holye thing out of an holy place is worse then some other kynde of theft No lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time which signifieth two thynges Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present past or to come Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it we saye he cometh in time And in the seuenth of Ihon when Christ sayth My tyme is not yet come tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. c. The Rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to the time that foloweth but of thys wyll we speke in the place called Euent Facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken in hand and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered whether he could or wold Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it and is made more probable wheÌ„ the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it as it is not like he wyl abide in his glorye because he is enuious and ambicious Also when we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge when it is not in his power to get agayne that is gone Instrument semeth to be a part of facultie for instrumentes sometyme are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge and it is a more mischeuous deede to kyl with venome theÌ„ with swearde And to instrumeÌ„t soâ—e is the manour of doyng that almoste it is all one But more properlye perteyne to the manour or fashion those thynges that be eyther excused or made greater by wyl As lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie then of a purpose and full deliberacion The vse of circuÌ„stances profiteth to amplifie to extenuate to euidence to confirmacion and probabilitie And hytherto be referred also the common places that indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes of causes of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth and Aristotle in hys Topyckes But before we speake of them it is to be noted that thys woorde place is taken foure maner of wayes They are called common places because thei be entreated of of bothe partes althoughe not in all one cause as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses Contrarye he that is holâ—en by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses and so of other that we spake of before when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes Lyke to thys sorte be sentences whyche wee eâ—aggerate as it were wythoute the cause but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande as bee the amplificacions of vertues and the exaggeracions of vices As when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede A common place shall bee wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse to bee in companye wyth good men and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll men dothe cause In the third sence places be called seates of argumentes whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to echâ— kyndes of causes As in the kynde suasorie honest profitable pleasauÌ„t easye necessarie c. In demonstratiue kynde kynred contrey goodes of the bodye and of the mynde In the Iudiciall kynde inespecial deniall those that we spake of euen nowe The fourth places be general whych declare what belongeth to euerye thynge and howe oute of eche of them there be taken argumentes partly necessary and partlye probable These be commen to the Oratours with the Logicians albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye written of them in hys Topickes and in his Rethorickes hathe not touched theÌ„ and they profite much both to iudgement and to endightynge but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them sumwhat darke because amonge them selues they can not wel agre neyther of the names neyther of the number neyther of the order An example is a rehearsall of a thynge that is done and an applyynge of it vnto our cause eyther for similitude or dissimilitude profitable to perswade garnyshe and delyght Examples some be taken out of hystories some of tales some of fayned argumeÌ„tes in comedies and bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion Comparacion sheweth it equall lesse or bygger Parable is a feete similitude whych sheweth y e example that is brought ether like vnlyke or coÌ„trarye Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen and when it was brought into extreme losse by theyr valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens So Ualla whan thorowe the ignoraÌ„ce of y e Barbarians learnyng was destroyed restored it agayn as it wer from death into hys former brightnes Unlike As not lyke thanke is done to Laurence and Camillus because that the one moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the vngracious that other styrred vp by desyre of fame or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye noâ— restored agayn the latteÌ„tâ—ng oppressed but brought it as it were into certen rules CoÌ„trary Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne Comparacion sheweth y e thing y t is brought eyther equall lesse or bigger Lesse as our elders haue warred oftentymes because theyr marchauÌ„tes and mariners wer euyl entreated What mynd ought you to be in so many thousande citizens of Rome slaine at one message and one time Equall as in the same Cicero For it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two gentlemenne that one very naughte that other very gentle yet ouercame I Catiline by dignitie and Galba by fauoure Bygger As for Milo they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man when M. Horacius was quitte whyche kylled hys owne syster Parable which some call similitude some coÌ„paracion is a comparyng of a thyng y t hath no life or no bodye to our cause and purpose for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke And as example is taken of y e dede of a man and the person of an hystorye or that is fabulous and fayned so is comparison taken of thinges that be done or that be ioyned to them by nature or by chaunce As Attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of kepynge faythe and promise But a shyp in the whych the sayles be â—oysed vp or takeÌ„ down after the blowyng of the winde is a parable whiche reacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme and applye hymselfe to the world that is presente And lyke fashion is of dilaâ—yng a parable as we haue shewed in example For sometime it is noted in a word as Doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned Sometyme it is more largelye declared as in the oracion for Muâ—ena And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen c. Analogia Icon called of the latines Imago an Image in Englyshe is
haue taken hurte monyshe vs thys came euyll to passe hereafter take heede but or euer ye take the matter in hande it cryeth If thou do thys thou shalt get vnto the euyll name and myschiefe Let vs knytte therfore this threfolde corde that both good teachyng leade nature and exercise make perfite good teachyng Moreouer in other beastes we do perceiue that euery one doth sonest learne that that is most properly belonging to hys nature and whych is fyrste to the sauegarde of hys healthe and that standeth in those thynges whith brynge either payne or destruccioÌ„ Not onlye liuing thyngs but plantes also haue this sence For we se that trees also in that parte where the sea doth sauour or the northen winde blow to shrynke in their braunches and boughes and where the wether is more gentle there to spreade them farther oute And what is that that properly be longeth vnto man Uerelye to lyue according to reason and for that is called a reasonable creature and diuided froÌ„ those that caÌ„ not speake And what is most destruccioÌ„ to maÌ„ Folyshenes He wyll therfore be taught nothyng soner then vertue and abhorre from nothynge sooner then folyshnesse if so be the diligence of the parentes wyll incontinent set a worke the nature whyle it is emty But we here meruelous complantes of the common people howe readye the nature of chyldreÌ„ is to fal to vyce how hard it is to drawe them to the loue of honesty They accuse nature wrongfullye The greatest parte of thys euyll is thorowe oure owne faute whyche mar the wittes w t vyces before we teache them vertues And it is no maruell if we haue them not verye apte to learne honestye seyng they are nowe already taughte to myschiefe And who is ignoraunt that the labour to vnteache is both harder and also goth before teachyng Also the common sorte of men do amysse in thys pointe thre maner of wayes eyther because they vtterlye neglecte the bryngynge vp of children or because they begynne to fashion their myndes to knoweledge to late or because they putte them to those men of whome they maye learne that that muste be vnlerned agayne Wee haue shewed those fyrst maner of men vnworthi to be called fathers and that they very litle differ from suche as serâ—e theyr infantes out abrode to be destroyed and that they oughte worthely to be punyshed by the lawe which doth prescribe this also diligentlye by what meanes chyldren shuld be brought vp afterwards youth The second sorte be very manye wyth whom nowe I specially entend to stâ—iue The thyrd doth amysse two wayes partly thorowe ignoraunce partly thorowe retchlesnes And syth it is a rare thynge and a shame to be ignoraunte to whome thou shuldest put oute thy horse or thy grounde to be kepte howe muche more shamefull is it not to knowe whom thou shuldeste put thy chylde in truste wythal beynge the dearest part of thy possessions Ther thou beginnest to lerne that that thou canst not skyll well of thy selfe thou axest counsell of the beste seene here thou thynkeste it maketh no matter to whom thou commitâ—est thy sonne Thou assignest to thy seruantes eueri man his office that is metest for hym Thou tryest whom thou mayest make ouersear of thy husbandrie whome to appoint to the kitchen and who shulde ouersee thy housholde And if there be any good for nothynge a slug a dulhead a foole a waster to hym we coÌ„mit oure childe to be taught and that thynge whych requireth the cunningest man of all is put to y e worst of our seruauntes What is vntoward if here menne haue not an vntoward mind Ther be some whych for theyr couetous mynd be a feard to hyre a good master and geue more to an horskeper then a teacher of the chyld And yet for al that they spare no costly feastes nyght day thei playe at dice and bestowe mâ—ch vpon houndes fooles In thys thynge onely they be sparers and nigardes for whose cause spaâ—inge in other thynges myght be excused I wold ther wer fewer whych bestowe more vpon a rotten whore then vpon bringyng vp of their chylde Nothyng sayth the Satir writer staÌ„deth the father in lesse cost then the sonne Peraduenture it wyll not be much amisse here to speake of y e day dyet which longe ago was muche spokeÌ„ of in y e name of Crates They report it after thys fashion Alow to thy coke x. pouÌ„d to thy phisicion a grote to thy flatterer .v. taleÌ„ts to thy couÌ„seller smoke to thy harlot a talent to thy philosopher .iii. halfpeÌ„s What lacketh to this preposterous count but to put to it y t the teacher haue iii. farthings Howbeit I thinke y t the master is meant vnder y e name of philosopher WheÌ„ one that was riche in money but nedâ— of wit axed Aristippus wharwages he wold axe for teching his son he answered .v. C. grotes You aâ—e quod heâ—o great a suÌ„me for w t this much money a man maye bye a seruaunce Then the philosopher very properly againe but now quod he for one thou shalt haue two a sonne mete to do the seruice and a philosopher to teache thy sonne Further if a man shulde bee axed whether he wold haue hys onlye sonne dead to wynne an hundred horses if he had any â—rumâ—e of wysedome he wold answer I thinke in no wise Whi geuest thou then more for â—hi horse why is he more diligeÌ„tly takeÌ„ hede to then thy sonne why geuest thou more for a fole then for the bringyng vp of thy chylde Be frugall and sparynge in other thynges in thys poynt to be thryfty is no sparynge but a madnes There be other agayn that take good heede in chosyng a master but that is at the desyre of their friendes They lette passe a meere and cunninge man to reache chyldren and take one that can no skyll for none other cause but that he is set forwardes at the desyres of their friendes Thou mad man what meanest thou In saylynge thou regardest not the affeccion of theÌ„ y t speake good wordes for a man but thou secteste hym to the helme whych can beste skyll to gouerne the shyp in the sonne wheÌ„ not only he hymself is in ieopardy but the father and mother and all the housholde yea and the common wealth it selfe wylte thou noâ— vse like iudgement Thy horse is sicke whether wilt thou sende for a â—eche at the good worde of thy friend or for his cuÌ„nyng in lechcraft What Is thy sonne of lesse price vnto the then thi horse Yea settest thou lesse by thy selfe then by thy horse This beyng a foule thynge in meane citizens how much more shamefull is it in great menne At one supper a dashynge agaynst the mischeuous rocke of dice and so hauynge shypwrake thei lose two hundred pouÌ„d and yet they saye they be aâ— coste iâ— vpon theyr son they bestowe aboue xx pounde No man can geue nature eyther to himselfe or to other howbeit
¶ A treatise of Schemes Tropes very profytable for the better vnderstanding of good authors gathered out of the best Grammarians Oratours by Rychard Sherry Londoner ¶ Whervnto is added a declamacion That chyldren euen strayt froÌ„ their infancie should be well and gently broughte vp in learnynge Written fyrst in Latin by the most excellent and famous Clearke Erasmus of Roterodame To the ryght worshypful Master Thomas Brooke Esquire Rychard Shyrrey wysheth health euerlastynge⸫ I Doubt not but that the title of this treatise all straunge vnto our Englyshe eares wil cause some men at the fyrst syghte to maruayle what the matter of it should meane yea and peraduenture if they be rashe of iudgement to cal it some newe fangle and so casting it hastily from theÌ„ wil not once vouch safe to reade it and if they do yet perceiuynge nothing to be therin that pleaseth their phansy wyl count it but a tryfle a tale of Robynhoode But of thys sorte as I doubte not to fynde manye so perhaps there wyll be other whiche moued with the noueltye thereof wyll thynke it worthye to be looked vpon and se what is contained therin These words Scheme and Trope are not vsed in our Englishe tongue neither bene they Englyshe wordes No more be manye whiche nowe in oure tyme be made by continual vse very familier to most men and come so often in speakyng that aswel is knowen amongest vs the meanyng of them as if they had bene of oure owne natiue broode Who hath not in hys mouthe nowe thys worde Paraphrasis homelies vsurped abolyshed wyth manye other lyke And what maruail is it if these words haue not bene vsed here tofore seynge there was no suche thynge in oure Englishe toÌ„gue where vnto they shuld be applyed Good cause haue we therefore to gyue thankes vnto certayne godlye and well learned men whych by their greate studye enrychynge our tongue both wyth matter and wordes haue endeuoured to make it so copyous and plentyfull that therein it maye compare wyth anye other whiche so euer is the best It is not vnknowen that oure language for the barbarousnes and lacke of eloquence hathe bene complayned of and yet not trewely for anye defaut in the toungue it selfe but rather for slackenes of our couÌ„trimen whiche haue alwayes set lyght by searchyng out the elegance and proper speaches that be ful many in it as plainly doth appere not only by the most excellent monumentes of our auÌ„cieÌ„t forewriters Gower Chawcer and Lydgate but also by the famous workes of many other later inespeciall of y e ryght worshipful knyght syr Thomas Eliot which first in hys dictionarye as it were generallye searchinge oute the copye of oure language in all kynde of wordes and phrases after that setting abrode good lye monumentes of hys wytte lernynge and industrye aswell in historycall knowledge as of eyther the Philosophies hathe herebi declared the plentyfulnes of our mother touÌ„ge loue toward hys country hys tyme not spent in vanitye and tryfles What shuld I speake of that ornamente Syr Thomas Wyat which beside most excellente gyftes bothe of fortune and bodye so flouryshed in the eloquence of hys natiue tongue that as he passed therin those wyth whome he lyued so was he lykelye to haue bene equal wyth anye other before hym had not enuious death to hastely beriued vs of thys iewel teachyng al men verely no filicitie in thys worlde to be so suer and stable but that quick lye it may be ouerthrowen and broughte to the grounde Manye other there be yet lyuynge whose excellente wrytynges do testifye wyth vs to be wordes apte and mete elogantly to declare oure myndes in al kindes of Sciences and that what sentence soeuer we conceiue the same to haue Englyshe oracion natural and â–ª holpeÌ„ by art wher by it may most eloqueÌ„tly be vttered Of the whych thynge as I fortuned to talke wyth you Master Brooke among other matters this present argument of Schemes and Tropes came in place and offered it selfe demed to be bothe profitable and pleasaunte if they were gathered together and handsomelye set in a playne ordre and wyth theire descriptions hansomely put into our Englishe tongue And bicause longe ago I was well acquaynted wyth them when I red them to other in y e Latin and that they holpe me verye muche in the exposicion of good authoures I was so muche the more ready to make them speak English partli to renew the pleasure of mine old studies and partelye to satysfy your request Beside this I was moued also wyth the authorytye of that famous clarke Rodulphus Agricola whyche in a certeine Epistle wrytten vnto a frynde of hys exhorteth meÌ„ what soeuer they reade in straunge toâ—gues â–ª diligently to translate the same into their owne language because that in it we sonar perceiue if there be any faute in our speaking and howe euerye thynge eyther rightly hangeth together or is darkelye ruggishly and superfluously wrytteÌ„ No lerned nacion hath there bene but y â— learned in it haue written of schemes fygures which thei wold not haue don except thei had perceyued the valewe Wherfore after theyr example obtaynyng a lytle lesure I red ouer sundrye treatises as wel of those which wrot long ago as of others now in our daies fyndynge amonge them some to haue wrytten ouer brieflye some confuselye and falselye some Mosellane hathe in hys tables shewed a fewe fygures of grammer and so hathe confouÌ„ded them together that his second order called of Loquucion pertayneth rather to the rhetoricians then to hys purpose Quintilian briefly hathe wrytten bothe of the Gramatical and rhetorical Shemes but so that you may soone perceyue he did it by the waye as muche as serued hys purpose Cicero in hys boke of an oratour wyth hys incomperable eloquence hathe so hid the preceptes that scarselye they may be tryed oute by theyr names or by theyr exaÌ„ples Erasmus in hys double copye of words and thynges hath made as y e tytle declareth but a comentarye of them bothe and as it wer a litle bil of remembrauÌ„ce Wherfore to make these thinges more playne to y e students that lyst to reade them in oure tongue I haue taken a lytle payne more thorowelye to try the definicions to apply the examples more aptly to make things defused more plaine as in dede it shal ryght wel apere to the dylygente I haue not translated them orderly out of anye one author but runninge as I sayde thorowe many and vsyng myne owne iudgement haue broughte them into this body as you se and set them in so playne an order that redelye maye be founde the figure and the vse wherevnto it serueth Thoughe vnto greate wittes occupyed wyth weightye matters they do not greatelye pertayne yet to such as perchauÌ„ce shal not haue perfecte instructoures they may be commodious to helpe them selues for y e better vnderstandynge
that on is committed when anye worde is fautely spoken or writen that other when in many wordes ioyned together the worde that foloweth is not wel applyed to that that goeth before Of composicion and dygnitye we wyll speake here after when we come to the figures of rethoryque Of the three kyndes of style or endyghtynge Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oracioÌ„ we thinke good bryeâ—â—ye to shewe you of the thre kyndes of stile or endyghting in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied For that there be thre sundry kyndes called of the Grekes characters of vs figures I trowe there is no man though he be meanlye learned but he knoweth namely when we se so manye wryters of sciences bothe Greke and latine whych haue ben before tyme to haue folowed for the mooste parte sundrye sortes of wrytyng the one vnlyke to the other And there hath bene marked inespecially thre kyndes of endightynge The greate the small the meane The greate kynde The greate the noble the mightye and the full kynde of endyghtynge wyth an incredible a certen diuine power of oracion is vsed in wayghty causes for it hathe wyth an ample maiestye verye garnyshed wordes proper translated graue sentences whych ar handled in amplificacion and commiseracion and it hathe exornacions bothe of woordes and sentences wherunâ—o in oracions they ascribe verye great strength and grauitie And they that vse thys kynde bee vehement various copious graue appoynted and readye thorowlye to moue and turne mens myndes Thys kynd dyd Cicero vse in the oracion for Aulus Cluencius for Sylla for Titus Annius Milo for Caius Rabirius agaynste Cariline agaynste Uerres agaynste Piso. But they that can not skyll of it oftentimes fall into fautes when vnto them that seemeth a graue oracion whych swelleth and is puffed vp whych vseth straunge wordes hardelye translated or to olde and that â—e nowe longe sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke or more graue then the thing requyreth The small kynde The small kynde of indighting is in a subtile pressed and fyled oracion meete for causes that be a lytel sharper then are in the comon vse of speakynge For it is a kynde of oracion that is lette downe euen to the mooste vsed custume of pure and clere speakyng It hathe fyne sentences subtile sharpe teachyng all thynges and makynge them more playne not more ample And in the same kynde as Cicero sayeth in hys oratoure some bee craftye but vnpolyshed and of purpose lyke the rude and vnskylfull Other in that leaâ—es are trymme that is somwhat floryshynge also and garnyshed Cicero vsed thys kynde in hys philosophicall disputacions in the oracioÌ„ for Quincius for Roscius y e Comedy plaier TeceÌ„ce Plautus in their Comedies Such as caÌ„ not haÌ„dsomly vse them selues in that mery conceyted slendeâ—nes of wordes fall into a drye and feble kynde of oracion The meane kynde The mean and temperate kynd of indyghting standeth of the lower and yet not of the loweste and moste comen wordes and sâ—nteÌ„ces And it is ryghtly called the temperate kynde of speakyng because it is very nygh vnto the small and to the greate kynde folowyng a moderacion and temper betwyxt theÌ„ And it foloweth as we saye in one tenour distinguyshyng all the oracion wyth small ornamentes bâ—th of wordes and sentences Cicero vseth thys for the lawe of Manilius for Aulus Cecinna for Marcus Marcellus and moste of all in hys bookes of oâ—â—ices In this it is fautye to come to the kynd that is nye vnto it â–ª whyche is called dissolute because it waueth hyther and thyther as it were wythout senowes and ioyntes standyng surely in no poynte And sâ—che an oracion can not caâ—se the heaâ—er to take anye heede â—hen it goeth so in and out and comprehendeth not any thyng wyth perfecte wordes Of Schemes and Tropes Scheme is a Greke worde and signifyeth properlye the maner of gesture that daunsers vse to make wheÌ„ they haue won the best game but by translacion is taken for the fourme fashion and shape of anye thynge expressed in wrytynge or payntinge and is taken here now of vs for the fashion of a word sayynge or sentence otherwyse wrytten or spoken then after the vulgar and comen vsage and that thre suÌ„dry waies by figure faâ—â—e vertue Figure Fygure of Scheme y e fyrst part is a behaueoure maner or fashion eyther of sentence oracion or wordes after some new wyse other theÌ„ men do commenlye vse to wryâ—e or speake and is of two sortes Dianoias that is of sentence and Lexeos of worde Figure of Dianoias or sentence because it properlye belongeth to oratoures â–ª we wyll speake of it hereafter in place conuenient now wyll we entrete of the figure Lexeos or of worde as it perteyneth to the Gramarians Figure of worde Figure Lexeos or of worde is when in speakyng or wrytyng any thynge touchynge the wordes is made newe or straunge otherwyse then after y e comen custume is of ii kyndes diccion construccion Figure of Diccion Figure of diccion is the transformacion of one word either written or pronouÌ„ced hath these partes Appositio apposicioÌ„ the putting to eyther of letter or sillable at the begynnyng of a worde as He all to bewretched hym Ablatio the takynge awaye of a letter or sillable from the begynnynge of a worde of a letter when we say The peÌ„thesis of thys house is to low for the epenthesis Wher note this y e word peÌ„thesis is a greke worde yet is vsed as an englishe as many mo be and is called a pentis by these figures Sincope and Apheresis the whole word beynge as is before epenthesis so called because it is betwyxt y e lyght vs as in al occupiers shops coÌ„menli it is Interpositio when a letter is added betwene the fyrste sillable of a word and the laste as RelligioÌ„ for religion relliques for reliques Consicio contrary to Epenthesis is when somewhat is cutte of from the myddeste of the worde as Idolatry for Idololatâ—y Preassumpcio when a sillable is added to a word the significacion of the worde therby nothyng altered as He vseth to slacken his matters for to slacke his matters Absissio y e cuttyng away of a letter or sillable froÌ„ the end of a word as She is a wel â—ayr may for maid Extensio the making loÌ„g of a sillable whych by nature is short as This was ordeined by acte for ordined Contractio the makynge short of a sillable which bi nature is loÌ„g as He is a man of good perseuerauÌ„ce wher some men coÌ„mit .ii. fautes at once one y t they take perseuerauÌ„ce for knoweledge whiche signifieth alwais coÌ„tinuance an other y t they make this sillable ue short where it is euerlonge and so do they erre in thys worde adherentes also makyng he short when it is alwayes longe as when they saye I defye hym and all his
mouinges by whyche thynges the phisicions in many bookes and inespeciall Galene hath taught that the chyldren get good healthe of theyr bodye neyther do they differ thys diligeÌ„ce vnto the seuenth or tenth yere but eueÌ„ assone as the chylde commeth oute of the mothers wombe they take greate charge of thys And they do well for the infancie not regarded oftentymes causeth men to haue a syckely and sore disseased olde age if they happen to come to it Yea moreouer or euer the chyld be born yet dothe the mother take greate heede Thei eate not of euery meat when they be greate wyth chylde they take heede that they moue not theyr bodie to hurte them and if there happen any thyng to fall vpon their face by and by they take it away wyth theyr hand and laye it vpon the priuie part of theyr body It hath ben proued by many experimentes that by this remedie the deformitie whych wold haue bene on that part of y e body that is sene hathe lyen hyd in the secrete place No maÌ„ calleth this to hasty a care whych is vsed for the worser parte of man Why then is that parte of man wherby we be properly called menne neglected so many yeres Shuld he not do all agaynste gods forbod which wold trim his cap lettyng his head be vnkempt and all scabbed Yet much more vnreasonable is it that we shuld bestow iuste labours vpon the mortall bodye and to haue no regarde of the immortal soule Further if a maÌ„ haue at home an horse colte or a whelpe of a good kynd wyl he not straight waye begynne to fashion hym to do sumwhat and wyll do that so muche the more gladlye the readyer the yonge age is to folow the teachers mynde Wee wyl teache a popiniaye while time is to speke as a manne dothe knowynge well that the elder he waxeth the lesse apte he wyll be to be taughte yea the common prouerbe geuyng warnynge of thys thynge That an old popiniaye careth not for the rod. And what a thynge is it to be diligente in a byrde and â—â—owe in teachynge thy sonne What do the wytty husbandmen Do they not teach euen straight way the plaÌ„tes whyle they be yet tender to put awaye theyr wylde nature by graffynge and wyll net tarye tyll they be waxen bygge and myghtye And they do not onlye take heede that the litle tree grow not croked or haue any other faute but if ther be anye they make haste to amend it whyle it wyll yet bowe and folowe the hande of the fashioner And what liuyng thynge or what plante wyll bee as the owener or or housebande manne wolde haue it to serue for excepte oure dylygence helpe nature The sooner it is donne the better wyll it come to passe Indede to manye dumme beastes nature the mother of all thynges hath geuen more helpe to do theyr natural offices but because the prouideÌ„ce of God hath of al creatures vnto men onlye geuen the strength of reason she hath left the greatest parte to educacion in so much that one hath written very wel the first poynte the middle and the thirde that is the chyefe of all mans felicitye to be good instruccion ryght bryngynge vp Whych prayse Demosthenes gaue to ryght pronunciacion and that in deede not falsely but ryghte bryngynge vp helpeth muche more to wysedome then pronunciacion to eloquence For diligente and holy bringing vp is the founteyne of al vertue As to folye and myschief the fyrst seconde and thyrde poynte is vndiligente and corrupte educacion Thys is the thynge that is chiefelye lefte vnto vs. That is the cause why vnto other beastes nature hathe geuen swyftnes flyght sharpnes of sight greatnes and strengthe of bodye scales flyshes heares hornes nayles venome wherby they may both defende their healthe and prouide for theyr liuynge and brynge vp their yonge and bryngeth forthe man onlye softe naked and vnfensed but in stede of all thys hath geuen hym a mynde hable to receiue all discipline because in this onlye are all thynges if a man wyll exercise it And euerye liuynge thynge the lesse mete it is to learnynge so muche the more it hathe of natiue prudence Bees learne not to make their celles to gatheâ— iuâ—e and to make honye The â—mets are not taughte to gather into their holes in somer wherby they shulde lyue in wynter but all these thynges be done by instruccion of nature But man neyther can eate nor go nor speake except he be taught Then if the tree brynge forthe eyther no fruite or vnsauerye wythout the diligence of grafâ—ing if the dogge be vnmete to hunte the horse vnapte to iuste the oxe to the plowe except oure diligence bee putte to howe wylde and vnprofitable a creature wolde man become except diligeÌ„tlye and in dewe tyme he shulde be fashioned by good bryngynge vp I wyll not here rehearse vnto you the example of Lycurgus knowen of euerye man whyche bryngynge oute two whelpes one of a gentle kynde but euyll taughte that ran to the meaâ—e that other of sluggyshe syres but diligently brought vp that leaâ—te the meate and leapt vpon the beast Nature is an effectuall thynge but educacion more effectuall ouercommeth it Menne take heede that they maye haue a good dog to hunte to haue a good horse to iournei with and here thei thynke no diligence to be to hastie but to haue a sonne that shulde be both worship and profite to the parentes vpon whome they myghte â—aye a good part of the charges of their houshold whose loue mighte noryshe and beare vp their vnweldy age and y t shuld shew hym self a trustye and healpynge sonne in a lawe a good husbande to his wife a valiaunte and profitable citizen to the common wealthe I saye to haue suche eue eyther they take no care or else they care to late For whoÌ„ do they plant for whoÌ„ do they plowe for whoÌ„ do they buylde for whoÌ„ do thei hunt for riches both by land by sea not for theyr chyldreÌ„ But what profite or worshyp is in these thinges if he y t shal be heire of theÌ„ can not vse theÌ„ With vnmesurable studye be possessions gotten but of the possessor we take no kepe Who prepareth an harpe for the vnskylfull of musycke Who garnysheth a librarie for hym that can skyl of no bookes And are so great ryches gotten for hym whyche can not tell howe to vse them If thou gettest these thynges to hym that is well broughte vp thou geueste hym instrumentes of vertue but if thou get them for a rude and rusticall wytte what other thynge doest thou then minister a matter of wantonnesse and mischiefe What canne bee thoughte more folyshe then thys kynde of fathers They prouide that the bodie of the sonne maye be wythout faute and shulde bee made apte to do all manner thynges comelye but the mynde by whose moderacion all honeste wyrkes do stand that they care not for It nedeth me not here to rehearse that riches
dignitie authoritie and also healthâ—â—lnes of body whych menne so desirouslye wyshe to theyr chyldren nothynge doth more get them vnto man theÌ„ vertue and learninge They wyshe vnto them a praye but they wyll not geue theÌ„ a nette to take it with all That thing which is of al most excellent thou canst not geue thy sonne but thou mayest store hym wyth those good sciences wherby the best thinges be gotten Now is this a great inconuenience but it is yet a greater that they leaue at home their dogge wel taught their horse well broken and taught and theyr son enstructed wyth no learnyng They haue land well tylled and theyr sonne shamefull rude They haue their house goodly trimmed and theyr sonne voyde of all garnyshyng Further they whych after the peoples estimacion seme to be meruelouse wyse do prolong the diligence to garnyshe the mind eyther into an age vnapte to bee taughte or else take no care at all for it and are meruelouse thoughtfull of externall goodes of fortune yea or eueâ— he be borne whom they haue appoynted to be lorde of theÌ„ all For what se we not them to do When their wyfe is greate wyth chylde then call they for a searcher of natiuities the parentes are whether it shall be a man or a woman kynde They searche oute the destenye If the astrologer by the byrth houre haue sayde that the chylde shulde be fortunate in warre wee wyll saye they dedicate this chyld to the kinges courte If he shal promyse ecclesiasticall dygnitie wee wyll saye they hunte for hym by some meanes a Byshoprycke or a fatte Abbotshyp Thys chylde wyl we make a president or a deane Thys semeth not to them to hasty a care when they preuente euen the very byrth and semeth it to hastye that is vsed in fashioning your childrens myndes So quyclye you prouide to haue your sonne a captâ—ine or an officer and therewyth wylte thou not prouide that he maie be a profitable captayn or officer of the common wealth Before the tyme come you go aboute this to haue your sonne a byshop or an abbot and wylt thou not fashion hym to this well to beare the office of a byshop or an abbot Thou seâ—â—este hym to a chariot and shewest hym not the manner to guyde it Thou puttest hym to the sterâ—e and passest not that he shulde learne those thynges that becommeth a shypmaster to know Finally in all thy possessions thou regardest nothing lesse then that that is moste precious for whose sake al other thynges be gotten Thi corne fieldes be goodly thy houses be fayre thy vessel is bright thy garmentes and al thy housholde stuffe thy horses bee wel kept thi seruauÌ„tes wel taught only thy sonnes wyt is foule filthy all sluttishe Thou hast perchauÌ„ce bought by the druÌ„me a bond slaue vyle and barbarous if he be rude and ignoraunt y u markest to what vse he is good trimly thou bryngest hym vp to some craft either of the kytchen physicke husbandrye or stewardshyp only thy soÌ„ne thou seâ—â—est lyght by as an iâ—le thynge Thei wyl say He shal haue inough to lyue on but he shall not haue to lyue well on Comonly the rycher that men be the lesse they care for the bryngyng vp of their chyldren What neede is it say they of anye learnyng they shall haue inoughe Yea the more nede haue they of the helpe of phylosophy and learnyng The greater the shyp is the more marchandyse it carieth aboute the more neede it hathe of a connynge shyppe master Howe greatlye do Prynces go about this to leaue vnto their sonnes as large a dominion as they caÌ„ and yet do none care lesse that they shuld be brought vp in those good wayes wythoute the whych principalitie can not wel be ordred How muche more dothe he geue that geueth vs to lyue well then to lyue Uerye lytel do chyldren owe vnto theyre fathers of whâ—me they be no more but begotten and not also broughte vp to lyue verteouslye The saying of Alexander is muche spoken of excepte I were Alexander I wold wishe to be Diogenes But very worthely doth Plutarch rebuke it because that so much the more he shuld haue wyshed to haue had Diogenes philosophye howe muche the greater hys dominion was But muche more shameful is theyr sluggardy whyche not onely bryng not vp their chyldreÌ„ aright but also corrupte them to wyckednesse When Crates the Thebane dyd perceiue thys abhominacion not without a cause he wolde go in to y e hyest place of the citye there crie out as loud as he could caste them in the teeth wyth theyr madnesse in this wyse You wretches what madnesse driueth you Take you suche thought to gette money and possessions take you â—o care for your children for whom you get these thynges As they be scante halfe mothers whych onlye bringe forth and not vp their chyldren so be they scante halfe fathers whith when they prouide necessaries for theyr chyldrens bodies eueÌ„ somuch that they maye ryot wythall prouide not that their myndes maye be garnyshed wyth honest disciplines Trees per adueÌ„ture wyl grow though eyther baren or wyth wild fruite horses are foled though perchaunce they be good for nothyng but menne truste me be not borne but fashioned Menne in olde tyme which by no lawes nor good order ledde theyr lyues in woodes in waÌ„derynge lustes of bodye were rather wylde beastes then men Reason maketh a man that hathe no place where all thynges are gouerned after affeccion If shape and fashion shulde make a man Images also shulde be counted among men Elegantly sayde Aristippus when a certen ryche man aâ—ed him what profite learnyng shuld brynge to a yong man it be no more but this quod he y t in the playing place one stone sytte not vpon an other Uery properly another Philosopher Diogenes I trowe bearynge in the myd day a candle in his hand walked aboute the market place that was full of men beinge axed what thynge he sought I seeke quod he a man He knewe that there was a greate company but of beastes and not men The same man on a daye when staÌ„ding on an hye place he had called a great â—ort together and sayde nothing else but come hither men come hyther men Some halfe angrye cryed agayne we are here men say what thou hast TheÌ„ quod he I wold haue men come hyther not you whych are nothyng lesse then men and therwyth draue them away wyth his staffe Surely it is very trewe that a man not instructed wyth Phylosophye nor other good sciences is a creature somewhat worse then brute beastes For beastes folowe onely the affectes of nature a manne except he be fashioned wych learning and preceptes of philosophy is â—awght into affeccions more theÌ„ beastlike For there is no beast more wylde or more hurtefull then a manne whom ambicion dryuethe desyre anger enuye ryot and luste Therfore he that prouideth not that his sonne may by and
certeine tediousnes muste bee deuoured as of cannyng wythout booke sayinge the lesson agayn and wyth wrytinge it for scant maye a man fynde anye that hathe so apte a wytie to bee taught so tractable and that so wil folowe whyche wyll accustume it selfe to these thynges wythout prickyng forward Chrisippus apoynted thre yeres to the nouâ—ses not that in the meane space there shuld be no teachynge of manners and speach but that the infame shulde be prepared by fayr meanes to lern vertue and letters ether of the nurses or of the parentes whose maners wythout peradueÌ„ture do help very much to the good fashionyâ—ge of chyldren And because the fyrste teachyng of chyldren is to speake playnly and wythout faute in this afore tyme the nourses and the parentes helpe not a lytle Thys begynnyng not only very muche profiteth to eloqueÌ„ce but also to iudgement and to the knowledge of all disciplines for the ignoraunce of tonges eyther hath marred all the sciences or greatly hurt theÌ„ eueÌ„ diuinitie it selfe also phisicke law The eloquence of the Gracchians was muche merueyled at in tyme paste but for the most they myghte thanke theyr mother Cornelia for it as Tullie iudgeth It apeareth sayth he that the chyldren wer not so much brought vp in the mothers lappe as in the mothers coÌ„municacion So theyr fyrste scholyng was to them the mothers lap Lelia also expressed in her goodly talke the eloquence of her father Caius And what marueile While she was yet yonge she was dyed wyth her fathers communicacion euen when she was borne in his armes The same happened to the two sisters Mucia and Licinia neeces vnto Caius Specially is praysed the elegance of Licinia in speakyng whiche was the daughter of Lucius Crassus one Scâ—pios wyfe as I weene What nedes many words All the house and all the kynred euen to the nepheus and their cosyns dyd often expresse elegance of their fore fathers in artificiall and cunnyng speakyng The daughter of Quintus Hortencius so expressed her fathers eloquence that ther was longe ago an oracion of hers to se that she made before the officers called Triumuiri not only as Fabius sayth to the prayse of womankynd To speake without faâ—â— no litle helpe â—rynge also the nourses tutors and playe felowes For as touching the tonges so great is the readines of that age to learne them that wythin a few monethes a chylde of Germany maye learne Frenche and that whyle he dothe other thinges also neyther dothe that thynge come euer better to passe then in rude and verye yonge yeres And if this come to passe in a barbarous and vnruled tonge whych wryteth otherwyse then it speaketh and the whych hathe hys schriches and wordes scarse of a man howe muche more easely wyl it be done in the Greeke or Latine tonge Kyng Mithridates is read to haue perfitly knowen .xxii. tonges so that he could plead the lawe to euery nacion in their owne tonges wythoute anye interpreter The mistocles within a yeres space lerned perfitely the Persians tong because he wolde the better coÌ„men wyth the kyng If suÌ„what old age can do that what is to be hoped for of a chylde And all this businesse standeth specially in two thynges memorye and imitacion We haue shewed before alredy that there is a certein naturall greate desyre in chyldren to folowe other and very wyse men wryte that memorie in chyldren is verye sure in holdinge faste and if we distrust their authoritie experience it selfe wyll proue it vnto vs. Those thynges that we haue seene beyng chyldren they so abide in our mindes as though we had sene them yesterdaie Thinges that we read to day wheÌ„ we be old wythin two daies after if we read theÌ„ agayn they seme newe vnto vs. Furthermore howe fewe haue we seene whych haue had good successe in lernynge the tonges when they were olde And if some haue wel spedde them in knoweledge yet the right sound and pronunciacion hath chaunsed either to none or to very few For rare examples be no common rules Neyther for thys muste we call chyldren to lerne the tonges after sixtene yere olde because that the elder Cato lerned latine and Greeke when he was thre score and ten yeres olde But Cato of Utica muche better lerned then the other and more eloquent when he was a chylde was continuallye wyth hys master Sarpedo And here we ought so much the more to take heede because that yonge age led rather by sense then iudgemeÌ„t wyll assone or peraduenture soner lerne leudnes things y t be naught Yea we forget soner good thinges theÌ„ naught Gentile philosophers espyed that merueyled at it and could not search out the cause whiche christeÌ„ philosophers haue shewed vnto vs which telleth y t this redines to mischiefe is setteled in vs of Adam the first father of maÌ„kind Thys thynge as it can not be false so is it very true that the greateste parte of this euyll coÌ„meth of leude and naughty bryngyng vp inespeciallye of tender youthe whyche is plyeable to euerye thynge We fynd in writyng that great Alexander lerned certeine fautes of hys master Leonides whyche he could not leaue when he was well groweÌ„ vâ— and a great Emperour Therfore as long as amonge the latines floryshed that olde vertuousnes of good maners chyldren were not committed to an hyrelynge to be taught but were taughte of the parentes them selues their kinsfolke as of their vncles both by father and mother of the graundfathers as Plutarch sayth For they thought it especially perteyned to the honour of their kynred if they had very manye excellentlye well seene in liberall knowledge where as now adayes all nobilitie almost staÌ„deth in painâ—ed grauen armes dauncing huntynge and dicynge Spurius Carbilius of a bond man made free whose patrone Carbilius brought in the fyrste example of diuorce is reported to be the fyrste that taught an opeÌ„ graÌ„mer schole Before thys tyme it was counted a verye vertuous office if euery maÌ„ taughte hys kynsefolke in vertue and lernyng Nowe is thys theyr onlye care to seeke for their chyld a wyfe wyth a good dowrye That done they thynke they haue done all that belongeth to a father But as the world is alwayes redy to be worse and worse day nâ—â—nes hathe perswaded vs to commâ—e this office to a tuter that is one of our householde and a gentleman is put to be taught of a seruaunte In whyche thynge in deede if we wolde take heede whom we chose the ieopardy were so muche the lesse because the teacher liued not only in y e fathers syght but also wer vnder hys power if he dyd amysse They that wer very wyse either bought lerned seruauntes or prouided they myghte be lerned that they myghte be teachers to their children But howe muche wyser were it if the parents wolde get lernyng for thys entent that they them selues myght teach theyr owne chyldren Uerelye by thys meanes the profite wolde be double as the coÌ„moditie is double
beganne to laye to hys charge I wotte not what waÌ„tonnesse When the chylde shewed hym selfe to haue nothyng lesse and beckened to hym to whome he committed the chyefe rule of hys colledge surnamed of the thynge a tormentoure to beate hym ne by and by caste doune the chylde and beate hym as thoughe he had done sacrilege The diuine sayde once or twyse it is inoughe it is inoughe â–ª But that tormentour deaffe with feruentnes made no ende of his bochery tyl the chylde was almost in a sounde Anon the diuine tâ—rninge to vs he hathe deserued nothynge quod he but that he muste be made lowe Who euer after that maner hath taught hys slaue or hys Asse A geÌ„â—le horse is better tamed with puping of the mouth or softe handlyng then wyth whyp or spurres And if you handle hym hard he wil whynche he wyll kycke he wyll byte and go bacwardes An oxe if you pricke hym to harde wyth godes wyl caste of his yocke and run vpon hym that pricked hym So muste a gentle nature be handled as is the whelpe of a Lion Onlye arte tameth Elephantes not violence neyther is there any beaste so wylde but that it wyl be tamed by gentlenes neyther any so tame but immoderate cruelnes wil anger it It is a seruyle thynge to be chastened by feare and common custume calleth chyldren free men because liberall and gentle bringyng vp becommeth them much vnlike to seruile Yet they that be wyse do thys rather that seruauntes by gentelnes and benefites leaue of their slauyshe condicions remeÌ„bryng that they also be men and not beastes There be rehearsed meruelous examples of seruaunts toward their masters whome verely they shulde not haue founde such if they hadde kept them vnder only by strypes A seruaunt if he be corrigible is better amended by monicions by honestie good turnes then by stripes if he be paste amendemente he is hardened to extreme mischief and eyther wyll runne awaye and rob hys master or by some craft go aboute his masters deathe Sometime he is reuenged on his masters crueltie thoughe it coste hym his lyfe And there is no creature more fereful theÌ„ man whoÌ„ cruell iniurie hathe taught to dispyse his owne lyfe Therfore the commoÌ„ prouerb that sayth a man hath as manye enemies as he hath seruauntes If it be true I thynke it may be chiefly imputed to the vnreasonablenes of the master for it is a poynte of arte and not of chaunce to rule wel seruauntes And if the wyser masters go aboute thys thynge so to vse their seruauntes that thei shuld serue them well and gently and in stede of seruantes had rather haue them fre men how shameful is it bi bryngyng vp to make seruantes of those that be gentle and free by nature Not wythout cause dothe the olde manne in the comedie thynke that there is greate difference betwixte a master and a father The master only compelleth the father by honestie and gentelnes accustumeth hâ—s sonne to do well of hys owne mynde rather then by feare of an other and that he shulde bee all one in hys presence and behind hys backe He that can not do this sayth he lette hym confesse that he can not rule chyldren But there oughte to be a litle more difference betwyxte a father and the master then betwixt a kinge and a tirant Wee putte awaye a tiraunte from the common wealthe and we chose tirauntes yea for oure sonnes eyther we oure selfes exercyse tirannye vpon them Howebeit thys vyle name of seruitude oughte vtterlye to bee taken awaye oute of the lyfe of chrysten menne Sainte Paule desyreth Philo to bee good to Onesimus not nowe as a seruaunte but as a deere brother in steede of a seruaunte And wrytyng to the Ephesians he monysheth the masters to remitte theyr bytternesse agaynst theyr seruauntes and their threatnynges remembrynge that they are rather felow seruauntes then masters because they both haue a common master in heauen whyche as well wyll punyshe the masters if they do amysse as the seruauntes The Apostle wolde not haue the masters ful of threatning muche lesse full of beatynge for he saythe not pardonynge your strypes but pardonynge your threatenynges and yet wee woulde haue oure chyldren nothynge but beaten whyche scarse the Baleye masters or Sea robbers do agaynste theyr slaues and rowers But of chyldren what dothe the same Apostle commaunde vs In somuch he wyll not haue them beaten slauyshely he coÌ„maundeth all crueltye and bytternes to be awaye from our monicions and chydyng You fathers saythe he prouoke not your chyldren to anger but bring them vp in discipline and chastisyng of the Lorde And what the discipline of the lorde is he shal soone se that wyll consider wyth what gentlenes what meekenes what charitie the Lord Iesus hath taught suffered and noryshed and brought vp by litle and lytle his disciples The lawes of man do temper the fathers power the same also permit vnto the seruauntes an accion of euyll handlyng and from whence then commeth thys crueltye amonge christen men In time paste one Auxon a knight of Rome whylest he wente about to amende hys sonne by beatynge hym vnmesurably he kylled him That crueltye so moued the people that the fathers and chyldren haled hym in to the market place al to be priâ—ked hym thrust him in wyth theyr wrytyng pinnes nothynge regarding the dignitie of his knighthod and Octauus Augustus had much a do to saue hym but now a daies howe many Auxons do we see whiche thorowe cruell beatynge hurâ—e the chyldrens healthe make them one eyed weaken them and sometyme kyll them Roddes serue not to some mens cruâ—ltie they turne them and beate theÌ„ wyth the great ende they geue them buffettes and stryke the yonge ons wyth their fistes or whatsoeuer is next at hand they snatche it and dashe it vpon them It is told in the lawe that a certen sowter when he layd one of his sowâ—ers vpon the hynder parte of the heade wyth a laste he stroke oute one of hys eyes and that for that deede he was punyshed by the lawe What shall we saye of them whyche beside their beatinges do theÌ„ shamefull despite also I woâ—de neuer haue beleued it excepte both I had knowen the chylde and the doer of this crueltie perfâ—â—elye A chylde yet scantâ— â—ii yere olde whose honeste parenâ—es had done good to his master they handled so cruellye that scarse anye suche tiraunt as was Mezencius or Phalaris coulde do more cruelly They caste so much mans donge in to the childes mouth y e scarsely he coulde spit but was coÌ„pelled to swallowe doune a great parte of it What tiraunt dyd euer suche kynde of despyght After suche daynties they exercysed suche lordelynes The chylde naked was hanged vp wyth cordes by y e armeholes as though he hadde bene a stronge thyefe and there is amonge the Germanes no kynde of punishement more abhorred then thys Anone as he honge they all to beat hym wyth roddes almoste euen