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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09559	The Spanish pilgrime: or, An admirable discouery of a Romish Catholicke Shewing how necessary and important it is, for the Protestant kings, princes, and potentates of Europe, to make warre vpon the King of Spaines owne countrey: also where, and by what meanes, his dominions may be inuaded and easily ruinated; as the English heretofore going into Spaine, did constraine the kings of Castile to demand peace in all humility, and what great losse it hath beene, and still is to all Christendome, for default of putting the same in execution. Wherein hee makes apparant by good and euident reasons, infallible arguments, most true and certaine histories, and notable examples, the right way, and true meanes to resist the violence of the Spanish King, to breake the course of his designes, to beate downe his pride, and to ruinate his puissance.; Traicte paraenetique. English.		1625 (1625)	STC 19838.5; ESTC S118337	107,979	148

of Pisa and many learned personages haue adiudged it to Katherine Dutchesse of Bragancia in Portugall The sonnes of Katherin Dutchesse of Bragancia 1. The Duke Theodosius 2. Edward 3. Alexander 4. Philip. the lawfull daughter of the Infant Don Edward brother to the mother of his Catholike Maiesty which Katherine is at this day yet liuing and hath foure sonnes good and sound Catholikes learned wise goodly and couragious Gentlemen and two o● three daughters And the Vniuersity of Pauy hath adiudged it to Raynuncio now at this present Duke of Parma the sonne of Mary the eldest sister of the said Katherine the said Mary being deceased a long time before her Vncle Henry I suppose that I haue most cleerely and sufficiently shewed the tyranny which all Spaine hath endured and suffered vnder the predecessors of King Philip the Catholike and as for that which the West Indies hath suffered vnder himselfe as also all the rest whereof hee doth write himselfe Lord by what title and pretence they haue beene gotten it is well knowne euen to the little children who doe openly cry and speake of it in the streetes and both Naples Sicily Millan Vtreich Guelders Zutphen and other the Prouinces of the Low Countries and the Countries of high Almaine all which haue beene tyrannized by him and his Auncestors doe manifestly proue and verifie it so that it seemeth vnto me that I haue made good and sufficient proofe by these Histories and examples that tyranny is the first and principall heritage of his Catholike Maiesty euen of Don Philip of Austria and that it is as proper and naturall vnto him as laughter is vnto a man and that it belongeth vnto him properly and inseparably Wherefore now that wee haue made knowne his tyranny me thinketh it would not be amisse nor impertinent to our purpose most Christian Kings to entreat somewhat touching his cruelty for asmuch as Spaine did neuer yet find his like or equall as the flesh and bloud thereof hath too too well tried and had the experience All Bookes all men and euen his owne mischieuous and wicked actions Of the cruelty of King Philip. doe euery where yeeld open and abundant testimonies of his cruelty If Iulius Caesar as it is reported of him were cause of the death of more then a million of men they which haue beene acquainted with the cariage behauiour of this tyrant will confesse that he hath been the death and destruction of a farre greater number Caesar was extreamely grieued to see Pompey his enemy dead And as Antigonus when his sonne Alcinous presented him with the head of Pyrrhus slaine at the entry of the City of Argos did sharpely reproue him Plutarch Filiumque nefarium barbarum vocauit calling him a wicked and barbarous sonne so Caesar in imitation of his example seeing the signet and the ring of Pompey did of pure compassion fall a weeping in so much as he was resolued to make warre vpon Ptolomey because he had slaine Pompey traiterously and hee did so much that hee caused him in the end to be the instrument of his owne death See hereafter Philip on the contrary doth not onely not grieue at the death of his seruants friends cousens nephewes brother sonne and wife but hee doth reioyce and triumph at the same yea he doth procure and aduance it giuing great summes of money excessiue rewards and great honours vnto the executioners and ministers of his cruelty and for the satisfying of his pernicious ambition when there is any thing whatsoeuer be it neuer so little that toucheth him he maketh no exception of persons be it Pope Nuncio Bishop Monke or other Ecclesiasticall person hee poysoneth them all without feare of God or shame of man The Translator Of his seruants and friends he hath caused to be made away the Counties of Egmont and of Horne the Lord Mountigny and the Marquesse of Bergues with many other Noblemen and Gentlemen whose bloud is yet fresh in remembrance the Prince of Orange Marke Anthony Colonna Don Iohn de la Nuca great Justicier of Arragon the Duke de Villa Hermosa the Marquesse de Fuentes Don Iohn de Luna c. his Cousin the Emperour Maximilian his Nephewes by his Sisters Don Sebastian King of Portugall and Don Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma Don Iohn Duke of Bragantia his brother Don Iohn de Austria his sonne the Prince Charles his eldest sonne his wife Isabel Sister to the three last Kings of France deceased Pope Sixtus the fift Alexander Formenti Nuntio in Portugall sent thither by Pope Gregory the 13. as he was on his returne towards Rome in his passage through Castile The Archbishop of Toledo Of Bishops Monkes and Ecclesiasticall persons Don Bartholmew Carrance Archb. of Toledo of whom we haue lately spoken being his owne master a man of so great authority and excellency that by the space of many yeeres Spain hath not brought forth his like This good Catholike was the cause of his imprisonment so strict and so long as all the world knoweth this good Christian in imitatiō of Nero did persecute this personage with most notable hatred and rigour till such time as for verie griefe and sorrow he died at Rome the Doctor Frier Hector Pinto Prouinciall of the order of S. Ierome in Portugall and ordinary professour of the holy Scriptures in the Vniuersitie of Coimbre whose great learning is sufficiently witnessed by the most godly and graue writings which he hath sent into the world being imprisoned in Portugall by the commandement of his Catholike Maiestie some of his friends who were well affectioned to the Castilian partie did earnestly intreat and perswade him to retract and recant that which he had publikely read and preached and to declare that his said Maiestie was lawfull heire of the said Realme of Portugall the which he would not doe notwithstanding all the prayers and perswasions of his said friends to whom he made this answer That which I haue sayd I haue sayd true it is Hector Pinto his speech touching King Philip his vsurpation of Portugall that Philip hath not any right in the succession of this Crowne but inuading and intruding vpon the same in such sort as he hath done without staying till the cause were lawfully and orderly heard and decided he hath committed violence and tyrannie and therefore J for my part doe not acknowledge him for my king but rather for a tyrant and vsurper Whereupon his friends gaue him to vnderstand that this would be a verie dangerous thing for him to maintaine for said they they will leade you away into Castile bound hand and foote and fettered in iron and there wil they make you languish away in misery and in the end th re to die without all hope euer to see Portugall againe Whereunto he answered Little doth that trouble me howbeit that it be an extreme griefe vnto mee to end my daies out of my deare countrey and that

be engrauen with this superscription Philippus Hispaniarum Rex wherein hee imitated the sayde Fernand his great graund-father who tooke so great paines to gaine or rather to vsurpe this honourable title that many strangers of forraine natioas did liberally giue it vnto him who neither knew nor would vnderstand what aduantage the same would bring vnto the tyrant and what detriment the nobilitie peoples and prouinces of Spaine should suffer by allowing the same title vnto him So that herein may bee seene most apparantly the notable tyranny of the predecessors of the king Catholike now raigning who after they had for a while suppressed the right of others to the intent themselues might tyranize ouer those Realmes yet would afterwards seeke againe to reuiue and to retaine that very right and title which they had before most iniuriously vsurped A thing certainly which may induce vs rather to sigh and to lament then to conceiue any pleasure and delight to see the Princes of the earth which beare the name and title of Catholickes to bee neuerthelesse so bad Christians and so insupportable tyrants as is this Philip the King of Castile Which is the cause that all the Ecclesiasticall and regular persons of Portugall doe hate him so extremely that when the commandement was giuen them that in certaine of their prayers and in their Canonicall houres they should expressely pronounce the name Philip for the King knew well that vnder the name of King vsed indeterminately they did in their hearts vnderstand and pray for Don Anthonio They tooke his commandement in so ill part that they could not bee brought to doe it But in the end they seeing themselues pressed by the commandement of the Bishops and Prelates they did at length pronounce his name but with such disdaine and in dignitie as I am ashamed to speake it notwithstanding because these matters doe well concurre together and it is not from our purpose and besides because hee that shall rehearse them is not to be blamed for the reciting for that hee is bound to represent them onely in manner and forme as they were done I haue determined to recount vnto you two examples concerning this matter of the which we doe now intreat The Archbishop of Lisbon hauing giuen out and published the Kings commandement afore mentioned through out all the Churches of Lisbon in the yeere 1582. the first of Ianuary vpon the day of the three Kings next ensuing a certaine Curate as he was saying a solemne Masse in his Parish Church with great pompe and solemnity and the Church full of people when hee came to the end of the prayer which is vsually said after Gloria in excelsis in singing of these words Et Famulum tuum regem nostrum that is thy seruant our King he suddenly stopped and turning himselfe towards the Deacon and Subdeacon he spake vnto them with loud voyce Tell me tell me how call you this Diuell And they answering him Philip he named Philip and so went on with his Masse At the same time it happened that a religious person of the order of S. Dominicke making mention of the King in a certaine prayer without naming him by his name of Philip and being commanded by his Prelate vnder paine of contempt and disobedience that he should name him by his proper name he then repeated it saying Et Famulum tuum regem nostrum Philippum Ducem Albensem Sanchum de Auila Rodericum Sapata caeterósque omnes diabolos c. That is to say And thy seruant our King Philip the Duke de Alua Sancho de Auila and Rodericke Sapata and all the other Diuels When I rehearsed this vnto a Nobleman of good account with whom I communicated the greatest part of this discourse hee wondered greatly vsing this exclamation Iesu doe the Priests and Religious persons of Portugall thus hate his Catholike Maiesty This is a strange thing and I maruell much that they hating him so extreamely and being of such strength and puissance in their Countrey for the most part of them are Noblemen and Gentlemen and some of them great Princes that they doe not cause the people to rise in armes against that Tyrant I answered him the cause is for that albeit they haue neuer so iust a cause to take armes yet the Portugals are a people of great patience and sufferance towards their Prince and they doe also goe to the warres with so ill a will howbeit that being once in the warres they proue very good Souldiers that they had rather goe to hanging Neuerthelesse if they should once rise against the Castilian they would defend themselues in such manner that hee should neuer more be able to suppresse them The whole substance of the matter is that they doe once grow to a resolution and that they set hand to the worke which if they once doe I beleeue that they will make as great a wall betweene Portugall and Castile as they of China did in times past make betweene them and the Tartarians and if it were but onely to content the soule of their King Iohn the second Iohn the 2. the scourge of the Castilians named The man and King of peace named The man and King of peace who was the scourge and plague of the Castilians and of him is yet spoken that old prouerbe Jf the Chicke had not come the Cocke had beene taken This Prince knowing the manners the life and the tyrannicall actions of the Castilian was wont to say that hee did greatly desire to see betweene Portugall and Castile The griefe and discōtentment of King Iohn the 2. of Portugall a wall feared vp so high as might reach vp to Heauen protesting that the thing that most grieued him in this World was for that the Sunne did first passe by Castile before it came into Portugall and that which made him quite and cleane out of all patience was because he knew not how to remedy it The Nobleman to whom I recounted all these things giuing me great thankes said vnto me Certainely I am very glad and doe thanke you heartily for acquainting me with these particulars which are things worthy to be remembred and such as I haue not at any time heard or seene written But I doe not vnderstand quoth he what should be meant by that prouerbe aboue mentioned If the Chicke had not come the Cocke had beene taken as that also which you haue spoken of the loyalty of Auila and Simancas in Castile of Celorico and of the Castle of Coimbre in Portugall and of the King of Castile and the Castilians and of the Cities and Townes Monsieur quoth I againe I would gladly declare the same vnto you but I feare lest I be blamed for making such long digressions for I am so well acquainted with the disposition of men that I am not ignorant in how many parts of this my discourse they may accuse me in that behal●e and therefore I pray you to suffer me first to make an

him actually and that he would pardon all in generall Whereunto Don Anthonio made him this aunswer God defend that he should commit so great a fault Don Anthonio full of conscience and that he had rather die in an hospitall then to doe a thing so hainous wicked vniust and against his conscience for that the lawes had taught him thus much that he might not contract for that which appertained to another For when he was chosen at Sautaren he had then sworne and afterwards againe at Lisbon when he was confirmed King by the deputies of the cities and townes of Portugall which came thither to take their oath for their allegeance and to doe him homage that he should neuer accord nor fall to any agreement with the enemy without leauing Portugall in her full and perfect libertie This may serue to shew how much better a Catholike and how lesse ambitious the King Don Anthonio was then King Philip. And as touching his choller and his hatred or charitie that may appeare by this which followeth in that there haue beene many men who haue oftentimes offered to Don Anthonio to kill Philip neuerthelesse he would neuer giue them any entertainment Most christian speaches of D. Anthonio alledging that Kings are the annoynted of the Lord and although quoth he my cousin King Philip blinded by ambition and tyrannie do persecute me and do seeke to take my life from me yet will not I be content nor consent for all that that any man for the loue of me should attempt to take his life And whosoeuer shall dare or aduenture to do it let him looke to himselfe that he come not into my hands For though his sins do so blind and bewitch him as that they make him shew himselfe a Saul against me yet I for my part do protest before God to shew my selfe a Dauid towards him A certaine man on a day demaunding of him a fauour for the good newes which hee brought him for he had assured him that King Philip was dead he aunswered him halfe in choller My good friend doest thou not know who it is of whom thou speakest vnto me hee is my cousin germane bring me newes that I haue eight or ten thousand faithfull men and well armed with good and sage Captaines and all things necessary to restore Portugall to libertie and I promise thee in the word of an honest man to make thee so rich and so honourable in my Realme as no Gentleman shall go beyond thee go go learne to know the disposition of Princes Now my masters what thinke you of these examples do you now see what reason I haue to say that the King Don Anthonio was more Catholike and lesse ambitious then the king Philip that he was a man without choller hatred but contrarywise full of charity I pray you therefore for the loue of God that from henceforth you would resolue your selues with a sound and vncorrupted iudgement a pure conscience and without any inueiglement or indiscreet zeale to embrace the good and to reiect the euill If he be dishonest luxurious licentious I say nothing in that behalfe for that is not the butt or ende of our treatise and I beleeue that the Prince of Orange in his Apologie hath said something touching that matter and the infamous rumour and detestable report which hath runne and doth yet runne throughout the world doeth say much to that effect God giue him the grace to know himselfe and to conuert and to render to euery man his owne before his death better then he hath restored that which as is reported his father at the hower of his death commaunded him to render and to restore againe Now most humbly I beseech your Maiesties to hold me excused for hauing beene so large in this matter because I haue not done it without good cause knowing that to come to the butte and end of my purpose it was very needfull and did much import me to haue sayd that which I haue done This is a thing proper and conformable to the law of God and agreeable to the nature of charitie to bring them into the right way that wander and goe astray and to discharge and cleare the innocent though it bee to the dammage and displeasure of the wicked Most excellent Princes If the reasons which I haue alleadged and the histories which I haue quoted bee not sufficient to perswade you and to vrge you speedily with one accord and consent to make a good and gallant army and to send it into Spaine not onely to make present resistance against the force of the Castillian to breake the course of his desseignes to beate downe his pride and to ruinate his puissance but also to bridle him in the time to come I shall bee enforced to beleeue that God hath forsaken and abandoned you because of your sinnes both publick and particular and that he hath depriued you of all iudgement and vnderstanding to the intent you should not see that which concerneth you so neare and which is aboue all thinges most needefull and necessary for your safety In such sort that being fo inueigled and as it were wholy amazed you will come to fall into a bottomlesse gulfe of most blinde darkenesse and consequently into vtter destruction and totall ruine Conceiue I beseech you and comprehend that which I say vnto you and consider it intentiuely for in that you haue within these few years past contemned or neglected to make a voyage into Portugall and haue not vouchsafed to yeeld neither succour nor fauour vnto the Portugals your friends you haue therefore at this time in Fraunce the Castillians your enemies From hencefoorth it shall be better for you and more expedient that the warre be made in Spaine and not in Fraunce and you shall receiue farre lesse discommoditie in destroying the territories of the Castillians with fire and sword then to see the townes and territories of your owne taken wasted and spoyled The Translators encouragement to these most worthie Princes The inward affection which I haue vnto your Maiesties the loyalty which J owe vnto your seruices and the desire which J haue to see the augmentation of the good and prosperity of Fraunce besides my age and long experience in matters of estate do giue me the assurance and hardinesse to aduertise you by the way of something concerning the matter here spoken of by the Author I had of late certaine intelligence by letters from some of my friends that the King of Tartaria now raigning whome the auncient Historiographers and Cosmographers do call Magnum Can Regem regum Dominum dominantium that is The great Cham King of Kings and Lord of Lords who is said to be a most prudent braue ard warlike Prince hath determined for the great deuotion which he beareth to his great Prophet Mahomet whose sect he professeth to passe with great forces to Mecha in Arabia and there to seaze vpon the bodie of

foretold and as it were prophecied as the prin●ipall counsellers of estate both in Fraunce in England can well testifie both all this which is come to passe in this behalfe and hath also foreshewed all that which hath beene lost in Fraunce and to what end and issue things will grow at the last if there be not some better order taken in these affaires And I beleeue that if they were demanded the question they will tell you how I haue passed away my time with as great griefe and discontentment as a man possibly might do to see the enemy daily to prosper and to waxe more proud and arrogant by your owne proper sufferance consent and wilfulnesse for this cause I am in a manner wholly resolued to leaue and abandon the conuersation of men to retire withdraw my selfe into some solitary mountaine Notwithstanding because I know and am acquainted with all that hath befalne for these 50 yeeres last past in the greatest part of Europe I doe therefore tell you as one that hath had experience of these matters that as yet you may recouer if you will all that which hitherto you haue lost and both deliuer your friends and bridle your enemies And you may take such order that the time to come shall be more happy and fortunate vnto you then the time already past hath beene And moreouer I doe assure you that sithens the losse of great part of Christendome wonne by the Turke the late losse of the most part of Germany the hereditary possession of the King of Bohemia all Switzerland with the great hazard of losing all the Netherlands who are now striuing for breath against the King of Spaines mighty powers now in the field which I for my part doe thinke to haue proceeded from the very hand of God as of your louing Father who by a fatherly loue doth chastise you to the end you should awaken you out of your security and negligence I haue beene euer since resolued to set downe in writing that which I haue so often pronounced by word of mouth to so many persons of speciall marke and quality before that euer they did entreat me thereunto And this is the cause that if this my writing doe not produce that publike good and that effect which I desire I protest that from henceforth I will for euer hold my peace and be silent Neuerthelesse I most humbly beseech your Christian Maiesties and all the Princes and Potentates of Europe and all the great Lords and Officers of the Crownes of England and of Fraunce that it would please you to descend into your selues and at your leisure according to your accustomed prudence and wisdome to consider that good fortune and felicity doth not consist so much in the conquest and subduing of great Seigniories and large dominions for the time present with an intent to leaue the same to your successors but rather to assure confirme and preserue them for the time to come to your children and posterity to the intent that when it shall please God to call you hence they may quietly and peaceably enioy them in peace and tranquility without any trouble disquiet or hinderance For it is a farre greater vertue to preserue and keepe that which is gotten then to get and purchase new things daily Non minor est virtus quàm quarere parta tuêri The poore Pilgrime beaten by Time and pesecuted by Fortune P. Ol. I am resolued to make warre vpon the Castillian wherein if you also will beare a part assure your selfe you may account me as one of your most faithfull and surest friends But if you once grow to any termes of peace and amity with him then seeke you some other with whom ye may deliberate vpon that matter AN EXPLICATION OF THE PILGRIME VPON THE PROVERB IF THE COCKErell had not come the Cock had not bene taken And of the loyaltie of Auila and Simanchas in Castile and of Celorico and the Castell of Coimbre in Portugall Item What the diuersitie is betweene the King of Castile and of Spaine and who they bee whom wee call Castillians and what is vnderstood by Cities and Townes HEnry the fourth King of Castile of whom wee haue before spoken being at the point of death If the Cockerel had not come the Cock had not beene taken named foure Executors of his Testament to gouerne the Realme after his death and to marrie his daughter the Ladie Iane two of which Executors to wit Don Aluaro de Estugniga Duke de Areualo and Don Diego Lapez Pacheco Marquis de V●llena ioyning with the Archbishop of Toledo named Don Alphonso Carrillo Don Bertrand de la Cueua Duke de Albuquerke the Maister of Calatraua Don Rodrigo Telles Giron Countie de V●egne Don Iohn Telles Giron hif brother Marquisse of Calis Don Alphonso de Aguilar and manie other great Lords with foureteene Cities of Castile sent vnto Don Alphonso the Affrican King of Portugall praying him that he would take to wife the said Queene Dame Iane the which the King of Portugall accepted against the willes and good liking of many of his Realmes who would not by any manner of meanes haue to doe nor meddle with the Castillians By reason of this mariage in the yeere 1475 Don Alphonso went into the Lands and Countrey of his said wife where he had many encounters and combats with Fernand King of Arragon the Husband of Jsabel the pretended Queene of Castile and with his people till such time as they encountered in the battell which was foughten neere the City of Toro The battell of Toro in March 1476 which was ordered in this manner the King Alphonso had made one Campe of the Lords and Nobles of the Realmes of Castile and Leon with some Portugals the Prince Don Juan his sonne who was come to the succours of his Father had made another Campe of his Portugals without any Castillians mingled amongst them The King Fernand made also two campes the one of the Castillians which tooke his part and his wiues and the other of Arragonois the Catalans the Valencians and such other peoples and Nations as were the subiects of his owne Realmes and Seigniories whereof himselfe was Lord and commaunder Fernand encountring with Alphonso defeated and ouercame him and hauing taken his Guidon royall made him forsake the field and to betake himselfe to flight But the Prince Don Iuan gaue in and charged so resolutely vpon the Castillians that he made them to flie and hauing slaine many of them vpon the place he tooke a great number of prisoners and himselfe remaining whole and entire with his Forces did with singular hardinesse and magnanimity assaile Ferdinand also the vanquisher of his Father and making him to flie did recouer againe the Guydon royall which the said Alphonso his Father had lost The History of Portugall saith that the Prince did great honour vnto a Knight which saued the said Guydon and gaue him an yeerely rent or annuity of

officers of the said realme who would assist him doe their vttermost endeauors to serue him faithfully to the intent they might remaine in their countrey with their charges offices vnder the obeissance of a naturall king not of a Castilian And if the most excellent Duke of Lorraine were disposed to restore Arragon Valentia Catalonia c. he should haue an Admirall many officers of those realms to accompany him they would hold esteeme thēselues for most happy fortunate to deliuer their cuntry frō the tyranny yoak of a stranger to redeliuer it to a naturall lawfull Prince If the Portugals likewise would determine and resolue themselues to choose by election as they haue right so to doe some Prince or some other of the people either white or negro for it is most certaine that to deliuer themselues of the tyranny of Philip they would be content to receiue to their King the meanest negro of Guinee if he be a Christian and will liue in the Realme with them they are fully perswaded and they haue reason that this would be a great help and furtherance to the accomplishment of their desires to finde for their defence and preseruation a Constable of Portugall a Marshall and Admirall and all other such like officers of the Realme and their records and writings done in their owne tongue the fashions of their garments and the surnames of their families Contrarywise if it be graunted and yeelded vnto Philip that he may once take vpon him this title of King of Spaine it is most certaine and sure that he will make onely one house royall of all Spaine with a Constable Marshall or Marshals and Admirall graund Maister great Chamberlaine maister of the Horse and all other such like officers of the Realme all which shall be called of Spaine generally and they will call themselues also by the name onely of Spaniards and so will vnite all of them into one onely bodie which will turne to the great dammage and preiudice of the particular states and kingdomes of Spaine and to the great profit and surety of Philip and his posteritie Full little do strangers know of what importance this matter is and thereof it commeth that they speake so fondly and foolishly when they talke thereof which is a thing greatly to be blamed and reprehended in them considering that it is against the law which sayth Inciuile est de re incognita iudicare that it is a great inciuility for any man to iudge of that which hee doth not vnderstand The nations of Spaine doe see very well what mischiefe this may bring vpon them and therefore they doe resist and withstand it with so great force and vehemencie The Castillian knoweth full well the great aduancement and assurance which would hereof ensue to his estate if he could reach so farre and that is the cause he is so earnest to get himselfe entitled king of Spaine He is as we haue before sayd very expert and well seene in histories as his predecessors were also before him and by reading of them he hath learned that this is the most easie meane and readie way to commaund peaceably and to gaine the affection of all the Spaniards Histories do shew vs Egbert king of West Saxon● in England how Egbert a valiant and magnanimous Prince being chosen king of the realme of West Saxons in great Brittaine which Realme contained the prouinces of Cornewall Deuon Sommerset Wiltshire Dorsetshire Hampshire and Barkeshire and trusting vpon his skill and knowledge in the art military which hee had learned in Fraunce vnder Charlemaigne where he had beene banished for many years he resolued to make himselfe King Lord of all great Brittaine leauing Scotland apart And beginning his enterprise he first subdued the prouince of Wales which is the strongest of all the rest After which he wanne the Realmes of Kent Mercia Northumberland and the Realme of the East Saxons called Essex Or rather North Saxon in Norfolke hauing gotten this prouince and those foure realmes Egbert seeing himselfe now Lord of fiue and that there now rested no more to conquer but the Realme of Sussex so called of the South Saxons and that of the East Saxons called East Anglia of whose forces he made no great reckening And bethinking with himselfe how he might assure and secure these dominions and Seigniories vnto himselfe he determined not onely to roote out and extinguish the name and memory of the Brittaines the ancient inhabitants of that I le but also gaine the good willes and affections of his subiects by a new name and so by that meanes to draw vnto himselfe the residue which remained yet vnconquered To this effect and purpose he ordained and appointed and by a perpetuall edict commaunded that from that day forwards all those seuen Realmes should bee named by one onely name England and that all the inhabitants should name themselues Englishmen Egbert the first king of England And by this meanes hee came readily and fully to the ende of his desire In imitation of this Egbert Fernand the second king of Arragon and the fift of that name king of Castile seeing himselfe Lord of the greatest part of Spaine and that there rested no more for him to gaine saue onely Nauarre and Portugall he employed all his forces and endeauours to obtaine from the Princes realmes and prouinces of Spaine that which they refused to wit that hee might entitle and write himselfe King of Spaine With the like ambition and desire Philip his great graund-child pretendeth that the Realmes of Spaine and now of late Portugall haue constantly resolutely denied him and which you doe giue him so readily and so liberally So that now I thinke you will perfectly vnderstand the cause wherefore Philip doeth write himselfe King of Castile and of Leon Castillians and Castilo what it meaneth New Castile all those kingdomes which the kings of Castile haue gotten from the Moores The particular names of the kingdomes of new Castile when they were recouered from the Moores Toledo first set at liberty anno 1086. c. For so the nations of Spaine and the Castillians themselues call him howbeit that you doe make a iest and toy of it not knowing how much it doeth import them so to do and therefore I hope that from henceforth you will by these instructions both know your owne ignorance and correct this your fault and ouersight We call them Castilians which are naturall and borne in the Realme of Castile and in those Realmes which the kings of Castile with the aide of the Kings of Nauarre Arragon and Portugall other Soueraigne Lords of Spaine haue gotten and wrested out of the hands and possession of the Moores all which Realmes wee name ●y one onely name new Castile Of these Realmes that which was the shortest time in the power and puissance of the Moores was the kingdome of Toledo which was restored to