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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05091	Politique discourses, treating of the differences and inequalities of vocations, as well publique, as priuate with the scopes or endes wherevnto they are directed. Translated out of French, by Ægremont Ratcliffe Esquire.; Discours politiques sur la voye d'enter deuëment aux estats. English	La Place, Pierre de, 1520-1572.; Radcliffe, Egremont, d. 1578.	1589 (1589)	STC 15230.5; ESTC S110593	110,171	164

❧ POLITIQVE discourses treating of the differences and inequalities of Vocations as well Publique as Priuate with the scopes or endes wherevnto they are directed Translated out of French by Aegremont Ratcliffe Esquire ¶ Suas habet Respublica ligaturas ¶ Imprinted at London for Edward Aggas 1578. TO THE RIGHT HONOrable Sir Francis Walsingham Knight principall Secretarie vnto the Queenes most excellent Maiestie Aegremont Ratcliffe Esquire wisheth continuance of health long life with increase of honour THE counsell giuen vs by the auncient aduising each one Right honorable to couet to be that he is and no more if it be well and duly considered of is not to be reiected for that we be thereby taught two especiall pointes most worthie to be imbraced of all men The firste is that there is nothing more decent commendable or yet more beneficiall to man then to be contented and constantly stande to his calling without coueting as ofte as his fond affection shall egge him to be other then he is by chaunging of his manner of liuing For that as Numa Pompilius being called to be King of Rome said There is no change more daungerous and more to be eschewed of euery wise and warie man then the chaunging of his calling or the manner of liuing he is in The seconde and cheefest is that there is not one who beside his apparant calling made by mans meanes is not secretly by the vnspeakable prouidence of God called to some vocation that is to say to one maner of liuing or other And who hath not his particular distinct talent assigned him to be employed to Gods glorie the cōmon vtilitie of the societie of al men Which as it shoulde appeare hath beene the cause why that Philosophers seeing as Seneca saith that a forced nature or inclination seldome or neuer thriueth or bringeth foorth good fruite haue bene of aduice that children after they haue atteined vnto the yeres of discretion and vnderstanding should partely be permitted to the choice of the Facultie Occupation Art Science or Trade of life they best like to followe as that wherein in verie deede for the moste part they thriue and profite best Suche be the secrete furtheraunces of God for the commoditie ease and releefe of his creatures And to speake by experience if a man doe well consider their youthfull course he shall not fayle to see children almoste euen from their cradle and first vnderstanding giuen to like or mislike to choose or refuse also to be more apt to one thing then an other Some giuen to a forme of Architecture some to Letters some to Armes some to Sciences and Mechanicall occupations and so foorth All moste apparent tokens yea euident signes of this secrete vocation surpassing the comprehension of man So that this auncient counsell is no whitte dissenting in that point from the aduice of the coelestiall Philosopher and moste blessed Apostle Saint Paule who vppon this consideration willeth each one to walke worthily and with all humilitie meekenesse and patience charitably supporting eache other in the vocation we be called vnto For sayeth he there be distributions of graces and administrations and also giftes different or vnlike one an other giuen vs according to grace and distributed to eache one after the measure of Christes blessed will and pleasure to be by vs following his aduice willingly and with diligence fidelitie prosequuted without being yrked or annoyed or yet of our selues disturned from perseueraunce in the intentiue exercise therof for any occasion whatsoeuer Two most remarkable lessons worthie to be remembred and spoken of in these our dayes full of disorder when that no man or at least few or none is contented with his owne lott but euerie one ledde with I knowe not what kinde of selfe loue greedinesse and ambition seeketh to be all in all is not many times afraide as if he had as many sufficiencies as vaine thoughtes or fonde motions like a blinde monster to attempte things in despite of Minerua that is to vndertake things that be contrarie to his naturall instinct and to cast though for the moste parte to his owne confusion at that whiche passeth his reache and capacitie Without consideration either of his talent giuen him not to be cast aside or negligently digged vp in the Earth but rather to be vsed carefully and also liberally imployed to cōmon profite Or yet caring for policie the nource and conseruatrix of all well founded Common weales as that which respecteth the Publique all men in generall and not any particular Or once thinking on his duetie whiche teacheth him orderly attendance vertuous perseuerance and humble obedience Yea or yet whiche is the worst without remembring the feare of God who hath created him a seelie member of the huge and mightie bodie of humane societie appointed him his distinct charge not to be exercised to his own particular but to the reliefe common maintenance of the vniuersall bodie neither more nor lesse then as we see each member of mans bodie trauel in his degree for the sustentation and continuance of the whole All and euerie one of them by Gods most wise prouidence being so streightly restrained within the limits of their duetie that no one may or can leaue his owne to take to him his fellowes office or charge no more then one man if he kepe himselfe within his boundes may or ought to incroch or intrude him selfe into an others but to the verie end following their example so necessarie for our instruction proposed vnto vs firmely to stand to his owne without starting or of his own motion once looking on anothers A consideration thoughe of greate importance in these dayes little thought on and lesse regarded For who euer sawe so many discontented persons so many yrked with their owne degrees so fewe contented with their owne calling and such a number desirous greedie of change nouelties Who euer heard tel of so many reformers or rather deformers of estates and Common weales so many controllers of Princes and their proceedinges and so fewe imbracing obedience Whiche beginneth nowe the more pitie to be lagged at the cartes taile And to be short such straunge and souden alteration in all estates Doth not the vnlearned Layman vndertake the office of a Minister Doth not the Minister disallowe of inferiour orders and leuell as a man would say with both eyes at once for fayling at the Bishops myter Is the Bishoppe trowe ye so exempt of selfe loue and desire of honour as that he could not be contented to leaue his former vocation to imbrace the supreme dignitie of Priesthood Likewise the Plough man doth he not thinke the Merchant happier then himselfe The Merchant doth he not tickle at the title of a Gentleman The Gentleman doth he not shoot at the marke of Nobilitie And the Noble man hath he not his eye fixed vppon the glorie and greatnesse of a Prince What Prince could not be contented to be Monarche of

Antigonus a king in Asia séemeth vnto me both worthy of prayse and memorie Antigonus when that to represse the insolencie of his sonne toward his subiects he saide vnto him Doest thou not knowe my sonne A kingdome is a noble seruice Agamemnon Luripides that our kingdome is no other thing but a noble seruice Confirming that which king Agamemnon had before sayde of him selfe in the tragedie of Euripides who in his Aulide nameth himselfe Iphegenia With th'apparence of greatnes thogh we passe our days Yet serue we the people for the most part always To the which purpose the Shepheardes also in a tragedie of Sophocles Sophocles speaking of their flockes say thus We serue them though we be maisters Men in olde time gaue thrée titles to Kings Three Royall titles King to wit of King Iudge and Priest King to rule and commaund as the father ouer his children to their commoditie and profite that be vnder him As he hath bene called Iudge Iudge bycause it is he who ought to yealde right and iustice to euery one there being no greater blisse for mankinde to hope or looke for as Plato saith then when the souereigne authoritie vnited and coupled with wisedome and iustice Plato shall recounter and méete in one selfe person And Priest Priest bicause of the care he ought to haue of religion that the same may aboue all things be wel purely cōserued in his realme as we sée the same to haue bene the first and théefe thing that was had in recommendation with the Kinges of Israel and for the which Kinges in times past haue obteined the title of most Christian as the most excellent and royall title they could haue taken And in déede The title of most Christian King there is nothing that so much conserueth and maketh kingdomes to prosper as religion as in like case there is nothing that bréedeth so much mischiefe and miserie Religion maketh realmes to prosper the contempt thereof breedeth their ruine as the contempt and neglecting of the same as we may sée and well learne by an infinite of examples of our time And it is not to be beléeued that God hath raysed this mightie and cruell nation of Turkes against vs Christians for any other cause but for the little respect of religion that hath bene and yet is in vs. A Scepter giuen vnto Kinges in remembrance of their oth Therefore ought Kinges diligently to call to minde the thrée titles aboue rehearsed for the effect of which they haue giuen their othes at their admission and entrie In memorie wherof and bicause they should haue no occasion to forget the same there hath of all antiquitie a scepter bene giuen vnto them hauing vpon the vpper end thereof in signification of the same a hand stretched out CHAPTER VI. Of the vocation of Iustice THe vocation of Iustice very commodious requisite for the societie of men consisteth in many most necessarie degrées prouided that the number of thē be not excessiue It being most certeine which Plato saith Plato that there is no greater signe and coniecture of a corupted Common weale then when there is a great number of Iudges Physicians in the same bycause that thereby it appeareth the maners of men to be sore depraued and their liues very vntemperate and dissolute Lawes and magistrates ought to be cut off and mainteined in sufficient number only Ecprepes Ephore For certenly these be two points the lawes and Magistrates by the which the administration of a citie realme or Common weale receiueth as much or more hurt then good when they be not cut off and maintained in a more necessarie then superfluous number Ecprepes Ephore the Lacedaemonian was much commended bycause he cutte a sunder with an axe Cythera the two strings which Phrynis the Musician had added to the harpe more then the seuen ordinarie as if this wise man would a farre off haue preuented the superfluitie of vices lest the same should procéede to the corruption of life Howe much more were he to be estéemed who in a Cōmon weale perished through the excessiue number of Magistrats lawes and ordinaunces should be the authour of the cutting off and reducing of the number and vnbridled multitude to a moderate and necessarie number Further they that be of this vocation ought especially to be well wakened with this sentence Warning to Iudges and Lawyers Take héede to that ye goe about to doe for it is not mans iudgement that ye exercise but Gods Certeinly it behooueth that euery minister of Iustice be in the exercise of his vocation voyde of fauour acception of persons auarice hatred and vengeance hauing no other thing before his eyes but the simple veritie iust iudgement which of it selfe representeth a manifest pietie and equitie alwayes ready to deale vprightly as often as occasion shall be presented And especially to take héede Lawes may not serue for cobwebbes Iustice must not be delayed least the lawes and ordinances be made cobwebs where nothing but flyes be caught and that iustice be not so delayed as that the parties trauell and expences surmount the cause more processe arising of a sentence or decrée then before as it hath oft happened and many good houses thereby vtterly vndone Therefore Cato surnamed Censorius Cato Censorius vppon a time as they determined in the Senate to cause the court and auditorie of Rome to be richly adorned and some would haue had galleries built to kéepe suters vnder couert impugning the same said I am of opinion that the entries of all courtes and auditories should be paued with galthrops to kéepe men as farre off as may be and that they should approch the same no more then if it were a daungerous rocke Meaning thereby that it was not the part of a good Iudge to allure and nourish men in processes or sutes but rather by all meanes to dissuade and disturne them All ministers of iustice bound to the law of veritie Panetius Cicero Vnder the Iudges be many other ministers of iustice as Aduocates Atturnies and other which be bound to the lawe of veritie although that Panetius a man much renoumed among the Stoiks and followed by Cicero was wont to say that it belongeth to Iudges to followe the veritie but that it sufficeth for Aduocates and Proctours or Atturnies to haue the colour of likelihoode of truth Thus may you sée Power giuen to Magistrates how that the authoritie of the sword is giuen vnto the chéefe Magistrates and estates of the Politique vocation for the punishment of offences and tuition and defence of subiectes and to that end power to make warres and beare armes against all seditious persons disturbers of the common rest and tranquillitie to make lawes and ordinances and beside that power and authoritie to impose raise and leuie taxes and impostes for maintenaunce of Publique charges and not otherwise A good King being

and excellencie of the one and the other The ecclesiasticall calling preferred before the politique and by the selfe reasons that we haue placed the contemplatiue in the first ranke we wil adiudge the same also to the Ecclesiasticall vocation For though we respect the Ecclesiasticall as an actiue vndoubtedly there is no action so excellent as that which instructeth and informeth the interior which is the principall part of man where hence all the good or euill of the exterior procéedeth Or else if we account therof as participant of the contemplatiue as it behooueth of necessitie that al actiue vocations be so as we haue before said in the case it is also most certein that there is no vocation wherevnto contemplation is more proper necessary ne yet which is more composed of the same also therfore to the which the first place degrée of all other actiues doth better apperteine There resteth then only the last comparison of politique vocations Comparison of the Politique vocation exercised by armes with the same without armes The vocation exercised by armes is royall and excellent which consist in offices estates exercised some by armes and other some without armes the one for warre and the other for peace Of the which also to speake our opinion summarily beginning first with the vocation exercised by armes without al doubt the vertue militarie hath alwayes bene estéemed more excellent and royall then any other as that whereby men haue purchased more reputation and glorie more ample dominion and obeyfance then by any other else As it may easily be proued by the example and good testimonie of the mightiest Empires Realmes Monarchies and Common weales inlarged growen to their high renoume glorie onely by exploytes of armes wherevnto all lawes ordinances Magistrates and affaires of state and iustice submit them selues all artes and sciences also yea all things at the only brute of warres armes retire them selues be whist and kéepe silence To be short by armes peace is purchased and mainteined where from as from a spring all wealth all blisse and felicitie do procéede So that it is not without cause if the warlike calling hath in all ages bene estéemed worthie meriting great honour praise Howbeit this Politique vocation without armes hath alwayes bene the same The politike vocation exercised without armes thought better then the other and good cause why that hath ben iudged the chéefe as the most profitable and necessarie and by the which greater things haue ben atchieued then by that which hath bene exercised by armes For proofe whereof we néede but to come to the néerest and most particular comparison of certein of the greatest and most excellent personages Politique and Militarie that haue ben and thereby we shal more perfectly vnderstand whether of the two vocations is preferred and more renoumed then the other Among other it is writen of two notable personages in the Athenien Common weale which were very famous the one professing armes Comparison betweene Themistocles and Solon and the other Politique gouernment to wit Themistocles and Solon the first renoumed aboue all other Atheniens for exploits and feates of armes the other for good lawes ordinances other institution of the Common weal the one vndoubtedly extolled and approued to be very valiant The Isle Salamine Xerxes Areopagites by the famous so much spoken of victory he got in the Isle of Salamine against the great king Xerxes and the other no lesse renoumed by the establishing of the Senate of Areopagites so beneficiall to the Publique and the one of the which did once stoutly succour the Atheniens by force of armes but the other by good lawes and wise and well established counsell hath not onely in his life time but also many dayes sithence profited them Themistocles Themistocles can not shewe wherein he hath ayded Solon and Solon may proue he ayded Themistocles with a good and wise counsell and a Senate he instituted in his Common weale Comparison betwene Pausanias Lysander and Lycurgus by the aduice whereof the warre was enterprised and conducted As much may be said of Pausanias and Lysander also greatly renoumed and by whose warlike vertue the Lacaedemonian Empire was greatly inlarged the which for all that may not in any case be compared or approche any thing néere vnto the lawes discipline and institution of the Republique made by Lycurgus And if they will alledge for them selues their force valiantnesse good and wise conduction it will be tolde them that they had nothing but that which Lycurgus had left and put into their handes And not to be tedious as much may we say of euery other Common weale well and wisely instituted Comparison betweene Marcus Scaurus and Caius Marius Comparison betweene Quintus Catulus Pompeius It is therefore that Cicero speaking to this purpose doth no lesse in his time prayse the eloquence and learning of Marcus Scaurus then the armes and forces of Caius Marius nor yet Quintus Catulus his Politique skill and experience lesse then Pompeius the great his prowesse and valiaunt actes saying that armes serued to small purpose abroad without good counsell at home Yea he cōmeth thus farre foorth that he produceth the daungerous coniuration of Catiline suppressed and extinguished by him selfe being Consul Catiline his coniuration suppressed without armes without armes or other meane and ayde but only good counsell and diligence Wherfore he was afterward had in such reputation with Pompeie hauing wonne so many and so great victories that he said vnto him openly that the glory of his victories had serued him to small purpose if Rome wherein he might haue triumphed had not bene conserued by the wisedome of Cicero And sith we must néedes come to our particular examples of this realme Comparison betweene the Court of Parleament and the glorie of Armes the court of Parleament hath it in any respect giuen place to the glory of armes the reputation therof hauing ben such through out all Europe and Christendome that the greatest Lordes Earles Dukes and Princes thereof haue voluntarily come to submit themselues their controuersies and armes vnto the iustice of the same yea to auoyde prolixitie Popes and Emperours Frederick the seconde as we haue read of Frederick the second of that name being fallen at debate and deadly contention with Pope Innocent the fourth Innocent the fourth bicause he had depriued him of his Empire in the Counsell of Lyons Suche reuerence hath ben borne to this sacred and honourable iustice neyther more nor lesse then in times past vnto the Oracle of God yea such as that of late in the yeare of our saluation 402. 402 certeine Spanish Knightes brought thither a treatie made and passed betwéene the Kinges of Castile and Portugal A treaty made betweene the Kings of Castile and Portugal broght to the Court of Parleamēt concerning the state of their realmes to cause the