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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A25375	Chymical disceptations, or, Discourses upon acid and alkali wherein are examined the object of Mr. Boyle against these principles : together with a reply to a letter of Mr. S. Doctor of Physick & fellow of the colleg of *** : wherein many errors are corrected, touching the nature of these two salts / by Fran. Andre, Dr. in Physick ..., faithfully rendered out of French into English by J.W. ; to which is added, by the translator, a discourse of phlebotomy shewing the absolute evils, together with the accidental benefits thereof, in some cases.; Entretiéns sur l'acide et sur l'alkali. English	Saint André, François de, fl. 1677-1725.	1689 (1689)	Wing A3113A; ESTC R30709	47,738	222

to please the Learned I intend to shew a greater Use thereof in Medicine by the Explication of Diseases and their Symptoms and the Remidies we may obtain therefrom with the manner how they act Errata Pag. 7. l. 4. read but they p. 9. l. 10. r. Harts-horn p. 13. l. 8. different ib. l. 9 -gulations p. 14. l. 3. a salt ib. l. 5. disssolve it p. 50. l. 13. absorbed p. 56. l. 17. it self p. 59. l. 9. leaves p. 63. l. 20. Retine p. 64. l. 22. Retine p. 65. l. 16. dele of p. 68. l. 11 Retine p. 72. l. 2. and. ib. l. 20. hath p. 79 l. 14. or one p. 99. l. 19. with p. 101. l. 21. dele the. p. 105 l. 21. dele the. p. 106 l. 10. it p. 115. l. 1. become p. 127. l. 15. you have p. 139. l. 16. add one p. 165. l. 3. be as CHYMICAL DISCEPTATIONS Or SOME DISCOURSES UPON Acid and Alkali EUBULUS DEar Pyrophilus We shall at last arrive at the End of our Errors and Draw from the Fountain of Nature it self Those Necessary Lights which can make us Philosophers PYROPH What say you Eubulus EUB. I say nothing but what I can convince you of by evident Reason and certain Experiments PYR. How have you discovered the Truth EUB. The Reading good Authors and the Converse which I for some time have had with learned Men have quite demolished all my Prejudices and made me Examine things with as much Freedom and Impartiality as I had before of Antipathy I have constantly observed That Authority eve● to this present time hath been an Invincible Enemy both to Physick and Medicine and the very Rock upon which all the Famous Men of the past Ages have rely'd and is indeed at this day the Cause of so many Sects and different Opinions which we see in the Schools Whereas Reason and Experience are the only True KEYS which can give Admittance in●o either of these Sciences for ●o be a Philosopher it is abso●utely necessary to banish Au●hority and to follow Reason ●nd Experience I am not ●ble sufficiently to admire the ●rosperous Success and Exact●ess of the Anatomists and Chy●ists of our Age The first ●aving discovered to us in the Body Parts Humours and Uses ●nknown to the Antients and ●he Last have withdrawn us ●rom that erroneous Darkness wherein the Four Elements and ●heir First and Occult Qualities had plunged us giving us Principles as clear as those were obscure PYR. I have alwaies told you That Anatomy and Chymistry were great Assistants to Physick and Medicine and that they enlighten us much where we attain it only by their Experiments EBU. I do not design to Entertain you here with the New Discoveries of Anatomists upon Humane Bodies I shall only speak of those which Chymists have made us take Notice of in the Dissolution of Mixts Know that for this Effect They acknowledg two sorts of Principles of which some they call Active Principles and others they stile Passive Principles The Active Prin●iples are the Causes of all the Actions and all the different Motions which are done in Nature The Passive Princi●les on the contrary are not ●apable of any Action but serve only as Matrixes to the active Principles for them therein to make their Productions PYR. VVe cannot desire an exacter Distinction of Principles but how many have you of either EUB. There is some Controversy amongst Chymists about the Number of Active Principles Some will have Three which they call Salt Sulphur and Mercury pretending that these are the last Bodies they find in the Resolution of Mixts By Mercury they understand the most subtile most penetrating and most aetherial Substance in the Mixt. By Sulphur all that which is therein oleagenous and inflamable and By Salt and that is dissolved in Water and coagulated by Fire they say The Mercury or Spirit is the Soul of Bodies That it gives Motion and Life to Animals That it makes Plants grow brings forth blowers and ripens Fruits also that it renders Stones and Mettals perfect That the Sulphur or Oil Causes the Diversity of Colours and Odors the Beauty and Deformity of Bodies and That the Salt is the cause of the Tastes Weight Solidity and hardness of Mixts Others acknowledg that there are Salt Sulphur and Mercury in all Bodies they demonstrate also by several Experiments That these Three Substances are composed of Two others a great deal more simple viz. of Acid and Alkali Salts and that Salt Sulphur and Mercury are no other but these Two Salts at liberty or intangl'd In effect you shall observe That there are Two sorts of Salts there are some Simples which are not compounded of any other Substance and some Compounds as are all the compound Mineral Salts and essential Salts of Plants which are composed of simple Salts and passive Principles notwithstanding in such sort as the Acid which is the first of these simple Salts predominates therein And these Salts are called Salts because they are dissolved by Moisture and coagulated by Driness The simple Salts are either Alkali or Acid the Alkali Salts are either Fixed or Volatile the Acid Salts are alwaies in a Liquor therefore called Acid Spirits nevertheless these Acid Spirits are no other but Acid Salts dissolved in a little water The Alkali Salt on the contrary is almost alwaies in a Body it is as I said but even now either fixed or volatile the fixed Alkali Salt is never elevated by the action of Fire as Salt of Tartar and all those Salts which are drawn from Plants by Incineration which we call Lixiviate Salts as those of Scordium Tamarisk c. The Volatile Alkali Salt on the contrary is elevated with the least heat of fire and is drawn chiefly from Animals as the Volatile Salt of Vipers Harts c. There are Three Sorts of Mercury or Spirit an Acid Spirit as that of Niter Allum Vitriol c. A sharp or biting Spirit as that of Harts-horn Urine Vipers c. and a burning Spirit as that of Wine Beer Cyder c. The Acid Spirit is an Acid Salt dissolved in a little Flegm The sharp biting Spirit is an Alkali volatile likewise dissolved in a little Flegm and the burning Spirit is a Sulphur and a Sulphur is an enveloped Acid. All Chymists in effect agree That there are two passive Principles viz. Water and Earth or Flegm and Caput Mort. The Water serves as a Menstruum and Dissolvant to the Acid and Alkali Salts and it is extracted by Distillation from those Bodies which contain it The Earth serves as a Bond to these Two Salts it is extracted commonly after the Extraction of the Lixivious Salt. It is to be noted That according to the different Mixture of these Four sorts of Substances and the different Rangings of their Parts there are made different Productions in Nature sometimes of Animals sometimes of Vegetables and sometimes of Minerals PYR What do you mean by Acid Salt and Alkali Salt EUB.

sibi ipsis Utrumvis vero seorsum neque ulli alteri neque sibi ipsi sufficiens est All living creatures saith he as well all other things as Man himself are constituted of two Principles different in Faculty but concording and fit for use These two together are sufficient for all other things as well as for themselves but either of them severally and apart is neither sufficient for any other nor for themselves These two Salts are never at rest if they be not united one with the other and as soon as they are once united have nothing but love and sympathy one for the other which we take notice of by an Infinity of Experiments as by the sympathetical Inks. The first Sympathetical Ink. THere must be made two different Liquors in two separate Vessels The first which is that we must write with is made with distilled Vinegar and Ceruse which must be made to boil together for the space of an hour in a well stopt Vial then filter them through grey Paper and reserve the Liquor which comes therefrom in another bottle well stopt The Second which causeth the writing to appear is made with Calx Vive Orpiment and common water after the same manner as the former We Write with the first of these two Liquors and we apply upon the Writing a paper imbued with the last the Writing that was invisible appears at that instant as black as if it had been writ with the best Ink in the world For to understand clearly the cause of this so surprising Effect we must take Notice That the Calx vive and Orpiment abound with Alkali and that these Alkali's wherewith we did imbue the Paper quits the Paper to absorb the Acid of the Vinegar and so the Writing appears But that which is more surprising is That the Alkali's of Calx Vive and Orpiment can pass through a Ream of Paper a Table and a Wall to absorb the Acids of the Vinegar which is observed by the Writing which at the same time appears and by the Impression and odour which it e●aves on the Paper The Second Sympathetical Ink. WE must write with an Ink made of Cork Coals and Gum-Arabick and the Writing will appear most black then rub this Writing with the Liquor made with the Calx Vive and Orpiment and it wi●l at that instant disappear and will never reappear if it be not rubbed with some acid liquor as with that which was made with distilled Vinegar and Ceruse The Alkali's of Calx Vive and Orpiment absorb as you see the Acid of the Cork Coals and Gum Arabick and so obliterates the Writing which reappears as soon as it is rub'd with some Acid liquor because the Alkali which had absorbed the Acid of the Ink quits it to absorb that which one casts thereto thus the Writing re-appears The Third Sympathetical Ink. THis third Experiment teacheth the way to transcribe in a Moment all sort of Books and Characters and to draw out all sorts of Prints Take Venice Soap cut into little bits and Oak-ashes equal parts and about as much Calx vive cause them to boil in a new bottle with common water then philter them through grey Paper and rub with a fether dipt in the Liquor which shall come therefrom the Book or Image which you would draw put some white Paper which you shal also rub with the said Liquor between each leaf of the Book put this Book between two pressures in a quarter of an hour it wil be drawn the Letters or Picture not being in any wise hurt The Reason of this Experiment is That the Acid of the Ink which always over-powers its Alkali and which in process of time blots out the print or writing does fortify the Acid of the Liquor wherewith we did imbue the Paper in uniting it self with its Alkali and consequently prints all the Characters of the Book on the Paper after such fashion as they are in the book printed or written only as much Acid as the Alkali thereof could absorb so that the writing becomes fairer and nearer than it was before It is for the same Reason that Acids as spirit of Niter obliterates writing because they choke the Alkali thereof and that strong Alkali's such as the Infusion of Gall-nuts causes them to reappear when they are rub'd therewith and renews antient defaced Books and Writings because they charge themselves with the Acid which had blotted out the Writing These two Salts are at rest as soon as they are united they cause the Diversities of all the Phenomena's which we see in Nature They are the cause of the permanent colors which we behold and of the Odours we scent and Savors which we perceive for according to the different Mixture of these two Salts the different Nature and the different Ranging of their parts the Retain is differently struck and we behold different Colours and the olfactory Nerves papillous Nerves of the Tongue are also differently struck and we taste and smell differently PYR. I earnestly desire you would yet more explain to me how Acid Salt and Alkali Salt joined together cause in us all these different Sentiments 〈◊〉 of which you tell us EUB. Whether the diversity of Colors which we behold comes only from the divers Reflect●on of the Light whether they com only from the different Impression which a coloured Body makes upon the Air and the Air upon the optick Nerves or whether lastly they may be no other but Attoms or Corpuscles which go out continually from Bodies and striking the Retain cause in us different colours it 's alwaies constant That the principal cause of permanent colours comes only from the different Nature and different Mixture of Acid Salts with Alkali Salts which we may observe by divers Experiments The first Experiment ALl Acids destroy blew colours and all Alkali's make them re-appear The Second Experiment SYrup of Violets which is a Composition of Acid and Alkali becoms of the fairest Green in the world when it is mingled with some Alkali as with oil of Tartar made per deliquium and reddish when some Acid is mingled therewith The Third Experiment OIl of Vitriol is a powerful Acid makes a black Composition with an Infusion of Gall-nuts which is a powerful Alkali The Fourth Experiment A Decoction of Red Roses becomes ruddy by Mixture with Acids and black by Mixture with Alkali's The Fifth Experiment MErcury is elevated into Cinabar by common Sulphur and becomes a fair Red and the same Mercury sublimed dissolv'd in water and then precipitated by Alkali's falls down in a pouder sometimes red somtimes white yellow citrine c. according to the nature of the Alkali which precipitated it and as the Alkali absorbed more or less the Acid which held the Mercury in Dissolution The Sixth Experiment SSpirit of Niter which is a great Acid renders the Juices of Herbs which abound in volatile Alkali as white as Milk. Distilled Vinegar doth the same with Litharge in

it self from the Alkali of the Tartar and acts upon that of the water and causes as I have said but now the heat in the water and when the Tartar is not sufficiently calcined it retains some of its own Acid and becomes a little near the nature of Calx vive which causes it to ferment in water but when this Salt is neither too much nor too little calcined it dissolves simply in water without causing therein any Heat as all pure Alkali's do PYR. He afterwards comes to speak of the Tast which he saies is as the Touch-stone to know Acids and Alkali's he saith thereupon That there are a great many mixts in which the Tast can so little discern which of those two Principles predominate therein that one cannot suspect that there is in those two Bodys the least part of those Two Salts as in Diamons Rubys Gold Silver c. That there are also several Bodys which abound in Acid and Alkali Salts yet have no tast at all or which have one altogether different from that which the Chymists attribute to their Principles as Venice Glass which is insipid on the Tongue though it is almost no other thing but fixt Alkali and as Cristals of Silver and Lead made with aqua fortis whereof the first has an extream Bitterness and the last the sweetness of Sugar neither of which retain any thing of Acid of the aq Fort. which did dissolve those Metals EUB. By the Taste we can only know pure Acids and Alkalis as the Spirits of Sulphur Niter c. which are taken Notice of by their acidity and as the volatile Alkali's of Viper Harts-horn and fixed Alkali's as lixivial Salts which are known by their great acrimony as soon as these two Salts are mixt together they produce different Savours according to the divers Mixture and particular figure of their Parts It happens also very often that a body which experience teacheth us a acid being mingled with a Body which experience makes us know to be an Alkali they being insipid as for Example When four parts of Cream of Tartar dissolved in Water in which may be manifestly seen that the Acid predominates is mingled with two parts of Salt of Tartar dissolved also in water there is made as soon as they come together a Fermentation sufficiently violent from which afterwards is obtained by Cristallization a salt which is altogether insipid You see by this Experiment That though a Body be insipid nevertheless one may not conclude That it c●ntains neither Acid nor Alk●li● therein PYR. Mr. Boyle pretends is the fifth Chapter That the Hypothesis of Acid and Alkali is neither Necessary nor Useful to explain that which happens to qualitys Whereof some are produced others destroy'd or altered it not appearing Th●t these two Principles contributed in any wise thereto as when Water is changed by the force of Beating into Froth which hath some Consistence or as when Coral which is red and transparent is changed into a white and opacous Powder without doing any other thing thereto than reducing it into a Powder sufficiently subtil to pass through a fine Searce EUB. The Froth which is formed on water by Beating comes only from the agitation of its parts and as there are a great many Alkali parts and also some Acid parts and a little Earth to be met with in water it is certain That these Principles contribute to the Production of this Quality It should be needful that Mr Boyle prove That there is no Acid nor Alkali in water to conclude That Acid and Alkali do not contribute in any wise to the production of this new Quality which is impossible to be done as for the Coral which becomes white and opacous when it is reduced into an Impalpable Powder I shall tell you That the most part of Bodies are destroy'd by Trituration and entirely change their Nature and those also which are harder and solider and if we may believe some of the Renouned Chymists of our Age as the famous Langelot Olaus Borrychius Schroder c. Leaf-Gold is destroyed in such wise by a long Trituration that it is impossible to make it retake the form of Gold whatsoever artifice you use so that it is not strange That Coral which is red and transparent should become white and opacous when it is reduced to an impalpable powder because that in the Trituration which is made thereof its parts are dis-united in such wise one from the other and are in so great a confusion that they can no longer keep their natural colour either because they do no longer reflect the light as they did reflect it before or because they do not make the same Impression on the aier or lastly that the Attoms which go out therefrom are not conditioned as they were and this colour cannot return to it except by the force of some exteriour agent its particles retake the same place and the same scituation as they occupied before the Trituration as we take notice of it in blew Vitriol which becomes white when reduced into pouder and which retakes its natural colour when this powder is dissolved in water and afterwards caused to cristallize PYR. He proceeds with an Objection like the former He saies They cannot render a Reason by Acid and Alkali of Gravity Light and several other Qualities which are called MANIFEST and much less of those which are called OCCULT as of the Force of the Loadstone on Iron and of Iron on the Loadstone as well as several other Phaenomena's of the Loadstone EUB. The gravity and levity of a body depends upon the more or less of Vacuity that there is in that body according to Mr. Boyle's Opinion in such manner That a body in which there are fewest Vacuities is most Weight as on the contrary that in which there are more vacuitys is more light Now the Moreness or Lessness of Vacuities depends upon the Moreness or Lessness of the acid which there is in Bodies for when there is a great deal of Acid therein the Pores of the Alkali are filled therewith and when on the contrary there is but a very little Acid those Pores remain empty and consequently the gravity of a Body depends upon the quantity of Acid that is found therein and the Levity upon the smallness of the Acid and quantity of Alkali which is found therein The abundance of Caput Mort. contributes much to the lightness of Bodys as we observe in the Firr-tree which is a very light wood and hath much Earth in it Light is no other but an agitation of small pointed Bodys which are poured out in the air and puts all the parts thereof in Motion It is of the same Nature with fire since it produceth the same Effects and that being re-united in a burning-glass it liquefies Metals and calcines Stones as fire doth which is Acid as I have proved else-where and by consequence Light ought also to be an Acid since it hath all the

least Harm yea be very Beneficial by accident in some Respects in some few Diseases of which the most noted are a Frenzy Quinsy Pleurisy an inveterate and stubborn Head-ach and in some Fevers which be in no wise malignant as also in Contusions Rheumatisms and Intermitting Fevers but it must be in young and strong Bodies if it be done without any cause of Fear and in some few other Diseases But especially it is most proper to temper the plethorick Bodies of our age who by an extravigant Destruction of vious Liquors cause themselves to abound in that pretious balsamick vital Liquor It helps a Frenzy by abating the Effervescence of the Blood in diminishing the Vital Spirits It helps a Quinzy by Revulsion and drawing back the Blood into the Veins which would have putrified there that it may supply the loss of that which was let out In a Pleurisy it obstructs also the Apostumation of the Blood collected in the Pleura and Intercostal Branches of the Aorta by Revulsion for that Blood there ready to putrify by reason of the great heat of the Parts and its own Disposition to Putrefaction does as the Blood is drawn out of the Arm repass into the Superiour Arteries and so becomes again circulated in them the Abscess thereof being thereby prevented It cures an inveterate Head-Ach by reason it appeases the Fury of the Spirits there and by reason it depleats the Veins and Arteries wherefore 't is they are not so distended and pained as before And as for Fevers I have told you already how it comes to be assisting to their Cure only intermitting Feavers accidentally are cur'd by altering the Cirlation and by putting Nature into a Fear of Death wherefore she musters up all her Forces to oppose it whereby very often the Root of the Fever is in this great Hurry and Commotion cut off and expell●● for as Duretius saith Animi act ones incidente aliqua occasione fortius agunt presertim in morturis Whence also in Swoonings and Aopoplectick fits it proves beneficial and hence also it is That great Fears have often been a means by stirring up all the natural Forces for their own Safety to rid some Persons of chronick accute and almost incurable Diseases as Experience has often manifested Rheumatisms it cures by Derivation and so it doth som Coughs by causing the sharp Lympha which Tickles the Lungs by its sharp pointed Corpuscles the which also afflict the Nerves and Tendons with accute Pains to be discharg'd from thence mediately into the subclavian Veins to supply the loss of the Blood let out and into the Mesenterial Glandula's to be mixed with the Chyle also to promote the speedy making the like quantity of Blood hence sometimes doth the Cause of a greedy Appetite proceed afte● Blood-letting and after the retreat of a sharp Disease for Nature being studious to repair her loss and especially When she has not been too much weakned by the Disease or Blood-letting do's manifest her wants by these hungry Symptoms It seems to assist the Circulation of the Blood when it is congealed by reason of the Obstruction of its Circulation in the small Veins which by the Contusion are so squeezed that they wholly deny its flux because it seems to afford it more Room for that Circulation but if we consider That the Blood is Conglebated only as I said in the smallest Veins and that the thinnest and most fluid Blood spins out at the Orifice we cannot think it can much further its quiet Circulation since fluidity is the greatest Promoter of it Lastly By its wasting the Spirits and depriving us of that pure nutritive Juice the Blood it keeps us back not suffering Nature to store up so much Nutriment to her self and thereby renders us equally as needy as if we put a greater restraint upon our Appetites and indulged them far less than we do To the former Advantages by Phlebotomy here is added by another hand this further Benefit viz. That it is of excellent use for Women whe● their Terms dodg with them and begin to leave them and to prevent the settling of them in their Limbs or in their own Vessels putrifying and causing Ulcers Sores Piles and Fistula's in the inferiour Parts c. to prevent all which Evils Women so affected ought to bleed once a month for 3 Months together FINIS Errores Phlebot p. 10. l. 18 Crebrò p. 11. l. 5. Fat. p. 12. l. 6. above p. 15. l. 5. as the. Advertisement All Dr. Salmon's Works are certainly to be sold by Tho. Dawks living on Addle hill in Carter-lane near S. Paul's Church-yard Also the said Doctor 's Medicines truly prepared are in his absence to be sold by his Wife at his House at the Blew Balcony by the Ditch-side near Holborn Bridge There is also preparing for the said Dawks's Press A Practical Discourse concerning Swearing Not only-sharply reprooving the vain false rash inconsiderate Swearer but also chiefly reprimanding the Over-wise Quaker in the midst of all his vain-glorious Shew of seeming Holiness proving that he most abominably abuseth all those Scriptures he brings for Refusing to take an Oath before Authority when the Law of God commands it and the Glory of God as well as the Necessity of his Neighbour require it c. Place this leaf last of all