conjoyned net-work of its Nerves becomes more tense and firme than in sleep which seems to render it moist and lax and since that Tension cannot but in a manner ex-press or squeez forth the liquor contained in the original of the Nerves it is reasonable to conceive that the motion of the Succus Nutritius from the brain to the parts is to be imputed thereunto especially it being by us observed that the diffusion of the nourishment is chiefly soon after we awake and rise from sleep And lastly as for the Motion of the Nerves themselves nothing is more manifest than that while the Nerves and Muscles are distended in Voluntary motion the juice contained in the Nerves must be impelled or ex-pressed to the parts into which they are inserted the extension of any nervous body necessitating the flux of any liquor contained betwixt its filaments from one extream to the other But this we deliver not as doctrine but meer Conjecture Nor should we have adventur'd to deliver it but that we hope that as the singular obscurity of the Argument may incite some other more able brain to labour in the same scrutiny so it may excuse us if we have not been so happy as to light upon the knowledge of the true Causes we sought after there being among Candid Spirits not only pardon but even commendation due to ingenious Errors especially in things of Difficulty and where the discovery of Truth is to be hoped rather from Time and multiplied Observations than from the single felicity of Witt. OF VOLUNTARY MOTION Exercitation the Eleventh Of Voluntary Motion or the Use of the Muscles FRom one Use of the Nerves Article viz. the conveying of the nourishment to all parts requiring it The Inference and Method of this discourse we now transfer our contemplation to the other viz. the transmission of the Animal Spirits from the Brain the principal throne of the Soul where she judgeth of the good or evill of objects and from whence she dispenseth her commands to the Muscles the immediate and proper instruments of Motion Voluntary and here for the more perspicuity we shall take the liberty of permitting our Curiosity to exspatiate it self a while in that delightfull and ample field the admirable Art of Nature shewn in the Structure of those organs in their Variety and in the Reason of their Motions The things required to Voluntary Motion Requisites to Voluntary motion are 1 the object communicated by the sense to the judicatory Faculty or Soul 2 the Soul perceiving that object judging it to be good or evill and accordingly pursuing or avoiding it 3 the Instrumentum Mediatum by which the Soul impresseth a motive-Faculty upon the Muscles and immediately acteth toward the attainment of her end and 4 the Instrumentum Immediatum by which immediately the motion intended is executed or effected Concerning the Exciting Cause That the Animal Spirits are the Mediate Instruments by which the Soul moves the Muscles argued from or object and the primary Agent there is nor can be no dispute it being most evident that the Soul is the principle of Motion and that it is excited thereunto by the good or evill appearing in the object But concerning the Instrumentum Mediatum or that by which the Soul doth cause the Muscles to move either the whole body or some member of it in order to her embracing or avoiding the object many especially of late yeers have seemed very much to doubt To satisfie them therefore in this particular we with all the Ancients conceive that the Animal Spirits sent from the brain by the Nerves into the Muscles are the Immediate instrument of the Soul whereby she doth impress an actuall motion upon the Muscles and to evince the probability of this opinion we offer these few yet in our judgment weighty Reasons 1 Voluntary Motion being nothing the Mutation of Figure both in the Muscle and Member moved but the willing translation of the body of an Animal or some part of it out of one place into another it is necessary the member moved should measure the determinate space betwixt the Terminus à quo and the terminus ad quem and consequently that the proportion of the member moved be answerable to the proportion of that intermediate space now from that necessary proportion there ariseth a change of Figure as well in the member moved as in the Muscle moving as we shall ere long demonstrate by Principles Mathematical in explanation and confirmation of the doctrine of our Master Galen in 1. de motu Musculor cap. 8. but that Mutation of Figure in the external instrument cannot arise immediately from the Soul it self which being Immaterial can of her self produce no such effect and therefore it must arise from something more proportionate to the immediate energy of the Soul than either the grossness of the member or muscles ordained to move it will admit them to be which Something can be no other than the Animal Spirits whose subtility makes them to approach neerer to the nature of the Soul and whose sudden influx through the Nerves into the body of the Muscle causeth a swelling or distention and so a contraction thereof and consequently a change of Figure in the member 2 Since every Instrument ought to be accommodate the Quickness of voluntary motion as well to the nature of the Agent which is to use it as to the effect to be produced by the use of it and that Voluntary Motion is performed as it were in an instant and by a most swift and speedy Impulse from the soul it followeth that betwixt the incorporeal Agent the soul and those corporeal instruments the Muscles there must be some Intermediate instrument such as is capable of being so transmitted from the Brain into the Muscles with the greatest velocity imaginable and of setting them instantly a-work according to the determination and direction of the soul. Now no part of an Animal can be thought capable of such easie and expedite Mobility but the spirits which flow through the body in less than the twinckling of an eye and therefore we conclude that They are the Immediate instrument of the soul in voluntary motion according to the assertion of Galen in 4. de locis affect cap. 6. in these words Est in cerebri ventriculis Spiritus Animae primum instrumentum quo sensum motum per universas corporis partes Anima transmittit c. 3 As the Power or Faculty of Seeing doth not reside in the Eye the conquest of the acting Muscle over its Antagonist nor that of Hearing in the Eare but is imparted to the organs of sight and hearing from the soul by the mediation of Nervs and Spirits so likewise is not the Virtue Motive inhaerent in the Muscles but communicated to them upon occasion from the same soul and seems to consist wholly in the quick afflux of spirits as that by which alone they are moved Which
sensum nobis ipsi adimamus neque dubitationis â—muli aut fatui aut aliud ejusmodi quidvis simus sed quod tum rectum est tum modestis Hominibus convenit quod quidâ—m evidens est promptè accipiamus quod autem dubium est per ocium quaeramus ¶ Errors of the Presse Correct thus PAge 1. line 20. read Plostique page 5. line 1 read Aristoteleans pagâ— 8. line 2 read Void and line 20. read 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 page 10. line 7. read Homaeomerian p. 13. l. 10. read ructus acidus and l. 25 one and the same c. page 15. line 9. read difficultly page 17. line 13 read Pecquet page 26 line 29. read Pecquet page 31. line ult read other branches page 40. line 4 read it s own nature c. page 61. line 13. read apposition page 64. line 4. read Venous p. 72. l. 1. r. Slegelius and the same line 12. page 77. line penult read only thus much pag. 83. line 18. read draw themselves c. page 86. line 12. read Fracastorius page 89. line 29. read lax page 95. line 17. read voided page 114. line 7. read Capsula page 116. line 10. read Nerve page 157. line 19. read Nerve page 190. line 8. read veins page 192. line ult read covered page 193. line 17. read Taylors Mascle OF NVTRITION Exercitation the First Of Nutrition THe Platonist Article though He holds the Deity and the world to be coeternal Nutrition and Generation one and the same Act of the soul or Formative virtue doth yet allow the World to have been created by God and to solve the seeming contradiction saith that Priority was not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in respect of time but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in respect of Nature as the Sun and light are coaevous though the one be the Cause the other the Effect This certainly might be more justly said of the Generative Nutritive Faculties if at least they be not one and the same by one of which an Animal is produced and by the other conserved For though the Formative Virtue may seem to precede in its operation yet are the Stamina or rudiments of the Embryo scarce delineated or adumbrated when the Nutritive begins to augment and perfect them So as that it may rather be said to go hand in hand with the Plastick's faculty than to follow after it and what priority there seems to be in their operations is rather in respect of Nature than of time To forme and nourish are not only acts of one and the same soul but so alike that it is no easie matter to distinguish betwixt them For Generation and Accretion are not performed without Nutrition nor Nutrition or Augmentation without Generation To nourish is to substitute such and so much of matter as was decay'd in the parts namely flesh nerves veins arteries c. And what is that in reality but to generate flesh nerves veins arteries c In like manner Accretion is not effected without Generation for all natural bodies upon the accession of new parts are augmented and those nevv parts are such of which these bodies were first composed and this is done according to all the dimensions so that to speak properly the parts of an Animal are encreased distinguished and organized all at once Farther this is necessary both in respect of the Efficient cause and of the Matter The Former because idem esse principium efficiens As well in respect of the Matter as of the Efficient nutriens conservans in singulis animalibus necesse est nisi aliam formam in puero aliam in adolescente et in sene aliam constituamus The Latter because all Animals such as are produced per Epigenesin of which is our discourse not of such Insects as are produced per Metamorphosin are corporated of one part of the matter prepared by the Formative Spirit and nourished and augmented by the rest For Nature doth nourish and amplify all parts of an Animal with the same matter or humour not with a diverse out of which she constituted or framed them at the first Because whatsoever is superadded to the parts during their growth ought to be of the same substance with what was prae existent and so must consist ex congenere materiâ their Renovation as well as first Corporation being effected by Epigenesis Aggeneration or superstruction So that we may well conclude that Nutrition is nothing else but continual Generation and as necessary to the Conservation of every individual nature as Generation it self is to the conservation of the Universe To make this Necessity the more evident we are to consider The necessity of Nutrition two-fold viz. Augmentation Conservation 1 That forasmuch as an Animal cannot performe all the functions of which its nature is capable whilst it remains in the minute parts and rude beginnings in which it is first formed therefore there must succeed a Nutrition that may dilate and amplify those slender stamina by interweaving and assimilating so many other congenerous parts as serve to advance and augment the Animal to a convenient magnitude 2 That since the chief principle of life in every Animal is a certain indigenary Heat analogous to pure flame such as the most rectified Spirit of Wine yeelds upon accension which by continuall motion and activity agitating the minute and exsoluble particles of the body doth dissolve and consume or disperse them of necessity the whole Fabrick would soon be destroy'd unlesse there were a continuall renovation or reparation of those decayes by a substitution and assimilation of equivalent particles in the room of those dispersed and absumed So that we see the Necessity of Nutrition is Two-fold one in respect of Augmentation the other in respect of Conservation As to the continuall Decay or Depredation of the substance of our bodies wherein the latter necessity of Nutrition doth consist that we may the better understand the manner how it is effected we are to enquire into the Causes thereof viz. the Agent or Depredator and the Matter or substance depredated The Agent or Efficient Cause with all Philosophers The Efficient cause of the consumption of the parts is the Vital Flame we hold to be the Naturall Heat or Vital Flame at first kindled by the vegetative soul or Plastick spirit in the blood constantly burning in the Heart as in its fountain or primary Focus and thence by diffusion of it selfe through the arteries warming cherishing and enlivening all parts of the body This Lar familiaris is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ingenitus ignis by Hippocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Accensio animae in corde the Kindling of the soul in the heart by Aristotle and generally known by the name of Calidum innatum the innate Heat The principle of life therefore being a certain Fire certain it is that the same cannot subsist or endure one moment of time unless it be perpetually maintained or fed with some
and transportation of it to the principle of its Dispensation For it seems the Nutritive juice is first imbibed by the small branches of the Nerves of the sixth Conjugation and those though very many being yet too few for the transportation of so large a quantity of that rich Nectar as is required to the nourishment of the whole body Nature hath conjoyned with them a vast number of other Nerves as Auxiliaries in that great work So that it is not dissentaneous to reason to conceive that by these Nerves and their Coadjutors the Succus Nutritius is carried to the brain and Spinal Marrow thence to be afterward derived to all parts for their sustenance Concerning the Fourth What is the Motion of the same in the Nervs viz. not continual nor vehement but by intervalls and slow and gentle to the brain in sleep and from it to the members after sleep viz. the Motion of the Succus Nutritius in the Nerves though it be a problem of great obscurity yet doth the light let in at the postern gate of Conjecture discover thus much that it is not continual as that of the blood in the Arteries and veins but by intervals nor violent but slow and gentle as the defect of any swelling on either side of a Nerve bound about in a living creature doth sufficiently manifest Nor is it unreasonable to conceive that in a short time after each meal immediately upon the distribution of the Chyle through the Venae Lacteae the Succus Nutritius is imbibed by the Nerves of the sixth Conjugation and by them carried to the brain and Spinal Marrow Which perhaps is the reason why alwayes within an hour or two after meat we perceive a certain dulness in our heads together with an indisposition to motion and a propensity to sleep according to that proverb When the belly is full the bones would be at rest and soon after all those vanish again and we perceive our selves more light strong and active than before our refection because then the nourishment begins to be diffused from the principle of Dispensation of outwards into the limbs and other parts of the body And with this opinion agrees that observation of Bartholinus that the Lympheducts are more plainly discernable about five or six hours after meat than at other times as being at that time more filled with the superfluities of the Succus Nutritius Nor is it improbable that the Brain and Spinal Marrow are chiefly nourished in sleep and that then the Nutritive Liquor is usually carried to them relaxing them with its sweet and mild vapours and so both inducing and prolonging sleep From whence perhaps it comes that after long sleeps we perceive our brains to be oppressed and beclouded with vapours our senses dull and the motive-faculty enervated Besides in sleep all motions of humors flowing to the patts by the Nerves seem to be suspended and yet the Circulation of the blood is certainly at that time more free and quick than while we wake So that It cannot be thought the cause of that cessation but the Nerves onely which intermit their office of distributing the Succus Nutritius during sleep And all this will appear more reasonable if we reflect upon the flux of humors in the Nerves immediately after sleep For then the Brain and Spinal Marrow re-contract themselves and become more tense so that the Nutritive liquor is from thence transmitted partly to the members to be nourished and partly to the Glandules as well such as serve for the excretion of its absolute Excrement as those that serve for the reduction of its relative viz. it s acrimonious parts that are returned into the blood for the reason formerly mentioned And concerning the Last And what the Causes of that Motion viz. the motions of the Diaphragme of the Brain and of the Nerves themselves viz. the Causes of this Motion of the Succus Nutritius we may be allowed to conceive at least untill Time shall have dispelled that Obscurity which yet surrounds this abstruse Theoreme and the industry of some more dextrous Anatomist pierced deeper into the mystery of the Nerves a subject not much lesse inscrutable than the Nature of the Soul it self which useth them as her principal instruments we hope we may have the liberty to conceive that the Succus Nutritius is not imported to the brain and Spinal Marrow nor exported from thence to the members by any Attraction similary or Elective against which we have formerly alleadged convincing arguments unnecessary to be here repeated but as the blood and indeed all other humors of the body are moved by meer Impulsion or Protrusion the immediate Cause of all motions in Nature And the Agents in this case impelling we conceive to be the motions of the Diaphragme of the Brain and of the Nerves themselves For since the Depression of the Diaphragme is generally admitted to conduce to the distribution of the Chyle out of the stomach guts Venae Lacteae common Receptacle and Ductus Chyliferi successively into the subclavian Vein by alternately compressing all those parts and so compelling the Liquor contained in them to flow upward and indeed to all other Natural motions why may not the same be thought sufficient also to the Expulsion of the Nutritive juice both out of the Praeparing Glandules into the Nerves of the Sixth conjugation and their Auxiliaries and out of them into the brain and Spinal Marrow their position being such as renders them no lesse subject to compression by the descending Diaphragme than the Venae Lacteae common Receptacle and other Chyliferous parts are If this seem difficult we may have recourse to the reason of the ascention of a liquor from the bottome through all parts of a sponge cloath or other filamentous substance as is experimented in the percolation of Aqua Calcis made by a long piece of woollen cloath whose one end is dipt in the water and the other hung over the brim of the vessel containing it which we have professedly explained in the 356 page of our Physiology and seems to be the same with the reason of the ascention of the nutritive juice of all plants from the roots to the top of the branches And as for the Motion of the Brain though it may seem to be no other but what is impressed upon the brain by the Pulsation of the Arteries ascending from the Plexus Arteriosus mirabilis chiefly to the Dura Mater and copiously disseminating themselves upon it yet since it is credible that the Pulsation of the arteries doth promote the flux of the liquor in the Nerves in other parts especially such where Nerves are either contiguous or neer enough to Arteries to participate of their impulse why may not the motion of the Brain also to which the Nerves are continued serve to ex-press the liquor out of them toward the parts wherein they are terminated Besides it is most certain that immediately after sleep the whole Brain together with the
Galen also doth not obscurely intimate in 1. de mot Musculor cap. 8. where he saith Aequipollens musculorum motus fit quando neuter tonum Animalem habet auxiliarm non aequipollens verò cum alter solus dominatur quare necessum est ut vincat contractio istius musculi qui ab Animali Facultare adjuvatur For what can be understood by this Tonus Animalis or Facultas Animalis unless it be the distention of the conquering muscle by Animal spirits sent from the brain at the pleasure of the Soul 4 What 's the reason the swelling of each Muscle when it moveth that a muscle is never moved but it becomes more hard and swelling in the middle than before as is most evident in both the Masseter and Temporal Muscles when we chew our meat unless because it is then filled and distended with a greater gale of spirits issued out of the store-house of the Brain For it seems more reasonable that this swelling in the body of the Muscle is the Cause of its Contraction than on the contrary that the Contraction should be the cause of the Swelling as those contend who would have the motion to be performed without the afflux of spirits 5 If a Nerve be cut asunder the Muscle into which it was inserted the privation of motion in a Muscle whose Nerve is cut off doth for ever become uncapable of motion and this certainly for no other reason but because the intercourse of the spirits betwixt the brain and that particular Muscle is wholly destroyed So that we may well conclude that the Soul cannot cause voluntary motion but by the distribution of Animal spirits through the Nervs into the Muscles The necessity of Animal spirits as the Immediate Instrument of the soul thus appearing we are next to speculate the Conditions requisite in the Immediate Instrument of the Motion it self that so we may come to a clear understanding both of the structure and diversity of the Muscles and at length of the reason of their moving the members the thing at which our Scrutiny is chiefly levelled As for the requisite Conditions therefore of this last Instrument we observe 1 That in an organ of voluntary Motion is required such a Constitution vvhy a Muscle is composed for the most part of Flesh. as may render it fit to receive the Animal spirits at the pleasure and command of the soul. Which makes it manifest that a hard inflexible and bony substance is most incompetent to an instrument of motion for which reason perhaps Galen adventured to affirme that any part made hard and stiffe by a thick Cicatrice becomes unfit for motion and that it must be such a part as being soft rare spongy and flexible and distinguished with multitudes of Fibers may most easily and readily admit the Gale of spirits flowing into its substance and be by them filled or distended Which is the reason why the substance of the Muscles is for the most part Fleshy than which no part is more soft rare flexible and distendible as Galen hath observed in 1. de usu part cap. 13. 2 Lest the spirits might flow into this flesh of a Nerve indeterminately or at randome and scatteringly there ought to be such peculiar vessells or Conduits which being continued from the brain or spinal marrow quite home to the Flesh into which they are inserted may both carry the spirits thither and preserve them from straying or dispersing by the way and by which the Soul or Regulating Faculty principally residing in the brain the original of the Nervs may rule the members as a Coachman rules his horses by the rains of his bridles that we may use the same comparison with Galen 1. de mot musculor cap. 1. Now the Nervs being the only parts of the whole body thus qualified Nature most wisely inserted one or more of them into each Muscle So that from this constitution of the Nervs it appears that they make the second Essential part of a Muscle Nay according to strict truth we may adventure to say that the Flesh and Nerve are the principal ingredients required to compleat the essence of a Muscle because there are some Muscles viz. those of the Temples of the Forehead of the Eyes of the Bladder of the Fundament c. in whose bodies are neither Tendons nor Ligaments to be found but only Nervs and Flesh distinguished with various Fibres 3 Because in some Members Of a Ligament by reason of their Gravity there is a greater resistence to motion than the Musculous Flesh in respect of its softness and tenderness is able to overcome therefore ought there to be an addition of some stronger and tougher substance which being connected or united to the Flesh of the Muscle may both corroborate the same and firmly conjoyn it to the bones so as to enable it to move the ponderous member to whose bones it is fastned Now this Nature foresaw when she furnished some Muscles with Ligaments especially such as were ordained to bear great stress in moving the greater and more weighty members Which Galen most elegantly expresseth thus Ut enim ossa quae dearticulantur exactè simul ligarentur ac continerentur ne facilè in motibus vehementioribus à sese abrumperentur Ligamentum quoad maximè potuit durum atque ab injuriis remotissimum efficere oportuit ut autem ossibus à Musculis tractis promptè obsequeretur molle rursus esse oportuit atque ob id ipsum imbecillum Atqui forte quidem imbecillo ac durum molli est contrarium Quaenam igitur fuerit in his Naturae solertia quae corpus invenit quod commoditatem utramque haberet idemque ab injuriis tutum esset ex ipsad Anatome discas licet c. 12. de usu part cap. 2. 4 Besides the connexion of the Musculous Flesh to the bone Of a Tendon by the mediation of a Ligament there must be also something to render it prompt easy and agile in its motion so as to answer the celerity of the influx of the Spirits and to fulfill the command of the Soul as it were in an instant Which Nature reflecting upon superadded also a Tendon or Chord which in respect both of its subtility and of its tough and strong Contexture or substance and also of its connexion to the joynt doth make the motion more facile and quick than otherwise it could possibly be as appears in the Muscles of the Hands and Feet c. 5 That these parts named viz. the Flesh of a Membrane investing it Nerve Ligament and Tendon might no be endangered by lying uncovered or confused therefore hath Nature cloathed the whole Muscle with a proper Membrane or Coat which hath these two further Uses that it causeth the Muscles that are contiguous to slip up and down easily and without enterfearing each other and preserves the spirits immitted into the body of the muscle moved from passing quite through or dispersing themselves
bend the member by Contracting it self and the other by its contraction doth extend it and both extend each other successively that which is contracted doth alwayes act and that which is extended doth not act but suffer and is transferred with the part moved But here we are to except some Muscles which seem so sufficient to the motion of the part into which they are inserted How Circular Muscles are Contracted as to have no need of Antagonists as all Circular muscles whose motion is easily understood from the mathematical principles premised For since a Circular muscle hath circular Fibres and that all contraction is made secundum continuitatem lineae it followes that such muscles shut the part to which they are affixed by contracting themselves toward their Center as may be observed in the Sphincters of the Bladder and Fundament and in the Round muscle of the Eye-lids Onely it may be enquired Why those Sphincters have no Antagonists Why the Sphincters have no Antagonists as the Clausor Palpebrarum seems to have the Elevator opening the eye-lids as the Clausor shuts them Whereof the Reason certainly is this that both the Bladder and Fundament are not opened by muscles but by the quantity of Excrements contained in them which being pressed or detruded downward by the Diaphragme and muscles of the Abdomen force open the Sphincters by extending their Fibers from the Centre to the Circumference so that to speak strictly the excretion of the Urine and of the Excrements of the belly are not actions immediately voluntary as the opening of the Eye-lids is And this is all we thought necessary to be said concerning the Use of the muscles Conclusion in general and concerning the admirable Geometry observed by Nature in the Fabrique of them Should we extend our discourse to the accommodation of the Figure and motion of each particular muscle in the whole body to the Geometrical and Architectonical principles premised as we should abuse your Patience so should we disparage your Capacity of making use of the same Clue for your guidance through the whole Labyrinth of Voluntary Motion that we have put into your hands for your more easily entering into it We shall conclude therefore with this due acknowledgment that the Omniscient Creator hath made all things as in the Greater World so also in the Lesser Man in Number Weight and Measure THE CONTENTS Exercitation the First Of Nutrition A Art 1. Nutrition and Generation one and the same Act of the Soul or Virtue Formative fol. 1 2. As well in respect of the Matter as of the Efficient 2 3. The Necessity of Nutrition twofold viz. Augmentation and Conservation 3 4. The vital Flame the Efficient Cause of the Consumption of the substance of the parts 4 5. The Matter thereby consumed not the solid substance of the parts but the Fluid and chiefly the Blood and Spirits 5 6. The Manner how they are consumed is by contitinual Dispersion 6 7. And in what Quantity 7 8. The Efficient cause of their Renovation what 8 9. And what the Material 9 10. And the Manner how they are renovated 10 11. A Consectary of the twofold Expence of the Chyle ibid. Exercitation the Second Of Chylification Art 1. The Order of the meat in the stomach 11 2. The posture of the stomach in Concoction ibid. 3. The Dissolution of the meat by an Acid Humor found in the stomach 12 4. Which causeth a certain Fermentation of the Chyle therein 13 5. All parts of the Aliment not chylified at once but successiyely and the first chylified first discharged into the Guts 14 6. The Time required to perfect Chylification various according to divers respects ibid. Exercitation the Third Of the journey of the Chyle Art 1. The traduction of the Chyle from the stomach and guts into the common Receptacle through the venae Lacteae 16 2. Of which there are two Kinds one arising from the Guts the other from the Glandules of the Abdomen into which the former sort exonerate themselves 17 3. But none of either kind tend to the Liver 19 4. That the Milk in the paps is not made of Blood but of mere Chyle brought thither by some peculiar vessells because ibid. 5. There are no convenient conduits by which blood can be brought into the paps in sufficient quantity 20 6. Blood is not a fit nor possible Matter for the Generation of Milk 21 7. Milk and Chyle agree in all their manifest Qualities and are reciprocally convertible 24 8. That Chyle is imported into the womb in women with child 25 9. From the Auctority of Hippocrates and 26 10 Of Dr. Harvey 28 11. And from the Sympathy betwixt the womb and the paps 29 12. A conjectural description of the Chyliferous vessels tending from the paps to the womb 31 Exercitation the Fourth Of Sanguification Art 1. The most part of the Chyle is converted into Blood 32 2. Not by an Organical but Similary action 33 3. Whose primary Efficient is not the Liver 34 4. Nor the veins 36 5. Nor the Heart but the Vital Spirit residing in the blood 37 6. Which alone formeth the blood in a Chicken out of the Colliquamentum 40 7. The Manner how blood is first generated in an Embryo by that vital spirit 42 8. In what part of the Conception it is first generated viz. in the Chorion 44 9. In the generation of blood what are the Concurrent Extrinsecal Causes and what the Accessory Organical 45 10. The conversion of the Colliquamentum into blood by the Heat and Motion of the vital Spirit illustrated by sundry analogous Experiments and Observations 46 11. That the same Agent which maketh the first blood in an Embryo doth make it èver after in an Animal during life 48 Exercitation the Fifth Of the Uses of the Blood Art 1. Blood not the general Nourishment of the body because 50 2. The contrary opinion is subject to sundry both inexplicable difficulties and irreconcileable incongruities ibid. 3. There are sundry parts into whose substance blood is not admâ—tted 52 4. Fat men generally have the least blood and lean the most 53 5. Men perishing by Famine have their arteries and veins full of blood 54 6. The blood continueth red and florid in the habit of the body 55 7. Hippocrates cured a man of extream Leanness only by profuse phlebotomy ibid. 8. The blood is observed to be less unctuous and glutinous in the Arteries that carry it to the parts than in the veins that return it from them 56 9. There is a manifest Dissimilitude betwixt the blood and sundry parts of the body ibid. 10. The progress of Nutrition is from crudity to Fusion and Volatility not retrograde from Volatility to Fixation and so the Aliment ought to be more crude or fixed than the parts to be nourished 57 11. The blood it self is nourished and consumes the substance of the solid parts and therefore cannot be their nourishment 58 12. The First Matter of
which the parts are made is not blood but a certain liquid juice very like the White of an Egg. 60 13. Nevertheless blood may be the nourishment of such parts whose substance is mostly Sanguineous and what those are 61 14. The Manner how the Vital Heat is conserved and the vital spirits continually recruited ex Sanguine 62 15. The Reason of the Mication or panting Motion of the blood in the Arteries 64 Exercitation the Sixth Of the Motion of the Blood its Conditions and Causes Art 1. The Method of the whole Chapter 66 2. That the Motion of the Blood is Circular ibid. 3. From the vena Cava into the right ventricle of the Heart 67 4. From the right ventricle by the vena arteriosa into the Lungs ibid. 5. From the Lungs through the Arteria venosa into the Left ventricle ibid. 6. From the Left ventricle into the Great Artery and thence into the smaller arteries 68 7. From the smallest Arteries through the substance of the Flesh into the smallest veins ibid. 8. How the New-made blood is circulated with the old 69 9. That more blood passeth through the Heart in an hour than can be supplied from the Chyle in several dayes ibid. 10. The Necessity of this Circulation inferred from three Considerations viz. 70 11 The Quantity of blood contained in the Heart in its Diastole 71 12 The Quantity expelled out of it in its Systole ibid. 13 The Number of Pulses in an hour 72 11. That the Circulation is Universal in all the Arteries and veins of the body 73 12. But after a peculiar manner in an Infant unborn 75 13. That this Motion of the blood is Continual 76 14. Vehement 77 15. Swift ibid. 16. Of equal velocity in the Arteries and Veins 78 17. The blood not the Cause of its own Motion in respect of any Motive Faculty inhaerent in it 80 18. Nor in respect of its Ebullition ibid. 19. Nor of its Rarefaction 81 20. But of its Quantity distending the ventricles of the Heart 83 21. The blood not moved by Attraction 84 22. Nor by Vection ibid. 23. But by Impulsion of the Heart endowed with a Pulsifick Faculty if any such may be admitted ibid. 24. The Fabrique of the Heart a remote Cause of the Motion of the blood 87 25. The Motion of the Heart described as consisting of two contrary motions and a Respite betwixt them ibid. 26. And the Figure of it in each 88 Exercitation the Seventh Of the Depuration of the Blood Art 1. The Genealogy of the Excrements in the blood 91 2. Exemplified in the Destillation of Wine 93 3. The several sorts of those Excrements and their Definitions 94 4. The Reason why each particular Excrement is determinately imported into the part particularly comparated for its separation 97 5. Not that it is so directed by any Intelligence or Distinguishing Faculty 99 6. Nor that it is Attracted by the like Excrement contained in that part ibid. 7. But that there is a certain peculiar Conformity of the Magnitude and Figure betwixt the minute particles of this or that Excrement and the pores of this or that part peculiarly constituted for the reception of it 100 8. Which is also the Cause of the Separation of particular Excrements in particular parts 101 9. The Differences of Colatures used by Nature in the separation of Humors in the body 102 10. The Reason and Manner of the separation of the Serum from the blood in the Kidneys 104 11. Of the Phlegmatique Excrement in the stomach and Guts 105 12. Of the Bilious Excrement's accompanying the Phlegmatique so far 106 13. Why the blood is not carried immediately out of the trunk of the Vena portae into that of the Vena Cava but through the various meanders in the Liver 109 14. And why it is transmitted through the Parenchyma of the Liver ibid. 15. That the Parenchyma is the Principal part of the whole Liver 110 16. And a kind of Streyner 111. 17. Whose particles are contexed after a peculiar manner and pores of â—ivers sorts in respect whereof the Bile is therein separated from the blood Mechanically ibid. 18. The same inferred from Four Considerables viz. 112 The equal distribution of the capillary branches of all the vessels of the Liver ibid. The Pulsation of the vena portae within the Liver 113 The assistance of that pulsation by the Hepatique Nerve 114 The Resuscitation of vitality in the blood in the branches of the vena Portae within the Liver and a new Fermentation thereof previous to the separation of the Bile ibid. 19. The various Manner of the Excretion of Excrements after they are separated and collected 116 20. The particular Manner of the Excretion of the Bile and 117 21. The Cause thereof 118 22. Paradox that we have a certain Natural Feeling wholly distinct from the Animal and independent upon the Brain 119 Exercitation the Eighth Of Respiration Art 1. The Connexion of this discourse to the precedent 126 2. The Disparity betwixt Respirà tion and Pulsation both as to their Times or Periods and as to their Uses ibid. 3. Respiration described 130 4. The Efficient Cause of Inspiration is the Dilatation of the Breast impelling the ambient Aer into the Lungs ibid. 5. And the Cause of Exspiration is only the spontaneous Contraction of the breast 132 6. The Disatation of the Chest and Lungs not from any Motive Faculty congenial to the Lungs 133 7. Nor from the impulse of the blood out of the Heart into the Lungs 134 8. Nor from the motion of the Muscles of the Thorax 135 9. But from the Diaphragme moved by a congenite Faculty ibid. 10. Yet the Intercostal and Pectoral Muscles are allowed to conspire with the Diaphragme in respiration violent and arbitrary 137 11. The Final Cause of Respiration not the Refrigeration of the Heart or Vital Flame but the subtiliation of the blood which by the admistion of Aer is made the more convenient fewel of the vital Lamp and matter of the spirits 138 12. The same exemplified in the accension of flame in wood by Aer blown out of Bellows and 139 13. inferred from the structure of the Lungs 140 14. The Use of Expiration 141 15. A Problem of the respiration of the Foetus in the mother's womb 142 16. The motion of the Brain not dependent upon Respiration but upon the Pulsarion of the Arteries 145 17. The Secondary Uses of Respiration 147 Exercitation the Ninth Of the Lympheducts Art 1. The Lympheducts a new and excellent invention 149 2. To whom the honour of their discovery is to be ascribed ibid. 3. Their Description 150 4. Differences 151 5. Origination ibid. 6. Insertion ibid. 7. Situation and Progress 152 8. Liquor deduced partly from the Arteries and 153 9. paâ—tly fâ—â—m the Nerves 154 10. The Uses of that Liquor 155 Exercitation the Tenth Of the Distribution of the Nourishment through the Nerves Art 1. That the Nerves are vessells carrying the Nutritive juice
to the parts argued 156 2. From the Atrophy or decay of Nutrition in parts affected with the Palsy and whose Nerves have been wounded 157 3. From the beneficial use of Cephalique Emplastres in Consumptions fâ—om â—lcerated Lungs ibid. 4. From the Fatness of men endowed with large open and spongy Nerves 158 5. From the roscid Humor exstilling from wounds of the joyâ—ts and sinewes ibid. 6. From the Material principle of wenns and Scrophulous Tumors 159 7. From the Matter of the seed and the manner of its pâ—eparation in the Testicles ibid. 8. From the Glutinous matter issuing from broken Bones and cementing them together again 162 9. From the Unequal Nutrition of some parts in the Rickets 163 10. Three grand Difficulties troubling this opinion 164 11. Solution of the First asserting the possibility of the flux of the Nutritive juice through the Nerves notwithstanding no manifest Hollowness be discernable in them ibid. 12. Solution of the Second yeelding the Reason why no swelling ariseth in a Nerve when bound with a ligature in a living Animal 168 13. Solution of the Third shewing the Reason why the Nutritive juice is not found in the Nerves of dead bodies dissected 169 14. What is the Principium Elaborationis of the Nutritive juice viz. the Glandules of the Mesentery of the Loins and the Thymus ibid. 15. What the Principium Dispensationis viz. the Brain and Spinal Marrow 174 16. What the Vessells importing the same into the Brain and spinal Marrow viz. the Nerves and particularly those of the Sixth Conjugation of the Brain 175 17. What the Motion of the same in the Nerves viz. not continual nor vehement but by intervalls slow and gentle to the Brain in sleep and from it to the members after sleep 176 18. What the Causes of that Motion viz. the motions of the Diaphragme of the Brain and of the Nerves themselves 178 Exercitation the Eleventh Of Voluntary Motion Art 1. The Inference and Method of this Discourse 182 2. Requisite to Voluntary Motion ibid. 3. That the Animal spirits are the Immediate instruments by which the soul moveth the Muscles argued from 183 4. the Mutation of Figure both in the Muscle and Member moved ibid. 5. the Quickness of voluntary Motion 184 6. the Conquest of the acting Muscle over its Antagonist 187 7. the swelling of each Muscle when it moveth 188 8. and the privation of motion in a Muscle whose Nerve is cut off ibid. 9. Why a Muscle is composed for the most part of Flesh 189 10. Of a Nerve ibid. 11. Of a Ligament 190 12. Of a Tendon 191 13. Of a Membrane investing it 192 14. And of Arteries and veins ibid. 15. That a Muscle is the Immediate Instrument of voluntary Motion ibid. 16. Differences of Muscles in respect of their 1 Substance 2 Quantity 3 Figure 4 Situation 5 Origination 6 Insertion 7 Parts and 8 Actions 193 17. That the Reason of the Motion of the Muscles cannot be explained without having recourse to Mathematical Principles 196 18. Principles Geometrical of necessary importance to the understanding thereof 197 19. Principles Architectonical of the same Concernment 201 20. That every Muscle hath a twofold Contraction viz. Natural and Animal 203 21. That the Natural Contraction is not the Cause of voluntary Motion but the Animal ibid. 22. That in Motion are two Terms the one Fixt the other Moveable the last of which is more or less removed from the Former according to the greater or less resistence of Gravity in the member to be moved and the vehemence of the Motion 204 23. No Motion without Change of Figure 205 24. which is Threefold respective to the difference of Angles ibid. 25. All Motion is made in one of the two Extreme Figures and how demonstrated ibid. 26. That a Muscle in Contraction is increased in Latitude and Profundity in proportion to its diminution in Longitude demonstrated 207 27. The Necessity of Antagonists Muscles 208 28. How Circular Muscles are Contracted 209 29. Why the Sphincters have no Antagonists ibid. 30. Conclusion 210 FINIS
Accessary Organical these observations being undeniable we may safely assert that the Vital Spirit in the Seminal matter being excited and assisted by the external heat of the Hen sitting upon the Egge and by degrees becoming active and infusing heat into the vital Liquor wherein it doth reside doth thereupon in processe of time induce the colour of bloud and that only by means of its vital Heat and Motion and that no other part is to be reputed for Principal Agent in the work of Sanguification Neverthelesse we do not hereby exclude Concurrent extrinsecal Agents or Causes but into that account readily admit the Hen whose warmth at first both excited and assisted the Vital Spirit in the work of Sanguification and the substance of the Heart it self which afterward conduceth in some sort to the same Nor do we repudiate Accessory Organical Causes as the Fabrick of the Heart the Arteries and Veins all which are inservient to the continual motion of the bloud Only we affirme that the Vital spirit by reason of its Heat and Motion hath a just right to the dignity of Principal Agent in making of Blood We say The Conversion of the Colliquamenâ—um into Bloud by the heat and motion of the Vitall Spirit illustrated by sundry analogous Experiments and Observations By reason of its Heat and motion For that Colours frequently are advanced from a white or pale to several kinds of Red meerly by Heat and Motion is demonstrable by sundry easie and familiar Experiments Our Confectioners well know that long boyling of Quinces and other Fruits doth give them a ruddy colour So likewise Fruits baked in an oven are more inclined to redness than while they were raw The same is true also even of Flesh and Bread which by baking or rosting acquire redness in their superficial parts and some Chymists affirme that a Tincture of Bread will assume a certain degree of redness after long digestion This is not we acknowledge common to all Liquors especially simple ones for simple waters and such as are destilled suffer little or no change of colour upon decoction though long But generally all Compound Liquors especially if they contain any Nutritive juice in competent quantity and have besides any touch of salt or Acid spirits in them are observed to acquire a sanguine tincture by decoction Upon which fertile hint as we conjecture that highly Learned Industrious in Apolog. pro circulatione sanguinis advers Parisan p. 119. and Acute Person Dr. ENT seems to have grounded that ingenious opinion of his that the Redness of the Blood ariseth ex Aciditate spiritus vitalis salinei from the Acidity of the vital spirits having their original from a certain seminal salt However we have good reason to perswade our selves that all vital Liquors i. e such wherein the vital spirits of Animals do reside are apt to acquire more or less of redness provided they obtain sufficient Heat and agitation or strife in their motions This is evident in all Sanguineous Animals in which the Chyle is first white and after changeth into bloud And as for Exsanguious Animals they also give some testimony of this truth as may be instanced in Oysters in which bloud is frequently found and yet without a prodigy in summâ—r time by reason their vital Heat seems then to be augmented and in winter when their Heat is again lessened below what is requisite to induce redness their vital juice is alwayes whitish To return to sanguineous Animals as they are generally hotter of constitution than Exsanguious so are their Sanguine parts alwayes hotter than their pale and white parts In like manner in cold diseases as the Green sickness Cachexy Dropsy and in all Phlegmatique constitutions the bloud is paler than in hot diseases and constitutions Again the venal blood as it loseth the heat which it had acquired in passing through the heart and arteries so doth it proportionately by little and little lose that florid and deep scarlet dye that it had in the heart and arteries For blood let forth of a vein appears blewish and comes short of that lively fresh scarlet that is observed in bloud effluxed from an Artery All which clearly shew by whose efficiency it is that the vital juice in Sanguineous Animals is excocted into Bloud and what conserves the same in its primitive purity and lustre viz. the vital spirit continually renewed in and enlivening the blood for that being once extinguished how soon doth the bloud degenerate into Cruor and lose its fresh scarlet tincture Having thus investigated what that is That the same Agent which maketh the first blood in an Embryo doth make it ever after in an Animal dâ—ring life which makes the First Bloud in an Embryo by converting the vital Liquor from a white into a purple Nectar we cannot be long in exploring what that is which in Animals maketh bloud all the life after by converting the Chyle likewise from a white into a red liquor It is an infallible rule you know that the identity of Effects dependeth upon the identity of Causes because an effect is not supposed to be untill it hath obtained existence from its proper causes and at the same time the causes give that existence they cannot but give also the identity belonging to it All which is imported in that common Axiome Idem quà idem semper facit idem For though Free and Arbitrary Causes may act at liberty and by varying the manner of their operating vary also their effects yet Natural ones are bound up to a determinate mode of energie and must as long as they continue the same act after one and the same way and so produce invariably the same effects Forasmuch therefore as the Efficient of the First Blood is an Agent Natural and not Arbitrary if it continue the same in an Animal while the Animal lives it must of necessity continue the same operation That it doth continue the very same during life is most certain because it is the Principle of life nor can life subsist for so much as one moment without it Nor doth this Efficient of Bloud only persist the same in the body that it was at the first conception but growes every day more vigorous potent and fit for the work untill the Animal hath attained to the flower of his age and to imagine that an Agent Natural such as the Vital Spirit should at any time become idle intermit its operation and not exercise all its forces is grossely absurd Conclude we therefore that the Vital Spirit as it is the Efficient Cause of Sanguification in the Embryo from the first Conception so is it constantly Author of the same work untill the Animal dieth OF THE VSES OF THE BLOOD Exercitation the Fifth IT followeth now Artâ—cle 1. that we enquire To what End Nature hath consigned so continuall a province That the Bloud is not the General Nourishment of the body Because as this of Sanguification to that
true that the Lungs are filled with aer and emptied again or elevated and depressed alternately as Bellowes are yet is it doubtfull whether as the hand which moves the bellowes by opening and shutting them is the cause both of the influx and efflux of the aer in them there be not some other part of the Chest besides the Lungs which being first dilated and contracted is the cause why the Lungs are opened and shut or more plainly whether the â—xpansion of the Lungs be from an ingenite Faculty And that the Lungs have no such Ingenite Motive-Faculty is sufficiently manifest even from hence that their motion is alwayes conforme to that of the Diaphragme and from hence that we can suppresse accelerate or retard our respiration as we please Others derive the motion of the Lungs from the Heart Nor from the impulse of the blood out of the heart into the Lungs or rather the blood expelled out of the right ventricle of the heart through the Vena arteriosa into the Lungs and so lifting them up But this is erroneous because 1 the efflux of the blood out of the right ventricle is caused by an ordinary motion purely natural to the heart whereas as we said even now Respiration is sometimes arbitrary 2 the cause of pulsation and Respiration would then be not onely one and the same but those motions also would agree in their times and periods whereas scarce four nay six pulses are equal in time to one single Respiration 3 the blood doth not stay long enough in the vessels of the Lungs to keep them elevated all that while they are distended but is in continual motion and in a moment circulated by the Arteria venosa into the left ventricle of the Heart and where it is retarded in its course by any misaffection either in the capillary vessels or in the substance of the Lungs as it many times happens in the disease vulgarly called the Rising of the Lights it causeth extream difficulty of breathing 4 in great Apoplexies while the pulse continueth good and regular the Respiration many times ceaseth Others will have it that the Lungs borrow their motion from the Thorax or Nor from the motion of the Muscles of the Thorax Chest containing them but the reason which detaine us from assenting thereto is that after the chest is cut quite open the Lungs continue their motion for a good while and strongly which were impossible if they derived their motion from the chest Now it being evinced that the Lungs are not moved either by themselves But from the Diaphragme moved by a congenite Faculty or by the Heart or by the Thorax it remains that they must be moved by some other part in the Breast in which as in the first original the motion of Inspiraiton doth begin and this part seems to be no other but the Diaphragme and that for these reasons 1 In wounds or perforations of the breast the Lungs instantly falling together as it were close themselves for some short space while the Diaphragme is still elevated and depressed alternately contracting and againe relaxing the ends of the spuricus ribbs and cartilages to which it is annexed whence it comes that the aer rusheth violently into the cavity of the chest and upon the elevation of the Diaphragme is driven out again through the wounds with impetuosity sufficient to blow out a candle 2 Every man in Inspiration feels the Thorax to be dilated and the whole Abdomen lifted up and the ends of the lower ribs to be drawn inward the Diaphragme being extended downward with its middle part crowding down the stomack liver and guts and with its circumference or extream parts contracting the ribs 3 Allowing the Diaphragme to be the primum Movens among all parts inservient to inspiration we may easily understand why the Respiration becomes more frequent and remiss when the stomach is full and when the Aer is made more dense than ordinary by fogs and thick exhalations For in the former case the Diaphragme hath not room enough to expand it self downward as it ought and so is compelled to compensate the smallness of its motion by the frequency of it and in the latter the Lungs are so prepossessed with gross vapours as that they cannot admit much aer at a time and therefore the Diaphragme is necessitated to repeat its motions so much the oftner 4 In Apoplexies unless they be fatal though the Respiration be almost insensible yet the motion of the Diaphragme is continued as may be peroeived by the gentle motion of the Chest. 5 Respiration is more perturbed and vitiated by diseases of the Diaphragme than by those of any other part of the breast and it hath been observed by Veslingius that a steatoma grown upon even the carneous part of it caused extreme difficulty of breathing Now these are the Reasons that have induced us to believe that the Motion of Respiration begins in the Diaphragme which being a kind of Muscle of a peculiar figure Syntagm Anâ—tom p. iiâ— substance position and action may as well be conceived to be extended by virtue of a certain peculiar and ingenite Faculty as the Heart is by a Pulsifick Faculty so that we may conclude the same to be the prime and principal instrument of Respiration Natural or Gentle We say Natural or Gentle by contradistinction to Respiration Violent Yet as well the Intercost all as Pectoral Musclâ—â— are allowed to conspâ—re with the Diaphragme in Respiration violent and Arbitrary or Arbitrary For allowing of Galen's triple difference of Respiration viz. Free and Gentle violent and more violent or sublime we conceive the First to depend upon the Diaphragme alone the Second to require a concurrence of the Intercostal Muscles of which the interior serve to contract and the Exterior to dilate the Chest and the last to be effected by the Diaphragme Intercostal and Pectoral Muscles all being set a work and combining together to the motion And as for Respiration voluntary such as we can at pleasure suppress accelerate or retard that is manifestly by the help of the Intercostal Muscles there being no other instruments of Motion voluntary but the Muscles and no other Muscles immediately conducing to the contraction and dilatation of the breast ex arbitrio nostro but the Intercostal Concerning the Third viz. The Final Cause or Use of Respiration The most General opinion to omit all others as less considerable is The Final Cause of Respiration not the Refrigeration of the Heart or Vital Flame but the subtiliation of the blood which by the admistion of Aer is made the more convenient Fewell for the Lamp of life and matter of the Vital Spirits that the principal use of Respiration is for the Refrigeration of the Heart Which though very ancient and plausible is rather meerly Conjectural than Areopagitical or demonstrative For 1 AS aer over-hot is injurious to the heart so is aer over-cold and as
and it is much more reasonable that the fleshy parts derive their rednesse wholly from the bloud perpetually irrigating and washing them in its Circulation For their rednesse grows upon them by degrees and that sooner or later according to the degrees of Heat impressed upon the Egge by the Hen and according to the greater or lesse quantity of bloud arriving at them Some parts which are but lightly touched by the bloud never become red in which account are the coats of the Eyes the Ligaments Tendons Membranes Bones c. Others obtain a certain palenesse dashed with a sparing mixture of red as the Glandules which as they are furnished with greater or smaller arteries respective to their magnitude so are they tinged with more or lesse of rednesse The Musculous flesh is more deeply died with scarlet than the Glandules as being irrigated with greater streames of bloud The Kidneys Liver Spleen Lungs and Heart are all washed with full streams of bloud and therefore have a deeper dye of rednesse than any other parts and yet are much lesse red than the bloud it self Now it is more reasonable to conceive that the Greater should communicate its virtue to the Lesser than on the contrary the Lesser to the Greater For how can any Natural Agent operate beyond the sphere of its activity i.e. the measure of its power or communicate that to another which it self wanteth Again nothing can have an activity before it hath a beeing and consequently the solid parts cannot give a rednesse to the bloud because they are not in beeing till after the bloud Nothing therefore remains to be the Efficient of the Bloud but the Vital Spirit kindled originally in the purest part of the seminal matter or Colliquamentum which we may well denominate the Vital Liquor Concerning the THIRD considerable viz. the Manner of this grand operation of the Vital Spirit The Manner how bloud is first generated in an Embryo by that Vital Spirit though it be very obscure yet doe we not think it altogether inexplicable if we deduce the bloud from its first Origine the newly mentioned Vital Liquor This Vital Liquor before it assumes the colour and forme of Bloud doth begin to separate it self from the other parts of the Egge to which it is at first promiscuously admixed and to runne its selfe out into certain slender rivulets or branchings which afterward become Veins These rivolets concurring in a point meet altogether at the centre of the Colliquamentum which centre being the principal seat of the Plastique spirit and acquiring a certain mication or pulsation is then called Punctum Saliens And all this is done before there is any the least appearance of bloud in the Egge So soon therefore as these Rivulets are conjoyned the Flux of the Vital Liquor is for some time so hindred by and repressed in them as that being indeâ—inently agitated by the Spirit of Life it aestuateth and indeavours to expand it self and enlarge its bounds and seeing that it cannot flow back againe toward the circumference by the same passages which brought it toward the centre by reason of fresh supplies of Vital Liquor pressing it forward continually in the course begun it is compelled to force it self again into the seminal matter from whence at first it began its motion through other slender conduits newly for that purpose formed and then it begins to flow in a round For this appears to be the true reason of the Circumgyration of the Vital Liquor from the very beginning Soon after this the Rivulets or pipes first made and leading from the circumference to the Centre become Veins and the others made in the second place and leading from the centre to the cicumference become Arteries which yet others disallow in respect of the fabrick of the valves and then in the poynt of their concourse or confluence the Heart is framed Through which Heart and the conduits annexed or rather continued unto it the one sort tending toward the other from ward the centre the Vital Liquor doth while life lasteth perpetuate its motion and at the same time irrigate and vivifie all parts of the matter which it continually washeth in that its circular course Now this Circulaâ—ion is begun for some time before the Vital Liquor is excocted into bloud as may be conceived from hence that when the motion of the Punctum Saliens is plainly visible there is no bloud but only a clear transparent liquor or as the Learned Harvey call's it the Colliquamentum and also from hence that while the Seminal Matter is yet thin and fluid the Vital Liquor can easily disperse its channels through the same there being then no impediment to that its expansive motion and operation but if it should defer its dispersion and making of rivulets til after the solid parts were made 't is hard to conceive how it could be able to shoot it self forth into branches and make its way through them This Dance of Life being thus begun and in what part of the Conception it is first generated viz in the Châ—rion though no Bloud yet appears yet soon after it doth appear the Vital Liquor while continually though slowly circulated by little and little assuming the form of Bloud And the place in which the bloud first shews it selfe is the Chorion not the Heart For seeing that the Chorion ought to be made solid and firme before any other of the parts of the Conception insomuch as it serveth as well for the safeguard as nourishment of all the other parts and that to this end there is no moysture comming from without that might hinder its being made solid and that the Chorion as involving the whole conception is the first part that receiveth the warmth of the Hen during her incubation we say from hence it comes that the vital Liquor doth first of all obtain the forme of Bloud in the Chorion And this is effected the sooner because the vital Liquor doth more easily emit its exhalations in that place as being in the circumference than in any other more remote from it and unlesse those exhalations were freely emitted the Spirits of the Vitall Liquor would inevitably be soon extinguished It is moreover probable that at this time the Vital Heat is more potent and active in the exteriour parts of the Conception than in the Centre and so that the First Bloud is made in the Chorion where it first discovers it self to the sight of the inspector Hence also we may observe that because there is no bloud to be discerned in the Punctum Saliens for many hours together after bloud is discernable in the Chorion therefore must the Circulation of the bloud be exceeding slow in the begining for as soon as the bloud that is in the Chorion performing its circular motion arriveth at the Heart it cannot but be discerned in the Punctum Saliens Now In the generation of Blood what are the Concurrent Extrinsecal Causes and what the
before the blood arrive at the confines of the Liver and because no other Excrement can be found therein Which consideration is alone sufficient to evince that the Office of the whole Liver is to receive the blood out of the vena portae to purge it from the Bilious Excrement and to discharge it so purified into the vena cava thence to be conveyed into the Heart As for the Manner how this excellent work of Purification is performed in the Liver for the better understanding the same we are to observe 1 That the Parenchyma is the Principal part among all those many that make up that ample and curiously contrived organ of the Liver That the Parenchyma is the Principal part of all the Liver In particular the Ligaments of the Liver serve only to establish or hold it firme in its natural position the Coat investeth it the vena Portae brings the blood into it the Capsula Communis is inservient to the distribution of the same blood through the branches of the vena Portae the Hepatick Artery and Nerve serve partly to the better promotion of the blood into all parts of the parenchyma and partly to the more quick and easie influx of the Bilis into the Porus Bilarius the branches of the Vena Cava export the blood after its purification and those of the Porus Bilarius export the Bile after its separation so that it is manifest that all these several parts are in some sort or other mechanically inservient to the Parenchyma and that the Parenchyma is the sole part wherein the separation of the Bile from the blood is made by an admirable artifice of percolation 2 That this Parenchyma is a kind of Streiner after a peculiar manner framed by Nature And a kind of Streiner for that separation which can be no otherwayes effected but by Percolation For whensoever a mixt Liquor is brought into a part and in passing through that part severed into two distinct kinds and so by distinct wayes effused out of it again we may be certain that those Liquors were severed each from other by percolation made in that part and as certain that that part is a Percolatory Instrument And since the very same is effected in the Parenchyma of the Liver while the Bile is severed from the blood we may well conclude that that separation is made by percolation and that the Parenchyma is a kind of Streiner 3 That this Parenchyma being a lax and spongy substance after a peculiar manner contexed Whose particles are contexed after a peculiar manner and pores of divers sorts in respect whereof the Bile is therein separated from the blood mechanically and having various sorts of pores whereof some are in magnitude figure and situation particularly comparated for the reception of the impure blood effused out of the extremities of the capillary branches of the vena portae and others in like manner particularly comparated for the reception of the minute particles of the Bilious Excrement and the transmission of them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the Porus Bilarius and others again particularly comparated for the reception of the minute particles of the pure blood and the transmission of them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the vena cava we say these things being so it is reasonable to conceive that after the impure blood is brought into the pores of the First sort the particles of the Bile are impelled into those of the Second and through them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the Porus Bilarius and the particles of the pure blood into those of the Third and through them into the extremities of the capillary branches of the vena Cava so as the separation of the Bile from the blood is made in the parenchyma of the Liver The same inferred from 4 considerables viz. only by reason of this diversity of its pores To encrease the verisimilitude of this Opinion there occur 4. things not unworthy a serious remark in this place viz. 1 That the Capillary branches of each sort of the vessells mentioned The equall distribution of the capillary branches of all the vessells in the Liver are distributed equally into all parts of the Parenchyma so that the Port-vein doth dispense the blood equally into all parts thereof and the capillary branches of the Porus Bilarius being likewise disseminated through all parts of the same lye ready to admit the Biliousâ—humor as fast as it is separated from the blood and the capillary branches of the vena cava being also dispersed into all parts of the same are ready to receive the pure blood as fast as it is defecated from the Bile Which is some document that this whole work of purifying the blood from the Bilious humor is performed in the Liver only Mechanically and that with the greatest facility imaginable nor is it possible for the greatest wit of man to imagine any fabrique more commodious for the effecting thereof than this of the Liver is 2 That the Vena portae The Pulsation of the Vena Portae within the Liver being entred into the body of the Liver doth acquire a certain Pulsation though weak and less perfect than that of an Artery by the benefit partly of the Capsula communis that includeth it and partly of the Arteria Hepatica that accompanieth it For being included in the same common case with the Arteria Hepatica it must necessarily be compressed in some measure by the systole thereof and again be relaxed in the diastole and by that means suffer a certain Dilatation and Compression alternately And being so compressed it must impell the blood into the parenchyma and that blood must be driven on by the next succeeding blood so as that the motion and distribution thereof is necessarily continued by that impulse without the necessity of any either Similary Attraction or Distinguishing Faculty 3 That the Hepatick Nerve may be conceived also to conduce somewhat to that Pulsation of the Vena Portae The assistance of that Pulsation by the Hepatick Nerve For that Nerve also is included in the Capsella Communis and no less distributed upon the same than upon the branches of the Porus Bilarius And therefore when the Arteria Hepatica is dilated this Nerve as being contiguous to it must be somewhat compressed and so irritated to make some small Contraction of it self which being impossible to be effected without a proportionate constriction of the Capsula Communis it comes to pass that the Vena Portae included in the same Capsula suffereth a constriction at the same time 4 It is probable that this Pulsatile motion of the Vena Portae within the Liver The Resuscitation of Vitality in the blood in the branches of the Vena Porlae within the Liver and a new Fermentation thereof praevious to the separation of the Bile doth cause some new Fermentation of the blood and redintegrate the
decayed Vitality thereof in such a proportion as may be sufficient to vivify the Parenchyma of the Liver and conduce to the more easie and speedy separation of the Bilious impurities therein especially considering that the Spirits of the blood brought in are hindered from flying away as they usually do through the thinner coats of the veins by the thickness of the Capsula Communis and so kept together to resuscitate the Mication and renew the Vitality thereof That this is so may be in part inferred from hence that the Vital Spirits can be no otherwise communicated to this Parenchyma the Arteria Hepatica being wholly distributed upon the Capsula Communis and the branches of the Porus Bilarius but never touching the Parenchyma with so much as one small surcle Now there being no vessel that brings blood into the Parenchyma but only the Vena Portae that Parenchyma must of necessity be deprived of all Vitality unless we allow the blood brought by the Porta to recover its vital disposition by the means of the Pulsation caused in the Porta and the excitement of a new Fermentation from the restraint of the Spirits For without the influx of vitall blood no part can be vivified and certain it is the Parenchyma doth receive no blood but only from the Vena Portae This Resuscitation of the Vitall Spirits in the blood brought into the Liver may be adumbrated by the example of the heart of a Viper or other Animal of like vivacity For the Heart being cut out of the Viper yet alive and placed upon a table doth a good while retain its pulsation and as that motion begins to decay by reason of the consumption of the Vitall Heat if you but drop some warm liquor upon the then languishing heart it will instantly revive and beat again untill it grows cold And such doubtless is this small spark of life re-enkindled in the blood contained in the Vena Portae within the Liver which though but small may yet be sufficient both to enliven the Parenchyma and to excite some gentle Fermentation in the blood conducible to its purification in that place Now to bring all this into a narrower circle if we reflect upon the Equall Dissemination of all the foresaid vessels through all parts of the Parenchyma upon the Pulsation of the Vena Portae within the limits of the Liver whereby the motion of the blood is made more strong and quick upon the promotion of that pulsation by the Hepatick Nerv spontaneously contracting it self after every diastole of the Hepatick Artery and lastly upon the resuscitation of Vitality in the blood and its renewed Fermentation which always precedeth the separation of any humor from the blood we say reflecting upon these things we may plainly understand with how little of difficulty the bloud is impelled into all parts of the Parenchyma and therein separated from the Bilious impurities only by reason of the Diversity of Pores in the same Parenchyma according to a MECHANICAL way or method Which was the difficulty that required to be removed When Excrements are separated they must be Excluded The various Manners of the Excretion of Excrements after they are separated and collected and therefore having investigated the manner of their separation from the bloud it is requisite that we say somwhat of the Manner of their Excretion For albeit there be no Excretion but what is effected immediately by Pulsion yet doth that Pulsion arise from various causes In particular One sort of Excretion is made by simple Propulsion as that of the Serum through the substance of the Kidneys that of the Bile into the bladder of Gall and into the Porus Bilarius and of the Phlegma into the Guts Another is from the Rarefaction of the Excrements themselves as when the Serum flowing together with the blood in the arteries is rarefied by heat and breaks forth into the habit of the body whence at length it is excluded in sweat through the pores of the skin and when the watery part of the blood is by way of Exhalation transmitted through the coats of the smaller arteries and collected in the Lympheducts And a third sort of Excretion is made meerly by the Spontaneous Contraction of the Parts Expelling such is that of the Bile out of the bladder of Gall into the ductus communis of vitious humors out of the stomach by vomiting and of the Urine out of the bladder c. So that we see there is as little need of any Attraction toward the Excretion of Excrements as there was toward their separation from the blood To Explicate the Manner of the Excretion of the Bile somewhat more particularly The particular Manner of the Excretion of the Bile we note that the Porus Bilarius is filled with that humor by its capillary branches disseminated into the greatest part of the Parenchyma of the Liver and the Vesicula Fellis by its Fibrous roots that are likewise disseminated into the rest of the parenchyma And when these two Receptacles are thus filled with this humor even to distention then being irritated or molested by that burden they contract themselves and so squeez out so much thereof as exceeded their natural capacity the Vesicula Fellis exonerating it self by the Meatus Cysticus and the Bilarius Porus by the Ductus communis out of which the excrement is convaid by the oblique insertion into the Guts Which Irritation and contraction of these Receptacles is the cause why the Bile doth not continually and by drops destill out of the Ductus communis into the Guts as the serum doth into the Ureters but is as it were â—ructated by intervalls and in good quantity at a time those concave and membranous parts never contracting themselves but only when they are above measure distended by a redundancy of the humor contained in them and the efflux of the humor depending wholly upon that their Contraction That these parts do thus Contract themselves is inferrible from hence And the Cause thereof that all sensitive parts among which the vesicula Fellis may be accounted in respect it enjoyeth a small Nerve derived from the sixth conjugation are capable of Irritation and therefore whenever they are distended beyond their natural rate or otherwayes molested they begin instantly to make some resistance and reduce themselves to their due laxity by ex-pressing what was offensive to them and if the parts thus irritated be concave membranous and fibrous it is necessary that their resistance be made by a Contraction of all their Fibers whereby their cavity is lessened and some part at least of the humor distending them is expelled The Receptacles of the Bile therefore being such parts they must have such a motion of self-Restitution upon the like occasion Digression Here me-thinks I perceive my Reader to put on the cloudy aspect of dissatisfaction PARADOX That we have a certain Natural Feeling wholly distinct from the Animal and independent upon the Brain and to