serve_v this_o manifold_a way_n of_o before_o and_o after_o to_o the_o intent_n that_o we_o may_v the_o better_o understand_v what_o have_v be_v say_v before_o touch_v opposite_n by_o relation_n that_o be_v to_o say_v that_o relative_n be_v always_o together_o by_o order_n of_o nature_n and_o not_o one_o before_o another_o but_o only_o by_o their_o four_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o honour_n or_o worthiness_n which_o way_n as_o aristotle_n say_v of_o all_o the_o other_o way_n be_v most_o unproper_a and_o least_o to_o the_o purpose_n chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o word_n together_o call_v in_o latin_a simul_n how_o many_o way_n be_v thing_n say_v to_o be_v together_o two_o way_n that_o be_v by_o order_n of_o time_n and_o by_o order_n of_o nature_n first_o by_o order_n of_o time_n the_o heat_n and_o shine_v of_o the_o sun_n be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o the_o sun_n together_o that_o be_v at_o one_o time_n also_o the_o angel_n be_v create_v all_o together_o and_o at_o one_o time_n second_o 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augmentation_n diminution_n alteration_n and_o move_v from_o place_n to_o place_n define_v these_o kind_n 1_o generation_n be_v a_o proceed_n from_o the_o not_o be_v of_o a_o substance_n to_o the_o be_v of_o the_o same_o as_o from_o a_o acorne_n to_o a_o oak_n 2_o corruption_n contrariwise_o be_v a_o proceed_n from_o a_o be_v to_o a_o not_o be_v as_o from_o a_o oak_n to_o chip_n or_o ash_n 3_o augmentation_n be_v the_o increase_n of_o a_o great_a quantity_n in_o the_o whole_a as_o from_o a_o child_n to_o a_o man_n 4_o diminution_n be_v contrariwise_o a_o decrease_a or_o diminish_v of_o quantity_n in_o the_o whole_a as_o a_o body_n that_o consume_v or_o pine_v by_o disease_n or_o otherwise_o 5_o alteration_n be_v a_o proceed_n or_o change_v from_o one_o quality_n into_o another_o as_o from_o hot_a to_o cold_a 6_o move_a from_o place_n to_o place_n be_v as_o the_o move_n of_o the_o sun_n out_o of_o the_o east_n into_o the_o west_n chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o word_n habere_fw-la that_o be_v to_o have_v and_o how_o many_o way_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v how_o many_o signification_n have_v this_o word_n to_o have_v eight_o 1_o first_o to_o have_v a_o quality_n as_o science_n vice_n or_o virtue_n 2_o to_o have_v a_o quantity_n as_o to_o be_v six_o seven_o or_o eight_o footlong_o 3_o to_o be_v clad_v as_o to_o have_v a_o cloak_n or_o coat_n 4_o to_o have_v some_o part_n of_o the_o body_n clad_v or_o deck_v with_o some_o thing_n as_o the_o finger_n with_o a_o ring_n the_o neck_n with_o a_o chain_n 5_o to_o have_v a_o part_n or_o member_n as_o a_o hand_n a_o head_n or_o foot_n 6_o to_o contain_v as_o a_o hogshead_n that_o have_v therein_o beer_n or_o wine_n 7_o to_o possess_v as_o to_o have_v land_n tenement_n or_o good_n 8_o to_o have_v a_o wife_n which_o according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v unproper_o say_v because_o nothing_o can_v be_v proper_o say_v to_o have_v which_o be_v have_v itself_o of_o the_o same_o for_o the_o wife_n have_v the_o man_n as_o well_o as_o 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such_o cause_n be_v sometime_o principal_a as_o virtue_n be_v a_o principal_a cause_n of_o bless_a life_n and_o sometime_o not_o principal_a as_o the_o gift_n of_o the_o body_n and_o of_o fortune_n be_v helper_n to_o the_o happy_a life_n but_o not_o principal_a cause_n thereof_o again_o of_o cause_n some_o be_v of_o necessity_n without_o which_o the_o thing_n can_v be_v make_v as_o the_o instrument_n or_o matter_n and_o some_o be_v say_v not_o to_o be_v of_o necessity_n as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o speak_n of_o truth_n cause_v hatred_n and_o yet_o not_o of_o necessity_n also_o of_o cause_n efficient_a some_o be_v universal_a and_o some_o particular_a as_o the_o eclipse_n or_o evil_a conjunction_n of_o certain_a planet_n be_v the_o universal_a cause_n of_o pestilence_n but_o the_o corruption_n of_o humour_n in_o man_n body_n be_v the_o particular_a cause_n thereof_o again_o of_o cause_n some_o be_v call_v of_o the_o latin_n propinquae_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nigh_o unto_o the_o effect_n as_o the_o father_n and_o mother_n be_v the_o nigh_a cause_n of_o generation_n of_o child_n and_o some_o be_v call_v remotae_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v remove_v cause_n which_o be_v further_a of_o as_o the_o grandsâ—…rs_n and_o grandame_n of_o the_o say_a child_n moreover_o of_o cause_n efficient_a some_o work_n by_o a_o certain_a natural_a necessity_n as_o those_o that_o lack_v choice_n and_o judgement_n as_o fire_n that_o burn_v and_o the_o sun_n that_o shine_v and_o all_o other_o natural_a thing_n that_o do_v work_n by_o their_o own_o force_n and_o virtue_n some_o again_o do_v work_n by_o counsel_n reason_n and_o freewill_n as_o man_n angel_n and_o most_o chief_o god_n himself_o how_o may_v we_o reason_n from_o the_o efficient_a cause_n to_o the_o effect_n from_o the_o necessary_a efficient_a cause_n you_o may_v reason_n both_o affirmative_o and_o negative_o affirmative_o thus_o the_o sun_n be_v late_o go_v down_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v twilight_n negative_o thus_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o up_o when_o troy_n be_v destroy_v ergo_fw-la troy_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o the_o day_n time_n but_o from_o the_o efficient_a not_o necessary_a you_o can_v reason_v but_o only_o affirmative_o thus_o he_o be_v slay_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v dead_a but_o you_o can_v say_v he_o be_v not_o slay_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o dead_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n the_o necessary_a cause_n efficient_a not_o let_v the_o effect_n must_v needs_o follow_v as_o if_o he_o have_v drunken_a poison_n he_o must_v needs_o die_v but_o if_o such_o cause_n fail_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v needs_o fail_v as_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v not_o day_n he_o never_o study_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o learned_a to_o which_o place_n may_v be_v refer_v the_o place_n of_o occasion_n instrument_n mean_v and_o generation_n how_o may_v we_o reason_n
be_v betwixt_o figure_n and_o form_n figure_n according_a to_o some_o be_v that_o which_o be_v enclose_v with_o one_o bind_v or_o limit_n or_o with_o many_o as_o a_o circle_n environ_v with_o one_o round_a line_n call_v the_o circumference_n or_o as_o a_o triangle_n or_o foure-square_a figure_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v enclose_v with_o three_o line_n and_o the_o other_o with_o four_o and_o such_o like_a but_o form_n be_v the_o draw_v or_o describe_v of_o the_o say_a figure_n again_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o figure_n be_v compare_v to_o a_o image_n represent_v some_o lively_a thing_n and_o form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o due_a proportion_n and_o feature_n of_o the_o same_o some_o again_o do_v attribute_n figure_n to_o thing_n without_o life_n and_o form_n to_o thing_n that_o have_v life_n brief_o set_v down_o in_o this_o verse_n follow_v formam_fw-la viventis_fw-la picti_fw-la dic_fw-la esse_fw-la figuram_fw-la english_v thus_o the_o shape_n of_o paint_a thing_n they_o figure_v call_v but_o live_v thing_n they_o say_v be_v form_v all_o what_o do_v this_o four_o kind_n of_o quality_n comprehend_v it_o comprehend_v the_o accidental_a figure_n and_o form_n as_o well_o of_o natural_a as_o artificial_a thing_n of_o natural_a as_o the_o shape_n of_o man_n beast_n or_o foul_a or_o artificial_a as_o the_o shape_n or_o figure_n of_o a_o house_n temple_n ship_n or_o such_o like_a also_o it_o comprehend_v all_o geometrical_a figure_n as_o well_o perfect_a as_o unperfect_a which_o call_v you_o perfect_a those_o that_o be_v enclose_v within_o such_o bound_n as_o nothing_o can_v be_v add_v or_o take_v away_o from_o they_o without_o mar_v or_o alter_v the_o same_o as_o a_o circle_n a_o triangle_n a_o square_a and_o such_o like_a whereof_o some_o be_v plain_a enclose_v only_o with_o line_n as_o circle_n triangle_n square_n and_o such_o like_a and_o some_o be_v solid_a or_o whole_a body_n enclose_v with_o upper_a face_n either_o one_o or_o many_o as_o round_a sphere_n sharp_a pinnacle_n cube_n as_o a_o die_n and_o round_a pillar_n which_o call_v you_o unperfect_a those_o which_o be_v not_o so_o enclose_v with_o their_o bound_n but_o that_o some_o one_o thing_n may_v be_v add_v or_o take_v away_o from_o the_o same_o without_o change_v or_o alter_v of_o the_o figure_n as_o the_o rightnesse_n roundness_n concavitie_n or_o convexitie_n of_o unperfect_a figure_n may_v be_v lengthen_v or_o shorten_v and_o yet_o the_o former_a shape_n thereof_o shall_v still_o remain_v and_o not_o be_v alter_v but_o only_o in_o quantity_n a_o table_n of_o figure_n and_o form_n figure_n and_o form_n be_v either_o perfect_a be_v either_o plain_a as_o a_o perfect_a circle_n a_o triangle_n whereof_o there_o be_v six_o kind_n isopleurus_fw-la isosceles_n scalenon_fw-mi ambligovius_fw-la oxigonius_fw-la orthogonius_fw-la a_o quadrangle_n as_o a_o perfect_a square_n a_o long_a square_n a_o square_a like_a to_o a_o thorne-backe_a call_v rhombus_fw-la or_o have_v many_o angle_n as_o a_o figure_n of_o 5._o 6._o or_o 7._o angle_n or_o more_o or_o solid_a which_o be_v either_o spherical_a pyramidicall_a cubic_n or_o piller-like_a or_o unperfect_a which_o be_v either_o right_n circular_a conuex_n or_o concave_a but_o the_o true_a description_n of_o all_o the_o figure_n contain_v in_o this_o table_n be_v to_o be_v learn_v of_o the_o geometrician_n and_o not_o of_o the_o logician_n of_o the_o property_n of_o quality_n how_o many_o property_n do_v belong_v to_o quality_n three_o first_o to_o be_v contrary_a as_o virtue_n be_v contrary_a to_o vice_n heat_n to_o cold_a white_a to_o black_a yet_o such_o contrariety_n belong_v not_o to_o every_o kind_n of_o quality_n for_o triangle_n be_v not_o contrary_a to_o square_n nor_o round_a pillar_n to_o sharp_a pinnacle_n what_o be_v the_o second_o property_n to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o for_o one_o man_n may_v be_v more_o virtuous_a or_o less_o virtuous_a more_o learned_a or_o less_o learned_a more_o healthful_a or_o less_o healthful_a more_o or_o less_o hot_a or_o cold_a yet_o this_o property_n belong_v not_o to_o every_o kind_n of_o quality_n for_o one_o triangle_n be_v no_o more_o a_o triangle_n then_o another_o the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o perfect_a figure_n as_o well_o plain_a as_o solid_a what_o be_v the_o three_o property_n to_o be_v like_a or_o unlike_a and_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a property_n belong_v to_o every_o kind_n of_o quality_n as_o two_o grammarian_n be_v like_o one_o to_o another_o in_o their_o profession_n two_o healthful_a or_o unhealthful_a two_o white_a or_o two_o black_a two_o triangle_n or_o two_o square_n be_v say_v to_o be_v like_a or_o unlike_a one_o to_o another_o how_o define_v you_o likeness_n or_o unlikeness_n likeness_n according_a to_o boetius_fw-la be_v when_o diverse_a thing_n have_v oneself_o quality_n unlikeness_n be_v when_o they_o have_v diverse_a quality_n chap._n xi_o of_o relation_n what_o be_v relation_n it_o be_v the_o refer_v compare_v or_o apply_v of_o one_o thing_n unto_o another_o for_o some_o respect_n of_o â—…ffinitie_n or_o likeness_n wherewith_o they_o be_v knâ—…t_v so_o together_o as_o the_o one_o can_v be_v well_o understand_v without_o the_o other_o and_o therefore_o the_o thing_n so_o compare_v be_v call_v relative_n or_o rather_o correlative_n for_o of_o thing_n some_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_a and_o some_o respective_a or_o relative_a which_o call_v you_o absolute_a absolute_a be_v those_o which_o may_v be_v understand_v by_o themselves_o without_o be_v apply_v to_o any_o other_o thing_n as_o substance_n quantity_n quality_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v relative_a or_o respective_a those_o that_o can_v be_v well_o understand_v of_o themselves_o without_o have_v relation_n to_o some_o other_o thing_n as_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n the_o lord_n and_o the_o bondman_n the_o master_n and_o the_o scholar_n etc._n etc._n here_o note_n that_o of_o the_o schoolman_n the_o thing_n from_o which_o the_o application_n be_v make_v be_v call_v in_o latin_a fundamentum_fw-la in_o english_a the_o foundation_n and_o the_o thing_n whereunto_o the_o relation_n or_o application_n be_v make_v be_v call_v in_o latin_a terminus_n in_o english_a the_o bound_n end_n or_o term_v as_o in_o thâ—…se_a correlative_n the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n the_o lord_n and_o the_o bondman_n the_o schoolmaster_n and_o the_o scholar_n here_o the_o father_n the_o lord_n and_o schoolmaster_n be_v call_v every_o of_o they_o fundamentum_fw-la but_o the_o son_n the_o bondman_n and_o scholar_n every_o of_o they_o be_v call_v terminus_fw-la that_o be_v the_o end_n or_o term_v and_o the_o application_n of_o the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o be_v call_v relation_n how_o many_o kind_n of_o relative_n be_v there_o two_o relative_n secundum_fw-la esse_fw-la that_o be_v indeed_o and_o relative_n secundum_fw-la dici_fw-la which_o we_o may_v call_v relative_n in_o name_n which_o call_v you_o relative_n indeed_o those_o which_o according_a to_o their_o principal_a signification_n have_v relation_n to_o some_o other_o thing_n without_o which_o they_o can_v be_v understand_v as_o a_o father_n be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v without_o there_o be_v a_o son_n nor_o a_o son_n unless_o there_o be_v a_o father_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o a_o tutor_n and_o pupil_n the_o master_n and_o his_o scholar_n and_o such_o like_a what_o call_v you_o relative_n in_o name_n those_o that_o according_a to_o their_o principal_a signification_n may_v be_v understand_v without_o have_v relation_n to_o any_o other_o thing_n and_o yet_o because_o in_o some_o respect_n they_o have_v relation_n to_o some_o other_o thing_n they_o be_v call_v relative_n but_o not_o proper_o for_o they_o differ_v not_o from_o the_o absoâ—…e_a thing_n before_o define_v as_o virtue_n vice_n habit_n disposition_n etc._n etc._n what_o other_o division_n be_v there_o of_o relative_n of_o relative_n some_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o ownself_o name_n and_o some_o of_o diverse_a of_o ownself_o name_n as_o like_v unlike_a equal_a unequal_a schoole-follow_a neighbour_n and_o such_o like_a of_o diverse_a name_n as_o the_o father_n the_o son_n the_o lord_n and_o bondman_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o such_o some_o be_v more_o worthy_a and_o some_o be_v less_o worthy_a as_o the_o father_n be_v more_o worthy_a the_o son_n less_o worthy_a the_o master_n more_o worthy_a the_o scholar_n less_o worthy_a which_o division_n this_o table_n do_v show_v the_o table_n of_o relation_n relation_n be_v either_o in_o deed_n if_o in_o deed_n it_o be_v either_o of_o oneself_o name_n as_o a_o schoolfellow_n like_a unlike_a equal_a unequal_a kinsman_n neighbour_n or_o of_o diverse_a name_n whereof_o some_o be_v more_o worthy_a as_o the_o master_n the_o father_n the_o double_a the_o cause_n the_o whole_a the_o captain_n and_o some_o be_v less_o worthy_a as_o the_o scholar_n the_o son_n the_o one_o half_a the_o effect_n the_o
to_o differ_v one_o from_o another_o for_o they_o may_v differ_v one_o from_o another_o in_o general_a kind_n in_o special_a kind_n and_o in_o number_n in_o general_a kind_n as_o a_o sensible_a body_n and_o a_o tree_n in_o special_a kind_n as_o a_o horse_n and_o a_o asâ—…e_n again_o they_o may_v differ_v in_o number_n as_o the_o individuum_n that_o be_v comprehend_v under_o one_o special_a kind_n as_o john_n and_o edward_n do_v differ_v only_o in_o number_n be_v it_o all_o one_o to_o be_v diverse_a and_o contrary_a no_o for_o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v diverse_a which_o differ_v any_o of_o the_o way_n above_o say_v or_o by_o any_o other_o difference_n be_v it_o common_a proper_a or_o most_o proper_a yet_o few_o or_o none_o of_o these_o thing_n be_v contrary_a one_o to_o another_o for_o no_o substance_n admit_v contrariety_n nor_o yet_o many_o accident_n unless_o it_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o quality_n whereunto_o contrariety_n do_v proper_o belong_v how_o many_o way_n be_v thing_n say_v to_o be_v contrary_a one_o to_o another_o four_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v relative_a contrary_a privative_a and_o contradictory_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o relation_n by_o contrariety_n by_o privation_n and_o by_o contradiction_n which_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v opposite_a or_o contrary_n by_o relation_n those_o thing_n be_v opposite_a by_o relation_n which_o according_a to_o their_o own_o signification_n have_v mutual_a relation_n one_o to_o another_o neither_o can_v they_o be_v both_o verify_v of_o oneself_o thing_n in_o oneself_o respect_n as_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n the_o lord_n and_o the_o bondman_n for_o one_o man_n can_v be_v both_o a_o father_n and_o a_o son_n in_o one_o respect_n but_o in_o diverse_a respect_n he_o may_v for_o every_o man_n that_o have_v a_o son_n be_v notwithstanding_o a_o son_n to_o his_o own_o father_n and_o a_o father_n to_o his_o own_o son_n which_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v opposite_a by_o contrariety_n those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contrary_a which_o be_v comprehend_v under_o oneself_o kind_n do_v most_o differ_v one_o from_o another_o and_o yet_o both_o may_v be_v one_o after_o another_o in_o oneself_o subject_a meet_a to_o receive_v the_o same_o because_o the_o one_o give_v place_n to_o the_o other_o unless_o it_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o be_v natural_o incident_a to_o the_o say_a subject_n as_o heat_n and_o cold_a be_v contain_v under_o quality_n be_v most_o contrary_a one_o to_o another_o and_o yet_o may_v be_v one_o after_o another_o in_o man_n body_n or_o any_o other_o subject_a apt_a to_o receive_v the_o same_o for_o many_o time_n heat_n drive_v out_o cold_a and_o cold_a heat_n yet_o in_o fire_n it_o be_v not_o so_o for_o heat_n be_v always_o natural_o incident_a to_o fiâ—…e_v and_o will_v never_o give_v place_n to_o cold_a so_o long_o as_o it_o be_v fire_n and_o not_o extinct_a how_o be_v contrary_n divide_v of_o contrary_n some_o have_v a_o mean_a call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n contraria_fw-la mediata_fw-la and_o some_o have_v no_o mean_a call_v contraria_fw-la immediata_fw-la when_o be_v they_o say_v to_o have_v a_o mean_a when_o the_o two_o contrary_n be_v such_o as_o neither_o of_o they_o be_v of_o mere_a necessity_n in_o any_o subject_n meet_v to_o receive_v the_o same_o as_o white_z &_o black_a for_o that_o subject_a which_o be_v apt_a to_o receive_v they_o both_o may_v be_v yellow_a or_o russet_a and_o so_o the_o subject_n be_v neither_o white_a nor_o black_a when_o be_v they_o say_v to_o have_v no_o mean_a when_o the_o one_o of_o the_o two_o contrary_n may_v be_v always_o true_o affirm_v of_o any_o subject_a apt_a to_o receive_v the_o same_o as_o sickness_n and_o health_n for_o man_n or_o beast_n be_v true_o say_v to_o be_v either_o sick_a or_o whole_a also_o vice_n and_o virtue_n have_v no_o mean_a for_o a_o man_n be_v say_v to_o be_v either_o good_a or_o evil_a yet_o some_o make_v good_a and_o evil_a to_o have_v a_o mean_a call_v a_o thing_n indifferent_a likewise_o hot_a and_o cold_a to_o have_v a_o mean_a that_o be_v to_o say_v lukewarm_a and_o betwixt_o health_n and_o sickness_n galen_n make_v a_o mean_a estate_n that_o be_v to_o say_v neither_o whole_a nor_o sick_a but_o betwixt_o both_o which_o be_v opposite_n by_o privation_n opposite_n by_o privation_n be_v two_o contrary_n belong_v to_o oneself_o subject_a apt_a to_o receive_v the_o same_o in_o the_o which_o subject_n when_o the_o one_o be_v want_v at_o such_o time_n as_o nature_n do_v appoint_v the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v as_o sight_n and_o blindness_n in_o the_o eye_n hear_v and_o deafness_n in_o the_o ear_n light_n and_o darkness_n in_o the_o sky_n or_o in_o any_o other_o thing_n meet_v to_o receive_v both_o wherefore_o do_v you_o add_v this_o clause_n at_o such_o time_n as_o nature_n do_v appoint_v because_o it_o be_v not_o needful_a that_o one_o of_o these_o opposite_n be_v in_o the_o subject_n in_o all_o time_n as_o for_o example_n the_o whelp_n which_o be_v not_o nine_o day_n old_a though_o as_o yet_o he_o see_v not_o yet_o be_v he_o not_o say_v to_o be_v blind_a because_o nature_n have_v appoint_v he_o no_o soon_o to_o see_v which_o be_v opposite_a by_o contradiction_n they_o be_v two_o contrary_n have_v no_o mean_a and_o do_v consist_v in_o contradiction_n that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o deny_v the_o one_o the_o other_o and_o such_o contradiction_n consist_v either_o in_o proposition_n or_o else_o in_o simple_a or_o single_a term_n give_v example_n of_o both_o in_o proposition_n thus_o john_n be_v honest_a john_n be_v not_o honest_a plato_n dispute_v plato_n dispute_v not_o in_o which_o kind_n of_o proposition_n there_o be_v no_o mean_a of_o truth_n or_o falsehood_n for_o of_o necessity_n the_o one_o of_o they_o must_v always_o be_v either_o true_a or_o false_a in_o such_o sort_n as_o both_o can_v be_v true_a together_o nor_o both_o false_a together_o in_o simple_a term_n thus_o a_o man_n no_o man_n to_o know_v not_o to_o know_v to_o be_v and_o not_o to_o be_v and_o therefore_o opposite_n by_o contradiction_n be_v most_o contrary_a and_o do_v differ_v from_o all_o the_o rest_n for_o in_o all_o the_o other_o opposite_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o find_v out_o some_o mean_a subject_n whereof_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v be_v true_o speak_v or_o affirm_v chap._n xx._n of_o before_o and_o after_o call_v in_o latin_a prius_fw-la &_o posterius_fw-la how_o many_o way_n be_v a_o thing_n say_v to_o be_v before_o and_o after_o five_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v by_o time_n nature_n order_n honour_n and_o cause_n contain_v in_o these_o two_o latin_a verse_n tempore_fw-la natura_fw-la prius_fw-la ordine_fw-la dic_fw-la &_o honore_fw-la et_fw-la causa_fw-la effectis_fw-la dicitur_fw-la esse_fw-la prio_fw-la give_v example_n of_o every_o one_o first_o by_o time_n cicero_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o quintilian_n and_o socrates_n before_o aristotle_n and_o such_o like_a second_o by_o nature_n that_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o or_o before_o from_o which_o the_o consequent_a can_v return_v backward_o by_o which_o way_n all_o general_a kind_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o their_o special_a kind_n and_o special_a kind_n before_o their_o individuum_n for_o if_o man_n be_v then_o sensible_a body_n which_o be_v the_o general_a kind_n must_v needs_o be_v but_o not_o contrary_o so_o likewise_o if_o john_n be_v man_n must_v needs_o be_v but_o not_o contrary_o for_o it_o follow_v not_o of_o necessity_n because_o it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o man_n or_o because_o it_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v john_n three_o by_o order_n one_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o another_o as_o one_o before_o two_o and_o two_o before_o three_o letters_z before_o syllable_n and_o syllable_n before_o word_n and_o word_n before_o speech_n to_o this_o also_o appertain_v that_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o by_o situation_n as_o in_o go_v from_o norwich_n to_o london_n thetford_n be_v before_o newmarket_n and_o newmarket_n before_o ware_n and_o so_o forth_o four_o by_o honour_n or_o dignity_n a_o emperor_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o a_o king_n a_o king_n before_o a_o duke_n a_o duke_n before_o a_o earl_n a_o earl_n before_o a_o baron_n etc._n etc._n five_o the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o his_o effect_n as_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o day_n so_o the_o difference_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o his_o special_a kind_n and_o the_o special_a kind_n before_o his_o property_n and_o these_o be_v convertible_a for_o if_o it_o be_v day_n the_o sun_n must_v needs_o be_v up_o and_o if_o the_o special_a difference_n be_v the_o special_a kind_n must_v needs_o be_v and_o so_o contrary_o to_o what_o end_n
well_o the_o two_o other_o point_n touch_v this_o definition_n first_o that_o the_o conclusion_n must_v not_o be_v all_o one_o but_o differ_v from_o the_o premise_n second_o that_o the_o say_a conclusion_n be_v necessary_o infer_v of_o the_o premise_n as_o in_o this_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o substance_n every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v a_o substance_n for_o if_o the_o conclusion_n be_v thus_o ergo_fw-la every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o substance_n or_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n the_o argument_n shall_v not_o be_v good_a because_o the_o conclusion_n shall_v be_v all_o one_o with_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n the_o reason_n why_o the_o conclusion_n must_v needs_o be_v infer_v of_o the_o premise_n and_o so_o consequent_o follow_v of_o the_o same_o shall_v be_v declare_v unto_o you_o hereafter_o how_o be_v a_o syllogism_n divide_v according_a to_o the_o schoolman_n first_o they_o divide_v it_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o proposition_n wherofit_n consist_v into_o two_o kind_n viz._n categoricall_a and_o hypotheticall_a that_o be_v to_o say_v simple_a and_o compound_n call_v that_o simple_a which_o be_v make_v of_o simple_a proposition_n and_o that_o compound_n which_o be_v make_v of_o compound_a proposition_n what_o simple_a and_o compound_a proposition_n be_v have_v be_v before_o 1._o define_v again_o they_o divide_v the_o simple_a syllogism_n three_o manner_n of_o way_n first_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o term_n into_o a_o common_a and_o into_o a_o singular_a syllogism_n for_o if_o the_o term_n whereof_o the_o syllogism_n consist_v be_v common_a or_o general_a and_o special_o the_o mean_a term_n or_o proof_n than_o that_o syllogism_n be_v call_v a_o common_a syllogism_n but_o if_o the_o mean_a term_n or_o proof_n be_v individuum_fw-la than_o that_o syllogism_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o singular_a syllogism_n call_v of_o they_o syllogismus_fw-la expositorius_fw-la whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o second_o they_o divide_v a_o simple_a syllogism_n according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o figure_n into_o a_o perfect_a and_o unperfect_a syllogism_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v perfect_a when_o it_o need_v not_o to_o be_v alter_v any_o manner_n of_o way_n otherwise_o than_o it_o be_v that_o the_o consequent_a may_v manifest_o appear_v when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v unperfect_a when_o the_o consequent_a do_v not_o manifest_o appear_v unless_o the_o syllogism_n be_v alter_v either_o by_o conversion_n or_o transpose_v of_o the_o premise_n whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o three_o they_o divide_v a_o simple_a syllogism_n according_a to_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o proposition_n whereof_o it_o be_v make_v into_o three_o kind_n that_o be_v into_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a dialecticall_a and_o sophistical_a of_o which_o three_o kind_n we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o and_o in_o their_o proper_a place_n so_o as_o in_o all_o the_o schoolman_n make_v four_o several_a division_n of_o a_o syllogism_n the_o first_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o proposition_n the_o second_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o term_n the_o three_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o figure_n and_o the_o four_o according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o proposition_n whereof_o we_o have_v speak_v before_o and_o show_v how_o manifold_a such_o matter_n be_v but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o will_v show_v you_o of_o what_o part_v a_o simple_a common_a syllogism_n consist_v of_o how_o many_o part_n do_v a_o simple_a syllogism_n consist_v of_o two_o that_o be_v matter_n and_o form_n chap._n iii_o of_o the_o matter_n and_o form_n of_o a_o simple_a common_a syllogism_n what_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o matter_n of_o a_o syllogism_n the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o syllogism_n be_v make_v be_v three_o term_n and_o three_o proposition_n which_o we_o call_v before_o material_a principle_n and_o the_o form_n consist_v of_o figure_n and_o mood_n whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n define_v what_o these_o three_o term_n be_v the_o one_o be_v call_v the_o mayor_n term_n or_o mayor_n extremity_n which_o be_v the_o predicate_a of_o the_o question_n that_o be_v to_o be_v prove_v the_o other_o be_v call_v the_o minor_a term_n or_o minor_a extremity_n which_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o the_o question_n and_o these_o two_o term_n be_v knit_v together_o in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o make_v to_o agree_v by_o help_n of_o a_o three_o term_n call_v the_o mean_a term_n or_o proof_n what_o be_v the_o mean_a term_n it_o be_v the_o proof_n of_o the_o question_n which_o be_v twice_o repeat_v before_o the_o conclusion_n and_o not_o once_o mention_v in_o the_o same_o how_o be_v such_o proof_n to_o be_v find_v out_o four_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o experience_n by_o quickness_n of_o wit_n by_o erudition_n and_o by_o search_v the_o common_a place_n give_v example_n of_o all_o these_o four_o way_n 1_o by_o experience_n as_o when_o we_o affirm_v that_o intemperance_n be_v to_o be_v flee_v because_o we_o know_v by_o experience_n that_o it_o consume_v both_o body_n and_o good_n in_o vain_a pleasure_n 2_o by_o wit_n as_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o covetousness_n of_o wicked_a man_n be_v infinite_a because_o wit_n and_o reason_n teach_v we_o that_o if_o covetous_a man_n do_v either_o care_n for_o the_o law_n of_o god_n or_o for_o reason_n they_o will_v not_o exceed_v so_o far_o the_o bound_n thereof_o 3_o by_o erudition_n as_o to_o prove_v that_o riches_n be_v not_o to_o be_v desire_v over-greedy_o but_o to_o serve_v necessity_n because_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o doctrine_n of_o s._n paul_n that_o such_o as_o greedy_o seek_v to_o be_v rich_a do_v fall_n into_o temptation_n and_o into_o the_o snare_n of_o the_o devil_n 4_o by_o search_v the_o common_a place_n as_o when_o the_o proof_n of_o any_o question_n be_v fetch_v from_o any_o of_o the_o common_a place_n before_o teach_v as_o from_o the_o general_a kind_n from_o the_o special_a kind_n from_o the_o difference_n or_o property_n and_o such_o like_a whereof_o you_o have_v have_v example_n before_o which_o be_v the_o three_o proposition_n whereof_o a_o syllogism_n do_v consist_v these_o three_o the_o mayor_n the_o minor_a and_o the_o conclusion_n which_o call_v you_o the_o mayor_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n otherwise_o call_v the_o mayor_n term_n and_o of_o the_o mean_a or_o proof_n be_v both_o join_v together_o in_o oneself_o proposition_n which_o proposition_n be_v the_o whole_a strength_n of_o the_o syllogism_n for_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n and_o proof_n of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o call_v you_o the_o minor_a that_o which_o consist_v of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o question_n call_v the_o minor_a term_n and_o of_o the_o mean_a or_o proof_n join_v together_o which_o two_o proposition_n be_v call_v by_o one_o general_a name_n premise_n because_o they_o go_v before_o the_o conclusion_n what_o be_v the_o conclusion_n it_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o the_o predicate_v and_o of_o the_o subject_n and_o be_v the_o question_n itself_o conclude_v give_v example_n for_o example_n let_v this_o be_v your_o question_n whether_o man_n be_v a_o substance_n or_o not_o here_o you_o have_v two_o extreme_n or_o term_n whereof_o substance_n be_v the_o predicate_v be_v the_o mayor_n term_n and_o man_n be_v here_o the_o subject_n be_v the_o minor_a term_n now_o to_o prove_v that_o this_o word_n substance_n be_v proper_o and_o natural_o speak_v of_o man_n as_o of_o his_o subject_n and_o that_o you_o may_v true_o knit_v these_o two_o extreme_n or_o term_n together_o you_o must_v seek_v out_o some_o cause_n or_o proof_n otherwise_o call_v the_o mean_a term_n which_o be_v once_o find_v out_o the_o syllogism_n be_v soon_o make_v let_v the_o mean_a term_n therefore_o be_v this_o word_n sensible_a body_n for_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o substance_n which_o proof_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o general_a kind_n than_o form_n your_o syllogism_n thus_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o substance_n but_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la man_n be_v a_o substance_n here_o you_o see_v that_o the_o mean_a term_n or_o proof_n be_v twice_o repeat_v before_o the_o conclusion_n that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o the_o mayor_n proposition_n together_o with_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n call_v the_o mayor_n term_n and_o also_o in_o the_o minor_a proposition_n together_o with_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o question_n call_v the_o minor_a term_n and_o not_o once_o mention_v in_o the_o conclusion_n thus_o much_o touch_v the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o syllogism_n consist_v now_o of_o the_o form_n thereof_o chap._n four_o of_o the_o form_n of_o a_o syllogism_n you_o say_v before_o that_o the_o form_n of_o a_o
there_o be_v but_o one_o natural_a move_a and_o such_o like_a the_o principle_n practive_a be_v those_o natural_a knowledge_n whereby_o man_n manner_n be_v govern_v for_o by_o this_o natural_a light_n we_o know_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o good_a and_o evil_n as_o for_o example_n these_o be_v principle_n practive_a god_n be_v to_o be_v honour_v and_o obey_v justice_n be_v to_o be_v embrace_v civil_a society_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v and_o the_o disturber_n thereof_o to_o be_v punish_v these_o and_o such_o like_a proposition_n be_v natural_o receive_v of_o all_o man_n as_o infallible_a verity_n again_o of_o principle_n some_o be_v call_v general_n and_o some_o proper_a the_o general_n be_v those_o that_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o many_o science_n as_o these_o the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n if_o equal_a be_v take_v from_o equal_a equal_a do_v remain_v and_o such_o like_a the_o proper_a principle_n be_v those_o that_o be_v proper_o belong_v to_o some_o one_o certain_a science_n as_o a_o line_n to_o be_v a_o length_n without_o breadth_n be_v a_o principle_n of_o geometry_n again_o this_o proposition_n every_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o be_v a_o principle_n of_o logic_n and_o to_o be_v short_a every_o science_n have_v his_o proper_a principle_n of_o which_o some_o be_v call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n and_o some_o position_n wherefore_o be_v they_o call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n for_o that_o they_o be_v worthy_a to_o be_v credit_v for_o their selfe_o sake_n for_o so_o soon_o as_o we_o hear_v they_o in_o such_o speech_n as_o we_o understand_v we_o natural_o know_v they_o to_o be_v true_a without_o any_o further_a proof_n as_o these_o take_v equal_a from_o equal_a and_o equal_a will_v remain_v the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n etc._n etc._n what_o be_v position_n position_n be_v those_o principle_n which_o although_o they_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o understand_v of_o all_o man_n at_o the_o first_o utter_v as_o maxim_n be_v for_o in_o these_o beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o term_n it_o be_v needful_a to_o have_v also_o some_o experience_n as_o in_o these_o principle_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v compound_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v movable_a whatsoever_o be_v heavy_a tend_v natural_o downward_o and_o whatsoever_o be_v light_n tend_v upward_o again_o of_o position_n some_o be_v call_v definition_n and_o some_o supposition_n and_o of_o supposition_n some_o be_v call_v petition_n call_v in_o latin_a postulata_fw-la and_o some_o supposition_n assumpt_v define_v these_o kind_n 1_o definition_n show_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v 2_o supposition_n be_v that_o which_o suppose_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v or_o not_o to_o be_v as_o the_o geometrician_n do_v suppose_v that_o there_o be_v punctum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o prick_n or_o a_o thing_n indivisible_a have_v neither_o length_n breadth_n nor_o depth_n 3_o petition_n be_v a_o proposition_n ask_v and_o grant_v to_o be_v true_a as_o this_o be_v a_o petition_n in_o geometry_n that_o a_o man_n may_v draw_v a_o right_a line_n from_o one_o point_n to_o another_o 4_o supposition_n assumpt_v be_v when_o a_o manifest_a supposition_n be_v assumpt_v to_o prove_v another_o thing_n withal_o as_o to_o prove_v that_o demonstration_n consist_v of_o true_a proposition_n the_o disputer_n will_v assumpt_v this_o assertion_n which_o say_v that_o of_o false_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o certain_a knowledge_n and_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v but_o of_o true_a thing_n what_o be_v the_o three_o thing_n whereof_o the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n depend_v it_o be_v the_o knowledge_n that_o man_n have_v in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n which_o be_v not_o altogether_o artificial_a but_o partly_o natural_a for_o god_n think_v it_o not_o sufficient_a for_o man_n behoof_n to_o know_v simple_a proposition_n as_o principle_n or_o common_a conception_n get_v by_o experience_n unless_o he_o can_v also_o compare_v they_o together_o and_o join_v thing_n like_a and_o agreeable_a together_o and_o sever_z thing_n unlike_a and_o disagree_v one_o from_o another_o and_o by_o such_o comparison_n and_o composition_n to_o find_v out_o thing_n before_o not_o know_v and_o to_o the_o intent_n we_o shall_v not_o err_v or_o wander_v out_o of_o the_o right_a way_n god_n have_v show_v we_o a_o order_n and_o prescribe_v certain_a bound_n and_o limit_n of_o necessity_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o such_o composition_n which_o bound_n be_v syllogism_n right_o make_v for_o so_o do_v the_o consequent_n plain_o appear_v and_o because_o that_o proportion_n be_v know_v by_o nature_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v you_o a_o example_n in_o number_n for_o three_o know_a number_n be_v place_v in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o syllogism_n a_o four_o number_n unknown_a of_o necessity_n do_v follow_v as_o in_o this_o question_n if_o one_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n what_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n worth_n marry_o ten_o groat_n which_o be_v prove_v by_o a_o syllogism_n in_o this_o manner_n every_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n but_o here_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n ergo_fw-la they_o be_v worth_a ten_o groat_n and_o like_o as_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n arithmetical_a the_o proportion_n which_o be_v to_o be_v judge_v by_o man_n natural_a knowledge_n do_v show_v the_o consequent_a to_o be_v infallible_a even_o so_o the_o consequent_n in_o other_o syllogism_n be_v show_v to_o be_v infallible_a by_o such_o demonstration_n as_o be_v not_o far_o fetch_v or_o doubtful_a but_o be_v manifest_a plain_a and_o evident_a chap._n xix_o of_o the_o two_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n how_o do_v the_o schoolman_n divide_v demonstration_n into_o two_o that_o be_v perfect_a and_o unperfect_a and_o they_o call_v the_o perfect_a demonstratio_fw-la propter_fw-la quid_fw-la and_o the_o unperfect_a demonstratio_fw-la quia_fw-la est_fw-la it_o be_v perfect_a when_o it_o proceed_v from_o the_o proper_a cause_n to_o the_o effect_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n à _fw-la priore_fw-la for_o in_o that_o demonstration_n the_o antecedent_n contain_v the_o proper_a and_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o consequent_a as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o sun_n be_v up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v day_n what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n that_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v also_o predicate_v in_o the_o mayor_n be_v first_o properly_z always_o and_o that_o real_o and_o accidental_o incident_a to_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o to_o every_o thing_n contain_v under_o the_o same_o which_o subject_n must_v be_v some_o general_a kind_n and_o the_o very_a mean_a or_o proof_n of_o your_o conclusion_n as_o for_o example_n if_o you_o will_v prove_v a_o cock_n to_o be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n it_o be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a demonstration_n to_o say_v that_o every_o fly_a beast_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n for_o some_o beast_n fly_v that_o have_v no_o feather_n as_o back_n that_o fly_v in_o the_o night_n season_n but_o if_o you_o say_v that_o every_o bird_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n &_o every_o cock_n be_v a_o bird_n ergo_fw-la every_o cock_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n you_o shall_v make_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n because_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o the_o mayor_n have_v such_o condition_n as_o be_v before_o require_v for_o this_o mayor_n show_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v and_o also_o wherefore_o it_o be_v which_o be_v do_v so_o often_o as_o the_o predicate_a be_v the_o true_a definition_n of_o the_o subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n or_o else_o some_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o for_o every_o good_a demonstration_n be_v either_o make_v of_o a_o true_a definition_n or_o take_v from_o the_o general_a kind_n special_a kind_n or_o else_o from_o the_o special_a difference_n or_o property_n yea_o and_o sometime_o they_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o proper_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o perpetual_a adiacent_n otherwise_o call_v common_a accident_n of_o proper_a act_n of_o contrariety_n and_o of_o divine_a authority_n whereof_o you_o have_v have_v example_n before_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o place_n and_o seat_n of_o argument_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o unperfect_a demonstration_n when_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a imply_v a_o true_a consequent_a but_o yet_o be_v not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o in_o this_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v nourishable_a here_o though_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a proposition_n yet_o they_o be_v
not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n for_o the_o mayor_n of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o a_o former_a and_o more_o know_a proposition_n for_o that_o which_o be_v more_o general_a be_v more_o know_v then_o that_o which_o be_v less_o general_a as_o thus_o every_o live_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o live_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a again_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v unperfect_a when_o we_o proceed_v from_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o cause_n as_o when_o we_o say_v it_o be_v day_n ergo_fw-la the_o sun_n be_v up_o but_o that_o demonstration_n which_o proceed_v from_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o effect_n be_v the_o more_o worthy_a because_o we_o use_v therein_o discourse_n of_o reason_n and_o understanding_n and_o in_o the_o other_o we_o only_o judge_v by_o the_o outward_a sense_n whereof_o spring_v two_o principal_a kind_n of_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v compendious_a or_o short_a order_n or_o way_n of_o teach_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o science_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v call_v composition_n proceed_v forward_o from_o the_o first_o to_o the_o last_o and_o the_o other_o be_v call_v resolution_n proceed_v backward_o from_o the_o last_o to_o the_o first_o as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d method_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 5._o chap._n xx._n of_o science_n opinion_n ignorance_n wit_n and_o of_o the_o four_o sciencial_a question_n what_o other_o thing_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v treat_v of_o by_o the_o schoolman_n in_o demonstration_n diverse_a thing_n as_o what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o science_n and_o opinion_n also_o they_o treat_v of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n of_o ignorance_n of_o prompt_a wit_n and_o of_o the_o four_o scienciall_a question_n what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o science_n and_o opinion_n science_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o necessary_a certain_a and_o infallible_a proposition_n and_o of_o such_o thing_n as_o can_v be_v otherwise_o opinion_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n casual_a which_o may_v be_v sometime_o false_a and_o sometime_o true_a how_o many_o kind_n of_o ignorance_n do_v the_o schoolman_n make_v two_o that_o be_v to_o say_v absolute_a which_o of_o the_o schoolman_n be_v call_v ignorantia_fw-la negationis_fw-la and_o ignorance_n by_o false_a conception_n which_o they_o call_v ignorantia_fw-la affectionis_fw-la the_o first_o be_v when_o we_o utter_o deny_v to_o have_v any_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n at_o all_o the_o other_o be_v when_o we_o think_v to_o know_v that_o which_o we_o know_v not_o be_v deceive_v by_o some_o false_a persuasion_n whereunto_o we_o be_v affect_v whereof_o it_o be_v call_v ignorantia_fw-la affectionis_fw-la how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v prompt_a wit_n call_v of_o the_o latin_n solertia_fw-la he_o define_v it_o to_o be_v a_o promptness_n or_o readiness_n in_o quick_o find_v out_o the_o proof_n or_o cause_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v in_o question_n without_o any_o study_n which_o be_v the_o four_o sciential_a question_n these_o whether_o the_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v how_o it_o be_v and_o wherefore_o it_o be_v whereof_o the_o first_o enquire_v of_o the_o subject_n whether_o it_o be_v the_o second_o of_o the_o predicate_v as_o what_o it_o be_v the_o three_o how_o it_o be_v that_o be_v to_o say_v how_o the_o predicate_a be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o four_o ask_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a now_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a or_o probable_a chap._n xxi_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a what_o be_v a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o probable_a and_o credible_a proposition_n what_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a thing_n probable_a according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v these_o that_o seem_v true_a to_o all_o man_n or_o to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o man_n or_o to_o all_o wise_a man_n or_o to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o wise_a man_n or_o else_o to_o the_o most_o approve_a wise_a man_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o thing_n probable_a may_v be_v say_v five_o manner_n of_o way_n show_v how_o first_o those_o thing_n be_v probable_a which_o unto_o all_o man_n aswell_o learned_a as_o unlearned_a be_v in_o their_o right_a wit_n do_v seem_v to_o be_v true_a as_o these_o every_o mother_n love_v her_o child_n we_o love_v they_o that_o love_v we_o we_o must_v do_v good_a to_o they_o that_o do_v good_a to_o us._n second_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o most_o man_n as_o these_o it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o communality_n to_o be_v rule_v by_o one_o prince_n then_o by_o many_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o serve_v many_o master_n at_o once_o three_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o all_o wise_a man_n as_o these_o what_o thing_n soever_o be_v honest_a the_o same_o be_v also_o profitable_a virtue_n be_v better_a than_o riches_n four_o those_o that_o seem_v true_a to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o wise_a and_o learned_a as_o thus_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a the_o sun_n be_v great_a than_o the_o earth_n five_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o the_o most_o approve_a wise_a man_n as_o these_o the_o world_n have_v a_o beginning_n it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o prince_n to_o be_v love_v then_o fear_v of_o his_o subject_n and_o general_o under_o thing_n probable_a be_v contain_v all_o true_a proposition_n that_o be_v casual_a and_o not_o imply_v any_o necessity_n i_o say_v here_o true_a proposition_n to_o exclude_v false_a proposition_n whereof_o sophistical_a syllogism_n be_v make_v and_o not_o those_o which_o we_o call_v probable_a or_o logical_a syllogism_n and_o yet_o such_o proposition_n be_v not_o so_o true_a in_o deed_n as_o those_o that_o be_v require_v in_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a but_o only_o do_v seem_v true_a engender_v a_o certain_a opinion_n in_o man_n mind_n doubt_v notwithstanding_o the_o contrary_a for_o it_o breed_v not_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n as_o science_n do_v whereby_o the_o mind_n be_v of_o all_o doubt_n thorough_o resolve_v and_o note_v here_o that_o the_o schoolman_n do_v make_v the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n do_v consist_v to_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la in_o english_a far_o off_o and_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nigh_o or_o near_o at_o hand_n what_o do_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la contain_v these_o four_o dialecticall_a predicate_v that_o be_v definition_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n terminus_n property_n general_a kind_n and_o accident_n all_o which_o predicate_v be_v before_o define_v and_o be_v call_v predicate_v because_o they_o be_v common_a word_n speak_v of_o other_o but_o true_o i_o see_v no_o cause_n why_o these_o four_o predicate_v shall_v be_v attribute_v to_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n more_o than_o to_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a for_o sure_a i_o be_o that_o as_o good_a demonstration_n may_v be_v make_v of_o these_o as_o of_o any_o other_o predicat_o what_o be_v contain_v under_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la these_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n problem_n and_o position_n what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o these_o three_o word_n dialecticall_a proposition_n problem_n and_o position_n a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n be_v a_o probable_a question_n utter_v with_o a_o simple_a interrogatory_n as_o whether_o the_o mother_n love_v her_o child_n which_o be_v no_o question_n in_o deed_n but_o to_o he_o that_o ask_v a_o problem_n be_v a_o doubtful_a question_n utter_v with_o a_o double_a interrogatory_n as_o whether_o the_o least_o fix_a star_n in_o the_o firmament_n be_v great_a than_o the_o moon_n or_o not_o or_o whether_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v big_a than_o the_o earth_n or_o not_o position_n be_v a_o wonderful_a opinion_n maintain_v by_o some_o excellent_a clerk_n as_o to_o say_v that_o all_o thing_n be_v but_o one_o essence_n or_o be_v as_o melissus_n affirm_v or_o that_o all_o thing_n do_v continual_o flow_v and_o change_v as_o heraclitus_n hold_v or_o that_o the_o earth_n move_v and_o not_o the_o heaven_n as_o copernicus_n suppose_v only_o to_o find_v out_o thereby_o the_o true_a motion_n of_o the_o planet_n and_o not_o for_o that_o he_o think_v so_o in_o deed_n chap._n xxii_o of_o a_o sophistical_a syllogism_n what_o be_v a_o sophistical_a or_o false_a syllogism_n a_o false_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v either_o make_v of_o false_a proposition_n or_o else_o of_o such_o as_o seem_v probable_a and_o be_v not_o in_o deed_n or_o else_o of_o probable_a premise_n not_o right_o conclude_v and_o of_o such_o syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o sort_n the_o one_o fail_v in_o matter_n the_o other_o in_o form_n the_o three_o in_o both_o when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o fail_v in_o