9_o or_o 10_o inch_n about_o the_o roll_n or_o wisp_n of_o hay_n rest_v or_o stay_v on_o the_o stake_n and_o brace_n will_v bear_v off_o the_o body_n of_o the_o tree_n from_o beat_v against_o they_o in_o every_o shake_n by_o wind_n from_o all_o part_n or_o point_n from_o whence_o it_o do_v blow_v and_o so_o preserve_v the_o bark_n from_o bruise_v or_o break_v and_o also_o keep_v the_o root_n fast_o and_o free_a from_o shake_v now_o consider_v all_o the_o trouble_n and_o charge_n about_o transplant_n tree_n of_o such_o greatness_n it_o be_v better_a to_o plant_v by_o young_a set_v and_o best_a by_o seed_n and_o not_o remove_v at_o all_o for_o a_o set_a or_o plant_v so_o small_a as_o a_o man_n little_a finger_n that_o do_v thrive_v in_o 20_o or_o 30_o year_n shall_v out_o grow_v and_o be_v great_a in_o bulk_n and_o body_n than_o the_o great_a tree_n before_o speak_v of_o both_o be_v plant_v at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n except_o those_o last_o remove_v as_o aforesaid_a with_o 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you_o can_v come_v by_o salt_n sand_n then_o on_o every_o acre_n of_o land_n you_o may_v lay_v 60_o or_o 70_o bushel_n of_o lime_n also_o 100_o cartload_n of_o good_a chalk_n all_o this_o be_v perform_v add_v a_o good_a quantity_n of_o dung_n you_o need_v not_o fear_v lay_v too_o much_o at_o the_o first_o dress_n on_o poor_a land_n but_o if_o you_o can_v get_v any_o perfect_a and_o rich_a marle_n or_o mame_n then_o may_v you_o lay_v a_o good_a quantity_n of_o rich_a clay_n or_o instead_o of_o clay_n a_o rich_a lome_n or_o which_o be_v better_o the_o earth_n call_v fuller_n earth_n then_o plough_n sow_n and_o harrow_n in_o the_o seed_n as_o you_o have_v be_v direct_v that_o
all_o the_o manure_n may_v be_v well_o mix_v for_o as_o in_o medicinal_a composition_n if_o the_o ingredient_n be_v confuse_o cast_v one_o upon_o another_o without_o care_n of_o mixture_n melt_v or_o dissolve_v there_o will_v be_v but_o a_o corrupt_a and_o ill_o compound_v receipt_n so_o he_o that_o dress_v and_o manure_v his_o ground_n and_o do_v not_o by_o hack_v plough_v and_o harrow_n mix_v the_o earth_n and_o the_o soil_n perfect_o well_o together_o he_o shall_v seldom_o find_v profit_n from_o his_o seed_n now_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o unfruitfulness_n of_o barren_a clayes_n be_v from_o their_o cold_a and_o bind_a nature_n whereby_o they_o stifle_v and_o choke_v any_o thing_n that_o grow_v within_o they_o and_o will_v not_o give_v they_o liberty_n to_o sprout_v or_o if_o it_o do_v yet_o the_o cold_a present_o starve_v the_o root_n and_o make_v the_o stem_n utter_o unable_a to_o bring_v forth_o fruit_n the_o mixture_n of_o the_o sand_n take_v away_o the_o toughness_n and_o open_v the_o pore_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o clay_n the_o lime_n and_o salt_n bring_v heat_n the_o dung_n comfort_n and_o liberty_n so_o likewise_o all_o barren_a sand_n be_v loose_a and_o light_n therefore_o their_o unfruitfulness_n arise_v from_o these_o two_o cause_n first_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o porishness_n or_o hollowness_n and_o much_o rain_n or_o wet_a weather_n wash_v quite_o away_o or_o down_o into_o the_o earth_n deep_a than_o the_o root_n of_o the_o corn_n and_o grass_n all_o the_o goodness_n heat_n and_o fatness_n which_o shall_v nourish_v that_o which_o grow_v therein_o and_o although_o such_o land_n be_v well_o soil_v with_o dung_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o last_v above_o one_o crop_n of_o corn_n or_o two_o at_o the_o most_o second_o what_o the_o rain_n leave_v the_o sun_n by_o his_o heat_n draw_v forth_o out_o of_o the_o earth_n from_o the_o root_n of_o corn_n and_o grass_n now_o marle_n be_v not_o only_o a_o enemy_n to_o all_o weed_n but_o give_v a_o general_a virtue_n to_o all_o corn_n and_o grass_n and_o by_o its_o glutinous_a substance_n be_v incorporate_v with_o the_o sand_n close_v the_o hollow_n and_o porousness_n thereof_o so_o that_o what_o ever_o soil_n or_o manure_v be_v lay_v thereon_o it_o will_v last_v many_o year_n and_o abundant_o increase_v that_o which_o be_v plant_v set_v or_o sow_v therein_o and_o if_o the_o say_v marle_n be_v lay_v on_o meadow_n or_o pasture_n the_o land_n will_v be_v much_o enrich_v and_o may_v so_o continue_v some_o hundred_o year_n and_o as_o the_o the_o marl_n likewise_o the_o clay_n lome_n or_o fuller_n earth_n will_v work_v the_o like_a effect_n on_o arable_a land_n yet_o not_o to_o so_o good_a purpose_n as_o the_o marl_n now_o although_o dung_n be_v most_o proper_a for_o pasture_n land_n yet_o marle_n be_v of_o special_a use_n and_o much_o differ_v from_o dung_n in_o one_o particular_a for_o dung_n spend_v itself_o upward_o and_o although_o it_o lie_v deep_a within_o the_o earth_n yet_o the_o virtue_n will_v ascend_v and_o if_o it_o lie_v upon_o the_o ground_n in_o summer_n it_o will_v grow_v light_a and_o spongy_a whereby_o the_o goodness_n be_v draw_v forth_o or_o consume_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o it_o be_v the_o nature_n of_o marle_n to_o work_v downwards_o into_o the_o earth_n and_o it_o be_v dissolve_v only_o by_o frost_n therefore_o the_o best_a season_n to_o lay_v it_o on_o the_o land_n be_v about_o michaelmas_n that_o so_o the_o winter_n follow_v may_v break_v and_o melt_v all_o the_o stone_n or_o cloat_n and_o be_v thus_o break_v the_o rain_n will_v help_v to_o wash_v the_o same_o into_o the_o earth_n now_o although_o natural_o sandy_a earth_n be_v hot_a yet_o these_o barren_a sand_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o poverty_n be_v very_o cold_a therefore_o lime_n and_o salt_n be_v of_o great_a use_n and_o to_o good_a purpose_n lay_v on_o they_o and_o mix_v together_o wherefore_o you_o must_v not_o forget_v to_o steep_v all_o seed_n except_o rye_n in_o brine_n as_o before_o mention_v but_o you_o be_v to_o take_v notice_n that_o oat_n will_v not_o require_v or_o endure_v so_o long_o to_o lie_v in_o steep_a as_o the_o other_o grain_n now_o to_o give_v a_o taste_n of_o the_o sweetness_n which_o labour_n and_o industry_n bring_v unto_o such_o as_o take_v pleasure_n therein_o we_o shall_v suppose_v these_o barren_a earth_n before_o mention_v be_v not_o worth_a above_o 2_o shilling_n the_o acre_n yearly_o rend_v before_o they_o be_v improve_v and_o the_o charge_n of_o improve_n may_v come_v to_o twelve_o pound_n the_o acre_n which_o be_v ten_o pound_n more_o than_o the_o fee_n simple_a of_o the_o land_n be_v worth_a one_o crop_n of_o wheat_n if_o god_n bless_v the_o increase_n will_v sufficient_o pay_v all_o the_o charge_n with_o interest_n then_o likewise_o may_v you_o receive_v two_o year_n crop_n more_o of_o wheat_n and_o 5_o or_o 6_o crop_n without_o intermission_n either_o of_o rye_n barley_n pease_n beanes_n or_o oat_n and_o be_v at_o no_o more_o charge_n about_o the_o land_n then_o once_o plough_v and_o harrow_n seed_n salt_n and_o lime_n to_o steep_v the_o seed_n now_o as_o salt_n be_v a_o great_a destroyer_n of_o all_o weed_n so_o likewise_o it_o be_v of_o great_a strength_n and_o virtue_n for_o the_o better_n all_o manner_n of_o arable_a land_n and_o a_o great_a nourisher_n of_o seed_n in_o the_o ground_n if_o moderate_o use_v like_o blood_n in_o the_o body_n of_o man_n which_o carry_v the_o vital_a heat_n and_o be_v in_o taste_n salt_n as_o be_v a_o nourisher_n and_o maintainer_n of_o all_o the_o inward_a faculty_n now_o after_o 7_o or_o 8_o year_n sow_v with_o corn_n the_o say_a land_n may_v be_v worth_a above_o twenty_o shilling_n the_o acre_n yearly_o rend_v to_o lie_v for_o meadow_n or_o pasture_n to_o treat_v of_o all_o and_o every_o part_n of_o husbandry_n will_v swell_v my_o book_n into_o too_o great_a a_o volume_n which_o be_v not_o my_o task_n at_o this_o time_n i_o shall_v therefore_o return_v to_o my_o intend_a work_n and_o treat_v only_o of_o plant_v timber_n tree_n now_o although_o it_o have_v be_v object_v that_o the_o plant_v forest_n and_o other_o waste_a land_n will_v much_o prejudice_v the_o poor_a yet_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o rich_a have_v the_o benefit_n and_o be_v great_a oppressor_n of_o commons_o by_o the_o multitude_n of_o cattle_n they_o feed_v thereon_o have_v land_n of_o their_o own_o to_o keep_v they_o in_o the_o winter_n or_o when_o the_o commons_o be_v eat_v bare_a and_o the_o poor_a for_o want_v of_o such_o winter_n provision_n have_v little_a or_o no_o benefit_n at_o all_o but_o be_v many_o time_n undo_v and_o thereby_o accustom_v themselves_o to_o be_v idle_a and_o neglect_v their_o constant_a labour_n steal_v his_o majesty_n wood_n and_o spoil_v his_o timber_n by_o chipping_n shred_v lop_n and_o such_o like_a all_o which_o spoil_n or_o waste_v be_v beneficial_a unto_o the_o keeper_n be_v oversee_v but_o not_o provide_v against_o as_o they_o shall_v be_v yet_o the_o poor_a be_v not_o the_o great_a offender_n they_o only_o break_v the_o ice_n and_o prepare_v it_o for_o other_o who_o almost_o every_o day_n before_o sun_n rise_v and_o after_o sun_n set_v make_v the_o sound_n of_o many_o axe_n hear_v by_o their_o lop_n chipping_n and_o commit_v such_o like_a evil_n there_o be_v likewise_o other_o waste_v then_o all_o these_o for_o whereas_o there_o be_v some_o thousand_o of_o young_a oak_n and_o other_o tree_n which_o have_v be_v prefeâ—ved_v and_o succour_v by_o bush_n grow_v about_o they_o many_o of_o these_o bush_n be_v late_o cut_v down_o as_o in_o in_o the_o year_n 1664_o these_o young_a tree_n be_v thereby_o leave_v naked_a be_v many_o of_o they_o cut_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o and_o as_o if_o a_o totall_n destruction_n be_v intend_v the_o dead_a tree_n devour_v the_o live_n i_o mean_v many_o upon_o pretence_n only_o of_o cut_v down_o a_o dead_a tree_n have_v make_v another_o so_o to_o bear_v it_o company_n for_o to_o my_o knowledge_n about_o the_o month_n of_o october_n last_v 1664_o two_o dead_a tree_n be_v sell_v by_o one_o of_o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o say_a forest_n to_o a_o neighbour_n live_v in_o the_o next_o parish_n and_o the_o party_n that_o be_v appoint_v to_o cut_v down_o or_o fall_v the_o say_a tree_n cutt_n down_o two_o other_o tree_n which_o be_v not_o dead_a and_o this_o be_v no_o new_a thing_n but_o have_v be_v often_o do_v without_o doubt_n though_o then_o i_o fear_v especial_o when_o there_o be_v a_o better_a opportunity_n offer_v by_o so_o great_a a_o number_n as_o have_v be_v late_o fell_v for_o the_o use_n of_o the_o navy_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o winchester_n the_o same_o party_n that_o commit_v this_o fact_n be_v one_o
a_o short_a small_a bluish_a mossey_a grass_n the_o great_a part_n of_o these_o unfruitful_a sand_n be_v much_o subject_n to_o heath_n fur_n brake_n and_o such_o like_a now_o a_o great_a cause_n of_o the_o unfruitfulness_n of_o this_o barren_a sandy_a ground_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o porousness_n or_o hollowness_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o be_v say_v before_o for_o although_o it_o be_v well_o manure_v with_o soil_n or_o dung_n yet_o much_o rain_n or_o wet_v will_v wash_v down_o the_o dung_n low_a into_o the_o earth_n than_o the_o root_n of_o the_o corn_n or_o grass_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o plow-trenching_a in_o sandy_a country_n now_o the_o manner_n and_o way_n of_o plow-trenching_a have_v here_o mention_v it_o and_o because_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n further_o to_o mention_v it_o in_o our_o after_o plant_v be_v as_o follow_v first_o the_o blow_n have_v cast_v up_o the_o furrow_n take_v a_o good_a stitch_n as_o they_o call_v it_o in_o husbandry_n after_o the_o blow_n there_o follow_v 12_o or_o 14_o man_n with_o spade_n who_o delve_n or_o dig_v a_o spit_n or_o spade_n deep_a in_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o furrow_n where_o the_o blow_n have_v go_v which_o they_o cast_v or_o lay_v upon_o the_o earth_n or_o ridge_n which_o the_o blow_n first_o throw_v up_o then_o follow_v the_o next_o turn_n of_o the_o blow_n but_o that_o which_o be_v then_o cast_v up_o be_v throw_v into_o the_o trench_n the_o man_n leave_v to_o fill_v it_o again_o the_o man_n as_o before_o still_o follow_v the_o blow_n and_o dig_v or_o cast_v up_o out_o of_o this_o second_o furrow_n another_o spade_n depth_n of_o sand_n or_o earth_n which_o they_o cast_v on_o the_o second_o ridge_n of_o sand_n that_o be_v throw_v up_o by_o the_o blow_n and_o so_o a_o three_o and_o four_o ridge_n the_o delver_n follow_v the_o blow_n and_o the_o plough_v they_o during_o the_o day_n work_n by_o which_o you_o may_v perceive_v that_o the_o upper_a earth_n or_o sand_n be_v bury_v and_o the_o undermost_a or_o fresh_a sand_n lay_v uppermost_o so_o likewise_o in_o delve_v or_o more_o proper_o trench_v the_o ground_n be_v delve_v two_o spit_n deep_a the_o second_o spit_n or_o undermost_a earth_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o first_o spit_n or_o spadeful_a of_o earth_n by_o this_o piece_n of_o husbandry_n it_o be_v easy_o to_o be_v understand_v that_o this_o barren_a sandy_a ground_n be_v hollow_a loose_a and_o light_n the_o fatness_n or_o substance_n that_o shall_v nourish_v the_o root_n of_o the_o grain_n be_v by_o much_o rain_n within_o two_o year_n time_n wash_v or_o sink_v so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n that_o it_o will_v not_o serve_v for_o any_o other_o season_n or_o seed_n time_n without_o more_o soil_n or_o new_a trench_a and_o as_o much_o wet_a and_o rain_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o unfruitfulness_n of_o the_o hungry_a hollow_a barren_a sand_n so_o likewise_o be_v drought_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v loose_a and_o hollow_a the_o sun_n by_o his_o heat_n do_v draw_v up_o the_o moisture_n and_o richness_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o soil_n which_o the_o rain_n do_v leave_v a_o three_o sort_n of_o simple_a ground_n be_v barren_a and_o unfruitful_a be_v the_o gravel_n which_o be_v mix_v with_o it_o a_o hungry_a earth_n not_o much_o unlike_o the_o gritty_a loose_a sand_n this_o ground_n if_o it_o lie_v high_a and_o mountainous_a than_o the_o outward_a face_n and_o character_n will_v appear_v as_o it_o do_v in_o the_o poor_a sand_n and_o clay_n one_o cause_n of_o its_o barrenness_n be_v from_o cold_a the_o gravel_n want_v good_a earth_n to_o warm_v and_o nourish_v that_o which_o shall_v grow_v in_o it_o also_o because_o in_o time_n of_o drought_n the_o sun_n will_v scorch_v and_o burn_v up_o the_o fruit_n thereof_o be_v it_o either_o corn_n or_o grass_n etc._n etc._n and_o if_o this_o gravelly_a ground_n lie_v low_a than_o it_o be_v subject_a unto_o land-spring_n which_o within_o the_o earth_n wash_v away_o that_o substance_n and_o fatness_n from_o the_o root_n of_o corn_n and_o grass_n that_o shall_v be_v their_o nourishment_n also_o much_o rain_n do_v likewise_o wash_v away_o the_o fatness_n and_o goodness_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o roundness_n and_o hollow_a looseness_n of_o the_o stone_n so_o that_o what_o with_o the_o water_n within_o the_o ground_n and_o the_o water_n above_o also_o the_o heat_n and_o scorch_a of_o the_o sun_n which_o do_v dry_a up_o more_o easy_o its_o moisture_n this_o kind_n of_o earth_n must_v of_o necessity_n be_v unfruitful_a neither_o be_v there_o any_o way_n to_o improve_v it_o but_o by_o gather_v out_o the_o stone_n lay_v store_n of_o good_a earth_n and_o soil_n in_o the_o room_n and_o make_v drayne_n to_o carry_v away_o the_o water_n i_o shall_v not_o advise_v any_o to_o begin_v this_o piece_n of_o husbandry_n because_o the_o charge_n will_v amount_v unto_o so_o much_o and_o better_a land_n may_v be_v purchase_v at_o a_o cheap_a rate_n now_o as_o by_o the_o outward_a face_n and_o character_n and_o by_o the_o clime_n and_o constitution_n of_o all_o simple_a ground_n do_v appear_v the_o richness_n and_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o poorness_n and_o barrenness_n of_o the_o other_o so_o likewise_o by_o the_o same_o rule_n there_o may_v be_v judgement_n give_v of_o all_o compound_v ground_n or_o mix_v earth_n as_o sand_n with_o gravel_n or_o clay_n or_o loom_n with_o gravel_n or_o sand_n or_o other_o earth_n by_o this_o which_o have_v be_v speak_v concern_v the_o nature_n of_o ground_n either_o simple_a or_o compound_n the_o husbandman_n may_v have_v true_a knowledge_n to_o order_n and_o dress_v his_o ground_n and_o by_o purge_v and_o cleanse_v the_o same_o from_o those_o fault_n that_o hinder_v the_o increase_n expect_v a_o large_a and_o ample_a crop_n of_o corn_n or_o grass_n but_o yet_o the_o honest_a arborist_n may_v be_v at_o a_o loss_n in_o plant_v of_o timber-tree_n if_o he_o go_v no_o deep_a than_o the_o outward_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n for_o almost_o every_o ditcher_n can_v speak_v by_o experience_n in_o make_v of_o a_o ditch_n that_o the_o crust_n or_o good_a earth_n many_o time_n do_v lie_v but_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n deep_a and_o the_o next_o earth_n prove_v a_o hard_a hungry_a gravel_n about_o a_o spade_n depth_n more_o the_o next_o spade_n depth_n or_o under_o the_o gravel_n it_o may_v be_v shall_v rise_v a_o cold_a barren_a clay_n and_o under_o that_o 8_o or_o 10_o inch_n more_o a_o good_a loom_n or_o sand_n also_o in_o rich_a earth_n the_o crust_n may_v lie_v 17_o or_o 18_o inch_n deep_a and_o under_o that_o depth_n a_o hard_a gravel_n or_o rock_n of_o stone_n quarry_n of_o slate_n or_o such_o like_a there_o be_v as_o many_o face_n or_o character_n of_o good_a and_o bad_a earth_n under_o the_o ground_n as_o above_z or_o upon_o the_o superficies_n but_o this_o must_v be_v try_v by_o a_o instrument_n hereafter_o mention_v there_o be_v other_o ground_n that_o have_v no_o crust_n or_o good_a earth_n above_o but_o either_o a_o barren_a sand_n hungry_a gravel_n or_o cold_a clay_n and_o such_o like_a and_o yet_o within_o twelve_o inch_n depth_n have_v a_o very_a good_a earth_n and_o that_o there_o be_v several_a vein_n and_o sort_n of_o earth_n good_a and_o bad_a of_o all_o these_o quality_n he_o that_o dig_v mine_n and_o well_n can_v aver_v also_o that_o there_o be_v several_a vein_n of_o good_a and_o bad_a earth_n upon_o the_o ground_n gardener_n and_o plowman_n can_v testify_v there_o be_v likewise_o several_a sort_n of_o ground_n that_o may_v be_v good_a for_o corn_n and_o grass_n or_o small_a fruit-tree_n and_o bush_n yet_o not_o good_a for_o the_o plant_v of_o timber-tree_n first_o such_o ground_n that_o have_v a_o good_a crust_n or_o earth_n 12_o or_o 14_o inch_n deep_a and_o under_o this_o good_a earth_n a_o cold_a wet_a gravel_n be_v full_a of_o land-spring_n which_o be_v water_n run_v within_o the_o earth_n and_o show_v itself_o or_o be_v discover_v by_o break_v out_o or_o spew_v up_o in_o many_o place_n this_o and_o the_o like_a be_v not_o sound_a ground_n to_o plant_v timber_n tree_n in_o because_o after_o the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n have_v pass_v downward_o deep_a than_o the_o good_a earth_n the_o young_a and_o tender_a shoot_v of_o the_o root_n that_o the_o sap_n cause_v every_o year_n to_o spring_v forth_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o too_o much_o moisture_n and_o cold_a water_n within_o the_o earth_n chill_v and_o benumb_v so_o that_o they_o have_v not_o strength_n to_o enter_v the_o earth_n underneath_o the_o water_n or_o if_o they_o do_v the_o water_n follow_v also_o after_o do_v continual_o hinder_v they_o in_o their_o growth_n and_o keep_v they_o from_o thrive_a and_o so_o consequent_o the_o tree_n second_o such_o