reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good Sâ—eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as â— fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aortâ— spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to iâ— another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or Vâ—â—tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it â—â—d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is
the lower part of it is in the right side that it may give way to the Colon which is in the left taking up a great room but its lower part in the right side towards the Portanarium or gate is less than in the left side toward the Colon because in the right side the Liver taketh up a greater room than the Colon placed in the left also it s lower part is in the right side lest otherwise the Orifices should bee direct both that the meat might bee the better retained and that the Choler from the gall might the more easily enter into the Duodenum continued to the lower part of it It s substance is nervous by predomination its colour appears its shape is round arched after the manner of a * Or Morescan Mores Goard its quantity is apparent It hath Colligancy with the heart by Arteries with the Liver and Spleen by veins with the Brain by the descendent nerves it is fastned to the Anus by the Intestines and to the mouth by means of the Gula it is fastned to the Zirbus toward the former part it hath two Tunicles the innermost is more sinowy by reason of the appetite and more gross rugged and hard because it meeteth with hard meats it is harder in the upper part and also more sensible it hath an outward Tunicle more subtil enclining a little to the nature of flesh the innermost is some way nourished by the Chilus the outermost is nourished by Venaportae the innermost hath towards its inside long fibers serving for attraction and towards its outside it hath oblique fibers for retention the outermost hath broad fibers for expulsion The bottome of it serveth for the digestive faculty by means of the outermost Pannicle and by means of the heat of those parts which are about it yet it hath a proper hidden vertue of digestion as the Matrix of generating and the Liver of making blood the upper part of it serveth for the appetite by the help of melancholy milking it self into its mouth from the Spleen and for this cause it is often found black The Ventricle hath also a common Tunicle involving it and fastning it to the Back arising from the Peritoneon which is grosser than any other member contained in the lower belly except the Mesentereon in that part wherein it is doubled and it is so in the Ventricle because of the extension that it hath in victuals The body of it is fastned with its upper Orifice to the back to wit between the twelve and thirteenth of the Spondiles of the back which Orifice is properly called the Stomach and there are applied Medicines for the comforting of the appetite and this Orifice is in the very lower part of the Gula or Meri which by penetrating the Diafragma is continued upwards to the extream part of the mouth especially with its innermost pannicle and this Orifice is shuâ— up by the Diafragma lest in the inclination of the body the meat might easily return back it is also fastned to the back by its lower part that is by the Pyluron or otherwise Pyloron or Portanarium in that place where the Duodenum is fastned to the back by the Mesenterion but the rest of it is loose and is easily moved any way this Portanarium is higher than the bottom that contains the food lest the meat might too easily fall downward In number it is one member its complexion by the parts compounding it is cold and dry Its helps are to cause appetite to retain and to concoct the food and to give the gross part to the intestines but the good and digested to other members by means of the Liver It suffereth passions of all sorts and through the great sence of it the heart and brain doe suffer with it Of the Spleen Splen a suppleo dic quia vacuum locum ex contraria parte Jecoris supplet HAving left the Ventricle in its place for the seeing of the Venae portae wee must mind the anatomy of the Spleen or Milt and first you shall see it placed in the left Hypochondrion cleaving to the Ventricle with its little concave part and with its Gibbous part touching the ribs towards the back and sides it is covered with the Peritoneon But you may lift up the Corps as if it sate that you may the better see the situation of it which is under the Diafragma immediately in the Hypochondrion especially in a living body but in a dead body lying along it seemeth to bee under the ribs because its heavinesse doth easily drive the Diafragma to the upper parts for the Lungs are empty and loose easily yeelding you may also break up some of the false ribs that you may the better see the situation of the Spleen you may likewise doe so in the Anatomy of the Liver for the aforesaid cause this manner likewise would bee somewhat convenient in shewing the situation of the Stomach which also in a dead body lying along seemeth through the emptinesse of the Lungs to bee under the bones of the brest with some of its upper part more than it is naturally in a living body It s shape is square somewhat like a half Moon of a loose substance it hath colligancy with the Heart by great arteries which you must mark making thin the gross bloud which being made thin nourisheth the Spleen it is fastned to the Liver by a branch of the Porta to the braine by nerves to the Mesentereon and Omentum by veins and to Siphac by the pannicle covering it to the stomach by many veins some wherof doe nourish the left part of the Ventricle and one doth milk out melancholy unto the mouth thereof its quantity is known its complexion is ordained hot and moyst and is appointed opposite for that which is contained in it in number it is one member it is helpful to the whole body by purging the mass of bloud from the dreggs and for that cause it provoketh laughter sometimes it maketh bloud it stirreth up appetite it helpeth the digestion of the Stomack it suffereth every kind of Disease and there is sometimes in it a special impediment of its course and strong motion and it is held that that part being taken away by a wound Creatures doe sometimes live and there are some that think that through the greatnesse of it laughter hath been quite hindred and that it hath sometimes changed place with the Liver but very strangely Of the Liver HAving seen the aforesaid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est operari sanguinem parts you must raise up the Corps as it is afore made plain â—hat the Liver may shew its situation which is immediately under the Diafragma in the right Hypochondrion it is great in a man because hee is a hot and moyst Creature it is of a Moon-like shape its concave part is toward the Ventricle but its gibbous part is touching the ribs
descendeth by the inside of the Hipp and when it is neer to the Knee under the Ham it is divided into three branches whereof one is made oblique toward the outside of the Shank and reacheth unto the Little foot and this branch is called Sciatica because being incised it helpeth in the pains of it and the beginning of that branch Mundinus knew not One other of the three aforesaid descendeth unto the Foot by the inside and this is called Saphena but the third branch holdeth the middle between the aforesaid branches all which do nourish the Shank and the Foot but of them speech shall bee made in the Anatomy of the Great foot But observe that there are more Veins than Arteries Witness Galen in his sixteenth Book of the Utility of the parts in the thireenth and fourteenth Chapters and witnesse the sense and it is reason because there are many cold members naturally not wanting eventation for which also a little spirit doth suffice therefore they have not many Arteries and in the hands and in the feet and in the brain and in the superficial part of the neck and in the Cutis of the whole body there are some Veins without Arteries but there is no Artery without a Vein joyned to it some whereof that are chiefly notable are fastned together by a Pannicle risen from the Artery and they are united together that the Veins might bee made firm and fortified by the aforesaid Pannicle and that the Artery might give life to the Vein and that the Vein might give bloud to the Artery in necessities whereof is made vital spirit and the Artery it self is nourished but the small Arteries are not fastned with the Veins by the aforesaid Pannicle although they are companions to one another but they are companions that they may give life to and nourish the members witnesse Galen where it is quoted above And the Veins and Arteries doe goe from the nearer places for the nourishing of their members except the Veins and Artries of the Testicles and Mamillaes which goe unto them from afarre off that the bloud might make long delay in them by which it is the better digested and is more easily turned into good Sperm and into Milk and there are many Arteries and Veins not perceiveable by the sence as those which goe to the bones and to the skin and those which extend unto the extream parts of the members The situation of these Veins and Arteries and also the substance and the quantity and the shape doe appear the number of the branches of them is unperceiveable their colligancy appeareth by that which hath been and is to bee said their helps are to nourish and give life to the whole body they endure passions of all sorts But to them doe happen Diseases compounded of the chief of Opilations which are worser than the opilations of the nostrils and Intestines and like places both because their opilation forbiddeth the members to bee nourished not suffering the bloud to flow unto them as also because they cause the bloud to flow back again unto the Liver which causeth in it opilation or putrifieth or induceth some other ill Diseases also their oppilation is ill because it is often unknown and because Medicines cannot bee well applied unto them as well within the body as without their solutions may bee of an inward cause and of an outward of which there are three kinds one is commonly called Diabrosis which is a corrosion of the vein of Dia which is de of or composition and Brosis or Rosis which is Comestio an eating another kind is called Rexis which is interpreted incisio incision the third is called Anastomosis which is the same that the opening and dilatation of the Veins is every where Diabrosis corrodeth the veins 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Rexis cutteth them Anastomosis causeth them to open But to the Emulgent Veins among other Diseases may happen a weaknesse of the attraction of the wonted watery bloud as also in the Reins whereupon they doe either not attract or else weakly and thereby happeneth either a difficulty or a total ablation of the Urine yea there being in the Bladder no Urine in which case rude Physicians doe erre attempting to draw Urine from the Bladder with a Siringe or other handy operation and that is a singular hazard for the most part bringing death which I have often seen and amongst the rest I was with many honoured Physicians in the cure of the magnificent and illustrious Lord Lord Galataeus of the noble Family of the Palavicinians which was suflocated by the waterinesse of Urine gathered together in the Veins throughout and this waterinesse induced to him a Squinancy for which wee applied Ventoses without scarification for diversion sake and the Ventoses were filled with pure water through the pores of the skin but these things by chance I have written for the profit and honour of young men Of the Reins WIth the aforesaid Emulgent Renes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a fluendo qnod per eos Sperma urina fluunt branches are continued two fleshy bodies solid covered with the Peritoneon called Renes or Renones they are two and not one as the Cistis of Choler and the Spleen because the waterinesse is more than the dregs and scum of the bloud for which is required one great place of purging or two small ones and it was not one great Ridney lest it should crush together and presse the Intestines and lest they should make the Back unequal and they were two that if the operation of one should bee hurt that of the other might remain firm and they were solid that they might help much in a little room and lest the Bloud should goe forth with the Urine by some of its Pores and that they might not draw any thing by sucking it but that which is thin and that they might resist the sharpnesse of the Urine they were also solid because a thick body is stronger for attraction Their quantity appeareth their Phaeseolus Plin l. 18. ca. 12. shape may bee seen which is like the grain of the Kidney bean they have colligancy with the Brain by Nerves by means of the Pannicles involving them with the Liver by the aforesaid Veins with the Heart by great Arteries Galen hath noted that the great Arteries in the Kidnies are not only for the cause of nutrition and giving life seeing the Kidnies are little members for which a little Artery did suffice but in them there are great Arteries because they doe also cleanse the Heart from waterinesse and Choler and hee saith moreover many times Aorta draweth from the Stomach and from the Intestines bloud not pure yea Chylus which the Emulgent arteries doe purge out to the Kidnies I my self also in the year 1521. in our exercise at Bononia saw in one publiquely Anatomised one of the Emulgent arteries that made one Pore in the right side without the Kidney which in a
to send it forth But it doth as it were continually flow from the Kidneys to it Certain glandules of flesh do help its retention envolving and compressing the beginning of its Neck on the outside causing in the Neck some turnings by reason of which the Bladder is not wholly cleansed from the water and one onely muscle of the Bladder envolving the mouth of it doth help its Voluntary retention and likewise Expulsion The Bladder may endure passions of all sorts which are sometimes incureable as is a very great stone and Excoriation in a Cholerick body and in an old man Of Virga or the Yard Virga quasi Vim gerens AFter the aforesaid Members cometh the Yard which is of a Ligamental substance it is also Sinewy and hollow like a Spunge yet with some muscles the Yard and likewise the Tongue hath more and greater Veins and Arteries than any other Member like to it in bigness through the aforesaid Porosities the Yard above being guided by the imaginative vertue is oftentimes magnified and erected of the Spirit for in it is a natural virtue by which when a living creature is moved to Copulation it is puffed up and enlarged and there is caused naturally a motion in the Heart and in Arteries but in these it is caused alwaies for necessity but in this sometimes when it is necessary It s beginning and Situation is of a part of the Pecten in the middle known to all It s Shape is very long and round having in it a Chanel by which the Urine and Sperm go forth The upper part of it is called Glans and the head of the Yard and there it is compact hard and of a dull sense lest it should bee hurt in copulations a certain soft Skin doth compass about that Glans which is called Preputium being obedient to turning Praeputium a praeputando eo quod a Judais praeputaretur back in every Friction This Praeputium in the lower part in the middle onely according to the length is fastned to the greater part of the Glans by a certain Pellicular member called of the Vulgar El filello It s Number and also Quantity are apparent its Native complexion through influence is hot and moist it hath Colligancy with the Os pectâ—nis with the Kernelly Parastata with the Bladder by means of the Chanel without by which the Urine floweth forth with the Brain by means of the Nerves coming to the muscles and skin of it with the Heart and Liver by means of the aforesaid Arteries and Veins descending The Yard hath in it three Orifices one wide the which is common both to the Sperm and Urine and two small by which the Sperm coming from the aforesaid Seminary vessels do enter into that common Orifice Those two Orifices or Vessels do enter into this Chanel in the place called Perineon which is a place between the Yard and the Anus That Chanel from those Orifices to the Bladder is according to the truth called the Neck of the Bladder from hence unto the extream part of the Glans it is called the common Hole and Chanel of the Yard and of some it is called â—retra The Yard also hath four Muscles two towards its lower part on both sides one near unto the chanel of the Urine which are long-ways extended and do dilate the Yard and elevate it that the Sperm may with easiness peirce thorow it There are of it two other Muscles beginning from the root of it towards Os Pectiniâ— coming transverse about the Glans in its upper part which when they are extended the Yard is lifted up and when they cease from extension it is kept down that if the extension happen to one and not to the other the Yard will decline to the part of the extended muscle The profit of the Yard is made principally for conservation of the Species for by its means the Sperm is sent into the field of Nature that is into the Matrix which if it be of a moderate quantity as likewise the Tongue it is praised and is profitable for the shortness of it doth not bring the Sperm to the due place and it s too much length is the cause of the resolving of the spirits in the Sperm The Yard also by its Colligancy doth empty the Bladder from Urine whereof it is a sign because Lice applied to its extream Orifice provoke it by biting The helps of the Praeputium and the aforesaid Pellicle fastning it to the Glans are to yeeld some delight in Copulation and to defend the Glans from outward hurts That Praeputium the Jews take away in Circumcisions working contrary to the intent of Nature the Yard suffereth passions of all sorts its proper passion is a Priapism For the well seeing of this Anatomy the things spoken of being first observed and the situation of the Intestine Rectum being noted separate with a Scalprum Falx or Saw or other Engine the Os Pectinis from its lateral part and together with the Bone separate a notable part of the Buttocks to wit that in which are the muscles of the Anus and take away the Rectum the Bladder and the Yard with the Seminary Vessels and the aforesaid Uritidian Pores and put the aforesaid members being first washed and clean from the dung and bloudiness contained in them upon some table that you may the better see the aforesaid members putting away with diligence the Os Pectinis only from the aforesaid members And first you shall note the place of the afore-named Uritidian Pores entring into the Bladder by putting into them a Probe or Radius or some such thing and you shall perceive it peirce Diagonally through the substance of the body of the Bladder into the hollowness of it as hath been said before These things being seen you shall also see the aforesaid Seminary vessels to enter between the Rectum and the Bladder and with some instrument of Incision separate warily the Rectum from the Bladder because in that place these members are very firmly fastned and you shall see the Parastata afore-named full of caves and large and incising them you shall find the Sperm there contained for two or more Copulations and these Vessels are terminated in the chanel of the Yard And about that place you shall see notable glandulous flesh on the sides of the neck of the Bladder which doth somewhat digest and whiten the Sperm there contained or at least keepeth it that it be not dried up conserving also in it the genitive spirit Those fleshes doe also keep the neck of the Bladder lest it should be dried and also the Yard which by reason of its length hanging without is apt to bee dried and shut up and for this cause Women have not that flesh also those fleshes with their somewhat fatness resist the sharpness of the Urine These things being noted you may slit the Yard long-ways and you shall see the aforesaid chanel with the Orifices
might resist things swallowed therefore the chanel of the Trachea is filled behind of the aforesaid Pannicles and Ligament which by their softnesse doe give way to things swallowed and 〈◊〉 this cause the hollownesse of 〈◊〉 throat within it its panniâ—â—â— giving way serveth the Gula â—â— necessities when great morsels are swallowed and the pannicles â—â— the throat doe easily obey in sâ—â—â—lowings because the time of breathing and of swallowing is diverse and not only the thrâ—â—â— in this serveth the Gula but 〈◊〉 the Gula the throat in breathing because in the time of breathing the Gula is empty as the throat is empty of breath in the time of swallowing because the Epiglottis is always shut in swallowings Also the hinder part of the throat was not Cartilagineous but pannicular that it might bee the more easily moystned by drinking or by licking with the tongue some moyst thing as it often hapneth in great heats and in Feavers and that also matters â—ontained in 〈◊〉 Breast might bee more easily brought out by hawkâ—â—gs as it is in the Plurisie And this member was wisely 〈◊〉 Cartilagineous and Pellicuâ—â— for two reasons to wit for 〈◊〉 sound or voyce and for breathing and it doth therefore serve â—â— and the Voyce and it is not still toward the Gula because 〈◊〉 it is soft and as it were fleshy 〈◊〉 therefore if the Trachea and â—â—iglottis bee not decently dry 〈◊〉 moyst there is hoarsnesse â—â—â—ess Galen in his Book De voâ—â— anhelitu as it is before drink and liquid meat that the Voyce â—â— clear and shrill but drink being taken by the Gula moystning the Traâ—hea next and united to it a clear voyce is not uttered and if iâ— be superfluously moystned with drink or rheum there is caused â—â—arsness and therefore old men reason of the moysture of these â—â—ts are hoarse and dry bodies have a more clear and shrill voyce than moyst and if the instruments of the passages of the Voyce be opened then sâ—ddenly muâ—â— air goeth out and that is Anbelâ—tus the breathing and if they 〈◊〉 constrained with the breathing there is somewhat to bee 〈◊〉 differing by the difference of 〈◊〉 instrument constrained and if 〈◊〉 Epiglottis bee constrained a 〈◊〉 is made but if the cane only there is made a certain soâ—â—â— which is between breathing and voyce and this is Roucedo hoarsness of these things speaketh Galen From that which hath been 〈◊〉 the substance of the throat doth appear whose lower pannicle iâ— solid and hard enough that it might resist Catharres and evil Hawkings and the smoakie vapour breathed from the Hearr and that it may withstand the motions of the throat in the voyce the situation figure and Colligancy and number and helps of the throat and its quantity are to be seen its complexion is cold and dry it suffereth passions of all sorts Of the top of the Throat which is called Epiglottis He aforesaid things being 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod lingulae superemineat quae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dicitur Columb â—â— seen I come to the top of the â—â—â—oat the principal substance of 〈◊〉 member is of many Cartilages joyned together artificially and with great diligence from which the Voyce and conservation of life reboundeth the Muscles Ligaments and Pannicles covering the whole Trachea doe bind toâ—â—â—â—er these Cartilages within and without This member witness Galen is not of one only Cartilage but of many unlike in shape and quantity that by the benefit of the 〈◊〉 it might bee dilated and conâ—â—â—â—ned for the breathing and voyce and its Cartilages are at least four whereof one is not a pure Cartilage therefore Authors the commonly appoint three Cartilages in the Epiglottis which are pure the first pure Cartilage is called Peltalis or Scutalis or Scutiformis because it beareth the form of a Buckler the convex part of it is forward but the concave is turned to the center of the Epiglottis that is to the passage of air and this is bigger than the rest which of us seemeth notably eminent in the former part of the Neck under the skin After the Scutalis toward the Gula or Meri is the second pure Cartilage which wanteth a name neither hath it a name of the Greeks nor of the Latines and therefore it is called Cartilage â—â—nominata or the Chartilage without name this second hath its lower part of a perfect circle with which it is united with the upper circle of the Trachea Arteria behind before and on the sides and toward the fore-part it is firmly united with its circular part under the Scutalis and the Scutalis hath two notable additions with which it doth embrace the second and those two united together doe compound the whole circular pore of air before behind and on the sides being altogether cartilagineous and hard The third Cartilage being also pure is commonly called Cymbalaris and of Galen is called Autyoiâ—deâ— because it is fastned within the second Cartilage in the top of it toward the pore of air right against the bone Hyoidea this third is so much less than the second as the first is greater than the second and this Cartilage in my judgement is not one only but two united so that they seem one onâ—â— and this in its opening taketh the course of the two shuttings of a little Book one whereof is shut against the other and they work in a contrary manner in the opening of them and this Cartilage when it is shut in its upper part and also in its lower maketh the hole wider than in the middle of it and then it hath such a hole or holes as the trumpet hath in its ends but greater above than below therefore Galen said in his eighth Book De juvamentis that for the voyce it behoved the Epiglottis to be first broad afterward narrow and after that again to be made broad and when this is shut it meeteth with the Scutaâ—â—â— and when the parts of it or the sideâ— are opened they goe toward the Cartilage that hath not a name Above these three Cartilageâ— is a fourth which is a body membranous cartilagineous and fat being like to the tongues of Pipes and therefore Galen calleth it Glotida it is also called Sublinguium and this is the most principal Organ of Voyce and the Glotida is not a member of pure Cartilage because a hard thing is hardly doubled neither of pure Membrane because in shutting it would be doubled but it is compounded of Membrane and Cartilage for its decent shutting and in it there is also fat lest it should be dried as well by the almost continual motion as also by the breathing and respiration of the air â—â—â—ing it this member hath the Epiglottis to shut in time of swalâ—â—â—ing and the Cymbalaris also shutteth it this on the hinder 〈◊〉 but the Glotida before so 〈◊〉 ordinarily neither in Vomitâ—â—â—â— nor in swallowings any thing 〈◊〉 â—â—â—â—er into the cane of the 〈◊〉 And the