are governed so then proves this in a house a ship or an army far better managed where there is advice c. Then next shews that the Heavens Earth c. are as wisely and regularly ordered as any of these proving this again from the constant course of the stars c. and thus descends at last to his Thesis or Conclusion The Orator therefore is frequently to confirm and this as briefly and as immediately as may be what he saith by these Aetiologies that he may render the fabrick of his speech not onely beautiful but strong to leave no dubitation in his Auditors or also to give them the more delight every one out of natural affectation of wisedom being much pleased rerum cognoscere causas Therefore is he every where to bring in the causes principles generals except when universally known as far as he can reach them upon which his particulars his positions his conclusions depend inferred either in the form of a reason or many times of an Axiom and Sentence Frequens rationibus frequens sententiis debet esse oratio Quintil And this is done divers wayes Sometimes by prosecuting the order of nature descending from the causes and principles gradatim to the effect and conclusion As Melius illa administrari quae consilio nil autem melius mundo administrari ergo mundum consilio regi Cum argentum legaverit omne pecuniam quoque legavit quae est in argento By Interrogation Quis equus generosissimus nonne qui velocissimus c. Ita hominum generosissimi habendi non qui naâ—â—lium splendore sed virtutis gloriâ praestant Quem igitur cum omnium gratia noluit hunc voluit cum aliquorum querela By Sentence Corrumpit sine talione caelebs Nil est deterius latrone nudo Nil securius est malo poeta Sometimes by superadding after the assertion the reason of it the reason either set absolutely by way of Epiphonema and Sentence As Tantas conversiones aut fragilitas mortalitatis aut fortunae mobilitas facit Or relatively by Conjunctions causal Quia nam si sicut qui sicut c. Or sometimes by Interrogation Example Bonum est virtus quia nemo illâ malè uti potest Jure occisus Saturnius res novas moliens sicut Gracchi Anima immortalis est nam immortale est quicquid ex seipso movetur Ejus igitur mortis sedetis ultores cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse nolitis Quem alienum fidum invenies si tuus hostis fueris Quo fit ut scribere longiores epistolas nolim velim legere illud tanquam delicatus hoc tanquam ociosus nihil est enim aut pigrius delicatis aut curiosius ociosis The Argument Sum delicatus ideoque piger igitur scribere nolim c. Absit superbia asperitas nec timueris contemptnm An contemnitur qui imperium qui fasces habet nisi qui se primus ipse contemnit The Argument Fasces habes ergo contemptum non timeas Nam cum familiaritatem nostram ad praesidium ornamentumque tibi sumpseris nihil est quod negare debeam praesertim pro patria roganti quid enim precibus aut honestius piis aut efficacius amantis The Argument Preces suntpiae sunt obsequentis sunt amantis ergo negari non debent Longeque valentior amor ad obâ—inendum quid velis quam timor nam timor ab sit si recedas manet amor ac sic ut ille in odium hic in reverentiam vertatur The Argument Amor manet in recessu imo in reverentiam vertitur Timor abit mutatur in odium ergo valentior amor timore Pulchrius hoc Caesar quam si recusares omnes nam recusare omnes honores ambitionis moderationis est eligere parcissimos Quintil. pro Caeco Aliis tradidit in parentum sanguinem luxuria ferrum Luxuria videntium crimen Aliis meretriculae amor immodica poscentis Amor cui renunciant oculi 2. Philipp At placuit L. Catulo cujus semper in hac republica c. placuit M. Catoni qui cum multa c. Abstinui causis agentlis primum quod deforme c. His quoque accedit c. The Argument Deforme erat c. ergo abstinui c. A quibus libenter requisierim cur concedant si concedant tamen Historiam debere recitari quae non ostentationi sed fidei veritatique componitur cur Tragoediam quae non Auditorem sed Scenam Actores cur Lyrica quae non Lectorem sed Chorum Lyram postulant The Argument Historia ostentationi non componitur ergo non debet recitari c. An satius fuisset diâ—cisse foelâ— câ—m quod non moribus sed fortunae datum est Satius magnum cui plus invidiae quam pulchritudinis inest The Argument Foelix est nomen fortunae ergo non satius fuit c. See Sect. 1. Num. 4. Sect. 6. Num. 15 16. Sometimes by interposing in the middle of the Discourse the reason when it may be briefly expressed by a Parenthesis or an Ablative causal Example De amicitia quam à me violatam esse criminatus est quod ego gravissimum crimen judico pauca dicam 2 Philip The Argument Violatio amicitiae gravissimum crimen de eâ criminatus est me c. ergo pauca dicam Jam illud cujus est non dico audaciae cupit enim se audacem dici sed quod minimè vult stultitiae c. Esto hoc imperitè neque enim ab homine nunquam sobrio postulanda prudentia sed videte impudentiam Unde auguror quaeris non quia affirmat ipse quo mendacius nihil est sed quia certum est c. Audivi Fundanum ipsum ut multa luctuosa dolor invenit praecipientem quod c. Inde dictum Boeticorum ut plerumque dolor etiam venustos facit non illepidum ferebatur c. Tu equidem pro caeterà diligentia tua admones me c. SECT. VII THus much of the chief Figures adorning an Oration It remains in the next place that we speak something of Stile the several kinds and fashions thereof and the figures more proper to it 1. And here first you are above all things to avoid a perpetual equality and likeness in it 1. either for the expression of your matter 2. or for the illation Any one thought the best form of style being worse than a mixt 1. For your expression You are not every where to use either flourishing Metaphors as some of our Moderns or grave sentences as Seneca or acute and exactly-according periods as Tacitus or sweet and consenting cadencies as Isocrates but interchangeably something of them all now one now another Adnixi certè sumus ut quamlibet diversa genera lectorum per plures dicendi species teneremus c. Plin. l. 2. Ep. 5. That the diversly-affected
SOME INSTRVCTIONS CONCERNING THE ART OF ORATORY Collected for the use of a Friend a Young STUDENT LONDON Printed by J. G. for R. Royston at the Angel in Ivy lane 1659. Parts of Rhetorick 1. INvention in which SECT. I. 1. Of Common places for Arguments Num 2. wherein 1. To use our own invention first and in this not to be too curious in the beginning for our matter or expression But in a second copying to reject what is slight to order what is approved to correct the expression c. To expose them rude in writing rather than to burden the memory Not to prosecute long one Argument but seek after variety num 12. c. 2 After our own to use other mens Inventions to alter enlarge them n. 15. SECT II. 2. Of disposing the invented matter in some order and under certain Heads SECT. III. 3. Of Transitions from one matter to another n. 1. 1. By some words relating to both n. 2. 2. By Comparison n. 3. 1 Of Cause and Effect c. 2. Of Similitude 3. Of Opposition 3. By Gradation n. 7. 4. By Interrogation n. 8. II. Elocution wherein SECT. IV. I. Of words To be avoided 1. Words ill-sounding Monosyllables c. n. 2. 2. Auxiliary and Expletive n. 4. 3. Circumlocutory n. 5. 4. Tautologies n. 7. 5. Omoptota's to be disjoined n. 8. 6. In the second Clause of a Period words needlers not to be repeated n. 9. SECT. V. II. Of Periods 1. Exact correspondence 1. of the several branches therein n. 2. 2. of the parts of any branch 2. Advantageous transposition of the words n. 4. 1. For better Emphasis n. 5. 2. For apter connexion n. 6. 3. For accent and suspended gravity of the speech n. 7. 4. For the sweeter cadence and Rythm n. 8. 1. In like beginnings of several clauses 2. Like endings 3. Both like 4. Beginning of one and end of the other like c. Transposition of words in tongues modern and undeclined n. 12. SECT. VI III. Of the Ornaments of speech Figures 1. Epithets n. 2. 2. Metaphors n. 4. These to be Not obscure n. 5. Not below the thing Not too much Not changed 3. Similies expressed n. 9. 1. With a Note 2. Without 3. Before 4. After 5. By Question 6. The Simile onely explained 7. The thing onely explained 4. Dissimilies and Contraries expressd n. 10. 1. By Disjunction 2. Conversion 3. Denomination 5. Amplification n. 14. 1 By repetition of the same words n. 15. 2. By multiplication of the like expressions n. 17. 3. By enumeration of Parts or Descriptions n. 18. By a simple accumulation of them By Gradation By Division By interpretation n 23. 4. By Aetiology or giving reasons n. 24. 1. Either preceding 2. Or following By Epiphonema or Sentence By a Conjunction Causal 3. Or Interposed n. 27. SECT. VII IV. Of Stile 1. To be perpetually varied n. 1. In the Expressions n. 2. In the Illations n. 3. Varied 1. By Interrogation 2. By Objection 3. By frequent commutation of Persons 4. By Dubitation 5. By Admiration 6. By Consultation 7. By Praeoccupation 8. By Correction 9. By Concessions 10. By Suppositions of Absurdities 2. To be 1. Concise for the Pen 2. More diffused and copious for speaking n. 13. 3. Yet more circumlocutory and verbous for extempore-speech 3. Of short and long stiles compared n. 14. 4. Of Perspicuity of Stile n. 15. 5. Of other necessary steps to Oratory n. 24. SECT. VIII V. Of Recitation SECT IX VI Of Pronunciation SECT. X. VII Of Action INSTRUCTIONS CONCERNING The ART of ORATORY SECT. I. Nu. 1. THE Parts of Oratory are Invention taking care for the Matter and Elocution for the Words and Style 2. Invention consists in an acute Consideration and particular weighing of all circumstances c. out of which any argument may be raised to advance the subject in hand Therefore your Fancy in this ought not to be committed and left to chance gazing about and waiting as it were what may by sudden Enthusiasm drop into it but to be excited and guided by Reason diligently beating and examining the Causes Effects Adjuncts and whatever may have relation to your subject that at least some of them may afford materials to your design Brief Tables of which and sufficiently exact in all the three kinds of Discourses Demonstrative Judicial Deliberative see in Quintil. lib. 5. cap. 10. and in Farnabi's and other Modern Rhetoricks A many of which are also rudely put together in these verses An Quis Quid Cujus Cui Quo Quibus auxiliis Cur Quomodo Circa quid Qualis Quantum Ex In à quo Quamdiu Ubi Quando Quoties Quotuplex Quot Unde Or in that shorter Quis Ubi Quid Quibus auxiliis Cur Quomodo Quando Who What How When Where and why 3. For Example Common places for Arguments To prove any thing to be good may be such as these Because t is the chief end all men or the wisest of men aim at all or the wisest commend because it produceth some good preventeth or remedieth some evil procures us much pleasure profit reputation honors things we account good is rewarded is difficult to attain is contrary to all excess c. is dictated by nature is followed with content other things for its sake accounted good c. 4. To prove any thing more good such as these Because t is the end and so more worthy than the means chosen for its self and not for another conducing to a better worthier end conversant about a nobler object can better be without the other than the other without it is the cause of the other more beneficial beneficial to more more rare more beautiful more lasting more rewarded more easie to be procured for on both sides arguments are probable more pursued by wise men better according to circumstance of person time place action c. Any of whichmediums caeteris paribus is perswasive 5. The contraries serve To prove a thing evil or less good To aggravate a Crime such as these drawn From the greatness of the dammage the impossibility of reparation from the quality of the person by whom to whom from doing it alone or first or often with no with small benefit to himself with a determinate purpose having no plausible motive toit not very feasible from its being a thing contrary to nature to express law savouring of brutishness and inhumanity Done in a holy place in the court c. in such a time against a Kinsman a Benefactor a Magistrate giving so much scandal so much encouragement 6. To extenuate a fault That it was not done at all not so done that it was done so but that it was well done not well done but yet of those things that are usually pardoned that it was not an injury but an error a misfortune not done with an ill mind not with deliberation that not a part onely but the whole action be considered not that action but
the whole course of his life what good as well as what evil he hath done not to regard the words of the Law but the intent of the Law-giver not the Law failing in particulars but equity 7. All Discourses are either of Things Persons or Facts In Persons considerable are their Descent Nation Countrey Sex Age Fortune Manners Education Relations of Father Master Citizen c. In facts The Cause Time Place Instrument the Manner c. In things that is Substances and Qualities the An sit Quid sit Quale Quotuplex its Genus Species Properties c. In gross for all subjects which are most-what mixt of these three i. e. Persons Actions Qualities Proofs are derived from Persons Causes Times Places Antecedents Consequents Efficients Effects Events Conjugates Similies Contraries Contradictories Comparison with Things Greater Lesser Equal from Correlates Examples Suppositions and Reduction ad absurdum as is used in the Mathematicks to a Consequence that all grant to be false from their Genus Definition Division c. Amongst which Similitudes i. e. Like Cases resembling it Contraries which much manifest one another Examples Instances Suppositions and Reduction ad absurdum are diligently to be sought out proving a thing many times much more than reasons to our Auditory who when by the one they see not how it can be done by the other they easily see that it is done and therefore Exemplum is not in vain made one species of argumentation 8. Several Examples of Arguments drawn from such Topicks As From effects Scipio was a better General then Hannibal he conquered Hannibal He is valiant for he feared not death From the Instrument He killed him for his weapon was found in the wound From the Antecedents He killed him for hethreatned his death went out by night armed way-layd him From Circumstances Cic. Clodius laid wait for Milo and not Milo for Clodius He went forth with lusty servants armed This with a few women He mounted on horse-back This in a Coach From the Consequents Sylla took not up arms for ambition sake witness the resigned Dictatorship A majori If lawful to kill an Adulterer t is so to beat him Who hath committed sacriledge will not scruple to commit a theft A minori If Theft a capital crime much more Sacriledge From Similies If Continency be a vertue then such is AbstiÌ„nence As Mariners can do nothing without a Pilot so neither Souldiers without a Commander From Conjugates an honest thing it is to learn therefore to teach From Contraries If War be the cause of all evils Peace is the remedy of them If he deserve pardon who wrongs one unawares he merits a reward who purposely doth one a favor From Contradictories When he refused to entertain him having all mens approbation would the same entertain him with so many mens offence From Division That any one be a Citizen he must either be born or made so but he neither of these So from Dilemmas where either side chosen evinceth the same thing Putting a man to the rack no sure way to discover truth for either he can endure the pains and then he will lie amidst his torment or he cannot endure them and then he will say any thing to end them See concerning these Topicks Quintil. Instit. l. 5. c. 10. c. and the first and second Book of Aristotles Rhetorick 9. Now there being infinite other places of Arguments besides these especially where the subject is more complexe and many of these not furnishing any one subject except with very trivial and common matter which is to be rejected they are onely set down to give hints to your invention whilest yet unpractised which when more exercised will presently repair to those chiefly serviceable and less accommodable to other subjects without at all saluting the rest 10. Invention on most subjects is to look two wayes To prove in the first place in the second to disprove to confirm and then to confute {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} to state first and {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} to make and answer objections There being nothing that so much can be said for but something also may be said against it which affords a double field of matter to be drawn from these and such like heads The first part useth to be more solid the second more acute Hence the natural parts of a discourse are 1. an Exordium or Pâ—eface 2. Declaring and proving our own Positions 3. Refuting the contrary 4. A short recapitulation and concluding called Peroratio 11. In all our Proofs we have recourse to either things of sense or common received Axioms and Truths or Laws and Customes or the Concessions of our Adversary or of our Auditors Neither is it needful to ascend to the ultimate Causes of every thing but to stay our Probation at our Auditors grants 12. In inventing take heed of torturing your fancy too much at first either in the quest of more curious matter or in setting it down in the most exact form For besides that the mind doth more heavily and less accurately perform many things at once the Wit especially is of so delicate a sharpness that any forcing presently turns the edge and where we make too much difficulty it becomes onely amazed and astonished and thus circumscribed and limited to none but extraordinary productions like a pent flame it blazeth not the more for this but is rather choked and put out De ingenio suo pessimè merentur saith Quintil. qui diligentiam putant facere sibi scribendi difficultatem The best way therefore is to give it leave to expatiate it self in its work and heat and grow more active by degrees to take what it spontaneously produceth and pass by what it doth not readily pass through which like the deficient memory at another attempt or by and by at the same answereth of its own accord our formerly-frustrated expectation What orderly matter therefore it shall unforced offer you set down that by this as a lower step the Fancy may ascend and scrue it self up to something more choice which it cannot so easily mount unto at the first without taking by the way this meaner rise But then we must take the pains of twice writing that the second Copy may cast away according to its better Provision what is ordinary and common in the former 13. Rather than reserve your compositions in your mind till they are exactly formed write them down at first without curiosity and correct them after in your Paper T is said of Virgil that he drew out his matter first in Prose then composed it in verse at large then again contracted those verses to a smaller number and better expression Many things are as easilier so sooner done severally then at once as our strength in parcels quickly takes up the weight which united in one it can never move For the mind travelling with many conceptions at once undisburdned of any must needs be much
susciperes quod injungo Injungo autem pro rei magnitudine c. pro c. vide Sect. 6. n. 16. 3. 2. By making some comparison where the Transition is more discovered between what precedes and what follows Where note that any other Conjunctions Discretive Redditive Conditional Causal Adversative are more elegantly used than that which is called the Copulative As seeing that whereas whilest which besides that although c. yet whether this or that c. not onely but also if both c. It both and also which as it c. so it which shall c. if first This not to c. but to If his justice c. yet his clemency so Relatives are also used Quem illum quo eo which as they serve for chains to link the several clauses of a period together so likewise for signs to suspend the Auditors attention till that which corresponds to them is inferred Now this Comparison usually is 4. 1. Either of Cause and effect priority and posteriority between them in time nature dignity c. As Plin. Quibus omnibus ita demum similis adolescet si imbutus honestis artibus fuerit c. and so he passeth to speak of his education in the liberalharts 5. 2. Or of some similitude between them as Quoniam de genere belli dixi nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam sit hoc inhumanitatis tuae stultitiam incredibilem videâ—e Protexi viros optimos Eosdemque gratissimos and then he proceeds to speak of their gratitude mihi certe debere se praedicant c. 6. 3. Or of Some Opposition Et hoc quidem virtutis praemium illud solatium doloris accepit quod silio ejus c. Haec laus acti Consulatus illa dilati quod c. Thus proceeding to speak of laus dilati consulatus Esto sit in verbis tuis hic stupor quanto in rebus sententiis que major 7. Or thirdly which is the chief and scarce ever to be omitted and which renders all transitions very easie and graceful by a certain gradation and ascent in the matter it self leading the Auditor fastidious enough in the greatest art still from something less to something more considerable and weighty Augeri debent sententiae insurgere Quint. as the Merchants best wares are shewed last the stronger still seconding the more infirm and that being set first which placed last would appear superfluous or at least a fall from a former height As Sed hoc utcunque tolerabâ—le gravius illud quod c. Ingens hoc meritum majus illud thus proceeding to speak of another merit See Tully Orat. 2. Philip At beneficio sum usus tuo Quo 1. quanquam hoc quod commemoras semper prae me tuli c. Sed quo beneficio Quod me non occideris c. 2. At occidere non poteras 3. Fac potuisse Quale beneficium istud c. 4. Sed sit beneficium vel summum in quo pâ—tes me dicere ingratum c. Literas quas me â—ibi misisse diceret recitavit 1. Cujus inhumanitatis recitare palam literas c. Sed 2. quid in istis quod mihi opponas c. Sed quid opponas tandem 3. si negem me unquam istas ad te misisse c. 4. At ego non nego Quod enim verbum in istis non plenum humanitatis c. 5. At ego tuas literas proferre possum in quibus c. ostendam 1. Causam non fuisse cur a Praetore postulares ut bona P. Quintii possideres 2. Deinde ex edicto te possidere non potuisse 3. Postremò non possedisse Cic. It ought to be no easie thing to condemn 1. a man of heresie 2. much less a Church least of all 3. so ample and large a Church as the Greek 4. especially so as to make them no Church B. Laud See Sect. 7. Num. 3. 8. Or fourthly When Transitions are more difficult they are not unelegantly ushered in by the Orators making Interrogations himself or Objections from others As At beneficio sum usus tuo Quo c. as before At dicet hic aliquis At cui materiâ— hanc se â—â—â—iâ—â—â—em praestiterunt nempe veteri c. Actaque est saepius cum magna varietate Unde varietas unde plures actiones Cacilius c. passing thus to another matter See Sect. 7. Num. 3 4. SECT. IV. 1. THus much of 1. Invention and Arguments and 2. of the partition of them Now 3. of Elocution Partes officii Oratorii argumenta invenire inventa disponere disposita exornare And in it 1. first concerning words 2. Then of Periods and of the various artificiall placing of the words in them 3. Next of the severall figures and modes of livelier and more passionate expression 4. of stiles After which I shall adde something 5. of Recitation 6. of Pronuntiation and 7. of Action 2. 1. Concerning words 1. Too many Consonants or Vowells comming together are to be avoided as causing an ungratefull sound Words of extraordinary length to be rejected Monosyllables .i. where Polysyllables may be had more the first making the language dull and slow the other by reason of their many consonants and often endings abrupt and unfluent Monosyllaba si plura sunt malè continuabuntur quia necesse est compositio multis clausulis concisa subsultet Quint l. 9. c. 4. Est enim in ipsâ divisione verborum latens tempus Hence compounds more elegantly used than their simples 3. Words smooth and sweeter-sounded which happens by an equal mixture of vowels and consonants are to be used rather than rough and harsh as adore for worship assentation for flattery levity for lightness In speaking of things not sensitive words translated and figurative which may present them as it were to the eve rather than proper as tears for grief Again such words rather as are less common so they be not obsolete or new-forged which for their rarity are more observed for we look on words as men admire strangers pass by domesticks Especially this to be observed in Poetry so those derived from the Latine if first made familiar by some use are to be pre-chosen being mostwhat far smoother than the Saxon-English and by reason of all Sciences delivered chiefly in that tongue more adaptated for many discourses Where note that Latine Nouns are more easily translated to our tongue than verbs as reverence inspection loquacity c. because their terminations are in other words of common use made familiar unto us 4. 2. Since languages undeclinable that are without variations of Moods Person Tense in Verbs and of Cases in Nouns abound infinitely more in subservient monosyllables as the Latine words habuit authoris are three words each in the English these therefore to be excluded where they May as often they may be spared especially in verse Now such
iterum perpetras confessa Nulla enim studia tanti sunt ut amicitiae officium desâ—ratur quod sanctissimè custodiendum studia ipsa praecipiunt Who avoids not pride with not knowing her excellencies but by making that one of her excellencies to be void of pride As their courage was guided with skill so their skill was armed with courage He cunningly in making greater the fault made the faultinesse lesse and in seeming to desire nothing but death as ashamed to live he the more begged life in the refusing of it Though they liked not the evil he did yet they liked him that did the evil and though not counsellors of the offence yet protectors of the offender Examples of Reflexion by way of Correction Quibus ex causis necesse est tanquam immaturum mortem ejus in sinu tuo defleam si tamen fas est aut flere aut omnino mortem vocare qua tanti viri mortalitas potius quam vita finita est Quas ille leges si modo leges nominandae sunt ac non faces Quippe qui vicesimo quinto demum tot enim annis regnum tenuit si quidem vi libidine omnia agere regnare est liberam vocem audivit Potest fortasse Princeps inique potest tamen odio esse nonnullis etiamsi ipse non oderit c. Unde potest avidus captae Leo parrcere praede Sed tamen esse tuus dicitur ergo potest Postea revisa purgata in librum grandem quidem unum tamen coarctasse Audivimus quidem te omne munus consulis obiisse sed audivimus c. So for Authorities Divine or Humane Axioms Proverbs words of more moment it adds much to their force and weight if they be cited first in their own or a forreign language and then repeated in the vulgar yet more if they be read out of the book All more fixing the Auditors intention upon them By Multiplication of the expression Nam plerisque longiore tractu vis quaedam pondus accedit utque corpori ferrum sic oratio animo non ictu magis quam morâ imprimitur Plin. lib. 1. Ep. 20. And nothing is more Orator-like than this especially in a sterile and jejune subject to agitate spread and mould the same lump of matter after many divers fashions to change and invert the figure parts order ornaments of our speech and in such a manner rehearse the like or indeed the same that it seems still diverse and quite another thing At least 't is with the best Masters of this Art usual to render every sense in a doubled expression the latter of which sometimes explains the former most-times riseth higher as it were in emulation and out-goes it and makes descant on the preceding plain song the first exhibiting the matter naked the other adorning it The Hebrew and other Eastern-tongues use this reduplication onely for the more state and gravity without varying at all the conceit As O my people give ear to my law encline your ears to the words of my mouth Often did they provoke him in the Wildernesse and grieve him in the desert He consumed their dayes in vanity and their years in trouble So Pliny Obsepta diutina servitute ora reseramus fraenatamque tot malis linguam resolvimus Veterem consuetudinem fori pristinum morem judiciorum minime videt Quamobrem illa arma centuriones cohortes non periculum nobis sed praesidium denunciant neque solum ut quieto sed etiam ut magno animo simus hor tantur neque silentium modo defensioni meae verum etiam auxilium pollicentur Cic. pro Milone O me infoelicem Revocare tu me in patriam potuisti per has milites ego te in patria per eosdem retinere non potero Me non potuisse Milonis salutem tueri per eosdem per quos nostram ille servasset Examples of more ascending expressions Sunt ingenio simili qui quod huic donant auferunt illi famamque liberalitatis avaritià petunt Perfectum opus absolutumque est nec jam splendescit limâ sed atteritur Non tibi benefaciendi fuit causa ut quae male feceras impunè fecisses amor impendio isto non venia quaesita est Populusque Romanus obligatus à tribunali tuo non exoratus recessit Postulamus ut futuros Principes doceas c. induere praetextam quam cum dare possint occuparint ascendere curulem quam detineant esse denique quod concupierint nec ideo tantum velle Consules fieri ut fuerint Tam autem eras excors ut totâ in oratione tecum ipse pugnares ut non modo non cohaerentia inter se diceres sed maxime disjuncta contraria ut non tanta mecum quanta tecum tibi esset contentio 2 Phil. His very courthesies are intolerable they are done with so much arrogance and imputation and hi is the onely man you may lawfully hate after a good turn and reckon it among your calamities to be beholding to him 3. By Enumeration of Parts i.e. of all particular Circumstances Antecedents Consequents Adjuncts Causes Effects Matter Form Parts constituent or integrant Time Place Motives Ends Accidents whatsoever c. which are all Descriptions in their several kinds All descriptions consisting onely 1. in an exact enumeration series and complexe of very many particulars such as any way conduce to our purpose And 2. in a lively draught of these as it were to the eye of sense by expressions translated from those things with which the Auditor is most acquainted of which note that rule Circumstantiis nimio pluribus orationem vestire taedium parit iisdem penitus carere abruptum quiddam est ingratum Bacon Examples of such Descriptions and Histories of things under which I comprehend Ethopoea's and the deciphering and character of Manners of Passions of any moral habits c. as well as of any other works of nature are too large to be here inserted Vide Plin. Of a Fountain lib. 8. Ep. 8. Of an Earthquake Lib. 6. Ep. I6 Of a Flood Lib. 8. Ep. I7 Of Rejoycing Pan. p. 388. Of Trajans familiarity Paneg. p. 344. Of the affections of one that is sick Lib. 7. Ep. 26. Enumeration of Parts is done either 1. By a simple exaggeration and synthroismus of them Or 2. By Gradation Or 3. by Division Or 4. by Interpretation 1. Exaggeration and accumulation of parts Omnia per partes considerata videntur majora Bacon Minus est totum dicere quam omnia Quine Wherein is used a multiplying also of the words and expression as Consilio Authoritate Sententiâ Dux Legatus Miles Seditions Uproares Tumults Mutinies Rebellions c. Usually not above three congested sometimes with sometimes without any Conjunction the middle one differing in termination to avoid an ill Emphasis Amamus Jocamur Ludimus Gravitate Prudentiâ Fide propè singulari In which