forced from that place and so is landed in an other place And it is possible to bee forced or landed at the place that it fyrst came from although it may be 20. or 40. myles distance asunder And thus those that are neare dwellers vnto the sea coastes doo see the great and mighty workes of God wrought by his greatnesse and almighty power the great or huge bellowes or waues or knots of the sea in great winds and stormes or tempestes For euen those things that shew or seeme vnpossible he bringeth to passe as by experience hath beene seene at sundrye times c. The fourth Chapter sheweth the naturall cause why that the beache and the great bolder stones on the sea coastes are become rounde and smooth without any edges or corners NOw furthermore as touching the natural causes why that the Beache and the great bolder stones in the sea and the other small shingle are all smooth and rounde without corners or sharpe edges and yet they be of all kindes and luites of stones as Marble stone and Flynt and other hard stone c. For they bee of those substance natures as the Cliffes that are neare vnto those partes as in the Chapter goyng before is declared by vnderminyng of the hilles or bankes with the bellowes of the Sea the substaunce falleth downe into the Sea what soeuer manner of stuffe it bee according vnto the mineralles of those groundes or hylles that falleth into the Sea whether it be hard stone or Marble stone or Flynt or what stuffe els soeuer it bee accordyng vnto the vaines of the mineralles in the grounde that so by that meanes before rehearsed do fall into the sea Then when it is forced or brought to lande vpon any place of the Sea coast it is all smooth without any corners or sharpe edges The cause therof commeth to passe by this meanes for when it doth fyrst fall out of the Cliffe into the sea then it hath the fashion and forme as those haue that are digged forth of the grounde but after it is fallen into the sea hath had any continuance there so tossed to fro by the waues and bellowes of the sea a great number of them together the one doth so fret and rubbe or grinde against the other that it must needs rubbe or fret away al the sharpe edges of those stones how hard soeuer the stone is for the soussing of the bellows of the sea doth neuer forget it self to stand styl neyther is euer wery nor desyreth rest but is alwayes labouring and tossing that is in it to and fro according vnto the bignesse of the winde c. as by experience vpon the sea coast may be seene the great and mighty force of the bellowes in the soussings and forcing of the Beach a shore in the time of any great windes or stormes amongst the Beache shingle for you shal heare the soussing of the bellowes of the sea amongest the Beache as though it weee the powring downe of a thousande Carte loade at once So that you may heare it two or three miles from the place wher as it is yea and sometimes after a Storme you may see Stones that waygh a pounde wayght throwne from the full sea marke into the landewardes two or three rods by the very meanes of the soussing of the bellowes or waues of the sea as those that doo occupy the sea coastes doo see by experience c. The fyfth Chapter sheweth the naturall cause of the Rockes in the Sea c. AND yet furthermore as concernyng the naturall causes of Rockes and pinacles that doo stande in the sea very strangelye vnto suche as doo beholde and see the same in sundry places in the sea and some on the sea Coastes and some in Hauens harborows that are adioyning vnto the sea And this is generall for euer that looke whereas there is any great store of rockes it is a token of a deepe sea it is a token of a shallow Sea that hath many sands And the cause of rocks in the sea in mine opinion is this as it is knowne vnto all persons that the age of the world is of no small time so that I am of that opinion that the Rockes that are now standyng in the sea haue beene parcell of the maynelande or at the least some Ilandes standyng in the sea of long time agoe although there bee no mention made of any suche Ilandes standyng in the seas in those dayes The cause thereof might be this for that they that were of long time agoe made no accoumpt of any small Ilandes that were towardes our West Occian For these west partes in those dayes were scant peopled as Ireland and Englande and Scotlande and Brytayne the west part of Fraunce For it is no long time agoe that Irelande hath beene throughly well peopled although it bee a long time agoe since the fyrst entraunce of Brute yet it was long since the Incarnation of Christ before that this Countrye became throughly peopled as it dooth appeare both by the Chronicles and other ancient hystories And also in those dayes Nauigation was not so much vsed in these our West Occian Seas for the Sea was litle vsed in these our partes except it were by small Botes to goe a fishing and to transport people from place to place as wee doo see by experience Yet in these dayes those that doo inhabit and dwell vppon the Coast of Afryca to the West Occian doo occupye no shypping vnto the Sea except small Cannoses to goe on fishing and such other lyke as al Barbary and Ginny which were countryes well people before these Northwest parts were peopled as it dooth appeare by Histories And furthermore in the olde time those people that were the dwellers in these Northwest partes were very simple and ignoraunt as touchyng the drawing of Plats and Cardes whether they were Cardes Geography or Hidrographie c. Although that Pitholomias made Tables as touching the description of the Countries yet hee dyd not manyfestly or plainly shew the Ilandes in the sea not to this west Occian as they bee now well knowne And furthermore it is but a very short time agoe since that Englishe menne did muche occupie the sea to trauaile on long voiages neyther dyd fewe or none know or vnderstande the vse of their Sea plats called Cardes Hydrography for within these three score or foure score yeares it hath been thought a great long voiage for to goe into Spayre and then when they dyd go into Spayne they went al alongst by the coast of France and so to the coast of Byskey c. But thankes be vnto God now in these dayes Englishmen are as sufficient to trauaile in long voiages as any other nations be But now to returne to our former matter as concerning the causes of Rocks in the sea and as I haue sayde before that the Rocks haue beene parcell of the mayne lande or els
beginneth the second booke shewing by longitude and by latitude the dystance vnto any Towne or Citie or place vpon the face of the earth keping one poynt or winde ouer the Sea and LANDE although that it be not the very nearest way for the very nearest way ouer the Sea and Land can not be by one poynt of the Compasse except it be vpon the Meridian lyne that is due South or due North from you or being vnder the Equinoctial to be due East or West But if it be in any other place from vnder the Equinoctiall although it be due East or West both the places to be vnder one Paralell yet in the going due East and West is not the nearest way ouer the Sea and Land but the next way ouer the Sea and Lande is by diuers wyndes or poyntes of the compasse and the further frō the Equinoctial to eyther of the two poles the greater chaunging of the poyntes of the compasse For the next way ouer the Sea and the Land vnto any place is to goe by the great circle which is equall vnto the Equinoctiall or the Meridian circle which will not be according vnto any one poynt of the compasse but vnto dyuers as for proofe thereof you shall haue this for an ensample thus that in the latitude of .60 degrees that there were two Townes or places in that paralell the one being opposite or right against the other that is .180 degrees and a degree in that paralel doth containe .30 myles And nowe to goe iust East or West in that paralel to come vnto the place assigned it is .5400 myles as for proofe therof multiply .180 tymes .30 but that is not the next way vnto the place assygned but the next way is to goe by the Merydian lyne that is to say to goe due North vntill you do come ryght vnder the pole and then to goe by that Merydian due South tyll you haue that latitude agayne and then it is but .3600 myles as you may knowe by playne multiplycation as it is from the latitude of .90 degrees vnto the pole to go due North .30 degrees and from the pole Southward agayne other .30 degrees that is in all .60 degrees and then to multyply .60 tymes .60 it sheweth the true dystance which is but .3600 myles And to goe by the paralell lyne that is due East or West then it is .5400 myles that is halfe so much more as by playne proofe you may know But if the two places be both vnderneth one paralel be shorter thē 180. degrees asūder thē it requireth to go by diuers points of the compasse and not by the Meridian according vnto the passing of the great circle which doth conteine in circumference 21600. myles which is the greatest compasse of the earth and not according vnto moe paralels then one which is the Equinoctial nether vnto no one poynt of the compasse for any poynt of the Compasse will bring you vnto the poles of the worlde or verye neare excepte those that be pararel which is East or West as all ryght lynes drawe being extended exceptynge lynes paralell will Crosse the other in the ende so all the poyntes of the Compasse doe winde vntyl they doe come vnto the poles or very neare the poles of the world as they be all Hilicall or Spherall lynes Wherefore there is no one poynt or wynde that can be prescribed to be the next way by that poynt vnto any place assygned but onely the Meridyan lyne or lynes and to goe East and West then to be vnder the Equinoctiall for the nexte way els is by sundry poyntes of the compasse c. Wherefore I omitte to say any more thereof but onely to shew vnto you how for to know the dystance vnto any Towne or place situated vpon the lace of the whole earth by any one assygned poynte of the compasse then for to knowe the true distaunce ouer the Sea and the lande And I doo shewe it thys waye for two causes the first is this for that it is not possible to passe the next way by the meanes of the frozen Zone Wherfore it is supposed that it is not nauigable in those Seas neyther passageable by lande in those Countreys and the seconde cause is this as before is declared in the goyng the next waye it dooth require to goe by sundry poyntes of the compasse which woulde be but a confused matter for the most part of those persons that doo desire to knowe the distaunce vnto any place assigned neyther shall he knowe so readily which way it standeth or beareth from him And furthermore in the knowing the distaunce vnto any place assigned and by what poynt of the compasse it beareth this is to be considered that the Longitude dooth begin at the Meridian of the Cannary Iland and so to follow vnto the Eastwardes and so ending at .360 againe at the Cannary Ilandes as I doo shewe in my booke called the Regiment for the Sea The second Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you may knowe the distaunce vnto any Towne situate vppon the face of the whole earth so that you do◠knowe the true Longitude and the true Latitude of them NOw furthermore if that you doo know the Longitude and the Latitude of any towne or townes situate vppon the earth you may know the distaunce vnto them as before is declared as thus If that the towne be iust East or West from you that is to say that your towne or place is vnder the Paralel that the other towne is that is to say that the Pole artike of that towne or place is so manye degrees aboue the Horizon as your towne is both in degrees and minutes then shall you seeke how many degrees of Longitude the other towne dooth differ frō yours then you shall seeke how many myles that one degree shal answere vnto it in that paralel and then you shall multiplie the one by the other that is to say the degrees by the myles and that summe which commeth of that multiplication shal be the distance betweene the two townes as for ensample thus by the Citie of London Answerpe in Brabant which differeth but .4 minutes in Latitude for at London the Pole is raised .51 degrees .32 minutes and at the Citie of Antwerpe the Pole is raised .51 degrees .28 minutes therefore we be both vnder one paralel Now the Longitude of London is from the Cannarie Ilandes .19 degrees and .54 minutes and Antwerpes Longitude is .26 degrees .36 minutes so that Antwerpe standeth East from London .6 degrees .42 minutes Now must I know how many miles a degree conteineth in that paralel and of that I doo make mention in my booke called The Regiment for the Sea in the .16 Chapter and that I doo finde to be .37 myles to one degree Thē I multiplie .6 times .37 because that it is .6 degrees .37 myles to one degree and of
seene of any thyng that is put into the water as thus Take a Raske as a Pype or Hogshead or a Barrel and put it into the water the thyng beyng thyght the tenth part of the bygnesse or magnitude dooth not goe into the water for that it is so lyght And yet notwithstandyng if any one part of the kaske be heauyer then the other that same part wil turne downewards And if you doo turne it vpwardes as soone as euer you doo let it goe it presently turneth of it selfe downewardes agayne So that experience dooth shewe this to be true that the heauyest part of any thyng that is in the water dooth alwayes turne and seeketh downewardes Therfore we may perfectly conclude thus of any shyp if the ballast be cast or heaued ouer vnto the syde of any shyp that the shyp dooth turne ouer accordyngly alwayes to haue the heauyest part downewardes Wherfore contrary vnto the vayne opinions of a number of persons that shoulde be wyse that if the ballast be throwen ouer vnto the syde that the shyp shal swymme vpon the side and yet the ballast shal neuer slyppe for that alwayes the shyp dooth turne of itselfe to bryng it vnto the leuel except it be let by some cause whiche is eyther by makyng it fast or els by some other accidental matter or els it wyl followe accordyngly c. And some people haue bene of that opinion that no Shyp dooth swimme vpright but that there is as much waight or more belowe in the water as is aboue the water but that is vntrue as before it dooth appeare by the ensample of a Raske or Barrel For you doo see that it wyll swymme and the heaâ—yest part wyll turne downwards if that it be not one quarter of a pound heauier on the one syde then it is on the other that part wyll turne downewardes and yet for all that that part that is in the water wyll not waygh the .10 part of that which is aboue the water Therefore you may conclude that if the ballast doo lye all vppon the one syde of the Shippe the Ship shal swimme vpon that syde and the Keel shall come out of the water And if that the ship syde be â—hight there is no more daunger in her swimming on the one syde than if she were vpright in the water And also the Ship dooth not swim so deepe into the water lying on the one syde as she dooth swim when shee is vpright for that the Shippe is more lancker or slenderer or sharper that is to saye not so full and rounde by the means of her Tuck and Runne and the Foreway as the syde is rounde and full Therfore it cannot go so deepe into the water for as before is sayde that nothing can goe no further into the water then the proportion of so much water in waight Wherfore the syde being rounde and full it is the more boyenter a great deale c. And also it is very good to bring a Shippe in ouer a barre or shulde for lying vpon the syde it dooth draw much lesse water then when it dooth swimme vpright c. But notwithstandyng it is not so good for to Karrene the Queenes maiesties Shippes as it is the Marchants Shippes for two speciall caues and the fyrst is this the Queenes highnesse Shippes haue alwayes as muche ballast in them as they doo vsually goe to the Sea withall to be fast to beare a sayle which is no small quantitie in her bigger sorte of Shippes and then what a charge is it to take the greatest part of the ballast out of them and too take it in agayne for they must take more then .3 quarters of the Ballast out when they doo Karren them whereas the Marchauntes Shippes doo delyuer all the ballast out when they do lade their ships therfore the Marchants shal not occupy the 20. part of the charges that the Queenes Shippes must And the seconde cause is this that in the Queenes Shippes the ballast is alwayes fyrme and harde by the meanes that it is seeldome or neuer styrred and also the Cooke roome is made vp with bricke vppon the ballast and also there is set vp in the Cooke roome with Brycke worke the furnases to boyle theyr beefe and other prouision that is made for the dressing of mens vittailes as Quens and hatches c. which were no smal charge to remoue and make vp agayne whereas in the grounding of them all these two great charges are saued that Marchauntes shyps in theyr karrening shall not neede to bee at c. And thus I ende the fourth Booke ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the fourth booke called a Treasure for Trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyppe swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with al her tackle ordinaunce furniture and lading c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how for to measure the proportion of the mould of any Shyp wherby is knowen the waight of any Shyppe with all her ladynge and furniture The thyrde Chapter sheweth you an easyer waye then before rehearsed by the Arte Statical to knowe the true waight of any Shyppe with al her lading and all the reste of her furniture The fourth Chapter sheweth by the Arte Statical the wayght of anye mettall or stone howe much or what wayght that it dooth waygh in the water to bee lyfted or waighed from the bottome vnto the brimme of the water The fyfth Chapter sheweth howe too knowe the true measure in ynches or feete of any straunge forme such as Geometrie can giue no order for the measuring thereof as to measure a braunche in mettal or a piller that is enbowed and ful of hollownesse in diuers places and boyles out in some places and also how to know the diuersitie of the waight of mettall or the diuersity between the waight of Stone and mettall The syxt Chapter sheweth by the Art Statical to knowe the waight of any ship that is sunke into the Sea or anye riuer too knowe howe many tunne wyll waigh her vp agayne The seuenth Chapter sheweth how to waigh a Shyp that is sunke where it dooth ebbe and flowe c. The eyght Chapter sheweth howe to waigh a Shyppe where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The nynth Chapter sheweth howe to bring in any ship ouer a shulde or barre and to make the Shyp beare Saile when al the ballast is out and also if neede shoulde requyre how to lyft the shyppe higher out of the waterwards to the intent to bring her in c. The tenth Chapter dooth shewe vnto you howe for to come vnto the Keele of anye Shyppe without the groundyng of her wherby you may collect any Shyppe and make her thight vnto the Keele which is called carenning of them c. FINIS ⧠The fyfth Booke of the treasure for Trauaylers Wherein is shewed the cause of dyuers thynges that
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it