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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09559	The Spanish pilgrime: or, An admirable discouery of a Romish Catholicke Shewing how necessary and important it is, for the Protestant kings, princes, and potentates of Europe, to make warre vpon the King of Spaines owne countrey: also where, and by what meanes, his dominions may be inuaded and easily ruinated; as the English heretofore going into Spaine, did constraine the kings of Castile to demand peace in all humility, and what great losse it hath beene, and still is to all Christendome, for default of putting the same in execution. Wherein hee makes apparant by good and euident reasons, infallible arguments, most true and certaine histories, and notable examples, the right way, and true meanes to resist the violence of the Spanish King, to breake the course of his designes, to beate downe his pride, and to ruinate his puissance.; Traicte paraenetique. English.		1625 (1625)	STC 19838.5; ESTC S118337	107,979	148

of Pisa and many learned personages haue adiudged it to Katherine Dutchesse of Bragancia in Portugall The sonnes of Katherin Dutchesse of Bragancia 1. The Duke Theodosius 2. Edward 3. Alexander 4. Philip. the lawfull daughter of the Infant Don Edward brother to the mother of his Catholike Maiesty which Katherine is at this day yet liuing and hath foure sonnes good and sound Catholikes learned wise goodly and couragious Gentlemen and two o● three daughters And the Vniuersity of Pauy hath adiudged it to Raynuncio now at this present Duke of Parma the sonne of Mary the eldest sister of the said Katherine the said Mary being deceased a long time before her Vncle Henry I suppose that I haue most cleerely and sufficiently shewed the tyranny which all Spaine hath endured and suffered vnder the predecessors of King Philip the Catholike and as for that which the West Indies hath suffered vnder himselfe as also all the rest whereof hee doth write himselfe Lord by what title and pretence they haue beene gotten it is well knowne euen to the little children who doe openly cry and speake of it in the streetes and both Naples Sicily Millan Vtreich Guelders Zutphen and other the Prouinces of the Low Countries and the Countries of high Almaine all which haue beene tyrannized by him and his Auncestors doe manifestly proue and verifie it so that it seemeth vnto me that I haue made good and sufficient proofe by these Histories and examples that tyranny is the first and principall heritage of his Catholike Maiesty euen of Don Philip of Austria and that it is as proper and naturall vnto him as laughter is vnto a man and that it belongeth vnto him properly and inseparably Wherefore now that wee haue made knowne his tyranny me thinketh it would not be amisse nor impertinent to our purpose most Christian Kings to entreat somewhat touching his cruelty for asmuch as Spaine did neuer yet find his like or equall as the flesh and bloud thereof hath too too well tried and had the experience All Bookes all men and euen his owne mischieuous and wicked actions Of the cruelty of King Philip. doe euery where yeeld open and abundant testimonies of his cruelty If Iulius Caesar as it is reported of him were cause of the death of more then a million of men they which haue beene acquainted with the cariage behauiour of this tyrant will confesse that he hath been the death and destruction of a farre greater number Caesar was extreamely grieued to see Pompey his enemy dead And as Antigonus when his sonne Alcinous presented him with the head of Pyrrhus slaine at the entry of the City of Argos did sharpely reproue him Plutarch Filiumque nefarium barbarum vocauit calling him a wicked and barbarous sonne so Caesar in imitation of his example seeing the signet and the ring of Pompey did of pure compassion fall a weeping in so much as he was resolued to make warre vpon Ptolomey because he had slaine Pompey traiterously and hee did so much that hee caused him in the end to be the instrument of his owne death See hereafter Philip on the contrary doth not onely not grieue at the death of his seruants friends cousens nephewes brother sonne and wife but hee doth reioyce and triumph at the same yea he doth procure and aduance it giuing great summes of money excessiue rewards and great honours vnto the executioners and ministers of his cruelty and for the satisfying of his pernicious ambition when there is any thing whatsoeuer be it neuer so little that toucheth him he maketh no exception of persons be it Pope Nuncio Bishop Monke or other Ecclesiasticall person hee poysoneth them all without feare of God or shame of man The Translator Of his seruants and friends he hath caused to be made away the Counties of Egmont and of Horne the Lord Mountigny and the Marquesse of Bergues with many other Noblemen and Gentlemen whose bloud is yet fresh in remembrance the Prince of Orange Marke Anthony Colonna Don Iohn de la Nuca great Justicier of Arragon the Duke de Villa Hermosa the Marquesse de Fuentes Don Iohn de Luna c. his Cousin the Emperour Maximilian his Nephewes by his Sisters Don Sebastian King of Portugall and Don Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma Don Iohn Duke of Bragantia his brother Don Iohn de Austria his sonne the Prince Charles his eldest sonne his wife Isabel Sister to the three last Kings of France deceased Pope Sixtus the fift Alexander Formenti Nuntio in Portugall sent thither by Pope Gregory the 13. as he was on his returne towards Rome in his passage through Castile The Archbishop of Toledo Of Bishops Monkes and Ecclesiasticall persons Don Bartholmew Carrance Archb. of Toledo of whom we haue lately spoken being his owne master a man of so great authority and excellency that by the space of many yeeres Spain hath not brought forth his like This good Catholike was the cause of his imprisonment so strict and so long as all the world knoweth this good Christian in imitatiō of Nero did persecute this personage with most notable hatred and rigour till such time as for verie griefe and sorrow he died at Rome the Doctor Frier Hector Pinto Prouinciall of the order of S. Ierome in Portugall and ordinary professour of the holy Scriptures in the Vniuersitie of Coimbre whose great learning is sufficiently witnessed by the most godly and graue writings which he hath sent into the world being imprisoned in Portugall by the commandement of his Catholike Maiestie some of his friends who were well affectioned to the Castilian partie did earnestly intreat and perswade him to retract and recant that which he had publikely read and preached and to declare that his said Maiestie was lawfull heire of the said Realme of Portugall the which he would not doe notwithstanding all the prayers and perswasions of his said friends to whom he made this answer That which I haue sayd I haue sayd true it is Hector Pinto his speech touching King Philip his vsurpation of Portugall that Philip hath not any right in the succession of this Crowne but inuading and intruding vpon the same in such sort as he hath done without staying till the cause were lawfully and orderly heard and decided he hath committed violence and tyrannie and therefore J for my part doe not acknowledge him for my king but rather for a tyrant and vsurper Whereupon his friends gaue him to vnderstand that this would be a verie dangerous thing for him to maintaine for said they they will leade you away into Castile bound hand and foote and fettered in iron and there wil they make you languish away in misery and in the end th re to die without all hope euer to see Portugall againe Whereunto he answered Little doth that trouble me howbeit that it be an extreme griefe vnto mee to end my daies out of my deare countrey and that

officers of the said realme who would assist him doe their vttermost endeauors to serue him faithfully to the intent they might remaine in their countrey with their charges offices vnder the obeissance of a naturall king not of a Castilian And if the most excellent Duke of Lorraine were disposed to restore Arragon Valentia Catalonia c. he should haue an Admirall many officers of those realms to accompany him they would hold esteeme thēselues for most happy fortunate to deliuer their cuntry frō the tyranny yoak of a stranger to redeliuer it to a naturall lawfull Prince If the Portugals likewise would determine and resolue themselues to choose by election as they haue right so to doe some Prince or some other of the people either white or negro for it is most certaine that to deliuer themselues of the tyranny of Philip they would be content to receiue to their King the meanest negro of Guinee if he be a Christian and will liue in the Realme with them they are fully perswaded and they haue reason that this would be a great help and furtherance to the accomplishment of their desires to finde for their defence and preseruation a Constable of Portugall a Marshall and Admirall and all other such like officers of the Realme and their records and writings done in their owne tongue the fashions of their garments and the surnames of their families Contrarywise if it be graunted and yeelded vnto Philip that he may once take vpon him this title of King of Spaine it is most certaine and sure that he will make onely one house royall of all Spaine with a Constable Marshall or Marshals and Admirall graund Maister great Chamberlaine maister of the Horse and all other such like officers of the Realme all which shall be called of Spaine generally and they will call themselues also by the name onely of Spaniards and so will vnite all of them into one onely bodie which will turne to the great dammage and preiudice of the particular states and kingdomes of Spaine and to the great profit and surety of Philip and his posteritie Full little do strangers know of what importance this matter is and thereof it commeth that they speake so fondly and foolishly when they talke thereof which is a thing greatly to be blamed and reprehended in them considering that it is against the law which sayth Inciuile est de re incognita iudicare that it is a great inciuility for any man to iudge of that which hee doth not vnderstand The nations of Spaine doe see very well what mischiefe this may bring vpon them and therefore they doe resist and withstand it with so great force and vehemencie The Castillian knoweth full well the great aduancement and assurance which would hereof ensue to his estate if he could reach so farre and that is the cause he is so earnest to get himselfe entitled king of Spaine He is as we haue before sayd very expert and well seene in histories as his predecessors were also before him and by reading of them he hath learned that this is the most easie meane and readie way to commaund peaceably and to gaine the affection of all the Spaniards Histories do shew vs Egbert king of West Saxon● in England how Egbert a valiant and magnanimous Prince being chosen king of the realme of West Saxons in great Brittaine which Realme contained the prouinces of Cornewall Deuon Sommerset Wiltshire Dorsetshire Hampshire and Barkeshire and trusting vpon his skill and knowledge in the art military which hee had learned in Fraunce vnder Charlemaigne where he had beene banished for many years he resolued to make himselfe King Lord of all great Brittaine leauing Scotland apart And beginning his enterprise he first subdued the prouince of Wales which is the strongest of all the rest After which he wanne the Realmes of Kent Mercia Northumberland and the Realme of the East Saxons called Essex Or rather North Saxon in Norfolke hauing gotten this prouince and those foure realmes Egbert seeing himselfe now Lord of fiue and that there now rested no more to conquer but the Realme of Sussex so called of the South Saxons and that of the East Saxons called East Anglia of whose forces he made no great reckening And bethinking with himselfe how he might assure and secure these dominions and Seigniories vnto himselfe he determined not onely to roote out and extinguish the name and memory of the Brittaines the ancient inhabitants of that I le but also gaine the good willes and affections of his subiects by a new name and so by that meanes to draw vnto himselfe the residue which remained yet vnconquered To this effect and purpose he ordained and appointed and by a perpetuall edict commaunded that from that day forwards all those seuen Realmes should bee named by one onely name England and that all the inhabitants should name themselues Englishmen Egbert the first king of England And by this meanes hee came readily and fully to the ende of his desire In imitation of this Egbert Fernand the second king of Arragon and the fift of that name king of Castile seeing himselfe Lord of the greatest part of Spaine and that there rested no more for him to gaine saue onely Nauarre and Portugall he employed all his forces and endeauours to obtaine from the Princes realmes and prouinces of Spaine that which they refused to wit that hee might entitle and write himselfe King of Spaine With the like ambition and desire Philip his great graund-child pretendeth that the Realmes of Spaine and now of late Portugall haue constantly resolutely denied him and which you doe giue him so readily and so liberally So that now I thinke you will perfectly vnderstand the cause wherefore Philip doeth write himselfe King of Castile and of Leon Castillians and Castilo what it meaneth New Castile all those kingdomes which the kings of Castile haue gotten from the Moores The particular names of the kingdomes of new Castile when they were recouered from the Moores Toledo first set at liberty anno 1086. c. For so the nations of Spaine and the Castillians themselues call him howbeit that you doe make a iest and toy of it not knowing how much it doeth import them so to do and therefore I hope that from henceforth you will by these instructions both know your owne ignorance and correct this your fault and ouersight We call them Castilians which are naturall and borne in the Realme of Castile and in those Realmes which the kings of Castile with the aide of the Kings of Nauarre Arragon and Portugall other Soueraigne Lords of Spaine haue gotten and wrested out of the hands and possession of the Moores all which Realmes wee name ●y one onely name new Castile Of these Realmes that which was the shortest time in the power and puissance of the Moores was the kingdome of Toledo which was restored to

and puissant doe despoile and consume the others who are of lesse puissance Now we know that there are two especiall reasons for which the Authour hath prolonged and drawne out at length this his Discourse enriching it with Histories so singular and beautifying it with such rare authorities and examples The former is for that as he hath endeuoured liuely to depaint vnto vs our enemy and to make vs know the naturall disposion of those Nations of whom we haue great cause to take good heed seeing that all that which he hath spoken doth set forward this his intent and purpose he saw it would not be any inconuenience to vse therein some prolixity If a man by compact as bound thereto by another or of his owne proper motion and free will and vpon curiosity would vndertake a voyage of some three or foure leagues not hauing any time prefixed nor limited for dispatch thereof what harme would it be vnto him if in his passage he doe find some Gardens where he may recreate and refresh himselfe from the trauell and wearisomenesse of the way So doe you my Masters reade this Treatise at your pleasure vse it for your recreation and take your delight in the sweete odours of her flowres and pleasant posies You neede make no great hast there is no man that doth vrge you thereto A second reason of the prolixity of this Treatise is for that as the Author is driuen of necessity to handle the vertues and the vices of diuers persons and sundry Nations so his will was that each of them should haue his due desert the good and those that haue done well praise and honour but the euill and vitious blame and reprehension In the end of this Treatise you shall find the explication which he promiseth Fol. 143 in the which there are many things both of great curiosity and also as necessary to the matter in hand as any of the rest For that in knowledge vnderstanding and experience hee doth farre exceed me as his worke doth shew apparantly Touching the which briefly I dare not affirme any thing but this that each word of his is a sentence and that each sentence containeth many I must confesse that to some persons in particular his Treatise will be ill accepted but what remedy he hath spoken but the truth and what he affirmeth he proueth and hee alledgeth nothing without his Authour to iustifie it And truly I for my part am of this opinion that it is not against reason to publish the wickednesse and vices of some one particular person which being true may be made knowne to euery man especially when the knowledge thereof may redound to the great good and benefit of the weale publike But to come to an end let me entreat you to take in good part that which I haue said A Table made by the Author of the principall things contained in this Treatise THe reasons which haue mooued Philip king of Castile to stirre vp warre in Fraunce and what opinion he hath of the French page 2. The league in Fraunce imitateth that in Spaine in the yeare 1463. page 4. Philip against his promise causeth the captaine Anthonie to hanged page 4. What paines and labour Philip hath taken to procure warre against the most Christian king Henrie the 3. deceassed by the meane of the king now being and of the promises which he hath made vnto his Maiestie for that purpose page 6. The great desire which the late king Henrie the third had to haue set Portugall at libertie page 8. That Portugall is the cause of the warre in Fraunce page 8. How necessarie and important a thing it is that the enemie haue warre made vpon him in his owne countrie page 8. What the nature and disposition is of the naturall Spaniards page 15. What sorrow and griefe the Princes and Lords of Spaine did take to see the inuasion and vsurpation of Portugall and what desire they haue to see it deliuerer page 17. The malice of the Castiliannation and their disloyalty against strangers when they haue any occasion offered them to domineere and rule ouer them page 19. The enmitie and hatred of the Castilians against the Portugals page 22. The loyaltie and fidelitie of the Portugal page 24. The cause why Portugall was not restored to her libertie in the yeare 1589 when the king Don Anthonio drew the English into Portugall with a true declaration of that voyage page 27. The great riches found at Lisbon page 29. The reason why so many faults were committed in that Armie of the English page 33. That the most Christian king and the Princes and Potentates of Europe haue very great cause and interest to hinder the Portugals from according with the Castilian page 33. A deduction of certaine reasons betweene the Author and a Frenchman vpon the voyage which it behoueth the French to make into Spaine and what losses they haue had for default of putting the same in execution in times past page 36. What the state and condition is of an assailant and of a defendant page 40. That tyrannie and crueltie and a disordinate and dishonest life is the cause of the ruine and destruction of great Estates and Monarchies page 43. The cause wherefore the king Rodericke lost Spaine page 44. That the English heretofore going into Spaine with the Portugals did constraine the kings of Castile to demaund peace in all humilitie and what conditions to their great disaduantage they were constrained to receiue of them and of the valour of the Portugals with the honourable testimonie of the king of Castile and of the force and puissance of Portugall against Spaine from page 50. to 53. Where and by what way Spaine may be inuaded and the enemy easily ruinated page 55. The Portugals most impatient vvhen their honour is in question page 56. How and by what meanes the king of Castile hath so easilie vsurped the realme of Portugall page 57. What and how great the force of Portugall is the negligence of the king Don Anthonio and of his Counsell page 59. The vnlawfull and vniust treaties made by king Philip with Muley Malucco whereof ensued the losse and destruction of the king Don Sebastian And how Philip doth reioyce triumph at the prosperitie of the Turke and for what cause he forbeareth to hinder the Turke from making warre in Europe which he may easily doe page 60. The description of Portugall with the greatnesse riches and puissance thereof page 65. King Philip much addicted to Cosmographie and greatly practised and expert in histories page 70. That the Castilians for these three hundred yeeres last past haue done nothing of any worth without the Portugals page 73. That Portugall is the principall cause of all the warres and reuolts which haue bin since the yeare 1580 euen till this day and will be still if order be not taken to the contrary page 74. How king Philip doth gourmandise and incroch vpon the elections of the Popes

Portugall hee vsed this speech vnto him Captaine Ferras I would gladly know what should be the cause that made you to follow the partie of the French against me seeing wee are of one and the same Nation for albeit you be a Portugall and I a Castillian yet are we both Spaniards The Colonell made him this answere Sir when the Portugals doe trauaile abroad out of their owne countrey whether they be rich or poore their onely end and scope is to get them honour and reputation For mine owne part I had the meanes to liue honestly in my countrey like a Gentleman neuerthelesse being resolued to see the world I began to cast my account with my selfe what course I were best to take Hauing made my reckoning I conceiued with my selfe that I should purchase me more honour by bearing Armes against the greatest Captaine of the World then in taking of his part to serue against any other and for this cause I tooke Armes against your Maiestie The Emperour smyling sayd I beleeue that this is not the cause but rather the old rancour and hatred which the Portugals beare to the Castillians Portugall answered him againe in great choller Sir An excellent answere of a Portugall to Charles the 5. I sweare vnto your Maiestie That neyther for good nor for bad I trouble not my minde with the Castillians not so much as to thinke of them The Emperour making semblance as though this answere did content him did embrace him many times and often but hee iudged of the Portugall as his affection led him for hee had enough of the bloud of a Castillian by his mothers side to make him to hate him A little Leauen c. And thus may you see the vntruth of Conestagio His Historie is well written and in a good style but most false and full of passion for hee both reprehendeth and iniurieth all those of whom hee speaketh yea euen King Philip himselfe in whose fauour hee wrote it and for this cause principally it was forbidden in Portugall But leauing Conestagio now that we haue shewed how the Castillian Nation is much more maligne and peruerse then all the other people of Spaine I will tell you one thing worthy to be noted ere wee proceed which doth more neerely touch the Portugall Nation than any of the rest that is That all those Nations generally are so desirous of libertie that they doe seeke by all meanes possible to obtayne it being readie to receiue euen the Deuils themselues if they would be readie to further and fauour them in the same And yet if any strange Nation should passe into Spaine to any other end they would vse the vttermost of their endeuours to stop their passage and to hinder their entrance making little or no reckoning of their liues and much lesse of their goods and substance When I doe speake of causing strange Nations to passe into Spaine I must tell you thus much That they shall be much more welcome and finde better entertainment of the people of the Countrey when they shall be mingled many and diuers Nations together then if one should goe thither alone for that this diuersitie will take from them all conceit and suspition which they might otherwise haue that their comming were to make a conquest of their countrey and not to procure their libertie and freedome and so they would vndoubtedly receiue them ioyfully and with all assurance In like manner if the Tyrant should commaund them to goe to the warres out of their owne countrey especially if it were for their Religion they would serue him more faithfully then did Auila and Simancas in Castile or Celorico the Castle of Coimbre in Portugall For proofe hereof The meaning hereof is expounded in the end of this Treatise you may remember how in the yeere 1588. the King of Castile in his Fleet and Armie by Sea that came vpon the Coast of France sent two Regiments of Portugals each of them consisting of eight hundred men or thereabouts The loyaltie of the Portugals These forces notwithstanding that in regard of his vsurpation of the countrey they were enemies to him yet hauing promised to serue him faithfully in this voyage in the fight which they had against the Englishmen and Flemings they did make such proofe of their valour that they did farre excell all the rest of the Army in prowesse and deedes of Armes and they alone did more for the seruice of the King of Castile then all the residue of his Allyes insomuch that there was none of them who had command and gouernment in the Army that were receiued with honour by the King Catholike saue only the Portugall Colonels Portugall Colonels in the Armie of the yeere 1588. namely Gasper de Sousa and Antonie Perera The which Perera before that time had serued and fought most valiantly for the defence of the libertie of his Countrey and for the seruice of his true and naturall King against the said King of Castile at such time as hee entred into Portugall with a mightie Army to inuade it In the yeere 1582. when Don Aluar de Bassana Marquesse de Santa Cruce did encounter vpon the Sea with the Lord de Stroce those which fought best and shewed themselues most valiant was the Marquesse de Fauare Marquesse of Fauare a Portugall most true and faithfull to his Countrey and to his King and by whose counsaile and aduertisements a certaine great and excellent seruitor of the estate and of the King Don Antonio had his life preserued besides certaine other Gentlemen his countreymen Who tooke the Ship called the Reuenge The taking of the Reuenge of England belonging to the Queene of England euen Don Lewes Coutigno a Lord of Portugall who before time had beene most true and faithfull to his Countrey and for the defence of his King fighting against the Duke de Alua had receiued many mortall wounds in the battaile of Alcantara the same day that Lisbon was lost which was in the yeere 1580. and the 26. of August And for the more distinct and cleare demonstration of the truth of this matter I will recite vnto you a most true Historie In the yeere 1589. Don Anthonie King of Portugall accompanied with the Englishmen and Hollanders made a Voyage into Portugall and casting anchor in the Hauen of Penicha they of the Castle began to play with their Ordinance vpon the armie but the Captaine of the Castle Anthonio de Arauio a Portugall being ascertained that the king Don Anthonio was in that armie he forbad the Cannoniers to shoot any more and caused a white Ensigne to be put forth vpon sight whereof Don Anthonio commanded that euery man should goe on shore and take their way towards the Towne the which they did not without some resistance made by certaine companies of Castillians who in the end were forced to retyre with the losse of some of their people The first that arriued to the Towne was

touching your incredulitie and the opinion which you haue that the loue of a mans countrey doth easily deceiue them and make the remedie of their miseries and seruitude to seeme easie surely wee may with good reason call this incredulitie a blind ●nueiglement and darknesse of vnderstanding and therefore I come once againe to say as I haue sayd and I doe againe and againe aduise you That to send a good and well conducted Armie into Spaine or other parts of his Dominions will be the onely meane to resist and withstand the enemie to breake the course of his designes to beat downe his pride and to destroy his puissance And albeit that this may well be granted to follow by that which hath beene aboue spoken yet I will proue it by one other example onely which being most true maketh very much to our intended purpose Henry Count of Trastamara The Histories of Castise Portugall England c. the bastard sonne of Alphonsus the Iusticier by the aide of the French had slaine the King Don Pedro his lawfull brother Of this Peter there remayned two daughters The youngest Isabel espoused Edmond de Langley the fifth sonne of Edward the third King of England This Edmond hauing gotten sundry victories in fau●ur of the Portugals who accompanied him against the Castillians in Spaine did manage those affaires with such prudence and wisdome that he constrayned the sayd Henry King of Castile to accept and receiue of Fernand King of Portugall who was in a manner brought to vtter destruction both he and his whole Realme such conditions of peace as were most ignominious and dishonourable and very preiudiciall both to himselfe his vassalls and subiects In regard of which his notable deedes and deserts the said Edmond was afterwards made Duke of Yorke by Richard the second King of England his Nephew the sonne of Edward the Blacke Prince his eldest brother in a Parliament holden at Westminster in the yere of Christ 1386. Of these two Edmond and Isabell descended the Queene of England likewise named Isabell The other daughter being the eldest of King Peter and called Constance espoused Iohn of Gaunt the fourth brother of the sayd Edmond both by father and mother and Duke of Lancaster by his first wife Blanche who had by him Henry the fourth afterwards King of England and two daughters of which the eldest Philip was Queene of Portugall the wife of Ivan the Bastard Of John of Gaunt and Constance was borne one onely daughter called Katherine of whom we shall hereafter make further mention The said John of Gaunt in regard of his wife Constance did entitle himselfe King of Castile and Leon Guaribay lib. 15. cap. 25. and for the obtayning of his right to that Kingdome hee passed from Gascoigne which was then vnder the Dominion of the English into Spaine with eighteene thousand footmen and two thousand horse where with the aide of the Portugals who were his good friends he tooke the Groigne From thence he went into Portugal out of which he entred into Castile marching euen to the Citie of Burgos which was distant from the place of his departure more then a hundred and twentie Leagues The entry and inuasion of the English with the Portugals into Castile And from the time of his first arriuall he tooke and made himselfe Lord of all the Cities Townes and Castles which hee found in his way besides such as being farther off did come to render and yeeld themselues for very feare and terror And he might easily haue passed on much further if his people had not died who by reason of their disorder which they kept and by their ill rule and demeaning of themselues were oppressed with extreame famine whereof ensued this plague and pestilence amongst them And they were reduced to such necessitie of Victuals The amitie of the French and English out of their owne Countreyes that they were constrayned to haue recourse euen to the Campe of their enemies where then was in fauour of the King Iohn of Castile Lewes Duke of Burbon accompanied with the French forces of whom they demaunded reliefe for the sustentation of their poore and wretched liues The which being perceiued by John the Bastard then elected King of Portugall he complayned to the Duke of Lancaster telling him that he held it not good nor conuenient that his souldiers should goe to entreat with the enemie affirming that these might more endomage him then the others and that therefore he should immediately recall them and forbid them to haue any communication conference or parley with any of the contrary party otherwise that hee would fight against them altogether The valour of Iohn the Bastard King of Portugall Thomas Walsingham and would cause them all to be put to the sword the one for the loue of the other Thomas Walsingham an English Historiographer doth set it downe in these very words and he sayth that the King of Portugall had then with him foure thousand Portugals well armed Some haue esteemed the saying of this Historiographer as very ridiculous or as a meere Brauado onely The valour of the Portugals but they are much deceiued for these foure thousand Portugals hauing their King for their Chiefetaine and Leader had beene sufficient to defeat twentie thousand Castillians The same King with fiue thousand An Historie worthie the marking and so many Portugals and a hundred and fiftie Englishmen did defeat the said Iohn King of Castile both of them being present in person in the battaile of Aljibarot and put him to flight hauing with him foure and thirtie thousand fighting men of the which died vpon the place twelue thousand and there were of prisoners ten thousand taken by foure thousand and so many Portugals and a thousand Englishmen who remained masters of the field for there died in the fight about a thousand Portugals and fiue hundred English who fought as if they had beene Lyons About the same time Don Nunalvres Pereira This Historie is well worthie the marking the battell was called the battel of Valverde Constable of Portugall with three thousand footmen and a thousand horse defeated fiue and twentie thousand Castillians and slew and tooke the principall and chiefe men of Castile The same King before that he came to reigne and afterwards had many victories vpon his enemies no lesse admirable then that other insomuch that a certaine Nobleman of Castile being in speech one day and deuising with his King which was the said John he sayd vnto him Sir I cannot conceiue the cause why the King of Portugall with so few men hath so often vanquished you seeing that you haue alwayes had fiue or six against one of them The King answered him The cause is for that the King of Portugall doth fight against me being accompanied with his children and I combat against him being accompanied with my subiects I am King and Lord of Castile and hee is King and Lord of the

hath extended Religion in Affrique hee hath euen of late against the institutions of the order of the Knights of the Religion of Iesus Christ and others concluded and made peace in Barbarie with the Infidels to the intent hee might with the more commoditie make warre in Europe against the Christians And what doeth hee at this day against the Turke but onely dallie and trifle with him Touching the third of your propositions histories doe well recount and all men may assure themselues how much hee loueth the Ecclesiasticall persons and what reuerence hee beareth to them that are religious In times past it was neuer seene that any Ecclesiasticall or religious person hath beene put to death in Spaine for any matters concerning the estate The greatest crueltie and most rigorous seuere iustice that the Arrian Princes shewed vppon them for being contrarie to their opinions was to imprison them and to keepe them enclosed within Monasteries True it is that of some of them they did put out the eyes and afterwards some Princes did cause them to be put to death secretly in prison but as for the gallowes and such like infamous deaths they knew not what it meant saue onely since the reigne of his Maiestie that will be held for so great and so good a Catholike And I for my part do beleeue that he is no lesse and yet I know he is but a very bad Christian for I make no doubt but he beleeueth all that which the holy Catholike Apostolike Romane Church our mother teacheth and instructeth vs howbeit I know full well that he doth not obserue any of the precepts commanded in the Decalogue And as concerning the rest of your allegations made in his excuse although that Philip hath builded vp a great number of Monasteries and many Churches endowing them with rich reuenues yet all this will not make me but that I must needes take him and acknowledge him for a notable tyrant and a most cruell Prince Historiographers haue written largely of the cruelty of Brunhault Brunhault caused ten kings of France to be put to death howbeit that some would excuse her and doe attribute this fault vnto the first Writers and they doe affirme that shee caused to be put to death ten seuerall Kings in France and many other persons of great quality Also they write of her that shee caused a great number of Churches to be builded and did prouide them of so great goods and riches that it is a very strange thing to be reported See what Gaguin Gaguin writeth thereof in so much that if a man would compare the charge and expences of Brunhault with the meanes shee had he would greatly maruell how this woman was able in one age to build so many Temples and assigne vnto them also so good and large reuenues Now Brunhault hath deserued another manner of praise and commendation for vsing so great liberality towards the Church then doth Philip because shee gaue of her owne and Philip giueth of other mens In Spaine they finde great fault with those that will steale a sheepe and will giue the feete for Gods sake and so doth his Catholike Maiesty hee draweth from the Clergy Tercias Subsidio Pila Escusado in so much See the meaning of these words a little after that of ten he taketh at the least fiue and one Prelate payeth more vnto him then 2000 labourers or 4000 Gentlemen See then how liberall he is to the Clergy and by the meanes of these feete of his sheepe hee buildeth vp Monasteries and other Churches and endoweth them with great reuenues Moreouer who is he that hath medled with setting to sale the Townes and Castles which were of the iurisdiction and vassals of the Church It is your great friend Philip whom you accompt so vertuous and so Catholike The Translator Tercias is the third part of the rent which a Prelate receiueth yeerely out of his Benefice or Spirituall liuing Subsidio is an ouerplus and certaine summe which he payeth out of the two third parts which remaine and of other reuenues appertaining to his estate Pila is that summe which he taketh of all the Parish Churches in Spaine namely of euery Parishioner that is of them that are of any wealth he taketh the tithes or tenth part And some of the regular persons who doe possesse an● h●ritages in the same Parish doe helpe to pay this tribute after the rate The Regulars themselues doe pay tithe also of all that which they possesse euen to the Apples Oranges and other fruits of their Gardens Escusado is a certaine summe which the Clergy both Ecclesiastical and Regular persons because they may not beare armes doe pay vnto the King Catholike to be excused in that behalfe Obiection I know well you will reply vnto me and alledge that the rents of the Churches of Spaine are so great and excessiue that although the Prelates doe pay vnto their King the one halfe of them yet they doe all of them still continue and remaine rich because there be some Prelates in Spaine which haue greater reuenues yeerely then 50 or 60 Prelats in France Answer Hereunto I answer that although it be so yet his Catholike Maiesty may not spoile the Church of her goods which Princes and others Catholike and deuout persons haue giuen vnto her And if the dowry of any Damosell or maiden be priuiledged how much more ought that so to be which is giuen to God and to our Lady and to the Saints who as Histories doe specifie haue foughten visibly and really and haue beene seene in sundry battels personally doing of great miracles And therefore seeing that his Catholike Maiesty doth take away from the Churches that which is giuen them for the causes and reasons by vs alledged he committeth fraud and sacriledge which may be an occasion that hee himselfe may happen ere he die or his successors for him to repay the same againe For this cause did Nebuchadnezzar wander vp and downe for many yeeres in the fields in the shape of a brute beast Daniel 4. and Balthazar his sonne saw that horrible vision of a hand writing vpon a wall his future death and destruction Daniel 5. Acts 5. Ananias and Saphira his wife fell downe dead at the feete of Saint Peter We haue many examples touching this matter in the holy Scriptures and many more in p●ophane Writers and there is a great number of them euen in Spaine especially in Castile The Queene Dame Viraca the Daughter of Alphonsus the sixt Emperour The common Histories of Spaine going out of the Church of S. Isidore with the riches which shee had taken thence fell downe dead at the Church doore Don Alphonsus the warriour her Husband for the like matter was vanquished by the Moores in the battell of Fraga and was neuer more seene nor heard of after that time neither aliue nor dead The King Don Henry brother germane to the mother of Saint Lewes being but a ladde

fiue thousand Marauedis which was at that time no small reuenue in comparison of that it is at this pay being about 12 duckats and a halfe allowing 400 Marauedis to each duckat and gratified him with sundry other gifts and great honours Fernand wrote vnto Jsabel the successe of this battell giuing her to vnderstand that if the Prince had not come the King his Father had beene taken Whereupon he returned him this answer that if the Cockerell had not come the Cocke had beene taken and hereof came that prouerbe which wee told you Guaribay s●tteth downe these last words and confesseth the very truth Neuerthelesse touching the residue of the History he reporteth a thousand vntruths which may be verified by the History which Damian de Goyes hath written of this Prince Don Juan in the which he saith Damianus de Goyes in the life of the Prince Don Iuan. that the Prince would haue kept and remained in the field where the battell was foughten by the space of three dayes if the Archbishop of Toledo had not disswaded him who with great instance and earnest entreaty caused him to retire into the City because the weather was extreame cold and his men were sore trauelled and wearied and had beene ouer-watched for want of sleepe And he said vnto him Sir your Highnesse hath kept the Field long enough these three houres you haue staied here are as good as three dayes and one houre is as much as three Some write that in memory of this victory King Edward the fourth of England sent vnto this Prince the order of the Garter And the Castillians had such ill successe continually against the Portugals that to grace themselues because the King Alphonso was defeated and forsooke the field though his sonne held the field and remained vanquisher yet they shame not to attribute vnto themselues the honour and victory of this battell Alphonsus Raymond the onely sonne of Vrraca the daughter of Alphonsus the sixt surnamed the Emperor was borne in Auila Auila a City of Castile and was nourished and kept by them of the City during the raigne of Alphonsus King of Aragon called the warriour together with his wife Vrraca Queene of Castile Mother of the said Raymond Now there were great reuolts and troubles in Castile in the which they of Auila following the party of Raymond against the said Alphonsus his Father in Law did so much that the Father in Law was dispossessed of the gouernment and the Sonne in Law was installed in the siege royall And for this cause this word hath passed for a common prouerbe The fidelity of Auila and Auila is for the King Simancas Touching Simancas you are to vnderstand that in the yeere 1463 Henry the 4 raigning in Castile at the perswasion of some of the Princes many other Cities and Townes did reuolt from him and grew into a rebellion which they called The league of the Princes and they entituled themselues Princes of the League And in imitation hereof did Philip King of Castile in the yeere 1582 baptize the League which hath beene the occasion of so many mischiefes and afflictions of which Fraunce hath especially tasted and had experience for these nine yeeres last past This is that League which hath wrought so great damage to the Church of Rome and hath so ruinated and pulled it downe as it shall neede many hundreds of yeeres to restore it againe But to our matter in processe of time the Souldiers of the Kings Army being greatly augmented and their puissance much increased they came to the City of Toro and the King hauing aduertisement that they of the League were issued out of Valladolid and that hauing broken downe and razed the walles of Begnafleur they were gone to Simancas he sent presently Iohn Hernandes Galiude his Captaine Generall with 3000 Horses for the succours of the Towne which being entred into Simancas were besieged by them of the League who notwithstanding were more afraid then those whom they had besieged The Lackies within the Towne who shewed themselues to be of a wonderfull good courage hauing assembled themselues one day in a great number and mocking those that had besieged them did make a picture which represented the Archbishop of Toledo whom because he was a Rebell against his King and Lord they called Don Opas the brother of the Count Iulian who caused the Moores to enter into Spaine against the King Rodericke After which one of the Lackies being appointed for a Iudge Iudgement giuen by the Lackies against the Archbishop of Toledo sate himselfe downe on the iudgement seat commanding the prisoner to be brought before him which was the picture of the Archbishop and he gaue iudgement vpon him in this manner For as much as Don Alphonso Carillo Archbishop of Toledo Guar. lib. 17. cap. 14. following the steppes of the Bishop Don Opas the destroyer of Spaine hath beene a Traytor to his King and naturall Lord rebelling against him with his places and Fortresses and with the money which he put into his hands to doe him seruice For these causes hauing seene and considered of his deserts by his triall wherein hath appeared his wicked practises and felonious offences we doe therefore condemne him to be burned and that he be first trayled and drawne through the streetes and publike places of Simancas and that in the execution thereof the common cryer shall cry and proclaime with a loud voice This is the iustice commanded to be done namely that this cruell Don Opas shall be burnt for his offence and trespasse because hauing receiued diuers places fortresses and monies of his King hee hath notwithstanding reuolted and rebelled against him Quien tal haze que tal pague That is to say So doe so haue The iudgement being pronounced another Lackey taking the picture between his armes with an open cry threw it forth of the Towne hauing in his company more then three hundred Lackies and immediately two of their company made a great fire to burne it not farre from the campe of the enemy who looked on whilest they were doing of it and whilest the picture was in burning all the Lackies together with open throat cryed and sang Esta es Simancas Don Opas Trahidor Y no Penaflor Which is to say This is Simancas Don Opas O thou Traitour And not Pegnastor With many other speeches to that purpose Which song of theirs was for a long time after vsed in Castile and was commonly sung both in the Court and throughout all that Realme Celorico After that the Portugals had deposed Don Sancho surnamed Capelo from his Realme and Kingdome Don Alphonso his brother who was then County of Bologne vpon the Sea was chosen Gouernour of Portugall by the same Portugals This election which they made together with the deposition of the said Sancho was approued and confirmed by Pope Innocent the 4 in a Councell held at Lyons which was the cause that the said Alphonso went