subject_n to_o do_v this_o or_o that_o the_o master_n of_o work_n be_v the_o command_a cause_n to_o all_o the_o laborer_n the_o other_o efficient_a cause_n be_v obedient_a cause_n when_o the_o servant_n work_v at_o his_o master_n commandment_n ¶_o another_o dâ—uisâ—on_n of_o cause_n efficient_a of_o such_o efficient_a cause_n as_o do_v obey_v some_o do_v their_o work_n as_o the_o mason_n work_v upon_o the_o stone_n the_o carpenter_n upon_o wood_n other_o efficient_a cause_n that_o be_v obedient_a be_v but_o instrument_n of_o do_v as_o hatchetâ—es_n hammer_n pike_n aâ—es_v with_o other_o in_o battle_n the_o captain_n be_v the_o efficient_a commander_n the_o soldier_n the_o efficient_a obeyer_n gun_n dart_n bow_n and_o bill_n the_o instrument_n of_o do_v good_a heed_n ought_v to_o be_v have_v that_o in_o all_o cause_n we_o make_v a_o difference_n not_o confound_v one_o with_o another_o that_o the_o nigh_o cause_n &_o the_o far_a cause_n be_v not_o take_v all_o for_o one_o a_o cause_n far_o fetch_v be_v this_o such_o a_o one_o fall_v out_o with_o his_o neighbour_n ergo_fw-la he_o kill_v he_o fall_v out_o bring_v chide_v chide_v bring_v hatred_n hatred_n cause_v fight_v fight_a geve_v blow_n blow_v soon_o dispatch_v soon_o dispatch_v be_v ready_a death_n therefore_o i_o may_v more_o probable_o reason_n thus_o such_o a_o one_o give_v his_o neighbour_n a_o deadly_a wound_n ergo_fw-la he_o have_v kill_v he_o and_o thus_o the_o argumeist_n be_v make_v from_o the_o nigh_a cause_n ¶_o another_o division_n some_o cause_n be_v principal_a cause_n as_o the_o holy_a ghost_n work_n all_o godly_a motion_n and_o stir_v our_o nature_n evermore_o to_o the_o best_a other_o cause_n be_v the_o inclination_n in_o man_n that_o be_v either_o good_a or_o evil_a three_o there_o be_v help_a cause_n which_o be_v mean_n the_o rather_o to_o further_o we_o in_o all_o virtue_n as_o learning_n practise_v of_o honest_a behavor_n acquaint_a our_o nature_n evermore_o with_o the_o best_a the_o principal_a cause_n that_o joseph_n forbear_v to_o company_n with_o another_o man_n wife_n be_v the_o holy_a ghost_n that_o stir_v his_o mind_n with_o the_o fear_n of_o god_n the_o second_o cause_n be_v his_o own_fw-mi mind_n that_o remember_v the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o the_o punishment_n dew_n for_o sin_n the_o third_o cause_n be_v that_o he_o accustom_v himself_o ever_o to_o live_v upright_o and_o not_o only_o to_o avoid_v sin_n but_o also_o to_o avoid_v the_o occasion_n of_o sin_n there_o be_v other_o division_n but_o i_o leave_v to_o rehearse_v they_o for_o fear_v i_o shall_v be_v over_o long_o ¶_o the_o end_n call_v finis_fw-la the_o end_n be_v for_o who_o cause_n any_o thing_n be_v do_z and_o be_v two_o way_n consider_v for_o there_o be_v a_o absolute_a end_n whereunto_o all_o other_o be_v refer_v be_v call_v the_o perfection_n and_o chief_a property_n in_o any_o thing_n as_o the_o chief_a end_n in_o any_o man_n be_v to_o be_v perfect_o endue_v with_o reason_n and_o to_o attain_v everlive_v felicity_n the_o chief_a property_n in_o a_o horse_n be_v to_o be_v of_o a_o very_a good_a courage_n &_o to_o want_v no_o stomach_n the_o chief_a perfection_n in_o fire_n be_v to_o be_v very_o hot_a and_o very_o dry_a there_o be_v another_o end_n call_v a_o help_a end_n which_o serve_v to_o a_o high_a end_n and_o be_v only_o ordain_v for_o this_o purpose_n that_o we_o may_v attain_v thereby_o the_o perfect_v end_n of_o all_o as_o meat_n drink_n apparel_n and_o other_o necessary_a thing_n be_v help_a end_n for_o man_n to_o attain_v the_o chief_a end_n for_o without_o these_o end_n man_n can_v not_o live_v to_o live_v honest_o in_o this_o life_n to_o be_v upright_o in_o deal_v with_o all_o person_n be_v a_o help_a end_n as_o the_o philosophier_n take_v it_o and_o a_o testimony_n to_o the_o world_n of_o our_o faith_n as_o the_o christian_n take_v it_o for_o man_n to_o live_v world_n without_o end_n to_o marry_v a_o wife_n be_v a_o help_a end_n for_o a_o man_n to_o avoid_v fornication_n the_o poor_a man_n labour_v and_o wherefore_o to_o get_v his_o live_n wherefore_o get_v he_o his_o live_n that_o he_o may_v the_o better_o be_v able_a to_o serve_v god_n the_o soldier_n fight_v at_o his_o princess_n commandment_n chief_o because_o god_n command_v he_o next_o after_o for_o love_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o country_n three_o and_o last_o of_o all_o that_o he_o may_v live_v the_o rather_o in_o quiet_a at_o home_n with_o his_o wife_n and_o child_n so_o that_o of_o one_o and_o thesame_a thing_n there_o may_v be_v many_o end_n be_v orderly_o consider_v ¶_o the_o general_a rule_n who_o end_n be_v good_a or_o evil_a thesame_a thing_n be_v good_a or_o evil_a as_o a_o sword_n be_v good_a because_o it_o be_v good_a for_o a_o man_n to_o defend_v hymsef_n faith_n in_o christ_n jesu_n be_v good_a for_o by_o faith_n we_o be_v save_v to_o undo_v my_o neighbour_n with_o lend_v for_o gain_v be_v most_o ungodly_a therefore_o to_o be_v a_o usurer_n be_v most_o ungodly_a to_o desire_v another_o man_n wife_n be_v ungodly_a because_o adultery_n be_v ungodly_a battle_n be_v good_a because_o it_o bring_v peace_n for_o all_o man_n shall_v fight_v for_o this_o end_n that_o we_o may_v live_v in_o quiet_a with_o our_o neighbour_n if_o thou_o will_v be_v honesty_n and_o esteem_v for_o a_o godly_a person_n do_v the_o action_n of_o virtue_n and_o thou_o shall_v be_v well_o report_v of_o especial_o of_o the_o honest_a it_o be_v good_a to_o learn_v because_o learning_n itself_o be_v good_a which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o our_o study_n ¶_o of_o thâ—_n matâ—r_n or_o substance_n call_v materia_fw-la the_o substance_n call_v materia_fw-la be_v ready_a to_o be_v frame_v of_o the_o woorkeman_n as_o he_o like_v by_o the_o which_o substance_n either_o thing_n natural_a or_o else_o thing_n artificial_a be_v make_v as_o first_o a_o man_n which_o be_v a_o natural_a thing_n be_v make_v of_o body_n &_o soul_n a_o image_n which_o be_v a_o artificial_a thing_n be_v make_v by_o the_o handy_a work_n of_o man_n &_o be_v grave_v out_o of_o stone_n or_o melt_v in_o gold_n or_o in_o brass_n fron_n this_o place_n be_v make_v argument_n that_o both_o do_v affirm_v and_o also_o deny_v as_o thus_o if_o a_o man_n have_v cloth_n he_o may_v have_v a_o garment_n make_v if_o it_o like_v he_o but_o if_o a_o man_n have_v no_o cloth_n at_o all_o how_o can_v he_o have_v a_o gown_n or_o a_o coat_n if_o the_o baker_n lack_v meal_n how_o can_v he_o make_v bread_n the_o matier_n be_v consider_v â—â—_o way_n firâ—â—_n it_o be_v a_o substance_n that_o tarry_v still_o as_o when_o a_o house_n be_v make_v of_o stone_n wodd_n &_o plaster_n or_o a_o image_n of_o gold_n brass_n or_o silver_n here_o the_o substance_n tarry_v still_o although_o the_o form_n be_v alter_v likewise_o when_o a_o house_n be_v take_v down_o the_o stone_n &_o tymbre_v remain_v still_o and_o kâ—pe_v their_o substance_n and_o serve_v as_o they_o do_v before_o either_o for_o erection_n of_o thesame_a house_n again_o or_o else_o other_o wise_a as_o it_o shall_v please_v he_o that_o be_v the_o awner_n again_o the_o substance_n be_v that_o which_o change_v into_o another_o nature_n and_o can_v be_v thesame_a that_o it_o be_v before_o as_o of_o meal_n and_o water_n baker_n make_v their_o bread_n now_o they_o can_v resolve_v thesame_a bread_n again_o into_o meal_n and_o water_n which_o be_v the_o former_a substance_n ¶_o the_o general_a rule_n when_o the_o substance_n be_v at_o hand_n the_o workmanship_n may_v follow_v and_o the_o effect_n may_v appear_v but_o when_o the_o substance_n be_v take_v away_o there_o can_v be_v nothing_o make_v at_o al._n as_o if_o a_o man_n lack_v silver_n how_o can_v he_o make_v a_o image_n of_o silver_n there_o be_v no_o stone_n wood_n nor_o plaster_n ergo_fw-la there_o be_v no_o house_n but_o if_o i_o reason_v thus_o by_o the_o substance_n that_o change_v into_o another_o nature_n and_o can_v be_v thesame_a that_o it_o be_v before_o i_o reason_v then_o amiss_o as_o thus_o there_o be_v no_o meal_n or_o flower_n ergo_fw-la there_o be_v no_o bread_n but_o i_o shall_v say_v rather_o there_o be_v no_o meal_n nor_o flower_n ergo_fw-la there_o be_v no_o bread_n ¶_o the_o manner_n of_o reason_v the_o shoemaker_n have_v no_o leather_n how_o can_v he_o then_o make_v a_o shoe_n the_o printer_n have_v no_o paper_n ergo_fw-la he_o can_v set_v his_o man_n on_o work_n the_o shape_n call_v forma_fw-la the_o shape_n or_o fashion_n of_o any_o thing_n be_v a_o cause_n whereby_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v make_v have_v his_o name_n as_o leather_n when_o it_o be_v mâ—de_v or_o fashion_v for_o the_o foot_n be_v call_v a_o shoe_n such_o a_o man_n wearenth_n a_o livery_n
make_v by_o the_o mistake_v of_o word_n or_o by_o false_a understanding_n of_o phrase_n whereof_o in_o very_o dead_a many_o heresy_n and_o much_o false_a doctrine_n have_v have_v there_o first_o beginning_n there_o be_v again_o some_o crafty_a subtlety_n which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o word_n but_o rather_o spring_n either_o of_o the_o evel_n knit_v together_o of_o the_o proposition_n or_o else_o of_o the_o confusion_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o say_v when_o one_o thing_n be_v false_o appoint_v for_o a_o other_o as_o in_o this_o proposition_n a_o man_n may_v easy_o espy_v false_a pack_v which_o be_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n fe_v no_o sin_n do_v beget_v a_o man_n ti_fw-mi concupiscence_n do_v beget_v a_o man_n no._n ergo_fw-la concupiscence_n be_v not_o sin_v the_o second_o proposition_n although_o it_o may_v deceive_v a_o man_n that_o be_v not_o ware_n yet_o be_v it_o altogether_o false_a because_o nature_n which_o be_v a_o thing_n ordain_v of_o god_n do_v begette_v man_n not_o the_o wicked_a impotency_n or_o rather_o the_o destruction_n of_o nature_n which_o afterward_o follow_v here_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o a_o mingle_v mangle_v be_v make_v of_o thing_n when_o generation_n which_o shall_v be_v attribute_v to_o nature_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o concupiscence_n because_o it_o be_v in_o nature_n and_o next_o adjoin_v unto_o it_o now_o for_o the_o nombre_fw-fr and_o devide_v of_o these_o deceitful_a argument_n it_o be_v to_o understande_v that_o there_o be_v xiij_o whereof_o syx_n be_v call_v subtlety_n in_o the_o word_n or_o manner_n of_o speak_v and_o the_o other_o vij_o be_v call_v subtlety_n without_o the_o word_n when_o thing_n be_v confound_v and_o one_o take_v for_o a_o other_o ¶_o deceitpfull_a argument_n in_o the_o word_n be_v these_o follow_v 1._o the_o doubtfulness_n of_o a_o word_n 2._o the_o double_a meaning_n of_o a_o sentenceâ—_n 3_o the_o join_n of_o word_n that_o shall_v be_v part_v 4._o the_o part_n of_o word_n that_o shall_v be_v join_v 5._o the_o manner_n of_o speech_n 6._o the_o accenâ—e_n all_o these_o name_n be_v comprehend_v under_o this_o one_o word_n doubtful_a notwithstanding_o aristotle_n set_v forth_o diverse_a way_n that_o he_o may_v show_v the_o difference_n of_o these_o doubtful_a thing_n for_o some_o argument_n have_v the_o doubt_n in_o a_o word_n signifi_v diverse_o some_o in_o the_o property_n oâ—_n the_o phrase_n some_o in_o the_o join_n together_o of_o word_n and_o some_o other_o in_o the_o devide_v and_o displace_a of_o the_o same_o as_o it_o shall_v appear_v more_o plain_o in_o the_o handle_v of_o these_o place_n severallye_o homonumia_n which_o may_v be_v call_v in_o english_a the_o doubtfulness_n of_o one_o word_n when_o it_o signify_v diverse_o be_v a_o manner_n of_o subtlety_n when_o the_o deceit_n be_v in_o a_o word_n that_o have_v mo_z signification_n than_o one_o and_o the_o reason_n be_v that_o such_o argument_n be_v not_o good_a because_o there_o be_v four_o term_n in_o the_o two_o proposition_n for_o the_o double_a repete_fw-la sygnifi_v one_o thing_n in_o the_o first_o proposition_n and_o a_o other_o thing_n in_o the_o second_o proposition_n therefore_o nothing_o be_v prove_v in_o the_o conclusion_n when_o such_o doubtful_a word_n be_v place_v in_o a_o proposition_n and_o therefore_o when_o such_o a_o subtlety_n be_v espy_v a_o man_n may_v deny_v the_o conâ—equente_a geve_v this_o reason_n that_o it_o be_v a_o subtlety_n draw_v from_o â—his_n place_n of_o doubtfulness_n ¶_o a_o example_n da_z every_o arm_n be_v a_o substance_n make_v of_o flesh_n blood_n bone_n sinew_n and_o vein_n â—i_fw-la god_n the_o father_n have_v a_o arm_n i._o ergo_fw-la god_n the_o father_n be_v one_o that_o have_v a_o substance_n of_o flesh_n blood_n bone_n sinew_n and_o vein_n i_o answer_v this_o knit_v be_v not_o good_a and_o therefore_o i_o deny_v the_o whole_a the_o reason_n be_v because_o it_o be_v a_o subtlety_n of_o a_o doubtful_a wordâ—_n for_o in_o the_o first_o proposition_n the_o arm_n be_v consider_v to_o be_v such_o a_o one_o as_o a_o man_n have_v but_o in_o the_o second_o proposition_n it_o be_v not_o so_o mean_v for_o â—t_a signify_v by_o a_o metaphor_n the_o power_n strength_n or_o may_v of_o god_n ¶_o a_o other_o example_n feâ—_n there_o be_v none_o evil_a in_o the_o city_n say_v the_o prophet_n which_o the_o lord_n have_v not_o do_v si_fw-la there_o be_v many_o sin_n and_o horrible_a evilles_n in_o the_o city_n o._n ergo_fw-la god_n be_v the_o author_n of_o sin_n i_o deny_v the_o consequent_a because_o their_o be_v doubtfulness_n in_o this_o word_n evil_a for_o in_o the_o first_o proposition_n evil_a do_v signify_v the_o evil_a of_o punishment_n as_o we_o call_v common_o all_o calamity_n evil_a and_o all_o punishment_n evil_a which_o be_v not_o sin_n &_o in_o the_o second_o proposition_n evil_a do_v signify_v offence_n &_o all_o naughtiness_n that_o be_v commit_v therefore_o the_o second_o proposition_n be_v not_o agree_a with_o the_o first_o and_o therefore_o the_o argument_n be_v not_o good_a ¶_o the_o second_o subtlety_n call_v ambiguitas_fw-la the_o ambiguitee_n be_v when_o the_o construction_n bring_v error_n have_v diverse_a understandinge_n in_o it_o as_o when_o the_o word_n be_v place_v doubtful_o as_o thus_o croesus_n halim_fw-la penetrans_fw-la magnam_fw-la pervertet_fw-la opum_fw-la vim_o croesus_n go_v over_o the_o flood_n halim_fw-la shall_v overthrow_v a_o great_a empire_n here_o be_v not_o mention_v whether_o he_o shall_v overthrow_v his_o own_o or_o a_o other_o mannes_z by_o the_o which_o oracle_n in_o deed_n he_o be_v deceive_v lose_v his_o own_o kingdom_n when_o he_o think_v to_o subdue_v his_o enemy_n and_o bring_v they_o under_o subjection_n therefore_o when_o sentence_n be_v speak_v doubtful_o that_o they_o may_v be_v construe_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n they_o be_v refer_v to_o this_o place_n notwithstanding_o the_o use_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o rare_a and_o seldom_o happen_v therefore_o i_o will_v be_v the_o short_a and_o only_o show_v two_o versy_n in_o latin_a which_o by_o cause_n they_o be_v very_o pretty_a and_o may_v be_v ij_o way_n take_v i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o set_v they_o forth_o here_o laus_fw-la tua_fw-la non_fw-la tua_fw-la fraus_fw-la virtus_fw-la non_fw-la copia_fw-la rerum_fw-la scandere_fw-la te_fw-la fecit_fw-la hoc_fw-la decus_fw-la eximium_fw-la in_o english_a thus_o worthiness_n not_o wiliness_n godliness_n not_o good_n bring_v the_o hereunto_o richesse_n great_a and_o muâ—â—_n authorite_n with_o worde_o honour_n to_o come_v to_o these_o verse_n be_v red_a backward_o either_o in_o english_a or_o in_o latin_a beginning_n at_o the_o last_o word_n have_v a_o cleaâ—e_n contrary_a understanding_n as_o thus_o to_o come_v to_o honour_v worldelye_o with_o authorite_n much_o and_o greâ—t_a richesse_n hereunto_o bring_v the_o good_n not_o godliness_n wiliness_n not_o worthiness_n these_o two_o verse_n be_v write_v to_o the_o pope_n as_o worthy_a such_o a_o one_o and_o set_v upon_o pasquillus_fw-la in_o rome_n even_o for_o very_a love_n as_o i_o take_v it_o not_o of_o thou_o pope_n but_o of_o god_n holy_a word_n ¶_o the_o third_o deceâ—pteful_a argument_n coniunctio_fw-la distrahendorumâ—_n â—_z a_o join_v together_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o shall_v be_v dissever_v and_o either_o to_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o thing_n that_o go_v before_o or_o to_o the_o thing_n that_o follow_v after_o dam_fw-la whosoever_o know_v letter_n now_o have_v learn_v they_o ri_fw-la a_o grammarian_n know_v letter_n iâ—_n erâ—o_o a_o grammarian_n now_o have_v learn_v they_o here_o this_o aduerbe_n now_o if_o it_o have_v be_v refer_v to_o the_o first_o point_n which_o be_v as_o you_o see_v in_o this_o word_n letter_n &_o the_o point_n afterward_o make_v when_o this_o word_n now_o have_v be_v put_v to_o it_o all_o have_v be_v well_o but_o because_o the_o word_n now_o be_v other_o wise_a place_v and_o refer_v to_o the_o next_o sentence_n which_o be_v now_o have_v learn_v they_o it_o be_v a_o false_a argument_n because_o this_o word_n now_o shall_v be_v refer_v to_o the_o first_o point_n as_o thus_o whosoever_o know_v letter_n now_o have_v learn_v they_o a_o grammarian_n know_v letter_n now_o ergo_fw-la a_o grammarian_n have_v learn_v they_o and_o so_o this_o argument_n be_v good_a be_v thus_o place_v but_o though_o this_o subtlety_n seem_v childisheâ—_n yet_o old_a babe_n have_v use_v it_o even_o in_o the_o weighty_a cause_n of_o our_o redemption_n and_o think_v therein_o to_o foil_v the_o godly_a reason_v in_o jest_n after_o this_o sort_n &_o yet_o meaning_n good_a earnest_n i'faith_o without_o work_n do_v justify_v faith_n without_o work_n be_v a_o dead_a faith_n ergo_fw-la a_o dead_a faith_n do_v justify_v here_o one_o may_v see_v a_o false_a pack_v for_o in_o the_o first_o proposition_n faith_n be_v several_a and_o refer_v to_o the_o last_o word_n of_o
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refer_v to_o this_o but_o rather_o to_o the_o property_n because_o it_o belong_v to_o man_n alone_o &_o always_o to_o man_n ¶_o the_o general_a rule_n if_o the_o manner_n of_o do_v or_o suffer_v be_v the_o thing_n contain_v be_v also_o and_o the_o word_n adjoin_v also_o whereof_o do_v and_o suffer_a have_v their_o of_o spring_n follow_v upon_o the_o same_o ¶_o the_o manner_n of_o reason_v from_o this_o place_n if_o one_o breathe_v the_o same_o man_n have_v life_n in_o he_o if_o julius_n cesar_n come_v into_o england_n then_o there_o be_v such_o a_o man_n call_v julius_n cesar._n if_o richard_n the_o three_o play_v the_o tyrant_n here_o in_o england_n then_o there_o be_v such_o a_o man_n in_o england_n ¶_o the_o use._n this_o place_n much_o help_v either_o for_o praise_n or_o dispraise_v some_o officer_n bribe_v the_o poor_a rob_v their_o master_n and_o way_v their_o own_o ergo_fw-la such_o be_v worthy_a death_n ¶_o of_o the_o thing_n tonteyn_v the_o subject_a or_o the_o thing_n 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¶_o there_o be_v four_o such_o cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o end_n the_o matier_n the_o shape_n the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v the_o work_a cause_n by_o who_o mean_n thing_n be_v bring_v to_o pass_v of_o those_o that_o be_v work_n cause_n some_o by_o nature_n bring_v thing_n to_o pass_v some_o by_o advisement_n and_o by_o a_o fore_n purpose_a choice_n thing_n work_v by_o nature_n and_o that_o necessary_o which_o lack_n knowledge_n to_o choose_v this_o or_o that_o &_o have_v no_o judgement_n to_o discern_v thing_n as_o the_o son_n the_o fire_n herb_n precious_a stone_n the_o son_n even_o by_o nature_n geve_v light_n to_o the_o day_n and_o can_v other_o wise_a do_v the_o fire_n burn_v natural_o herb_n keep_v their_o virtue_n of_o necessity_n the_o adamant_n draw_v iron_n even_o by_o nature_n and_o so_o the_o blood_n stone_n stop_v blood_n some_o of_o these_o cause_n work_v by_o the_o force_n and_o violence_n of_o nature_n some_o by_o a_o outward_a power_n be_v strain_v thereunto_o they_o work_v by_o the_o force_n and_o violence_n of_o nature_n who_o beginning_n be_v within_o theimselfe_n be_v aid_v by_o none_o other_o outward_a thing_n as_o fire_n burn_v even_o by_o the_o natural_a force_n of_o heat_n which_o be_v in_o the_o substance_n thereof_o they_o work_v by_o a_o outward_a power_n which_o be_v strain_a to_o work_v by_o another_o mean_a as_o water_v set_v upon_o the_o fire_n ware_v hot_a &_o yet_o be_v not_o hot_a by_o her_o own_fw-mi nature_n but_o be_v make_v hot_a by_o the_o nature_n and_o may_v of_o fire_n of_o who_o the_o water_n take_v heat_n in_o like_a manner_n boulette_n of_o lead_n shoot_v out_o of_o a_o gun_n a_o arrow_n out_o of_o a_o bow_n a_o stone_n out_o of_o a_o sling_v all_o these_o fly_v not_o into_o the_o air_n by_o their_o twne_a power_n or_o might_n but_o by_o force_n &_o violence_n of_o he_o that_o cast_v they_o ¶_o the_o general_a rule_n from_o the_o natural_a work_n cause_n the_o effect_n must_v needs_o follow_v as_o thus_o if_o the_o son_n shine_v the_o day_n must_v needs_o be_v which_o be_v the_o effect_n or_o workmanship_n of_o the_o sun_n such_o a_o man_n have_v eat_v hemlock_n ergo_fw-la he_o be_v poison_v and_o in_o danger_n of_o death_n fire_n be_v in_o the_o chimney_n or_o in_o the_o top_n of_o the_o house_n therefore_o it_o must_v needs_o burn_v take_v away_o the_o cause_n and_o theffect_n can_v not_o be_v at_o all_o for_o if_o there_o be_v no_o fire_n there_o can_v be_v no_o flame_n nor_o burn_v neither_o the_o second_o work_n cause_n be_v when_o thing_n be_v do_v by_o advisement_n and_o by_o choice_n not_o by_o any_o necessity_n at_o all_o for_o thing_n may_v aswell_o not_o be_v do_z as_o be_v do_z as_o if_o there_o be_v a_o shoemaker_n there_o may_v be_v shine_v make_v and_o contrary_a if_o there_o be_v no_o shoemaker_n there_o can_v be_v no_o shine_v at_o all_o ¶_o the_o â—enerall_a rule_n when_o the_o voluntary_a cause_n in_o put_v the_o woorkemanship_n or_o the_o thing_n do_z may_v follow_v as_o if_o there_o be_v a_o carpenter_n a_o house_n may_v be_v make_v if_o one_o read_v good_a author_n and_o harken_v to_o the_o read_v of_o learned_a man_n he_o may_v come_v to_o good_a learning_n ¶_o the_o manner_n of_o reason_v such_o a_o one_o have_v drink_v poison_n ergo_fw-la he_o will_v dye_v short_o christ_n have_v reconcile_v mankind_n to_o his_o father_n by_o suffer_a death_n upon_o the_o cross_n ergo_fw-la such_o as_o believe_v in_o this_o save_a health_n shall_v live_v for_o ever_o ¶_o another_o division_n of_o cause_n efficient_a some_o efficient_a cause_n be_v command_a cause_n as_o the_o king_n be_v the_o command_a cause_n to_o his_o
note_v this_o diligent_o that_o those_o indefinite_a proposition_n who_o last_o rehearse_v part_n be_v necessary_a and_o be_v so_o speak_v of_o the_o former_a part_n that_o it_o do_v always_o agree_v to_o the_o same_o and_o to_o the_o whole_a nature_n of_o the_o same_o do_v imply_v as_o much_o as_o a_o general_a propositino_fw-la as_o in_o the_o above_o rehearse_v proposition_n the_o soul_n be_v immortal_a this_o word_n to_o be_v immortal_a which_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o soul_n agreâ—h_v not_o to_o one_o man_n or_o to_o certain_a but_o to_o every_o man_n live_v when_o the_o accident_n be_v speak_v of_o the_o former_a part_n it_o impli_v as_o much_o as_o a_o particular_a proposition_n do_v asâ—_n homo_fw-la homini_fw-la prestat_fw-la ingenio_fw-la virtute_fw-la doctrina_fw-la some_o man_n be_v better_a than_o a_o other_o in_o wit_n learning_n and_o virtue_n be_v no_o more_o to_o say_v than_o quidam_fw-la homo_fw-la homini_fw-la prestat_fw-la some_o one_o man_n be_v better_a than_o a_o other_o a_o singular_a proposition_n be_v when_o a_o proper_a name_n of_o a_o man_n be_v contain_v in_o a_o proposition_n and_o be_v the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o same_o as_z cicero_n est_fw-fr orator_n cicero_n be_v a_o orator_n alexander_n est_fw-la bellicosus_fw-la alexander_n be_v a_o warrior_n the_o repuâ—naunce_n of_o proposition_n repugnancy_n be_v the_o diversitee_n of_o two_o proposition_n which_o have_v both_o one_o subiectum_fw-la call_v the_o former_a part_n &_o one_o attributum_fw-la which_o be_v the_o rehearse_v part_n and_o in_o sense_n speak_v of_o the_o former_a there_o be_v four_o in_o nombre_fw-fr call_v in_o latin_a contrariae_fw-la subcontrariae_n contradictoriae_fw-la and_o subalternae_fw-la general_n contrary_a proposition_n be_v those_o whereof_o the_o one_o do_v affirm_v &_o the_o other_o do_v deny_v as_o thus_o omnes_fw-la homines_fw-la gloria_fw-la ducuntur_fw-la all_o man_n be_v move_v with_o glory_n nulli_fw-la homines_fw-la gloria_fw-la ducuntur_fw-la no_o man_n be_v move_v with_o glory_n particular_a contrary_n be_v two_o particular_n whereof_o the_o one_o do_v affirm_v the_o other_o do_v deny_v aliqui_fw-la homines_fw-la gloria_fw-la ducuntur_fw-la some_o man_n be_v move_v with_o glory_n aliqui_fw-la homines_fw-la gloria_fw-la non_fw-la ducuntur_fw-la some_o man_n be_v not_o move_v with_o glory_n contradictory_n proposition_n be_v when_o the_o one_o be_v universal_a affirmative_a and_o the_o other_o particular_a negative_a or_o else_o when_o the_o one_o be_v universal_a negative_a and_o the_o other_o particular_a affirmative_a as_o thus_o omnes_fw-la homines_fw-la gloria_fw-la ducunturâ—_n all_o man_n be_v move_v with_o glory_n aliqui_fw-la homines_fw-la gloria_fw-la non_fw-la ducuntur_fw-la some_o man_n be_v not_o move_v with_o glory_n and_o likewise_o backward_o subalternae_fw-la be_v those_o which_o be_v either_o universal_a affirmative_a &_o particular_a affirmative_a or_o else_o universal_a negative_a and_o particular_a negative_a ¶_o a_o single_a proposition_n be_v three_o way_n denide_v propositio_fw-la categorica_fw-la other_o wise_a call_v a_o single_a proposition_n be_v divide_v into_o true_a and_o false_a proposition_n they_o be_v true_a proposition_n which_o agree_v to_o the_o matter_n and_o be_v either_o necessary_a or_o else_o such_o as_o may_v be_v either_o true_a or_o false_a call_v in_o latin_a fortuitae_fw-la or_o contingentes_fw-la necessary_a proposition_n be_v assure_o true_a and_o know_v so_o to_o be_v either_o by_o nature_n or_o else_o by_o experience_n of_o those_o that_o necessary_o be_v knit_v together_o be_v these_o the_o proper_a name_n the_o kind_n the_o general_a word_n the_o difference_n the_o property_n the_o definition_n the_o cause_n the_o proper_a work_n of_o cause_n and_o some_o accident_n that_o ever_o tarry_v as_o thus_o cicero_n est_fw-la homo_fw-la cicero_n be_v a_o man_n homo_fw-la est_fw-la animal_n ratione_fw-la praeditum_fw-la aptum_fw-la ad_fw-la risum_fw-la a_o man_n be_v a_o live_n creature_n endue_v with_o reason_n apt_a to_o laugh_v dies_fw-la est_fw-la necessario_fw-la quoniam_fw-la sol_fw-la exoriens_fw-la est_fw-la it_o must_v needs_o be_v day_n because_o the_o son_n be_v up_o ignis_fw-la calidus_fw-la est_fw-la fire_n be_v hot_a those_o proposition_n be_v changeable_a which_o may_v be_v true_a or_o chance_n to_o be_v so_o as_z pecunia_fw-la est_fw-la bonum_fw-la money_n be_v a_o good_a thing_n &_o whersoever_o the_o accident_n be_v speak_v of_o that_o which_o contain_v he_o every_o such_o proposition_n be_v call_v chanceable_a or_o that_o which_o may_v be_v true_a as_o water_n be_v make_v hot_a here_o we_o see_v that_o it_o chance_v to_o water_n contrary_a to_o her_o nature_n to_o be_v warm_a and_o therefore_o it_o be_v call_v chanceable_a as_o the_o which_o may_v chauncey_n or_o be_v change_v the_o table_n of_o repugnaunt_a proposition_n here_o we_o must_v be_v diligent_a that_o in_o all_o such_o repugnauncie_n of_o proposition_n there_o be_v no_o doubtfulness_n in_o any_o word_n and_o that_o always_o there_o be_v one_o manner_n of_o word_n that_o go_v before_o and_o also_o one_o manner_n of_o word_n that_o end_v the_o sentence_n plain_o and_o without_o double_a understanding_n this_o diversite_n of_o proposition_n be_v very_o necessary_a to_o discern_v the_o truth_n from_o that_o which_o be_v false_a for_o when_o we_o join_v two_o proposition_n that_o be_v dissonant_n we_o shall_v easy_o try_v the_o chaff_n from_o the_o corn_n the_o which_o when_o we_o have_v do_v we_o may_v the_o better_o stick_v to_o the_o truth_n with_o full_a assent_n the_o contrary_a be_v once_o disclose_v and_o reject_v ¶_o de_n conuersione_n of_o the_o turn_v of_o proposition_n conversion_n be_v the_o change_n or_o alter_a of_o word_n in_o a_o proposition_n when_o the_o former_a part_n whereof_o any_o thing_n be_v rehearse_v and_o the_o hynder_n part_n which_o be_v rehearse_v of_o the_o former_a be_v change_v the_o one_o into_o the_o other_o place_n there_o be_v three_o manner_n of_o conversion_n simplex_n per_fw-la accidens_fw-la per_fw-la contrapositionem_fw-la a_o plain_a conversion_n be_v when_o both_o the_o proposition_n be_v like_a in_o all_o thing_n both_o in_o sign_n and_o also_o in_o affirmation_n or_o negation_n save_v only_o that_o of_o the_o last_o rehearse_v be_v make_v the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o sentence_n &_o the_o former_a part_n be_v make_v the_o last_o rehearse_v part_n such_o conversion_n be_v make_v when_o both_o proposition_n be_v either_o universal_a negative_n or_o else_o particular_a affirmative_n for_o the_o first_o thus_o nemo_fw-la timens_fw-la deum_fw-la contaminat_fw-la se_fw-la adulterio_fw-la ergo_fw-la nemo_fw-la contaminan_n se_fw-la adulterio_fw-la timet_fw-la deum_fw-la no_o man_n that_o fear_v god_n deâ—ileth_v himself_o with_o adultrieâ—_n therefore_o no_o man_n that_o defile_v himself_o with_o adultery_n fear_v god_n here_o we_o may_v see_v the_o conversion_n plain_a as_o the_o rule_n above_o rehearse_v teach_v for_o ij_o particular_a affirmative_n this_o shall_v be_v a_o example_n quidan_n aulici_fw-la boni_fw-la sunt_fw-la ergo_fw-la quidam_fw-la boni_fw-la aulici_fw-la sunt_fw-la some_o courtier_n be_v honest_a ergo_fw-la some_o honest_a man_n be_v courtier_n a_o conversion_n by_o accident_n be_v when_o the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o sentence_n be_v make_v the_o last_o rehearse_v part_n and_o the_o last_o rehearse_v part_n make_v the_o former_a part_n both_o the_o proposition_n affirm_v or_o deni_v save_v only_o that_o the_o sign_n be_v change_v that_o be_v the_o one_o be_v universal_a the_o second_o be_v particular_a first_o a_o conversion_n be_v make_v of_o two_o affirmative_n thus_o omnis_fw-la virtus_fw-la est_fw-la laudanda_fw-la ergo_fw-la laudandun_v aliquid_fw-la est_fw-la virtus_fw-la all_o virtue_n be_v to_o be_v praise_v therefore_o some_o thing_n to_o be_v praise_v be_v a_o virtue_n a_o conversion_n of_o two_o negative_n thus_o nemo_fw-la malus_fw-la foelix_fw-la foelix_fw-la igitur_fw-la sapiens_fw-la cum_fw-la sit_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la malus_fw-la no_o evil_a man_n be_v absolute_o happy_a therefore_o a_o absolute_a happy_a man_n consyder_v he_o be_v wise_a can_v be_v evil_a this_o kind_n of_o conversion_n be_v very_o profitable_a for_o he_o that_o will_v dispute_v for_o where_o as_o we_o reason_v often_o from_o the_o general_a word_n to_o the_o kind_n we_o must_v needs_o use_v this_o manner_n of_o conversion_n as_o thus_o if_o all_o exercise_n be_v good_a than_o this_o exercise_n be_v good_a and_o so_o of_o other_o a_o conversion_n by_o contraposition_n be_v when_o the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o sentence_n be_v turn_v into_o the_o last_o rehearse_v part_n and_o the_o last_o rehearse_v part_n turn_v into_o the_o former_a part_n of_o the_o sentence_n both_o the_o proposition_n be_v universal_a and_o affirmative_a save_v that_o in_o the_o second_o proposition_n there_o be_v certain_a negative_n interlace_v as_o thus_o omnis_fw-la homo_fw-la avet_fw-la aliquid_fw-la videre_fw-la audire_fw-la scire_fw-la ergo_fw-la quod_fw-la non_fw-la avet_fw-la aliquid_fw-la videre_fw-la audire_fw-la scire_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la homo_fw-la every_o man_n desire_v to_o see_v to_o hear_v or_o to_o know_v
of_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n call_v inuentio_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o find_v out_o of_o a_o argument_n hitherto_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o the_o former_a part_n of_o logic_n call_v in_o latin_a juditium_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v judgement_n or_o skill_n to_o declare_v the_o nature_n of_o everye_o word_n severallie_o to_o set_v the_o same_o word_n in_o a_o perfect_v sentence_n and_o to_o knit_v they_o up_o in_o argument_n so_o that_o hereby_o we_o may_v with_o ease_n espy_v the_o right_a frame_n in_o matter_n how_o they_o agree_v be_v lap_v up_o in_o order_n now_o therefore_o the_o other_o part_n shall_v be_v set_v forth_o which_o be_v call_v inuentio_fw-la whereby_o we_o may_v find_v argument_n and_o reason_n meet_v to_o prove_v every_o matter_n where_o upon_o question_n may_v rise_v this_o part_n be_v the_o store_n house_n of_o place_n wherein_o argument_n rest_v unto_o the_o which_o if_o we_o confer_v the_o matter_n which_o we_o intend_v to_o prove_v there_o will_v appear_v diverse_a argument_n to_o confirm_v the_o cause_n like_a as_o they_o therefore_o that_o dig_v for_o gold_n in_o the_o ground_n do_v search_v narow_o the_o vein_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o by_o diligent_a mark_n the_o nature_n thereof_o at_o length_n find_v out_o the_o mine_n which_o once_o be_v find_v they_o straight_o bring_v to_o light_v for_o the_o only_a behoof_n of_o man_n so_o he_o that_o will_v reason_v wise_o aswell_o for_o the_o common_a profit_n of_o other_o as_o for_o his_o own_o private_a gain_n must_v be_v a_o very_a diligent_a labourer_n and_o consider_v matter_n be_v put_v to_o the_o proufe_v wherein_o often_o rest_v doubt_n his_o part_n must_v be_v evermore_o to_o mark_v the_o nature_n of_o his_o cause_n and_o to_o seek_v confirmation_n thereof_o in_o every_o part_n first_o by_o the_o definition_n the_o cause_n the_o effect_n and_o proper_a office_n again_o to_o see_v what_o be_v contrary_a what_o be_v like_a and_o what_o thing_n be_v incident_a thereunto_o the_o which_o all_o when_o he_o have_v doneâ—_n he_o shall_v see_v at_o length_n that_o some_o one_o argument_n above_o all_o other_o serve_v best_a to_o confirm_v his_o cause_n the_o which_o when_o with_o travail_n he_o have_v find_v out_o he_o may_v bring_v to_o light_n and_o use_v accord_v to_o his_o will_n ¶_o what_o a_o place_n be_v a_o place_n be_v the_o rest_v corner_n of_o a_o argument_n or_o else_o a_o mark_n which_o give_v warning_n to_o our_o memory_n what_o we_o may_v speak_v probable_o either_o in_o the_o one_o part_n or_o the_o other_o upon_o all_o cause_n that_o fall_v in_o question_n those_o that_o be_v good_a hare_n finder_n will_v soon_o find_v the_o hare_n by_o her_o form_n for_o when_o they_o see_v the_o ground_n beat_v flat_a round_o about_o &_o fair_a to_o the_o sight_n they_o have_v a_o narrow_a guess_n by_o all_o likelihod_n that_o the_o hare_n be_v there_o a_o little_a before_o likewise_o the_o hontesman_n in_o hunt_a the_o fox_n will_v soon_o espy_v when_o he_o see_v a_o hose_n whether_o it_o be_v a_o fox_n borough_n or_o not_o so_o he_o that_o will_v take_v profit_n in_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n must_v be_v like_o a_o hunter_n and_o learn_v by_o labour_n to_o know_v the_o boroughe_n for_o these_o place_n be_v nothing_o elâ—_n but_o coverte_n or_o boroughe_n wherein_o if_o any_o one_o search_n diligent_o he_o may_v find_v game_n at_o pleasure_n and_o although_o perhaps_o one_o place_n fail_v he_o yet_o shall_v he_o find_v a_o dozen_o other_o place_n to_o accomplish_v his_o purpose_n therefore_o if_o any_o one_o will_v do_v good_a in_o this_o kind_n he_o must_v go_v from_o place_n to_o place_n and_o by_o search_v every_o borough_n he_o shall_v have_v his_o purpose_n undoubtedlie_o in_o most_o part_n of_o they_o if_o not_o in_o all_o we_o see_v that_o every_o proposition_n do_v either_o affirm_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v true_a or_o else_o deni_v that_o it_o be_v true_a therefore_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v constant_o saideâ—_n it_o need_v somewhat_o evermore_o to_o confirm_v it_o as_o for_o example_n the_o sacrament_n be_v necessary_a in_o the_o church_n of_o god_n i_o may_v prove_v this_o sa_n true_a by_o reason_v from_o that_o place_n which_o be_v call_v the_o end_n of_o every_o thing_n as_o thus_o to_o geve_v testimony_n of_o our_o faith_n and_o to_o nousell_n ourself_o in_o the_o practice_n thereof_o be_v very_o necessary_a the_o sacrament_n geve_v testimony_n of_o our_o faith_n etc._n etc._n ergo_fw-la the_o sacrament_n be_v very_o necessary_a when_o any_o proposition_n do_v deny_v it_o be_v needful_a to_o have_v a_o third_o word_n which_o may_v agree_v with_o one_o part_n of_o the_o proposition_n as_o if_o one_o shall_v thus_o say_v man_n be_v not_o justify_v by_o his_o work_n the_o place_n of_o repugnaunt_a word_n that_o do_v altogether_o disagree_v geve_v just_a matter_n and_o therefore_o i_o may_v say_v man_n be_v not_o justify_v by_o his_o work_n because_o he_o be_v justify_v by_o his_o faith_n only_o for_o if_o mercy_n come_v by_o grace_n and_o that_o frelie_o than_o work_n can_v save_v us._n paul_n prove_v the_o first_o therefore_o the_o second_o be_v for_o ever_o true_a ¶_o the_o division_n of_o the_o place_n which_o be_v xxiiâ—â—_n in_o number_n some_o be_v inward_a place_n call_v loci_fw-la interni_fw-la &_o they_o be_v partly_o in_o the_o very_a sub_v &c._a &c._a aâ—_n definitio_fw-la genus_fw-la species_n proprium_fw-la totum_fw-la part_n coniugatae_n and_o partly_o incident_a to_o the_o substance_n as_o adiacentiae_fw-la actus_fw-la subiectum_fw-la either_o kultâ—e_n with_o a_o nigh_o affinity_n call_v cognata_fw-la of_o the_o which_o some_o be_v cause_n as_o efficiens_fw-la finis_fw-la some_o be_v those_o which_o spring_n of_o the_o cause_n call_v euenta_fw-la as_o effectaeâ—_n destinata_fw-la some_o be_v outward_a place_n call_v externi_fw-la that_o be_v not_o in_o the_o substance_n or_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n but_o without_o it_o and_o these_o be_v ¶_o or_o 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like_a property_n accord_v to_o both_o their_o nature_n several_o observe_v for_o like_a as_o water_v by_o continuance_n wear_v a_o stone_n so_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o hard_a but_o by_o time_n it_o may_v be_v compass_v or_o bring_v to_o pass_v as_o spider_n make_v their_o own_o copwebbe_n without_o any_o other_o help_n so_o some_o good_a fellow_n can_v bring_v up_o news_n &_o tell_v stranng_a tale_n without_o any_o hear_n when_o there_o be_v not_o one_o word_n true_a as_o the_o palm_n tree_n be_v overlaide_v with_o weighte_n rise_v high_a &_o bud_v upward_o more_o freshelye_o so_o a_o noble_a stomach_n vex_v with_o much_o adversite_n be_v evermore_o the_o sâ—outer_a and_o this_o aught_o diligent_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v bring_v to_o make_v the_o similitude_n be_v like_a unto_o that_o which_o be_v prove_v ¶_o the_o manner_n of_o find_v out_o a_o similitude_n in_o every_o cause_n that_o we_o do_v purpose_n to_o handle_v at_o large_a we_o must_v 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