūce of mānes life be liueless as golde siluer as those which ar gottē out of y ◠earth as other of thesame sort sōme be liuing and feeling which haue their motiōs appetites to things And sōme of thē be voide of reason sōme haue the vse of reason Uoide of reason be horses oxen and other catel bees by whose worke sōmewhat is made for mannes vse life But of those tha◅◅aue vse of reason two kindes ther bee put one of goddes an other of men Deuotion and holiness will make the godds fauorable But next of all and after the godds men to men maie bee moste profitable And again ther is thesame diuisiō of those things which annoie and hurte But bicause men do not think y ◠godds do harm these excepted they suppose men to men to doe most hurt or profit For the moste parte of thosesame which we called liuelesse be the effects of mannes work neither we should haue them except hande and craft had bene put therto neither w eout mennes seruice we should vse thē For neither
fame 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caius 〈◊〉 Eloquence Talke 〈◊〉 speeche Eloquence Genile 〈◊〉 Letters of Philippus Antipater Antigonus Admiration for 〈◊〉 Grauitie Sobernesse Iudiciall cau ses Accusation Defence L. Crassus M. Anton. P. 〈◊〉 Luculli Ciceroes accusation of Uerres Julius Cesar L. Fusius M. Brutus a â—…ore accuser Panetius Defence Ciceroes oration at 27. yea res of his age for 〈◊〉 Roscius Liberalitie Trauail Money Lauishing â—…ing Philiphus to Alexander Giftes giuiÌ„g wastefulnes Extortion Couetise Prodigalitie Lauishnesse Large giuers Foolelarge Liberallâ—… Theophrastus praiseth sumptuousnesse Aristotles iudgement of sumptuousnesse The â—…lles office Publius Crassus the riche Lucius Crassus the oratour Q. Mutius Sceuola C. Claudius Lucullus Hortensiusâ—… Silanus P. Lentulus Scaurus Pompeius Mamercuâ—… Large giftes with measure and for honest causes Orestes feasted the people M. Seius liberall to the people Milo suppressed Clodius atteÌ„ptes Necessitie Profit L. Philippus who without any large giftes came to great digniâ—…ies Cotta Curio Ciceroes Edileship In what thinges such cost is better bestowed Panetius Demetrius Phalereus discoÌ„mended Pericles Tullies bokes of a commonweale now lost Liberalitie Relefe to the miserable Worthinesse Enniusâ—… 〈◊〉 nesse Crassus oration Iustice. Gentlenesse Sâ—…mewhat to remitt of a manns owne right Hospitalitie Theoprhastâ—… Cimonâ—… Liberall endeuour Aduise Counselâ—… Ciull lawe had in price with aunciâ—…t rulers Ceâ—…ar Eloquence a grace moste coÌ„mendable Discontinuaunce of eloquence Of smaller trauail also how fauour is wonne Justice Oâ—…ence Offence must either be â—…uoided or â—…uaged Trauail for the poore rather than the riche Maners Estate To paâ—…e money To render thankes The riche The poore Set the good before the riche Themistocles Loue of riches Discerne meÌ„ by their vertue not by their fortune In a shamefull cause no trauail is to be spent Benefiteâ—… vpoÌ„ the commonweale The holâ—…e Euerâ—…eone Caius Gracchus to large a giuer Marcus â—…ctauius in large gifts measurable Philippus a people-pleaser Making of goodes common Countries Cities Exacting of tributes is to be auoided Store of necessarie thinges Couetousnesse Caius Pontius Bribes A lawe for pillage Luciê° Pisoâ—… Tribune of the people when Censorinus and Manilius wer CoÌ„suls Panetius Africanus praysed for â—… refrayning hand Paulus Emilius Scipio Emylianus who was called Africanus minor L. Mummiê° Achaicus Coriâ—…thus Couetousnesse a verie fowle vice Apolloes answer that Spartaes fall should coÌ„me by couetise A refraining hand Stayednesse The lawe for laying out of landes Concorde Equitie Fauour The Lacedemonians Lysander expulsed Agis slayne Gracchi lost by laÌ„dstrifes Aratus the â—…icyonian a right good coÌ„mâ—… eaithman Equitie Unlawfull paâ—…ting of landes The neew tables for releaâ—…ing of det Faithfulnesse Cicero Consul Caesar. Conclusion Waie prepared to the resâ—… Antipater Panetius defended â—…fhelth Priuate goodes Xenophons boke oâ—… ordering an housholde Of two profitable things wâ—…ether is the more profitable 〈◊〉 tâ—…lde whâ—…t is the Usurie Referring of the mater to 〈◊〉 A place in Rome so called bicause Ianus images wer there to bee sene The preface 1. part why he spâ—…ds his vacant time in philophie A â—…eate sayeng of Scipio touching leasure and solitarinesse His own vacatioÌ„ compared with Scipioes Leasure Solitarinessâ—… Good oute of euill 〈◊〉 Writing ExhortatioÌ„ to his sonne Philosophie Duties His sonnes scholemaister His 〈◊〉 His bringing vp The treatise He remoueth 〈◊〉 supplâ—…eng the perceil â—…hat his auâ—…hour did not prosecute How ' 〈◊〉 wrote of duties Possidonius Panetius scholar P. Rutilius Ruâ—…us Paneâ—â€¦ê° scholar The notable image of Uenus whose hedde onelie Apelles finished and left her bodie nomore but shadowed The Stoiks appoint one thing onelie good the Peripatâ—…tiks make an order of good thigs Profit â—…onestie Good Honest. To liâ—…e agreably to nature The true vertue is onelie in perfite wisemen The meane duties The perfite dutie Of arts none can 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iudge but the craftâ—…master and of vertue none but the wiâ—…e â—…ecii the father and the sonne Scipioes bre theâ—… Fab. a despiâ—…er of golde 〈◊〉 of a thens deier â—…ed this surnâ—…me â—…ust Cato Lelius surname â—… the wiâ—…e The. vii wise masters of Greece Epicureans Panetius To be wont To do of necessirie what to determin â—…here profite seems to striue with honestie why he folowes chieflie the Sâ—…oikes Honest. Profitable The Academian schole A precept of iustice Profit by an other maÌ„s dis commoditie The felowship of men Comparison betwene maÌ„s societie the partes of his bodie Lawes The lawe of nature Great corage Common 〈◊〉 wrong doing is against nature CommoÌ„ safetie Hercules for his worthie deedes was takeÌ„ as a god Doing of iniurie The law and right of maÌ„s felowship The lawe of nature The right of mans societie muâ—… be kept not onli with 〈◊〉 but also with all men vniuersallie The bond of mans felowship Iustice. Questions 〈◊〉 Selflyking Selfloue 〈◊〉 He excuseth Panetius He requireth one principle to be graunted him Ponessie for itself either oneâ—…y or chief lie to â—…e desired Panetius defended RepugnauÌ„ce in seeming not in deede bitweene honestie profit Profit from 〈◊〉 is not tâ—… be seâ—…ered Dishonestie A â—…owe of profit Honestie â—…inhonest profit mother of all iuischief The 〈◊〉 of shame In a shamefull mater shamefull is the verie deliberation A golden pre cept The tale of the 〈◊〉 â—…oyges In plaâ—…oes second boke of a common-weale The meaning of this fable The thing that 〈◊〉 profitable Brâ—…tus did wellynough in expulsing 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 did not well â—…n that he slewe Remus Romulus Quirinus we must seke our owne pro fit withoute others hurt A feate comparison made by Chrysippus Nether denie nor graunt your frend euery thing Set not your profit before frendship 〈◊〉 Othe Iudgement The olde maner of requiring the iudges fauour Amitie Conspiracie Damon and Pythias a notable couple of frendes For your fren des sake do nothing against honeslie For a commo weale howfarreforthe we must do Crueltie of Athenians to Egineâ—…es Egina an yle right ouer against Attica Porte PireuÌ„ by Athenes Straungers Crassus and Sceuola Consuls Profit Honestie The Romanes stoutnâ—…e in the second Punik warre Athenians assaulted of the Persians Cyrsilus 〈◊〉 a notable harbrow for ship pes with the Lacedemonians The Athenians refused Themistocles counsell in a generall summe 〈◊〉 by Aristides A conclusion that no vnhonest thing is profitable In bargains what is honest or profitable A question of a cornmerchaunt Byeng Selling. A pleasaunt disputation bit wene Diogenes and Antipater Antipaters opinion Diogenes Ciuil lawe Antipater Lawe of nature Common profit Diogenes To hyde To hoide ones peas Antipateâ—… Common Diogenes Priuatâ—… A question of selliÌ„g a house Antipater Diogenes 〈◊〉 opinioÌ„ touching these questions One thing it is to hyde an other to kepe silence Shame to hide a thing that is more â—…ame to lye in a thing that is not A merie tale how a greeke 〈◊〉 a Romane C. Canius Pythius Aquilius definuion of couine False pretâ—… Dâ—…mulatioÌ„ Couine ponnishable Termes of lawe wherin couine staÌ„deth Lyeng in bargaining Sceuolaes conscience in