Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	brain_n	part_n	spirit_n	1,451	5	5.2508	4	false

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16845	A treatise of melancholie Containing the causes thereof, & reasons of the strange effects it worketh in our minds and bodies: with the physicke cure, and spirituall consolation for such as haue thereto adioyned an afflicted conscience. ... By T. Bright doctor of physicke.	Bright, Timothie, 1550-1615.	1586 (1586)	STC 3747; ESTC S106464	155,522	312

this coldnes and drynes riseth hardnes whereof the flesh of melancholy persons is except the melancholy rise of some disorder of diet or passions and hath not yet entred so farre vpon the complexion Of colour they be black according to the humour whereof they are nourished and the skinne alwayes receauing the blacke vapors which insensibly do passe from the inward parts taketh die and staine thereof sauing that in the beginning it may come to passe otherwise the body white and bloud blacke nature for a time seruing her selfe of that which is purest and leauing the grossest in the vaines till for want of better in the end it be faine to take of the melancholicke which before it disdained then altereth it the colour and fairenesse is turned into morphe maketh euident the humour which gaue the die hath obscured the former beautie And thus are the qualities of melancholie bodies altered by this grosse earthie and darke humour CHAP. XXII How melancholie altereth those actions which rise out of the braine TOuching actions which rise from the brain melancholie causeth dulnesse of conceit both by reason the substance of the braine in such personnes is more grosse and their spirite not so prompt and subtile as is requisit for readie vnderstandinge Againe almost all the senses standing in a kinde of passiue nature a substance cold and drie and by consequent hard is not so meete thereto which as it serueth well to retaine that which is once ingrauen so like adamant it keepeth in comparison of other tempers that which once it hath receaued whereby as they are vnfit to commit readily to memorie so retaine they that is committed in surer custodie Sometime it falleth out that melancholie men are found verie wittie and quickly discerne either because the humour of melancholie with some heate is so made subtile that as from the driest woode riseth the clearest flame and from the lyes of wine is distilled a strong burning aqua vitae in like fort their spirits both from the drinesse of the matter and straining of the grosse substance from which they passe receauing a purenesse are instrumentes of such sharpnesse which is the drie light that Heraclitus approued To this other reasons may be added as exercise of their wittes wherein they be indefatigable which maketh them seeme to haue that of a naturall readinesse which custome of exercise and vse hath found in them Moreouer while their passions be not yet vehemeÌ„t whereby they might be ouercaried melancholy breedeth a ielousie of doubt in that they take in deliberation and causeth them to be the more exact curious in poÌ„dering the very moments of things to these reasons may be added the vehemencie of theyr affection once raysed which carieth them with all their faculties therto belonging into the deapth of that they take pleasure to intermeddle in For though the melancholie man be not so easily affected with any other passion as with those of feare sadnesse ielosie yet being once throughly heat with a coÌ„trarie passion retaineth the feruency thereof farre longer time then anie other complexion and more feruently boyleth therewith by reason his heart and spirite hath more solliditie of substance to entertayne deepely the passion which in a more rare and thinne sooner vanisheth away Thus greedinesse of desire in those thinges which they affect maketh them diligent and painefull warie and circumspect and so in actions of braine and sense not inferiour to the best tempers as also it maketh them stiffe in opinion Their resolution riseth of long deliberation because of doubt and distrust which as it is not easily bred so it is also harde to remoue Such persons are doubtfull suspitious and thereby long in deliberation because those domesticall feares or that internall obscuritie causeth an opinion of daunger in outwarde affaires where there is no cause of doubt their dreames are fearefull partly by reason of their fancie waking is most occupied about feares and terrours which retayneth the impression in sleepe and partly through blacke and darke fumes of melancholie rising vp to the braine whereof the fantasie forgeth obiectes and disturbeth the sleep of melancholy persons These persons are also subiect to that kinde of suffocation in the night which is called the mare wherein with some horrible vision in dreame they are halfe strangled and intercepted of speech through they striue to call This happeneth through grosse melacholicke vapours in them which cause horrible and fearefull apparitions by reason of the nature of that humour and the fancie prone through custome to conceaue on the worse parte and stoppeth theyr winde by occupying the passages of such spirits as rise from the braine and flowe into the nerues which serue certaine muscles of respiration it happeneth chiefly when they lye on their backe and somewhat too low with their heade because both the midriffe a chiefe muscle of respiration is more pressed with the bowelles which lye vnder it the stomach is not so firmely closed whereby vapours more easily haue vent and the whole bulke of the chest in that position of the bodie lying more heauily vppon them requireth greater force of mouing facultie whose spirit receaueth impediment of passages by these thicke and melancholicke fumes and thus are the actions of the braine altered by melancholie CHAP. XXIII Howe affections be altered TOVCHING their affections of feare and sadnesse sufficiently hath bene sayd before sauing whether is first in place and possesseth first the melancholicke heart it may make some question In mine opinion feare is the verie ground and roote of that sorowe which melancholick meÌ„ are throwne into For a continuance of feare which is of daunger to come so ouerlayeth the heart that it maketh it as nowe present which is only in expectation and although the daunger feared be absent yet the assurednesse thereof in the opinion of a melancholicke braine is alwayes present which ingendreth a sorow alwayes accompanying their feares They are hardely moued to anger except a biting and fretting choler be mixed with their melancholie or the melancholy be of an adust kind by reason they be ouer passion at another way and haue their partes of grosser sense then easily to be offended and the heart not ready to be moued being of a colder and drier nature or so affected by the humor which being once throughly kindled with that passion retayneth the heate longer and is not easily brought againe into the former temper Enuious they are because of their owne false conceaued want whereby their estate seeminge in their owne fantasie much worse then it is or then the condition of other men maketh them desire that they see other to enioy to better their estate this maketh them couetours of getting though in expence where their humour moueth them with liking or a voydance of perill more then prodigall Ielousie pricketh them because they are not contented with any moderation but thinke all too little for supply of their want especially if it stand in

they the hart and midriffe too much and cause a sorenesse about those partes especially about the hart spoone which is most trauelled in sobbing and whereto the midriffe is fastened Thus much concerning those actions which are animall and ly in our power some absolutely and some after a sort to do or not to do altered by passion of sorowe and falling into melancholie persons it resteth to shewe howe melancholie procureth this laughing and weeping and so to proceede to those naturall actions which are altred by this humour with the reason of such effects CHAP. XXVIII Howe melancholie causeth both weeping and laughing and the reasons how IT hath bene before declared how melancholy causeth feare and sorowe of hart by false imagination raised through fearefull vapours rising to the braine and passing by the hart euen before the imagination be moued causeth a contraction thereof which is the action of feare this feare breedeth sorowe the sorow and feare accompanying ech other make such contractioÌ„ as before hath bene sayde to be cause of teares the matter being partly supplied by the ordinary excrements of the braine and partly through those vapours which arise from the hart ouercharged with concourse of humours which are retracted by the spirites who vpon matter of discontentment hast vnto the place of defence and assemble together flying the irksome obiect and addressing them selues as it were to make resistance The partes about the eyes being porous and rare the braine moyst and the partie apt to weepe vpon this melancholie disposition springeth that issue of teares out of melancholicke eyes and these I suppose to be the causes why melancholicke persons without anie outward occasion fall into weeping and lamentation Why they laugh and that excessiuely the cause is of more difficultie to finde out and the reason not so manifest whereof as I am ledde by coniecture and probabilities I will deliuer you mine opinion You may remember how the midriffe next vnto the hart is the chiefe cause of laughter so that of necessitie one of these must be affected in that action The heart is alwayes affected in true laughter and not alwayes in a fained kind which is only a shaking of the chest and retraction of the lippes without the liuely and chearfull eye fraught with the ioyfull spirites which replenish the merie countenaunce This kinde is that which melancholicke persons without obiect breake out into except the melancholie rise of adustion of bloud and become blacke choller which affecteth also the heart with a faigned conceit of merinesse euen as wine giueth it comfort and stirreth the spirits to that liuelines cheare wherof euery one hath experience Nowe then for the better laying open this melancholick action we are to distinguish of laughter wherof there be two sorts the one is true and vnfaigned rising from a comfort and reioycing of the hart and the other a counterfet and false wherein the heart receaueth no contentment but either it selfe or the midriffe moued dissorderly with shaking by anie annoyance and moueth also the chest and muscles of the iawes and checkes by consent of nerues and so counterfetting a laughinge gesture wherein the heart taketh no pleasure The former kinde may rise of inward cause as well as outward when the vapour of adust melancholie of bloud or rather when it first taketh that heate perfumeth the heart with a pure cleare fume whereat it is allured to ioye and cheare which vapour and fume risinge of the most mildest and temperate humour before the full adustion be accomplished and mixed with the other humours and spirites breedeth that pleasaunt vaine which ouertaketh melancholicke persons which peraduenture otherwise not so delayed would turne the heart to annoyance This way melancholie carrying a winie and aromaticall spirit raised by that heat may procure an harty laughter not only dispose as wine doth the spirit thus raysed being more familiar theÌ„ that of wine so compelling as it were the hart to break forth into that actioÌ„ of reioycing The false kinde of laughter which proceedeth first from the midriffe most commonly is affected by melancholie through a tickling vapor or spirite which riseth froÌ„ the lower parts and stirreth the midriffe as they which are wouÌ„ded in the chest and vpon dressing are there about touched do plainly perceaue to moue shake and retract it selfe whose motion the chest followeth and to force out a count erfet manner of laughter whereof the hart hath no part nor countenance sauing the girning of the mouth which is here but small maketh anie pleasant shew This accident pertaineth chieflie to that melancholie which resteth about the splene the mesaraicke vaines and port vayne of the liuer which breatheth an itching and tickling breath whereof the midriffe takinge the sence shaketh moueth with indeuour to shun the vnwelcome ghest and to auoyde the touch thereof Now that being once moued the other instruments of laughter aunswere with like motion and all agree in this counterfet gesture which in appearance seemeth like the pleasaunt looke of a light and merily disposed hart This accident of laughter for the most part is wheÌ„ the melancholy passion beginneth or anon after before the bloud getteth a farther egernesse and those iolie spirites be wasted which after they once be spent the heat either outragious or delayed or distinguished by vnaptnes of matter theÌ„ is the comedy turned into tragedy pleasantnes into fury in the end mirth into mourning much like as it fareth with such as intemperatly take in their cups are ouer surfeted with wine or strong drink these of them that are of nature cold and dry of this melancholie complexion voyd of adustion at the first cup receaue a maruelous cheering about the hart the drinesse and coldnesse of their inward parts being soked and steeped as it were like dry leather in oyle if they proceed farther the former modestie anon altereth it selfe into the contrarie extremitie of chat and excessiue babling the spirit of the wine ouerruling the spirit of their natural complexion yet a litle more sipping and this melancholy receaueth such heat as rage and furie entreth possession of hart and braine and as he had taken a draught of Circes cup he fareth in respect of maners behauiour as though he were turned into a wild beast In the end with farther carouses of excesse the wine for the while quite dispos sessing the spirits of their regiment office and quenching as it were the one heate delaying the naturall heat of his body with immoderate quaÌ„tity the mirth chere the pleasant talk the rage furie giue place in steed of that iolitie succedeth silence stupiditie sleep sottishnesse So in melaÌ„cholie while that drie subtile spirit is supplied with conuenieÌ„t matter is lightned in the melancholick part all is on the hoigh for a time which being consumed by heat the store therof being but small in respect of the grosse resideÌ„ce the melancholick

it into like felowship of displeasure euen but for that it pleaseth not like as in a troubled sea a great vessell is more easily stirred with smal strength then in the calme hauen or quiet streame so our spirites and organicall instruments of passion the parte tossed with stormy weather of internall discontentment is with litle occasion disquieted yea with the shaking of a rush that hath no show of calming those domesticall stormes that arise more troublesome and boisterous to our nature then all the blustering windes in the Ocean sea For when our passion is once vp by such occasion the commoÌ„ sense is also caried therewith and distinction of outward thinges hindered at the least if not taken away all things being wayed by that which nature findeth offeÌ„ce at within euen as the tast altered in feauers by cholerick vapours maketh sweete thinges seeme bitter and vnpleasaunt which of themselues are most delectable to the tast and would greatly satisfie the same partie the bitter relish through that taint of choller once taken away And in this sort in my opinion ariseth the disorderly vnruly passion of choller both increased where some occasion is offered and procured by inward disposition of the bodie and spirit when there is no pretence or shewe of cause This is seene as plainly in mirth and ioye which riseth as well vpon inward harmonie of spirit humour and complexion as vpon glad tidings or externall benefite whereof we take reioycing A bodie of sanguine complexion as commonly we call it although complexion be another thing then condition of humors the spirits being in their iust temper in respect of qualitie and of such plenty as nature requireth not mixed or defiled by any straunge spirit or vapor the humours in quantity qualitie rated in geometricall and iust proportion the substance also of the bodie and all the members so qualified by mixture of elementes as all conspire together in due proportion breedeth an indifferencie to all passions Nowe if bloud abound and keepe his sincerity and the body receaue by it and the spirits rising from the same a comfort in the sensible partes without doubt then as anger without cause externall rose vpoÌ„ inward displeasure so this spirit these humours and this temper may moue an inward ioy wherof no externall obiect may be accompted as iust occasion This is the cause that maketh some men prone to ioy and laughter at such thinges as other men are not drawne with into any passion and maketh them picke out and seeke for causes of laughter not onely to moue others to the like but to expresse their mery passioÌ„ which riseth by the iudgement of our senses imparted to the hart not regarding whether the cause be inward or outward that moueth which taketh comfort thereat as though the obiect were externall This especially commeth to passe if the bloud be such about the hart as his purenesse sincerenesse with sweetnesse that carieth moderation of temper doth so comfort and mollifie it that it easily aptly enlargeth it self theÌ„ such bloud or such vapor that hath this tickling qualitie causeth a delight conceiued in the braine and communicated with the hart procureth a comfortable gratulation and inward ioy of that whereof nature taketh pleasure For as we haue sights tastes smelles noyses pleasant obiectes without vs and on the contrary part as manie odious and hatefull which do force our senses so haue we also all these internall pleasaunt or vnpleasaunt as we haue of sensuall obiects internall so in like manner pleasure displeasure is communicated froÌ„ within of the braine to the heart of such things as we are not able directly to referre to this or that qualitie as we see it fareth with tasts oftentimes such mixtures may be in sauces that something may please vs we cannot expresse what raysed of the compositioÌ„ This chiefly falleth to our bodies when that which giueth this occasion carieth force of gentle and light spirits as wine and strong drinke and all aromaticall spices which haue a power to comfort the braine and hart and affect all our bodie throughout with celeritie and quicknesse before their spirits be spent in the passage then the braine giueth merie report the hart glad for it selfe and all the fellow members as it were daunceth for ioy and good liking which it receaueth of such internall prouocations TheÌ„ as we see wine giue occasion of mirth by his excellent spirit wherewith our spirit is delighted and greatly increased if it be drunke with moderation so such as are of merie dispositions enioy a naturall wine in their bodies especially harts braines which causeth them to laugh at the wagging of a feather and without iust matter of laughter without modest regard of circuÌ„stance to beare them selues light ridiculous this my friende M. I take to be the cause of merrie greekes who seeke rather to discharge them selues of the iocond affection stirred vp by their humour then require true outward occasion of solace and recreation Nowe as before I haue sayd that choler procureth anger not as cause but as occasion so likewise bloud thus tempered and replenished with these aromaticall and merie spirits giueth occasion only of this pleasantnesse and is no cause thereof the hart making iust claime to these affections as the only instrument vnder the soule chiefe author of these vnruly companions which instrument is so disposed that obeying the mind and those naturall rules whereby all things are esteemed good or bad true or false to be done or not to be done no otherwise then by a ciuill subiection ruled by counsell no constraint it repugneth oft times all the strong coÌ„clusions whatsoeuer reason can make to the contrary Thus you vnderstaÌ„d how a man may be angrie and merie without externall obiect or outward cause now let vs consider howe sadnesse and feare the points which most belong to this discourse and your present state may also arise without occasion of outward terror either presently molesting or fearing vs by likelihood or possibility of future danger As the nature of choler is subtile hote bitter and of a fretting and biting qualitie both it selfe and the vapors that passe from it and bloud temperate sweet and full of cheerefull and comfortable spirits answerable to those we haue ingenerate especially if they become aromaticall as I may terme them and of a fragrant nature by naturall temper or by meanes of diet so melancholie of qualitie grosse dull and of fewe comfortable spirits and plentifully replenished with such as darken all the clernesse of those sanguineous and ingrosse their subtilnesse defile their purenesse with the fogge of that slime and fennie substance and shut vp the hart as it were in a dungeon of obscurity causeth manie fearefull fancies by abusing the braine with vglie illusions locketh vp the gates of the hart whereout the spirits should breake forth vpon iust occasion to the comfort of all the family of their

such matters as import great supplie or otherwise they doe earnestly affect and are in feare least communication breede whole dispossession or make inequall partition They interprete readilie all to the worse part suspitious least it be a matter of farther feare and not indifferently weighing the case but poysing it by their fantasticall feare and doubt at home Passionate they be out of measure whereto a vehement obiect of long connuaunce vrgeth them this causeth them to be amorous both because it is a pleasure to loue which mittigateth their inwarde sorowe and timiditie thinneth their bloud and dilateth the heart and a cause to be beloued againe which of all thinges liketh the melancholie personnes being the greatest meanes of comfort vnto them from which all offices of kindenesse curtesie and grace do flowe this affection riseth not vnto them by purenesse of nature but by the force of that which draweth them vnto the vehemencie of passion wherein they so oft times exceede that it bereaueth them for a time ielousie excepted of all other affection If the melancholie be sanguine adust then may it supply the want in the obiect and cause an internall amorous disposition with such dotage that maketh no discretion where the affection is bestowed as he that is of a merrie nature will laugh at his conceit and the angrie man displeased with his owne shadowe Thus farre of the simple actions of brayne and heart which are altered in melancholicke personnes and the manner howe with reason of their alteration other actions are in comparison of these mixed as mourning rising of vaine feare or counterfet miserie solitarinesse least occasion of griefe be ministred by companie and resort silence thorough retraction of spirits by their passion except it be in mornfull plaintes to mitigate the sorowe and stiffenesse of the instrumentes besides the disorderly feare and heauinesse which cannot either minister nor take occasion of familiar conference and communication wholly transporting them to the concocting of their sorowfull humour which breedeth in them the passion more and more increasing a negligence in their affaires and dissolutenesse where should be diligence Of pace they are for the most part slowe except perill cause them to hasten both by reason of their members not so nimble for motion and the mind occupied with cogitation and studie stayeth the pace as we finde our selues affected when any matter of weight entreth into our meditatation Moreouer they are giuen to weeping sometimes if the melancholie be sanguine they exceed in laughter sighing sobbing lamentation countenance demisse lowring bashfulnesse and blushing the reasons whereof and manner how they arise because it requireth a larger discourse I will refer them more particularly to be discussed in seuerall Chapters followinge with Philosophicall causes or probabilities at the least how euerie one of these are wrought that you be fully instructed in that speculation of melancholie and the accidents which followe it as you are more then I wish or standeth with your present comfort exercised in the practise CHAP. XXIIII The causes of teares and their saltnesse OF all the actions of melancholie or rather of heauinesse and sadnesse none is so mamanifolde and diuerse in partes as that of weeping First of all it putteth finger in the eye and sheadeth teares then it baseth the countenaunce into the bosome thirdlie it draweth the cheekes with a kinde of conuulsion on both sides and turneth the countenaunce into a resemblaunce of girninge and letteth the browes fall vppon the eye liddes it bleareth the eyes and maketh the cheekes redde it causeth the heade to ake the nose to runne mouth to slauer the lippes to tremble interrupteth the speeche and shaketh the whole chest with sighes and sobbes and such are the companions of this sorowful gesture of weeping of which I will deliuer you the reason one by one first beginning with teares All obiects or cause of perturbation riseth more or lesse grieuous or acceptable as it is taken and although the cause be greate if it be not apprehended it moueth no perturbation at all This causeth some to sorowe whereat another reioyceth and other some to lament which other some beare out with courage or haue no such sense of and to exceede in ioye or sorowe except reason moderate the affection where other some keepe mediocritie by reason of certaine degree of apprehension yea though reason beare no part in the moderation Moreouer seeing it is necessarie that both braine and hart be disposed in a kinde of Sympathie to shewe foorth the affection as they be diuerslie disposed so may the cause of perturbation more or lesse moue and trouble As if the brayne be quicker of conceit and of more exact diseretion then the heart is ready to yeeld his passion by reason of a more compact firme temper then is it not aunswerable to the apprehended hurte or daunger If it be more dull then by reason the apprehension entreth not duly into the consideration of the present state or imminent perill the affection aunswereth not the cause If the hart be more tender then the braine ready there is feare and heauinesse oft times either without cause or more vehement then cause requireth and thus it fareth in the rest of the perturbations these three alwayes concurring in the affection the outwarde mouer or cause the apprehension of the braine and the motion of the hart according to the varietie diuerse disposition of which three the perturbations become distinct in kinde and diuerse in degree This is necessarie for you to know for the more playne deliuerie of the causes of the accidentes before mentioned and first of teares whose passion is not euerie kinde of griefe nor anie one kinde alike taken neither though the griefe be taken alike and the cause iust true yet doeth the partie not alwayes sheade teares thus affected First therefore for the manifestation of this matter of tears we are to search what kinde of thing it is that moueth weeping then how it is to be receiued to work this effect and thirdly of what disposition they are when iust occasion is ministred and the cause be so taken that readily signifie their inward passion by that dolorous outward gesture and action Of such causes as draw vs into perturbatton passion that only which moueth griefe and sorrow of hart causeth teares Such weeping as seemeth to proceed of ioy is of a mixt cause as shall hereafter be declared and maketh no exception to that vniuersall cause ofteares procured by affliction or greeuance for else we see no man weep but in sorow neither do any sorow but vpon occasion or perswasion of calamitie or hurt either present or to come sauing those which are melaÌ„cholick passionate who notwithstanding fancie vnto themselues a counterfet occasion therof without cause This I need not stand vpoÌ„ because it is euideÌ„t of it selfe and requireth no farther demonstratioÌ„ the other two being of greater difficulty of more diligent

spoken for the vrine This then is one hinderaunce why the vrine can not be retracted the way being made vp by those skinnes the manner of the entraunce such of that excremeÌ„t into the bladder why such stopping can not be in them as falleth out by closing of poores that happeneth to other partes through euacuation for these passages are neither opeÌ„ because they be full nor closse because they be emptie but are the one for the other at our voluntary pleasures to this is the largenes of the passages to be added which hinder the close sinking of all sides together whith the position of the body downeward direct and thus much for the difference of the retention and excretion and how by reason the partes containing the exerement no calling backe of humors can be as in other parts which haue fluxe and refluxe free Touching the manner of excremeÌ„t this difference also is to be holden that vuch humours as are not yet seperated for euacuation follow the course of spirites and ebbe and flow with them being within the regiment of nature which the vrine contained in his naturall vrinall and attending the opening of the passage and destitute of those actiue spirites can not doe and this I take to be the causes why in extreame passions of feare vrine may passe against his wil that notwithstanding can shed no teares by the same extremity The third pointe remaineth for the more easie declaration of this dolefull gesture of what disposition of body they are of who are apt to teares They are almost altogether of a moist rare and tender body especially of brayne and heart which both being of that temper carie the rest of the parts into like disposition this is the cause why children are more apt to weepe then those that are of greater yeares and women more then men the one hauing by youth the body moist rare soft and the other by sex Whereby teares both easily flow and are supplied with plentifull matter if with rarenes of body and humidity the braine aboue the rest exceede that way and the eyes be great vaynes passages there about large theÌ„ waÌ„teth ther nothing to the fouÌ„tain of tears eueÌ„ vpoÌ„ smal occasioÌ„ coÌ„trarily they which haue their bodies drier by nature and more coÌ„pact and the passages and poores close as men in comparison of women children such hardly yeeld forth that signe of sorrow though the occasion may require it Thus you vnderstaÌ„d what occasion moueth weeping how taken and what state of bodie they be of that easily water their cheekes when sorow and calamitie afflicteth Now let vs consider the matter of teares what it is and whence particularly and properly they flow and manner how The matter is the excrementitious humiditie of the brayne not contained in the vaynes for else would teares not be cleare nor of a waterish colour but resembling the colour of vrine receiue a tincture from the thinnest parte of the blood and so appeare yellow except the straining of the humour might seeme to clarifie them which can not so be For straining although it cast away impuritie it altereth not colour as strayne claret wyne as ofteÌ„ as you will it keepeth stil the colour Againe the tincture of yellow being of a cholericke whay in the blood which is most thinne would nothing hinder the passage of the teare nor remaine behind in the strainer Then we may resolue vpon this point that teares rise of the brains thinnest most liquide excrement whereof being the moystest part of the whole bodie and twise so much in quantitie as the braine of an oxe it hath great plenty euen more then anie other part both in respect of his temper and largenesse This excrement is voyded ordinarily by the palate the nose and the eyes by certaine passages ordained for vaines arteries and sinues from that carnell which is placed in the sadle of the bone called the wedge which is direct ouer the palate of the mouth this carnell is there placed that the excremeÌ„t might not rush suddenly into these parts but gently distill into them The most ordinarie passage of thinne humour is by the pallate and nose the pallate receaueth it directly the nose from the eyes lest they should be molested by continuall fluxe into the eyes it floweth by the passage of the second couple of nerues which serue to moue the eye not entering the substance of them but passing on all sides floweth to the eyes and from thence is receaued of the fleshly carnell in the inner corner of the eye and so passeth into the nose and voydeth out to purge the head thereby and this is the ordinarie course of that humiditie which voyded from the braine into the nose VpoÌ„ occasioÌ„ of grief or trouble of smoke or wind this thinne liquor floweth froÌ„ all partes is receaued of another fleshly carnell vnder the vpper eye lid towards the eares from thence also watereth them and trickleth downe the cheekes So then you perceaue the matter of teares by what streames it voydeth and how it is conueighed it remaineth last of all to lay open vnto you what causeth the fluxe out of the eyes seeing ordinarily it should passe into the nose or through the palate be voyded out at the mouth and how in weeping nature dischargeth her self of this excrement For clearing of which point you must call to remembrance the kinde of passion wherewith nature is charged in matter of griefe or feare which is an enforcement of flight into her owne center not hauing whither else to flee whereby she gathereth in one her spirits and bloud calleth them in partly withdrawing them from that fearefull obiect partly by vniting of forces inableth her selfe to make greater resistance against that which annoyeth These spirites are such as passe from the principall partes of the heart braine and liuer and giue life nourishment sense and motion to the rest of the members of our bodies So then the braine being thus replenished with his flowing spirites is fuller then it was before and of necessitie warmer heat alwayes accompanying spirit with the spirite refloweth also the bloud and humours and that all may become safe nature maketh such contraction of the substaunce of the braine and partes thereabout that as one desirous to hold fast with his hand that which is apt to flowe forth loseth by his hard handlinge and compression which otherwise he might retaine so it expresseth that which by thinnesse is readie to voide and forcing with spirit pressing with contracted substance signifieth by shower of teares what storme tosseth the afflicted hart and ouercasteth the cheerfull countenaunce And this is the manner of the watering of the sorowfull cheekes and visage disfigured with lamentatioÌ„ which being by this double meanes inforced issue in more plentie then the passage into the nostrells can readilie discharge the aboundance whereof drencheth the eyes ouerflowing the brimmes of the eye liddes filleth the bosome

what was the tryall God blessed the last dayes of Iob more theÌ„ the first euen so though the present afflictioÌ„ be grieuous vnto you and all hope faile in respect of your feeling yet the Lord when he hath proued you and found you his pure and sincere beloued sonne the like issue are you assured of with comforte in this life and eternall saluation in the life to come Thus leauing a more plentifull consolation vnto your godly friendes who dayly frequent you especially such as are preachers of the word and ministers of Gods grace I proceed to instruct you in that I iudge your body staÌ„deth in neede of that howsoeuer hability faile in performaÌ„ce of the offices of friendships on my part towards you my sincere affection and vnfayned loue vnto you may be at the least testified by my endeuour wherein if I be tedious partly it is of forgetfulnes of that consideration being ouercaried with desire to benefite you and partly bicause in your case I also comprehend the estate of many one at this day in like sort affected and afflicted who if they receiue any meanes of coÌ„forte by this my trauaile they may be more beholding vnto my frieÌ„d M. pray for his release Thus my good M. you haue the testimonie of my good will in this part of counsell I confesse I am not so meet for it as your case requireth but so haue I discharged that office wherto the dutie of friendship bindeth me If my presence may supply the defect I will not faile you wherin anie part of mine abilitie may serue your waÌ„ts I will nowe proceede to the cure of your bodie whose disorder increaseth your heauinesse and ioyneth hand with this kind of temptation CHAP. XXXVII The cure of melancholy and howe melancholicke persons are to order them selues in actions of the mind sense and motion AS the ordinarie cure of all diseases helps of infirmities are to be begun with remouing of such causes as first procured the infirmitie except they be remoued of them selues through their nature neither stable nor permanent by succession of a contrarie cause of the same kinde euen so the first entry of restoring the melancholicke braine and heart to a better state of conceit and cheere is the remouing of such causes as first disturbed iudgement and affection or are therto apt with inducing of causes of contrarie operation The causes of all diseases are either breach of dutie and some errour coÌ„mitted in the gouernment of our health or such accidentes as befall vs in this life against our wills and vnlooked for From the same also do arise the workes of melancholie whereof I intreate and you desire to be released Our diet consisteth not onely as it is commonly taken in meate and drinke but in whatsoeuer exercises of mind or bodie whether they be studies of the braine or affections of the hart or whether they be labours of the bodies or exercises only Besides vnto diet house habitation and apparel do belong which are causes of maintenance or ouerthrowe of health as they be affected To these also the order of rest and sleepe is to be added as a great meanes taken in due time and in conuenient moderation to preserue health or to cause sicknesse if otherwise it be taken immoderately too scant or disorderly Of the labours of the mind studies haue great force to procure melancholie if they be vehement and of difficult matters and high misteries therfore chiefly they are to be auoyded the mind to be set free from all such trauel that the spirits which before were partly wasted might be restored and partly employed vpon hard discourses may be released to the comfort of the hart and thinning of the bloud Besides such actions approching nigh vnto or being the verie inorganicall of the soule cause the mind to neglect the bodie whereby easily it becmometh afterward vnapt for the action and the humours skanted of the sweet influence thereof and spirit setle into a melancholie thicknesse and congele into that cold and drie humour which rayseth these terrours and discouragements Wherfore aboue all abandon working of your braine by any studie or conceit and giue your mind to libertie of recreation from such actions that drawe too much of the spirit and therby wrong the corporall meÌ„bers of the bodie For in maintainance of health it is specially to be obserued that the employing of the parts either of mind or bodie with their spirite is to be carried with such indifferencie and discretion that the force which should be common to manie be not lauishly spent vpon any one Nowe studie of all actions both because it vseth litle help of the bodie in comparison of other and because the minde chieflie laboureth which draweth the whole bodie into sympathie wherby it is neglected as it were for a time and the most subtile purest spirits thereby are consumed is to be giuen ouer in the cure of this passion or if the affection can not be tempered wholly therefrom then such matter of studie is to be made choyse of as requireth no great contention but with a certaine mediocritie may vnbend that stresse of the minde through that ouer vehement action and withall carie a contentednesse thereto and ioy to the affection Nowe as all contention of the mind is to be intermitted so especially that whereto the melancholicke person most hath giuen him selfe before the passion is chieflie to be eschued for the recouerie of former estate and restoring the depraued conceit and fearefull affection For there if the affection of liking go withall both hart and braine do ouer prodigally spend their spirits and with them the subtilest partes of the naturall iuyce and humours of the bodie If of mislike and the thing be by forcible constraint layd on the distracting of the mind from the promptnes of the affection breedeth such an agonie in our nature that thereon riseth also great expeence of spirit and of the most rare and subtile humours of our bodies which are as it were the seate of our naturall heate the refiner of all our humours and the purifier of our spirites As that kind of studie wherein the melancholicke hath spent him selfe is to be auoyded or intermitted and one of a milder and softer kinde to be inferred in place thereof so much lesse anie straunge studie of difficultie and much trauell of the braine is to be taken in hand as it were to turne the minde into a contrarie bent For herein the straungenesse besides difficultie giueth cause of trauaile and toile vnto our nature so that both these extremities are to be eschued of you as most daungerous and hurtfull and the mind to be retired to such a tranquillitie as the naturall heate and spirits may haue free scope to attend vppon the corporall actions of preparing the bloud and thinning of the grosse iuice into a moderate substance as is according to good disposition of the bodie In studie I comprehend although

A TREATISE OF MELANCHOLIE CONTAINING THE CAVSES thereof reasons of the strange effects it worketh in our minds and bodies with the phisicke cure and spirituall consolation for such as haue thereto adioyned an afflicted conscience The difference betwixt it and melancholie with diuerse philosophicall discourses touching actions and affections of soule spirit and body the particulars whereof are to be seene before the booke By T. Bright Doctor of Phisicke ANCHORA SPEI Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier dwelling in the Black-Friers 1586. TO THE RIGHT VVORSHIPFVL M. PETER OSBOVRNE c. OF all other practise of phisick that parte most coÌ„mendeth the excelleÌ„cy of the noble facultie which not only releeueth the bodily infirmity but after a sort euen also correcteth the infirmities of the mind For the instrument of reason the braine being either not of well tempered substance or disordered in his parts all exercise of wisedome is hindred and where once vnderstanding lodged wit memorie quick conceit kept residence and the excellencie of man appeareth aboue all other creatures there vnconsiderate iudgement simplicitie foolishnes make their seat and as it were dispossessing reason of her watch tower subiecteth the nature of man vnto the annoyance of infinite calamities that force vpoÌ„ vs in the course of this fraile life baseth it farre vnder the condition of brute beasts The heart the seate of affection and neither immoderate in temper nor in figure or quantitie otherwise disposed then is expedient for good action the seate of temperancie of iustice of fortitude and liberalitie dayly practice of phisicke sheweth how much it is disposed and framed to mediocritie of affection wherin vertue consisteth by such meanes as nature ministreth the phisitian hir great steward according to her will dispenseth where need requireth in so much that what reason bringeth to passe by perswasion and counsell that medicine and other helpes of that kinde seeme to worke by instinct of nature The dayly experience of phrensies madnesse lunasies and melancholy cured by this heauenly gift of God make manifest demonstration hereof The notable fruit successe of which art in that kinde hath caused some to iudge more basely of the soule then agreeth with pietie or nature haue accompted all maner affection thereof to be subiect to the phisicians haÌ„d not considering herein any thing diuine and aboue the ordinarie euents and naturall course of thinges but haue esteemed the vertues theÌ„ selues yea religion no other thing but as the body hath ben tempered and on the other side vice prophanenesse neglect of religion and honestie to haue bene nought else but a fault of humour For correcting the iudgemeÌ„t of such as so greatly mistake the matter and partly for the vse of many that may neede instruction and counsel in the state of melancholy affection of braine and hart wold haue both to satisfie their owne doubts and to answer the prophane obiections of others I haue taken this paines to confute the absurde errour of the one to satisfie the reasonable and modest inquiry of the other that seek to be enformed I haue layd open howe the bodie and corporall things affect the soule how the body is affected of it againe what the difference is betwixt natural melancholie and that heauy hande of God vpon the afflicted conscience tormented with remorse of sinne feare of his iudgement with a Christian resolutioÌ„ according to my skill for such as faint vnder that heauie burthen And that I might to the vttermost of my endeuor as other businesse wold permit me comfort theÌ„ in that estate most comfortles I haue added mine aduise of phisicke helpe what diet what medicine and what other remedie is meete for persons oppressed with melancholie feare that kind of heauinesse of hart I haue enterlaced my treatise besides with disputes of Philosophie that the learned sort of them and such as are of quicke conceit delited in discourse of reason in naturall things may find to passe their time with and knowe the grounds and reasons of their passions without which they might receaue more discomfort and greater cause of error This I haue deliuered in a simple phrase without any cost or port of words to a supposed frend M. not ignorant of good letters that the discourse might be more familiar then if it had caried other direction it otherwise would be Chaunge the letter and it is indifferent to whome soeuer standeth in need or shal make vse thereof I write it in our mother tong that the benefit how small soeuer it be might be more common as the practise of all auncient philosophers hath ben to write in their owne language their precepts whether concerning nature or touching maners of life to the end their countrey men might reape the benefite with more ease and seeke rather for sound iudgement of vnderstanding then for vaine ostentation of strange tongs which is also after a sort followed in translations so I tooke it meetest to impart these fewe poyntes of philosophie phisicke in English to the end our people as other natioÌ„s do might acquaint them selues with some part of this kinde rather then with other friuolous discourses neither profitable to vse nor delectable to the vertuous and well disposed minde This my slender endeuour I dedicate to your name right worshipfull M. Osbourne to whom besides I am particularly beholdinge your good fauouring of vertue and learning in certaine of my acquaintance of the best marke hath moued me to geue this signification howe readie learning is to honor her fauorers she hath many daughters and they be all knit in loue betwixt theÌ„ there is neither enuie nor iealousie where one is honored and receiueth entertainment there all congratulate without detraction and euen as in a darke night one star breaking out of a thicke cloude though it be but small deliuereth a farre more cheerfull and comfortable light then if it shone with many in a cleere euening so this vertue hath the more grace beauty in you insomuch as almost all such planets haue a long time either bene whollie eclipsed or quite falleÌ„ out of their spheres to the great discoÌ„forte of such as trauaile in this kinde of night workes and busie theÌ„ selues at the lamps and are carefull to vpholde with perplexed studie the society of mankinde by learning and instruction There be a fewe that shine with you their honor grounded vpoÌ„ vertue shal staÌ„d for euer the Muses and the Charites haue their names in perpetuall record and I a seruant of theirs in their names performe this duetie vnto you in this sorte as I haue declared Fare you well from litle S. Bartlemewes by Smithfield the 23 of May. 1586. A louer of your vertue T. Bright TO HIS MELANcholicke friend M. ALTHOVGH deare M. your letter full of heauines and vncomfortable plaintes hath in such sort affected me that as it faireth vvith a true harted friend your affliction dravveth me into

hath practise of senses separated froÌ„ the bodie Cap. 19. pag. 116. The accidentes which befall melancholie persons Cap. 20. pag. 123. How melaÌ„choly altereth the qualities of the bodie Cap. 21. pag. 125. How melancholy altereth those actions which rise out of the braine Cap. 22. pag. 129. How affections be altered Cap. 23. pag. 132. The causes of teares and theire saltnes Cap. 24. pag. 135. Why teares endure not all the time of the cause and why in weeping commonly the finger is put in the eye Cap. 25. pag. 148. Of the partes of weeping why the countenance is cast downe the forehead lowreth the nose droppeth the lippe trembleth c. Cap. 26. pag. 123 The causes of sobbing and sighing and how weeping easeth the hearte Cap. 27. pag. 157. How melancholye causeth both weeping and laughing with the reasons how Cap. 28. pag. 161. The causes of blushing and bashfulnes and why melancholy persons are giueÌ„ thereunto Cap. 29. pag. 166. Of the naturall actions altered by melancholy Cap. 30. pag. 173. How melancholie altereth the naturall workes of the bodie iuice and excrement Cap. 31. pag. 178. Of the affliction of conscience for sinne Cap. 32. pag. 184. Whether the afflicted conscience be of melancholie Cap. 33. pag. 187. The particular difference betwixt melancholie and the afflicted conscience in the same person Cap. 34. pag. 193. The affliction of minde to what persons it befalleth and by what meanes Cap. 35. pag. 198. A consolation to the afflicted conscience Cap. 36. pag. 207. The cure of melancholie how melancholicke persons are to order them selues in actions of mind sense and motion Cap. 37. pag. 242. How melancholicke persons are to order theÌ„ selues in their affections Cap. 38. pag. 249. How melancholicke persons are to order them selues in the rest of their diet and what choyce they are to make of ayer meate and drinke house and apparell Cap. 39. pa. 257. The cure by medicine meete for melancholicke persons Cap. 40. pag. 265. The maner of strengthening melancholicke persons after purging with correction of some of their accidents Cap. 41. pag. 277. A TREATISE OF MELANCHOLIE CHAP. 1. Howe diuerslie the word Melancholie is taken BEFORE I enter to define the nature of melancholie what it is for the cleare vnderstaÌ„ding of that wherein my purpose is to instruct you it shall be necessarie to lay forth diuerse maners of takinge the name of melancholie and whereto the name being one is applied diuerslie It signifieth in all either a certayne fearefull disposition of the mind altered from reason or else an humour of the body coÌ„monly taken to be the only cause of reason by feare in such sort depraued This humour is of two sorts naturall or vnnaturall naturall is either the grosser part of the bloud ordained for nourishment which either by abundance or immoderate hotenesse passing measure surchargeth the bodie and yeeldeth vp to the braine certaine vapors whereby the vnderstanding is obscured or else is an excrement ordained to be auoyded out of the bodie through so manie alterations of naturall heate and varietie of concoction hauing not a drop of nourishing iuyce remaining whereby the bodie either in power or substance may be relieued This excrement if it keepeth the bounds of his owne nature breedeth lesse perturbance either to bodie or minde if it corrupt and degenerate farther from it selfe and the qualitie of the bodie then are all passions more vehement so outragiously oppresse and trouble the quiet seate of the mind that all organicall actions therof are mixed with melancholie madnesse and reason turned to a vaine feare or plaine desperation the braine being altered in his complexion and as it were transported into an instrument of an other make then it was first ordained these two according to the diuersitie of setling do ingender diuersitie of passions according therunto do diuerslie affect the vnderstanding do alter the affection especially if by corruption of nature or euill custome of manners the partie be ouer passionate The vnnaturall is an humour rising of melancholie before mentioned or else from bloud or choler whollie chaunged into an other nature by an vnkindly he ate which turneth these humours which before were raunged vnder natures gouernment and kept in order into a qualitie whollie repugnant whose substance and vapor giueth such annoyance to all the partes that as it passeth or is seated maketh strange alterations in our actions whether they be animal or voluntarie or naturall not depending vpon our will and these are all which the name of melancholie doth signifie now the definition and what it is As the thinges be diuerse so it also followeth the suite and is likewise diuerse either of the humour or of the passion and the humour being either a nutritiue iuyce or an excrement vnprofitable thereunto I define the humor no otherwise then that part of that bloud which naturally of the rest is most grosse and the excrement the superfluitie of the same which if it putrifieth bestoweth still the name of a farre diuerse thing both in temper nature called blacke choller The melancholie passion is a doting of reason through vaine feare procured by fault of the melancholie humour Thus brieflie clearly do you vnderstand what the nature of melancholie is and whereto the name is vsually applied of which when I shall haue at the full to your contentment entreated then will I satisfie the other part of your demaund and lay open the consent and difference betwixt the conscience oppressed with sence of sinne and this naturall kinde before meÌ„tioned and minister vnto you such heauenlie comfort and counsell as my slender skill will affoord and such phisicke helpe as your present neede requireth CHAP. II. The causes of naturall melancholie and of the excesse thereof AS all naturall humours rise of nourishment so melancholie being a part of bloud from thence it springeth also Whatsoeuer we receaue into the bodie for sustentation of this fraile life consisteth of diuersitie of partes being it selfe compounded although to the outward viewe it seemeth to appeare vniforme as bread flesh fish milke wine beare c. which shewe of vniformitie being taken away by the naturall furnace which preserueth the liuely heate of euerie liuing thing that outward resemblance vanisheth and the diuersitie manifesteth it selfe as we see gold or siluer before it be proued with fire appeareth no other then all alike but afterward is discouered by the burning crucible to be much otherwise so fareth it with nourishments whose diuerse partes are layd open by so manifold concoctions and cleansings and straininges as are continually without intermission practized of nature in euerie mans bodie no gold finer more busie at the mine or artificiall Chymist halfe so industrious in his laboratorie as this naturall Chymist is in such preparations of all nourishment be it meat or drinke of what sort soeuer By this meanes the bloud which seemeth in all parts like it selfe no egge liker one to another is preserued

naturall melancholie both iuyce and excrement It remaineth next to shewe what that humour is which riseth of this or anie else corrupted called also by the name of melancholie CHAP. VIII VVhat burnt Choler is and the causes thereof THAT kinde of melancholie which is called Atra bilis riseth by excessiue heate of such partes where it is engendred or receiued wherby the humour is so adust as it becommeth of such an exulcerating and fretting qualitie that it wasteth those partes where it lighteth this most commonly riseth of the melancholie excrement before said and diuerse times of the other thicke parte of blood as also of Choler and salt fleame which take such heate partely by distemper of the bodie and partly by putrefaction that thereby a humor riseth breeding most terrible accidentes to the minde and painefull to the bodie which the melancholicke and grosse bloud doth more forcibly procure in that that anie heate the grosser the substance is wherein it is receaued the more fiercely it consumeth whereupon the seacole giueth more vehement heate then charcole and the cole then the flame and a cauterie of hote yron then a burning firebrand Otherwise choler being by nature of the hotest temper carieth with it more qualitie of heat then the other but by reason the substance of the humor is more subtle and rare the lesse it appeareth as the heat of a flame in comparison of the other more speedily passeth Hitherto haue I declared vnto you all the kinds of melancholy and causes of ech of them hereafter you shall vnderstand how they worke these fearefull effectes in the mind wherby the hart is made heauie the spirites dulled the cheerfull countenance altered into mourning and life it selfe which the nature of all thinges most desireth made tedious vnto persons thus afflicted CHAP. IX Howe melancholie worketh fearefull passions in the mind BEFORE I declare vnto you how this humor afflicteth the minde first it shall be necessarie for you to vnderstand what the familiaritie is betwixt mind and bodie howe it affecteth it and how it is affected of it againe You knowe God first created all things subiect to the course of times and corruption of the earth after that hee had distinguished the confused masse of things into the heauens the foure elements This earth he had endued with a fecunditie of infinite seeds of all things which he commaunded it as a mother to bring forth and as it is most agreable to their nature to entertaine with nourishment that which it had borne brought forth whereby when he had all the furniture of this inferiour world of these creatures some he fixed there still and maintaineth the seedes till the end of all things and that determinate time which he hath ordained for the emptying of those seedes of creatures which he first indued the earth withall Other some that is to say the animals he drewe wholly from the earth at the beginning and planted seede in them onely and food from other creatures as beasts and man in respect of his body the difference only this that likely it is mans body was made of purer mould as a most pretious tabernacle and temple wherin the image of God should afterward be inshrined and being formed as it were by Gods proper hand receaued a greater dignitie of beauty and proportion and stature erect therby to be put in mind whither to direct the religious seruice of his Creator This tabernacle thus wrought as the grosse part yeelded a masse for the proportion to be framed of so had it by the blessing of God before inspired a spirituall thing of greater excellencie then the redde earth which offered it self to the eye onely This is that which Philosophers call the spirit which spirit so prepareth that worke to the receauing of the soule that with more agrement the soule and bodie haue growne into acquaintance and is ordained of God as it were a true loue knot to couple heauen earth together yea a more diuine nature then the heauens with a base clod of earth which otherwise would neuer haue growen into societie and hath such indifferent affection vnto both that it is to both equally affected and communicateth the bodie and corporall things with the mind and spirituall and intelligible things after a sort with the bodie sauing sometimes by vehemencie of eithers actioÌ„ they seeme to be distracted and the minde to neglect the bodie and the bodie and bodilie actions common with other creatures to refuse as it were for a moment that communitie wherby it commeth to passe that in vehement contemplations men see not that which is before their eyes neither heare though noyse be at the ayre and sound nor feele which at other time such bent of the minde being remitted they should perceaue the sence of with pleasure or paine This spirit is the chiefe instrument and immediate whereby the soule bestoweth the exercises of her facultie in her bodie that passeth to and fro in a moment nothing in swiftnesse nimblenesse being comparable thereunto which when it is depraued by anie occasion either rising from the bodie or by other meanes then becometh it an instrument vnhansome for performance of such actioÌ„s as require the vse therof and so the minde seemeth to be blame worthy wherein it is blamelesse and fault of certaine actions imputed thereunto wherein the bodie and this spirite are rather to be charged thinges corporall and earthly the one in substance and the other in respect of that mixture wherewith the Lord tempered the whole masse in the beginning And that you may haue greater assurance in reason of this corporall inclination of spirit consider how it is nourished and with more euidence it shal so appeare vnto you It is maintained by nourishments whether they be of the vegetable or animall kind which creatures affoord not only their corporall substance but a spirituall matter also wherewith euerie nourishment more or lesse is indued this spirit of theirs is as similitude of nature more nighly approcheth altered more speedely or with larger trauell of nature Of all things of ordinarie vse the most speedy alteration is of wine which in a moment repaireth our spirits and reuiueth vs againe being spent with heauinesse or any otherwise whatsoeuer our naturall spirites being diminished which bread and flesh doth in longer time being of slower passage and their spirites not so subtile or at least fettered as it were in a more grosse bodie and without this spirit no creature could giue vs sustentation For it is a knot to ioyne both our soules and bodies together so nothing of other nature can haue corporall coniunction with vs except their spirites with ours first growe into acquaintance which is more speedily done a great deale then the increase of the firme substance which you may euidently perceaue in that we are ready to faint for want of foode after a litle taken into the stomach of refreshing before any concoction can be halfe

partes of the body of which the humours are neither and so vtterly secluded of nature from any peculiar actioÌ„ to any vse of the body For that they are said to nourish it signifieth only a passiue disposition by which through our nourishing power they receiue the Character of our nature and are altered into the substance of the same they themselues giuing ouer their priuate actioÌ„ and submitting to the naturall concoctiue vertue which destroyeth all particularities of nourishment and bringeth them to that vniformity which our nature requireth Then while the body is in health the humors beare no sway of priuate action but it being once altered and they euill disposed and breaking from that regiment whereunto they should be subiect are so farre of from subiection to the disposition of our bodies and strength of our partes that they oppresse them and as it appeareth in simptomaticall euentes in sicknes dispise that gouernment wherto by natures law they stand bound Thus then I hold humours to be occasions of disorderly perturbations euen as they are meanes of deprauing the instrument of perturbation and turning it otherwise then nature hath disposed whose gouernment when it hath shaken of it affecteth vs two maner of wayes the one by the corporall substance whereby it annoyeth the corporall masse of bodies and complexion and breaketh out into soares Emposthumes or other such anoyances the other by a spirit which it possesseth either contrary altogether or diuerse at the least from ours wherewith many wayes it disturbeth the orderly actions weakneth the vigor of the same now both by substance and by spirite it altereth complexion where it preuaileth and thereby giueth greatest stroake to the organicall members Then seing all actions are performed both by spirite and corporall instrument and the humours exceeding the gouernment of nature and withdrawing themselues from subiection thereof affect vs both wayes spirite against spirite and corporall substance against his like we are to coÌ„sider how by these two meanes our actions suffer through their disorder and where their operation taketh most place in working such phantastical perturbations wherewith we are deluded Of all partes of the body in ech perturbation two are cheifly affected first the brayne that both apprehendeth the offensiue or pleasaunt obiect iudgeth of the same in like sort and communicateth it with the harte which is the second part affected these being troubled carie with them all the rest of the partes into a simpathy they of all the rest being in respect of affection of most importance The humours then to worke these effectes which approch nigh to naturall perturbations grounded vpon iust occasion of necessity alter either brayne or hart if the brayne be altered and the obiect not rightly apprehended then is it deliuered otherwise then it standeth in nature and so the hart moued to a disorderly passion Againe though the brayne be without faulte and report delyuered to the hart sincerely yet that being distempered or altered in coÌ„plexion by faulte of humour doth not aunswere in affection as the obiect requireth but more or lesse as the distemper misleadeth if both partes be ouercharged of humour the apprehension affection both are corrupted and misse of their right action and so all thinges mistaken ingender that confused spirite and those stormes of outragious loue hatred hope or feare wherewith bodies so passionate are here and there tossed with disquiet Now particularly the spirite of the humour being subtiler thinner and hoter then is meete maketh the apprehension quicker then it should be and the discretion more hasty then is meete for the vpright deliuery to the hart what to embrace or to refuse this causeth pronenes to anger when we are offended without cause commonly called teastines and frowardnes If the humour also with his spirite possesse the brayne then are these passions of longer continuance humour being of a more sollid nature then the spirite and so not easily dispersed which causeth fittes of such passioÌ„s to be of longer continuance and thus the hart may be abused from the brayne not much vnlike as it falleth often out in communication of speach amongest vs a man of hasty disposition ready to aunswere and quick witted will make reply to that which should be said before the tale be halfe told whereby he faileth in his replication and aunswereth from the purpose which if he had bene first assured wherto to reply he should not haue missed This appeareth plaine in Cholericke persons or such as are disposed to anger such are offended where they haue no cause in truth but by mistaking and where they haue cause the vehemency of the apprehension and the suddeÌ„nes of the report from the brayne vnto the seate of perturbation inforceth double the passion especially when the hart is as flexible as the brayne is light then raungeth it into all extremity This commeth to passe not by any power of anger in the Cholerick humour but by reason the instrumentes are misordered either by vapour rising from that humour or the very substance of the same They are disordered in this sort through Choler The naturall spirit and complexioÌ„ of these partes become subtiler thinner and quicker proner to action then of their natures they should be through the heat which riseth of Choler and his spirit intermixed with ours by this mobility of vapour our spirit of a quieter and more stable disposition is either made more rare then is expedient for the vse of our bodies or else striuing as it were to subdue this bastard spirite and vnwelcome ghest can not giue that attendance vpon his proper duety which naturally it should and so the actions thereupon rise depraued and hauing wherwith it is encumbred within admitteth the cause of displeasure more easily which riseth abroad being an additioÌ„ to that which molesteth at home and these natures for the most parte are troubled with a Cholerick humour or fretting like to Choler about the mouth of the stomach which is of all the inward partes of quickest sense and feeling This causeth them especially fasting before the humour be mitigated and delayed with nourishment to be most prone to that angry passion The teasty waywardnes of sick persons such as are vexed with payne or feauer wherby the humors of the body become more fell maketh euident proofe hereof We see how small matters put them out of patience euery thing offendeth whereas in health the same occasions would litle or nothing moue The reason is because they measure all outward accidents by that they finde of discontentment within not that the humor that discontenteth is any instrument of passion or carieth with it faculty to be displeased but because it disquieteth the body and giueth discontentment to nature it is occasion why displeasures are made great and where there is no cause nature troubled within faireth as greatly displeased with that which outwardly should not displease the griefe within being added to an indiffereÌ„t thing without and drawing

according as the cause committed to them doth require The memory being thus fraight with perills past and embracing only through the braynes disorder that which is of discomforte causeth the fantasie out of such recordes to forge new matters of sadnes and feare whereof no occasion was at any time before nor like to be giuen hereafter to these fansies the hart answering with like melancholicke affection turneth all hope into feare assurance into distrust and dispaire ioye into discomforte and as the melancholie nature or bodie any waie corrupt defileth the pure and holesome nourishment conuerteth it into the same kinde of impuritie and as the fire of all kinde of matter giueth increase of heate whether it be wood stone metal or liquor so the body thus possessed with the vnchearefull and discomfortable darknes of melaÌ„cholie obscureth the Sonne and Moone and all the comfortable planetts of our natures in such sort that if they appeare they appeare all darke and more then halfe eclipsed of this mist of blackenes rising from that hidious lake and in all thinges comfortable either curiously pryeth out and snatcheth at whatsoeuer of mislike may be drawen to the nourishment of it selfe or else neglecteth altogether that which is of other qualitie then foode and pasture of those monsters which nature neuer bred nor perfect since conceiued nor memorie vncorrupt would euer allow entertainement but are hatched out of this muddie humour by an vnnaturall temper bastard spirite to the disorder of the whole regiment of humane nature both in iudgement and affection Thus the hart a while being acquainted with nothing else but domestical terror feareth euery thing and the brayne simpathetically partaking with the hartes feare maketh doubt distrusteth suspecteth without cause alwayes standing in awe of grieuaunce wher with in time it be commeth so tender that the least touch as it were ones naile in an vlcer giueth discouragement thereto rubbing it vpon the gale exulcerate with sorow and feare neither only doubleth it sorrow vpon smal occasion but taketh it where none is offered euen as the Cholerick man feedeth his passioÌ„ with ridiculous causes of displeasure For first the generall being in al natures actions before the particular the heart by the braine solicited to passioÌ„ vsed to grief feare taketh the accustomed way of flight and auoydance abhorring fearing those thinges which of themselues are most amiable and gratefull at the first not being a duised whereto to apply the passion euen as one condemned to death with vndoubted expectation of execution fearing euerie knock at the prison doore hath horrour though the messenger of pardon with knock require to be admitted let in and euery messenger where daunger is feared though he come with cherefull countenance giueth cause of distrust when there may be assurance euen so the heart ouercome with inward heauines and skared with inward feares faireth as though whatsoeuer cause of affection and perturbation were minister of present griefe or messenger of future daunger by mistaking only and withdraweth it selfe and shroudeth it as secrete and closse as nature will suffer from that which if custome had not bent it another way vppon aduisement now banished through swiftnes and vehemeÌ„cy of passion it would haue with ioyful cheare embraced For eueÌ„ as we se in outward sense the ey or the eare long and vehemently affected with colour or sound or the nose with strong sent retaine the verie colour sound and sent in the instrumentes though the thing be remoued that yeelded such qualities so the internall senses molested continually with this fearefull obiect of internall darknes esteemeth euery thing of that nature the true qualitie thereof being obscure by that which hath taken possession of theÌ„ before The brayne thus affected and the heart answering his passion thereafter driueth vs into those extremities of heauy moode which assaile and dispossesse of right vse of reason those who are melancholickly disposed much more if the heart be as melancholickly bent as the brayne then diuerse times doth it preuent the fancie with feare and as a man transported with passioÌ„ is vtterly bereft of aduisemeÌ„t causeth the senses both outward inward preposterously to conceiue as the heart vainely feareth This melancholy as the parts are diuerse actions vary so doth it as it is seated or passeth this or that way breed diuersity of passion as in the heart a trembling in the stomach a greedy appetite in the brayne false illusions and in the other partes as they are disposed so deprauing their actions it causeth much variety of effects which are not in the nature of the humor but as it disturbeth the actiue instrumentes no more then darknes causeth some to stuÌ„ble other some to go out of their way wander other some to bringe to passe such purposes as light would bewray hinder alas they be disposed occupied which take theÌ„ to their busines in the dark not through any such effectuall operatioÌ„ of darkenes which is naught else but meere absence of light Neither doth so many straunge sortes of accidentes follow melaÌ„cholie through diuersity of parts only but as the custome of life hath bene before the fancie heart some way vehemently occupied there through this humour all the faculties afore named are carried the same way as it were with the streame of a tide driuen with a boysterous wind which causeth that melancholicke men are not all of one nature passionate this way the one taking his dolorous passion from his loue another from his wealth the other froÌ„ his pleasures whereof his melancholie beareth him in hand the present losse or imminent daunger of that wherein affection in former times had surest footing on the other part which before a man most abhorred that nowe that humor vrgeth with most vehemencie Againe as it is mixed with other humours either keeping mediocrity or abounding so likewise breaketh it forth into such diuersities manie times into plaine contrarieties of conceit and perturbation Thus you vnderstand howe feares and sorowes rise without cause from naturall melancholie whether it be iuyce or excrement not through chiefe action as from worke of facultie but by abuse of instrument through occasion If the spleneticke excrement surcharge the bodie not being purged by helpe of the splene then are these perturbations farre more outragious and harde to be mitigated by counsell or perswasion and more do they enforce vs the partes being altered with corporall humour then with spirituall vapour and so are the passions longer in continuance and more extreeme in vehemencie For as the flame carrieth not such force of burning as the cole neither contayneth the heate so longe euen so the partes affected with the humour which carrieth both grossenesse of substance with continuall supplie of that dimme vapour settleth a more fixed passion of feare and heauinesse then that which riseth from the vapour onely partly of the owne accorde more easily vanishing and partly with

greater facillitie wasted by natures strife and resistance Nowe it followeth to declare howe the other vnnaturall melancholy annoyeth with passions abuseth vs with couÌ„terfet cause of perturbation whereof there is no ground in truth but onely a vaine and fantasticall conceit CHAP. XVIII Of the vnnaturall melancholie rising dy adustion how it affecteth vs with diuerspassions BEsides the former kindes there are sortes of vnnaturall melancholie which I call so rather then the other bicause the other offendeth onely in qualitie or quantitie these are of another nature farre disagreeing from the other by an vnproper speech called melancholy They rise of the naturall humors or their excrements by excessiue disteÌ„per of heate burned as it were into ashes in comparison of humour by which the humour of like nature being mixed turneth it into a sharp lye sanguine cholericke or melancholicke according to the humour thus burned which we call by name of melancholie This sort raiseth the greatest tempest of perturbatioÌ„s and most of all destroyeth the braine with all his faculties and disposition of action and maketh both it the hart cheere more vncomfortably and if it rise of the naturall melancholy beyond all likelihood of truth frame monst ous terrors of feare and heauinesse without cause If it rise of choler then rage playeth her part and furie ioyned with madnesse putteth all out of frame If bloud minister matter to this fire euery serious thing for a time is turned into a iest tragedies into comedies and lamentation into gigges and daunces thus the passion whereof the humour min streth occasion by this vnkindly heate aduaunceth it selfe into greater extremities For becomming more subtile by heate both in substance spirit it passeth more deeply into all the parts of the instrument it selfe and is a conueyance also to the humour of the same kind making away for naturall melancholie wherewith it is mixed into the verie inward secrets of those instruments wherof passions are affected euen hart and braine Thus affected you haue men when desperate furie is ioyned with feare which so terrifieth that to auoid the terrour they attempt sometimes to depriue theÌ„ selues of life so irksome it is vnto them through these tragicall conceits although waighing and considering death by it self without comparison and force of the passion none more feare it theÌ„ they These most seeke to auoyde the society of men and betake them to wildernesses and deserts finding matter of feare in euery thing they behold and best at ease when alone they may digest these fancies without new prouocations which they apprehende in humane societie If choller haue yeelded matter to this sharpe kind of melnncholie then rage reuenge and furie possesse both hart and head and the whole bodie is caried with that storme contrarie to persuasion of reason which hath no farther power ouer these affections then by way of counsell to giue other direction whereof the hart it selfe is destitute and taking these discomfortes of the credit of the senses according thereto it applieth it selfe working and disposing the ingenerate wisedome it is indued with vnto these particulars which the corporall instruments corruptly offer vnto it which ministreth doubt and question to some not well aduised in this point whether reason it selfe be not impaired by these corporall alterations and the immortall impatible mind hereby suffreth not violeÌ„ce which is farre otherwise if we duly way the matter For the mad man of what kinde soeuer he be of as truly concludeth of that which fantasie ministreth of conceit as the wisest onely therein lieth the abuse and defect that the organicall parts which are ordained embassadours notaries vnto the mind in these cases falsifie the report and deliuer corrupt recordes This is to be helped as it shall be declared more at large hereafter by counsell only sincerely ministred which is free from the corruptions of those officers and deliuereth truth vnto the mind wherby it putteth in practise contrary to these importunate and furious sollicitors This furie is bred because choler thus adust getteth a greater egernesse of qualitie and molesting the inward parts and toyling the spirits ingendreth a greater inwarde disquiet and discontentment then cruder choler doth procure The third sort is of merie melaÌ„cholie which riseth of the bloud ouer heated in such sort as I haue declared Of all the rest of humours bloud is most temperat and mild of disposition and comforteth the bodie as hath bene mentioned whose substaunce receauing that burning heat whereof riseth the third kind of this vnnaturall melancholie procureth it to be of a nature quicke and fresh and indueth it with a spirite of a nature somewhat more itching and as it were of a tickling qualitie then bloud it selfe For of it selfe being if it be pure and perfect nutsweete or milkesweete by this heate becommeth first suger or hony sweet which hath more force of affecting and obtayneth a more subtile and quicke spirit afterward by operation of heate this sweetnesse is conuerted into a mild saltnesse voyd of fretting which tickling and itching in these melancholicke bodies cause them rather to be giuen to a ridiculous and absurd meriment then a sound ioye of hart and comfortable gladnesse which forceth them into laughter somtimes that without ceasing to the tyring and wearying of their bodies no perswasion of reason is able to call them to more sobrietie We may see in boyling of milke what sweetnesse is procured vnto it thereby howe hony much boyled becometh salt bitter such is the force of heat in bloud that it turneth that milke sweet tast into hony sweet and that into a gentle itching brackishnes whereby the melancholicke bodies being as it were tickled render from their foolish fantasie and false liking of the hart many absurd and ridiculous gestures and speeches and as farre altered this way as the melancholick on the other side snatch at smal occasions or none at all ofttimes of answering this fond humor in outward lightnesse of gesture countenance Thus you heare in what sort the humoures seeme to affect the mind euerie one singled and keeping apart from his other fellowe humours which as they be tempered with the other naturall or compounded together with one or twaine of the like vnnaturall sortes of melancholie make many distinctions and differences of melancholie passions as some more sadde the other some more merie some quieter other some more prone to rage and furie and as the humors haue their courses as for the yeare bloud in the spring choller in sommer melancholie in autumne fleume in winter for the houre according to Soranus Ephesius opinion bloud from three of the clocke in the morning till nine of the same day choler from nine of the morning till three at after noone melancholie froÌ„ 3. at after noone till nine at night and fleume from nine at night til the third of the morning I say if a man obserue all these varieties by mixture and season

false because it seeth in dreames things past as present for so it doth also future things sometimes which rather may argue that both past and to come are both present vnto the mind of such things as fall into the capacitie of her consideration If anie man thinke it much to aduance the mind so high let him remember from whom it proceeded the maner howe it was created and the most excellent estate thereof before the fall and no doubt it will sufficiently aunswer that difficultie and confirme that which I haue said And thus much for that interruption of my aunswer to the obiection from sicknesse whether the soule hath outward sense and not organicall or no. Now to prosecute the aunswere I say all those which seeme to be faculties altered in sicknesses be only organicall dispositions which the soule vseth as she findeth them As for the outward senses the humidities and superfluities of the eares in some sicknesse being dried vp maketh hearing more quicke then in health so the poores of smelling may be more open and the eye by the same reason receaue quicker sight and the sense of feeling more exact or by reason the spirites are more subtile which thereby with greater case flowe into all partes of the instrument nowe emptied of superfluity Againe in phrenticke persons we see through drinesse of the braine and sinewes what strength they become of that fower men in health are scarse able to hold them though otherwise weake and feeble Nowe the outward passages of senses thus cleared and the spirits more rare and subtile deliuer more exactly to the inwarde the Ideas of such things as require to be admitted which inward senses by like disposition of the braine more exactly discerne the outward qualitie of thinges deliuer more sincere reporte vnto the minde which finding all so cleare giueth sentence pronounceth and debateth more perfectly in respect of that distinction and clearnesse it findeth in those personall representations of thinges which may seeme vnto such as consider not duely whereof it riseth to be an increase of gift in the minde by sickenesse and not greater clearenesse of the obiect This disposition of instrument causeth some children to be more pregnant then other some and in sickenesse manie one to be of better aduisement then in health and if you list inferre it vppon the former groundes I will not denie this to be the cause whie some be idiottes and fooles and other some of quicke spirit and prompt witted Nowe as this clearing of the poores and subtiliation of spirits is cause of these more readie and distinct actions in sicknesse then in health and in youth aboue the tendernesse of yeares so in health the poores replenished with their humours and the spirites recouering their ordinarie grossenesse or mediocritie the actions become of the same condition they were before not by anie alteration of facultie but through instrument diuersly disposed In like manner the aged farre stroken in yeares faile in the execution of externall actions though their mindes should rather be wiser through experience if anie thing be learned by the practise of this life by excrementitious humiditie and rewmaticke superfluities which drowne the instrument and an internal drinesse whereby all wayes to that small reÌ„nant of spirit is stopped through contraction and shrinking of poores the verie cundites of the spirit into all the corporal members neither only do they faile in outward sense and motion but by the internall also suffer like imbecillitie whereuppon their minde framinge conclusions vpon false groundes seeme to faile in that action also not hauing better matter to work on If you say vnto me why is not this helped by that inorganicall sense of the minde and so these in conueniences auoyded you must coÌ„sider the minde neuer exerciseth that but being withdrawen from the corporall socieâ—y these mechanicall actions which in a maner in sleepe extasie it is then it maketh choice of particulars as it listeth it selfe what who where and when neither is it tied to these outward ministers or those Ideas which they take viewe of Moreouer we must remember that during this life sauing vpon certaine occasions extraordinary God hath ordained these actions corporal neither is it necessary that wants of outward senses should be so supplied which before sinne tooke such hold of soule and body were not subiect to these imbecillities but perfectly and sincerely deliuered the condition of sensible things to the mindes consideration which reposing trust in them according to the integrity wherin they first stoode dischargeth her office of vnderstaÌ„ding iudging and willing as this way only it findeth cause And thus much touching the aunswere to the former obiections notwithstanding whose probabilities to the contrary you may perceiue how the body only receiueth these alterations before mentioned euen as instruments of a corporall substance and raised from the earth subiect to earthly and elementary chaunges without touch of soule or disturbing of that immortal nature which proceeded from the breath of God and is of a more noble race neither are you so to vnderstand me as though I accompted the soule in this present state equall with the first creation that were erronious and against the history of maÌ„s fall and of that curse which ensued through disobedience and contrary to that experience which euery one findeth of imbecillity in the most excellent actions of the minde and such as require no organ but my discourse tendeth in this point to exempt it from corporal contagion only which it can not in any sort receiue more then the heauens pollution from the earth being a nature farre more different in comparison then the heauens from this inferiour world which is alotted to our vse of habitation Hauing hitherto declared how perturbations rise of humors although it be not greatly pertinent to the matter in hand of couÌ„sell in this passion yet because my meaning is not only to satisfie your request in that but also to giue you argumeÌ„t of philosophicall discourse to occupie your selfe in this heauy time wherein both melancholie doth all it may to discourage you and Sathan the old enimy taketh aduantage to serue his turne vpoÌ„ your present imbecillity I will add the reason of such accidentes as fall vnto these passions in such probability as my habilitie will affoord both for mine owne exercise and your contentment whom in times past I haue knowen to be delighted with studie of philosophie CHAP. XX. The accidentes which befall melancholicke persons AS all other state of bodie so the melancholick sheweth it self either in the qualities of the body or in the deeds Of the qualities which are first taken froÌ„ the elemeÌ„ts the melaÌ„cholick without adustion is cold and drie of such as are second rising from the first of colour blacke and swart of substance inclyning to hardnes leane and spare of flesh which causeth hollownes of eye and vnchearefulnes of countenance all these more or lesse some or all either as

then a childe is able sufficiently to way downe by his strength of hand a smithes bellow that is forced by poyces to finish that which streÌ„gth would perform at once Neither is the speach interrupted and broken only by the disorderly expiratioÌ„ but the inspiratioÌ„ being by sobs cutteth also the voyce marreth the distinct pronuÌ„tiatioÌ„ the cause whereof as also of sighing I will deliuer vnto you in the next chapter Thus you haue sobbing excepted the reasons of all the partes of weeping so farre as my coniecture by reason in matters so hidden can gather I will proceede to the causes of sighing and sobbing and how they be procured and by what meanes and so finish the whole mournefull gesture of weeping CHAP. XXVII The causes of sobbing and sighing and how weeping easeth the heart BEsides the former actioÌ„s of sorow weping is for the most part accompanied if it be vehement with sobbes and sighes of which two sobbing is neuer without weeping sighes are ordinarie and common vppon causes that force no teares as euery one hath experieÌ„ce For vnderstanding of the causes of sobbes it is necessarie for you to call to minde that which hath bin said of the vse of the Diaphragma or midriffe and the outward intercostalls or outward muscles betwixt the ribbes and the manner how the hearte is affected in griefe and sorrowe The dilating of Diaphragma is to enlarge the chest for taking breath This is onely required if we be not more theÌ„ ordinarilie vrged to breath which if we be then doe the outwarde muscles of the ribbes dilate the chest also and so encrease the inlargement Now when matter of griefe inforceth teares the Diaphragme and the muscles receiue a weakenes by reason of retraction of spirites that they are faine for the dilatation of the chest to make mo pulls then one as you heard before in the motion of contraction so that the breath is not drawen at one straining of their coares and fibers but by diuers inspiration besides the heat of those partes being retracted maketh them lesse plyable vnto the force of the muscles whereby the respiration is with more difficultie perfoormed which requireth more vse of dilatation then before by reason the heate about the heart it selfe is now greater then before the passion which bringeth thereto a kind of suffocation That cooling of the heart which is sensibly felt by suddaine euill tydinges or mishappe vnlooked for or whatsoeuer new calamitie riseth through accesse of the blood and spirits which although they be hote yet wanting somewhat of that heate which is ferueÌ„t and naturall to the heart and of the heat of those spirites which are resident there for the time seemeth to coole in comparison of the heat which the heart felt before as a maÌ„ would cast hote water to that which boyleth most feruently which although it be hote yet inferiour in degree to the heate of feruentnes it mitigateth the scalding heate and slaketh the boyling In like manner at the first recourse of these humours and raunging spirites although the heart seeme to receiue a chilling yet anone by contraction and plenty of spirites which are apt to take heat it receiueth a greater necessitie of breathing which being not aunswered through imbecillitie of the breathing parts dischargeth the office of respiration by sobbes which should be persormed by one draught of breath And these I take to be the causes of sobbing Sighing hath no other cause of mouing then to coole and refresh the hearte with fresh breath and pure aire which is the nourishment and foode of the vitall spirites besides the cooling which the heart it selfe receiueth thereby The heart being contracted as hath bene said deliuereth not so freely his sootie and smokie excrementes whereby the spirites become impure and it boyleth with more distemper which necessitie of fresh spirite and coole ayre enforceth a deeper enlargement of the chest then is ordinarie in which not only the midriffe playeth his parte but outward intercostalls or middle muscles of the ribbes besides certaine of the shoulders doe their indeuour to this so necessary an office Moreouer it is very probable that the midriffe by accesse of humours and vapours to the partes there about is charged with vaperous superfluitie which is by stretching it selfe as in yawning auoyded when the muscles are distended by any vapour of what sort soeuer it be of being plentifull and aboundant it stirreth them to a contraction which causeth a kinde of pressing wherby they deliuer themselues of this excrement This in yawning causeth that gaping sometimes accompanied with streaking when we finde our selues vnlustie and vndisposed to stirre or exercise which falling to the midriffe may cause a kinde of sighing when a man hath no cause as hauing cause it helpeth it foreward For whosoeuer yawneth shall perceiue his chest and midriffe dilated in such manner as in sighing feele about the heart a kinde of refreshing euen as when he sigheth To these causes may be added the weight of the hart which is by reason of the accesse of humours about his vaynes and arteries to his contraction increased whereby it lyeth more heauily vpon the midriffe then before the burthen whereof it seeketh to ease it self of by such streitching which somewhat lifteth vp the hearte for the time and so the Diaphragma is recoÌ„forted so that the necessity of fresh aire the cooling of the hearte the easing of the burthen therof vpoÌ„ the midriffe the auoiding of vaporous excrements out of the midriffe seeme to me causes final the midriffes dilatatioÌ„ whose motion the whole chest followeth the efficient cause of sobing sighing And thus much coÌ„cerning the two dolorous actions of sighing sobbing whereto after I haue added how it easeth the heart to weepe sobbe I will end this chapter By reason of the withdrawing of the blood spirites about the heart in feare and sorow it is necessary that much vapour should arise stirred vp by the heat therof working vpoÌ„ the moisture these vapours besides the ordinarie excrements of the brayne before mentioned may yeeld another parte vnto teares being congeled in the brayne and vpper partes that are thicke coole membranous inclosed with the skull and placed ouer the rest as a stillitorie helme ouer the bodie Now weeping by making auoydaÌ„ce to these vapours doth discharge that fulnes wherewith it was before strayned and oppressed These vapours cause that rednes in the cheekes and about the eares of those that weepe heateth the face and causeth the head to ake whereof the heart being eased receiueth a farther enlargement then at the beginning of the griefe and so enioyeth that small comfort which weeping affoordeth It may seeme probable that the sobbing and sighing differing onely in that sobbes are sighinges interrupted and sighes sobbes at large if they be not vehement and long by agitation of the chest expelling of the smothered vapours and drawing in of fresh aire geue also some comfort if they be vehement then shake

person becometh afterward sad heauy vncherful Thus you perceiue I think sufficiently how melancholick persons some laugh some weepe in the same melancholicke what causeth mirth what teares Before I proceede to the naturall actions chaunged and depraued by melancholy I cannot passe ouer an action which is verie vsuall to melancholicke folke and that is blushing with shunning of the looke and countenaunce of men which the Grecians call Dysopia and because it requireth a larger discourse then the ende of this Chapter will suffer I will treate of them in the next CHAP. XXIX The causes of blushing and bashfulnesse and why melancholicke persons are giuen thereunto THE affection that moueth blushinge is shame howsoeuer it riseth either vppon false conceit or deserued cause Shame is an affection of griefe mixed with anger against our selues rising of the conscience of some knowne or supposed to be knowne offence either in doing that which ought not to be done or omitting that which was requisite of vs to be done This description I will vnfold vnto you more at large that in shame euery one is grieued experience maketh plaine besides reason leadeth thereunto Euerie passion of the heart is with ioye or with griefe either sincere and simple or mixed as in ridiculous occasions in shame there is no absolute ioye nor comfort therefore there must needs be a displeasantnesse or else a mixt disposition of sorowe and cheare this there is not by reason shame casteth downe the countenance filleth the eye with sorow and as much as may be withdraweth the liuely and comfortable spirit into the center of the bodie not vnlike vnto feare and sadnesse It appeareth mixed with anger by reason euerie one feeleth a kinde of indignation within him selfe and offereth as it were a vehement inablinge of him selfe for the offence wee are angrie with our selues because the fault is ours and from vs riseth the cause of griefe as in absolute anger the cause is from other and vpon others we seeke the reuenge Where there is no conscience there can not be any sense of fault for that it is which layeth our actions to the rule and concludeth them good or bad so although the fault be committed in deede and yet no conscience made thereof it is taken for no offence neither can giue cause of this internall grief reuengement To these clauses I ad an offence knowne or so supposed for otherwise though a man be grieued and sorie therefore yet before it be knowne to others is he not ashamed This causeth that men make no doubt of doing that in secret which for shame they would not do openly yea in such thinges as of them selues are not dishonest nor disalowable Moreouer it riseth vpon offence committed in that thing which lay in our power as we tooke it to remedie or better to haue discharged our selues in doing or omitting Therefore no man is ashamed of an ague or of the goute or to haue broken his legges or anie such occasion as to haue bene spoyled or to die c. but onely in those thinges wherein we take our selues to haue our part and to rise vpon our owne default so are we both ashamed of the action and of all tokens thereof Nowe seing that all offence is neither in doing amisse or neglecting that should be done in either of both consisteth matter of shame The description of shame thus being declared I proceede to shewe howe it forceth rednesse into the eares and cheekes and causeth vs neither to beare other mens countenaunces and lookes nor with courage and boldnesse to beare vp our owne The griefe that nature conceaueth from our selues is not so straunge as that which is foraine and outward but farre more familiar and thence therefore in all partes more known Moreouer the cause is more transitorie and fading especially if the offence be small and of no great note Againe the griefe is not for anie depriuation of that whereof the vse is so necessarie as losse of friendes goodes perill pouertie do all import nor of anie singular pleasure wherein nature or will tooke their chiefe contentment These qualities of shame ioyned with anger procureth that rednesse in the face which we call blushing The tincture of redde ariseth on this sort the heart discontented with the opennesse of the offence maketh a retraction of bloud and spirit at the first as in feare and griefe and because it feeleth no greater hurt then of laughter or rebuke of worde or such like touch seeketh no farther escape then a small withdrawing of the spirite and bloud by the first entrance of the perturbation so that the necessitie being no more vrgent the bloud and spirit breake forth againe more vehemently and fill the partes about the face more then before and causeth the rednesse This is helped forwarde with that anger which is mixed with shame which forceth in some sorte these retracted spirites and bloud to reflowe with more strength as we see the bloud soone vp of a cholericke person The passion is not so vehement to close vp the spirits and to retaine anie longer time for the cause before alledged and although it were yet would the anger and inwarde reuengement make way to the bloud and spirites to geue that shamefast colour Thus you vnderstand what maner of perturbation causeth blushing what it is and how it breedeth the staine but you wil peraduenture say why do not all that are ashamed blush and why some more then other some This I suppose to be cause in blushing these pointes are to be considered for answer of this question the qualitie of the bloud and spirit the passage nature or substaÌ„ce of the face which receiueth this reflux If the blud be grosse and thicke and the passages not so free then is the course of bloud slow the couÌ„tenance little altered If the skin be ouer thick or ouer rare theÌ„ doth it not admit throgh the thicknes of the spirites or at the least maketh not that shew nor retaineth them through the rarenes and thinnes and by exoperation make no apparaunce of rednes this is the cause why many ashamed be not so ready to blush Besides this disposition of spirite humour and substance of the face the measure of the shame more or lesse helpeth and hindereth blushing For some there are affected more vehemently and othersome moderately othersome not a whit who blush not because they are not at all ashamed By that hath bin declared you may gather why the yonger sort and women easily blush euen through rarenes of their body and spirites ioyned with simplicitie which causeth doubt of offence and this is the cause why we commend blushers because it declareth a tender heart and easily moued with remorse of that which is done amisse a feare to offend and a care least it should coÌ„mit ought worthy of blame Furthermore it sheweth a conscience quicke and tender and an vpright sentence of the minde agreable to this

maintenaÌ„ce of this life yet they faile in degree of misery come short of that which this forceth vpoÌ„ the soule The other touch those parts where the soule commandeth pouertie nakednesse sicknesse and other of that kinde are mitigated with a minde resolute in patience or indued with wisedome to ease that grieueth by supply of remedie this sezeth vpon the seate of wisedome it selfe and chargeth vpon all the excellencie of vnderstanding and grindeth into powder all that standeth firme and melteth like the dew before the Sunne whatsoeuer we reckeÌ„ of as support of our defectes and subdueth that wherwith all thinges else are of vs subdued the cause the guilt the punishment the reuenge the ministers of the wrath all concurring together in more forcible sort that against the vniuersall state of our nature not for a time but for euer then in any other kind of calamitie whatsoeuer Here the cause is not either wouÌ„d or surfet shipwracke or spoile infamie or disgrace but all kinde of misery ioyned together with a troubled spirit feeling the beginnings expecting with desperat feare the eternall consummatioÌ„ of the indignatioÌ„ fierce wrath of Gods vengeaÌ„ce against the violation of his holy coÌ„mandemeÌ„ts which although in this life it taketh not away the vse of outward benefits yet doth the internal anguish bereue vs of all delight of theÌ„ that pleasant relish they are indued with to our comforts so that manifold better were it the vse of theÌ„ were quite takeÌ„ away theÌ„ for vs in such sort to enioy them Neither is here the guiltines of breach of humane lawes whose punishment extendeth no farther then this present life which euen of it self is full of calamities not much inferiour to the paine adioyned vnto the transgression of ciuill lawes but of the Law diuine the censure executed with the hand of God whose fierce wrath prosecuteth the punishment eternally as his displeasure is like to him selfe and followeth vs into our graues receaueth no satisfaction with anie punishment either in regard of continuance or of extremitie Such is the crime and such is the guiltinesse which infer the reward fitting and fully answering the desert which being a seaparation from Gods fauour the creator and blesser of all thinges the fountaine of all peace and comforte what creature the worke of his handes dare cheere vs with any consolation or what assurance may we haue of escape if we would flee the punishment as it hath no misery to compare with and the sence thereof not to be described to the capacity of any but of such as haue felt the anguish as your selfe at this present is rather to be shewed by negation of all happines then by direct affirmation of torment For as the happines rising of Gods fauour besides the enioying of all bodely and earthly blessinges so farre forth as is expedient for vs and tending to his glory is aboue al conceite of mans heart and reporte of tunge so the contrary estate exceedeth all vnderstanding of the minde and vtteraunce of speach and is such as it is aboue measure vnhappy and most miserable inflicted by Gods reuenge who is himself a consuming fire and whose wrath once kindled burneth to the bottome of hell In other miseries of execution the minister may vpon coÌ„passion and entreaty mitigate the rigor here Sathan moued with the old ranchor and an ennimy vnrecoÌ„cilable hath the charge who is so far of from pitying our estate that to the encrease of torment where the Lord chasteneth with mercy and limiteth sometimes this tormentor in compasse of our possessions and goods he vrgeth skinne for skinne streatch out thy hand touch his bones and his flesh and if expresse charge were not to the contrary would not satisfie himselfe therewith except life yea not only temporall but that euerlasting whereof we haue assured promises of God weÌ„t also for payment But what doe I describe this vnto you whose present experience exceedeth my discourse Although it be necessary to be laid open for more cleare distinguishing thereof from the melancholy passions aboue mentioned and the quality of this miserie thus being knowne such as by Godds mercy are yet free may acknowledge his grace therein pray for the continewance of that freedome and pittie the estate of such as grone vnder the burthen of that heauy crosse wherein no reason is able to minister coÌ„solatioÌ„ nor the burthen wherof the Angels theÌ„selues haue ability to sustaine Leauing the description of this affliction I will fall to the deliberation whether this kinde be of melancholie or not and so proceede to the doubtes which the comparison of them both together may minister vnto vs. CHAP. XXXIII VVhether the conscience of sinne and the affliction thereof be melancholy or not BY that hath bene before declared it may easily appeare the affliction of soule through coÌ„science of sinne is quite another thing then melaÌ„choly but yet to the end it may lie most cleare I wil lay them together so shall their distinct natures thus compared be wray the error of some and the prophanes of othersome who either accompt the cause naturall melancholy or madnes or else hauing some farther insighte with a Stoicall prophanes of Atheisme skoffe at that kinde of afflictioÌ„ against which they themselues labour to shut vp their hard heartes with obstinacie of stomach to beare out that whereof they tremble with horror and not hauing other refuge passe ouer the sense with a desperat resolution which would awake and doth not faile at times to touch the quick of the securest most flinty harted gallantes of the world Therfore to the end the one may be reformed in their iudgment and the other may thereby take occasion to reforme their maners let them consider that this is a sorrow and feare vpon cause that the greatest cause that worketh misery vnto maÌ„ the other contrarily a meere fancy hath no grouÌ„d of true and iust obiect but is only raised vpoÌ„ disorder of humour in the fancy and rashly deliuered to the heart which vpon naturall credulity faireth in passion as if that were in deede wherof the fancy giueth a false larume In this the body standeth oft times in firme state of health perfect in complexion and perfect in shape al symmetrie of his partes the humors in quantitie and quality not exceeding nor wanting their naturall proportion In the other the complexioÌ„ is depraued obstructions hinder the free course of spirits humors the blood is ouer grosse thick impure nature so disordered that diuerse melancholicke persons haue iudged themselues some earthie pitchers othersome cockes other some to haue wanted their heades c as if they had bin transported by the euill quality of the humor into straunge natures here the seÌ„ses are oft times perfect both outward inward the imagination sound the heart well compact resolute this excepted want no courage In the other the inward sense and outward to feebled the

euill spirite to encrease the torment and Iudas the traytor who tooke the reuenge of betraying the innocent vppon him selfe with his owne handes such was the anguish that Esau felte when he found no repentance after he had sold his birthright for a messe of pottage and such is the estate of all defiled consciences with hainous crimes whose harts are neuer free from that worme but with deadly bite thereof are driuen to dispaire These terrible obiectes which properly appertaine vnto the minde are such as onely affect it with horror of Gods iustice for breach of those lawes naturall or written in his word which by duty of creation we are holden to obey For the minde as it is impatible of anie thing but of God onely that made it so standeth it in awe of none but of him neither admitteth it any other violence then from him into whose handes it is most terrible and fearefull to fall This causeth such distresse vnto those that feele the torment hereof that they would redeeme it gladly if it were possible with anie other kind yea mith suffering all other kind of miserie This hath befallen vnto the wisest among men while the integritie of their vnderstanding hath stood sound it taketh of a sodaine like lightning and giueth no warning Here the puririe of the bloud and the sinceritie and liuelinesse of the spirits auayle nothing to mitigate the paine but onely the expiatorie sacrifice of the vnspotted lambe On the contrarie part when anie conceit troubleth you that hath no sufficient grounde of reason but riseth onely vpon the frame of your brayne which is subiect as hath bene before shewed vnto the humour that is right melancholicke so to be accoÌ„pted of you These are false points of reason deceaued by the melancholie braine and disguised scarres of the heart without abilitie to worke the pretenced annoyaunce neither do they approch the substaunce and the substantiall and soueraigne actions of the soule as the other doeth This estate happeneth by degrees and getteth strength in time to the encumbrance of all the instrumentall actions and driue the braine into a sottishnesse and obscure the cleare light of reason Here the humour purged and the spirite attenuate and refreshed with remedie conuenient the brayne strengthened and the hart comforted with cordiall are meanes most excellent ordayned of God for this infirmitie And to deliuer you in a word the difference whatsoeuer is besides conscience of sinne in this case it is melancholie which conscience terrified is of such nature so beset with infinite feares and distrust that it easilie wasteth the pure spirit congeleth the liuely bloud and striketh our nature in such sort that it soone becommeth melancholicke vile and base and turneth reason into foolishnesse and disgraceth the beautie of the countenance and tranfor meth the stoutest Nabucadnezar in the world into a brute beast so easily is the body subiect to alteration of minde soone looseth with anguish and distruction thereof all the support of his excellencie Besides this in you vaine feares and false conceits of apparitions imagination of a voyce sounding in your eares frightfull dreames distrust of the consumption and putrifying of one part or other of your bodie the rest of this crue are causes of molestation which are whelpes of that melancholicke litter are bred of the corrupted state of the body alaltered altered in spirit in bloud in substance and complexion by the aboundance of this settling of the bloud which we call melancholie This increaseth the terrour of the afflicted minde doubling the feare discouragement shutteth vp the meanes of consolatioÌ„ which is after another sort to be conueyed to the minde then the way which the temptation taketh to breed distrust of Gods mercy pardon For that hath sinne the meanes which needeth no conueyaunce but is bred with vs entreth euen into our conceptioÌ„ neither is the guiltinesse brought vnto vs by foreine report but the knowledge riseth from the conscience of the offender the meanes I meane the outwarde meanes of consolation and cure must needs passe by our senses to enter the mind whose instrument being altred by the humor their sincerity stained with the obscure and dark spots of melancholy receiue not indiffereÌ„tly the medicine of coÌ„solatioÌ„ So it both mistaketh that which it apprehendeth and deliuereth it imperfectly to the minds consideratioÌ„ As their brains are thus euill disposed so their harts in no better case acquainted with terror ouertbrown with that fearful passioÌ„ hardly set free the cherfull spirits feebled with the corporall prison of the body hardly yeeld to persuasion of comfort what soeuer it bringeth of assurance This causeth the release of the affliction to be long hard and not answerable to the swiftnesse of the procuring cause hauing so many wayes top asse encountring so many lets before it meet with the sore For as the cause respecteth not time nor place no circumstance of person nor condition seeketh no opportunity of corporall imbecillity but breakeath through all such considerations beareth downe all resistance so the comfort requireth them all agreable missing any one worketh feble effects slow Here the coÌ„forters person his maner the time place may hinder the consolatioÌ„ here the braine hart being as it were the gates entraunce vnto the soule as they be affected ayd or hinder the consolatioÌ„ so that the conscieÌ„ce distressed falling into a melaÌ„choly state of body therby receiueth delay of restoring in respect of outward meanes though the grace of God his mercy his comfortable spirit gracious fauor in like swiftnesse without meanes may restore the minde thus distressed which lieth equally open to the kind of cure eueÌ„ as it lay to the wound Thus I coÌ„clude this point of difference marke betwixt melancholy and the soules proper anguish whose only cause proceedeth from Gods vengeance wrath apprehended of the guilty soule neither doth melancholy alone though it may hinder the outward meanes of consolation as it hath bin before shewed any thing make men more subiect vnto this kind of afflictioÌ„ First because the body worketh nothing vpon the soule altogether impatible of any other sauing of God alone 2. The torment is such as riseth froÌ„ an efficient that requireth no dispositioÌ„ of means God himself 3. The coÌ„fort is not procured by any corporal instrumeÌ„ts so neither is the discoÌ„fort procured or increased that way moreouer the cause the subiect the proper effects are other then corporall For although in that case the hart is heauy deliuering a passioÌ„ answerable to the fearfull apprehension yet the sense of those that are vnder this crosse feele an anguish farre beyond all afflictioÌ„ of naturall passion coupled with that organicall feare and heauinesse of heart The melancholy disposeth to feare doubt distrust heauinesse but all either without cause or where there is cause aboue it inforceth the passion Here both the most vehement cause

heauines first of all instruction out of the Scriptures of God is to be ministred and embraced which offering the assuraunce of farre better thinges then the price of all wordly treasures may swallow vp whatsoeuer calamitie this vale of miserie presseth vpon vs next preceptes of morall vertue and patience with examples of constancie and moderaton in like cases ought to moue and consideration of that vncertaintie of pleasure in this world which is only constant in inconstancie and as the heauens them selues stand not still and the nature of things receaue continual coÌ„suming like a streame that passeth euen so our state is subiect vnto like mutabilitie and with no other condition is our life deliuered vnto vs of nature through that original disobedience nor is to be otherwise accepted of wise men In this case I referre the melancholick to the bookes of the Scriptures and morall precepts of Philosophers to the godly instructions of the diuines and comfort of their friends If loue not aunswered againe with like kindnesse procure this passion either amendes is that way to be made or the melancholick is to be perswaded the subiect of that he liketh is not so louely and all mention and signification of that kind is not once to be called into minde but whatsoeuer iustly may be alleadged to the parties disgrace is to be obiected vnto the amorous melancholicke and other delights brought in in steed and more highly commended which all I leaue to the prudencie of those that attend vpon this kind of cure And if no other perswasion will serue a vehement passion of another sort is to be kindeled that may withdrawe that vaine and foolish sorowe into some other extremity as of anger of some feare ministred by another occasion then that which first was authour of this sadnesse For although they both breed a dislike yet that proceedeth of other cause rebateth the force of it which gaue first occasion and as one pinne is driuen out with another so the later may expell the former but this is to be vsed in regard of the conceit and affection If the body therby be altered and the bloud thickened into melancholie then all kind of greeuance is to be shunned and onely pleasaunt and delectable things to be admitted Thus much for the melancholicke affection how it is to be moderated and guided other kinds of actions of body are not any causes of this passion except in such as were wont by periods to be purged of certayne melancholick bloud which if it faile and minister cause or increase of this humour is to be diminished by opening a vaine that may most conueniently supply that want of nature and disburthen it of the superfluitie as cause shall require and force strength will permit Ease and rest although it be alone of small power to ingender yet may it be an helping cause to the passion increase of this humour so that here in mediocritie is to be kept and exercise of one sort or other neuer to be omitted as the chiefe temper of the spirits with the humours quicknesse of corporall actions Fot as sleepe resembleth death and rest of the members is their kind of sleepe doth that in particulars which sleepe doth in the whole so if it exceede as ech resemble other in nature in effect they will not be much vnlike but as the one cooleth the bodie and corrupteth the bloud and extinguisheth naturall heate whose extinction is death it selfe euen so the other in a degree hinder the present expressing of that liuely vigour which they possesse and disableth them afterwarde to make proofe of the facultie wherewith they are indued And thus haue you in these two Chapters what gouernment melancholicke persons are to obserue in their actions and deedes that concerne maintenance of health in the next I will lay open vnto you of the outwarde meanes of sustentation of life what choise is to be made and with what discretion such reliefe is to be vsed CHAP. XXXIX Howe melancholick persons are to order theÌ„ selues in the rest of their diet and what choise they are to make of ayre meate and drinke house and apparell THe rest of diet consisteth in the right vse of outward sustentation of life which is either taken inward or is outwardly vsed only The inward and such as is to be receaued into our bodies is either aire or sustenance The ayre meet for melancholicke folke ought to be thinne pure and subtile open and patent to all winds in respect of their teÌ„per especially to the South and Southeast except some other imbecillity of their bodies dissuade therefrom and in the contrarie part marrish mistie and foggie ayre is to be eschued as an increase of both humour and passion Sustenaunce is either meate or drinke Their meates ought not onely to be chosen such as of their owne nature do ingender to pure and thinne iuyce but if the nature of the nourishment be otherwise the preparation ought to giue it a correction of that fault and generallie they should be liquide and in forme of brothes that both by the moyst qualitie thereof the drinesse of the humour and their bodies might be refourmed and that the passage concoction might also be more easie and speedy in all their partes Nourishmentes of their owne nature among meats wholsome and meet for melancholicke folke and of vegetable things are parsnep carret and skerret roots And sallet herbs lettice mallowes and endiue mixed with a quantitie of rocket and taragon are not to be refused no more is aretch sorell and purslane with the late twaine aboue mentioned or with persley charuell and fenell with litle vineger plenty of oyle and suger Of sorts of bread cheat bread is meetest for them and if they be charged with store of bloud and the vaines full some oates barley or millet flower mingled with the wheat meele shall abate the aboundant nourishment of the wheat Of frutes such as are moyst soft and sweet are meetest for them as the iuyce damsing cherrie figges grapes and abricots neither are newe walnuts and greene almonds hurtfull in this case Capers washed from the salt and vineger and eaten with suger and oyle are meeter for them then oliues Of flesh the young is fittest for their diet and the younger the better in respect of their colde and drie bodies and grosse humours which require plentifull moystening and warming which is supplyed by the tender age of those things whereof we feede being fuller of vitall heate and naturall moysture then the older of the same kind Neither is it requisite that they be young onely but also well liking and of the same kinde the tame and domesticall is meete for correction of their melancholicke state then the wilde Againe of flesh the foule is to be preferred for their vse before the beast and that foule rather which vseth much the feete and lesse the wing Of foule these are of especciall choyce for melancholicke persons the partridge

fellowe members whereby we are in heauinesse sit comfortlesse feare distrust doubt dispaire and lament when no cause requireth it but rather a behauiour beseeminge a heart vppon iust cause and sound reason most comfortable and chearfull This doth melancholie work not otherwise then the former humours giuing occasion and false matter of these passions and not by any disposition as of instrument thereunto Of all the other humours melancholie is fullest of varietie of passion both according to the diuersitie of place where it setleth as brayne splene mesaraicke vaines hart womb and stomach as also through the diuerse kindes as naturall vnnaturall naturall either of the splene or of the vaines faultie only by excesse of quantitie or thicknesse of substance vnnaturall by corruption and that either of bloud adust choler or melancholie naturall by excessiue distemper of heate turned in comparison of the naturall into a sharpe lye by force of adustion These diuerse sorts hauing diuerse matter cause mo straunge symptomes of fancie and affection to melancholike persons then their humour to such as are sanguine cholericke or flegmaticke which fleume of all the rest serueth least to stir vp any affection but breeding rather a kind of stupiditie and an impassionate hart then easily moued to embrace or refuse to sorowe or ioye anger or contentednesse except it be a salte fleume theÌ„ approcheth it to the natur of choler in like sort therof riseth anger frowardnes CHAP. XVII How melancholy procureth feare sadnes dispaire and such other passions NOw let vs consider what passions they are that melancholy driueth vs vnto and the reason how it doth so diuersly distract those that are oppressed therewith The perturbations of melancholy are for the most parte sadde and fearefull and such as rise of them as distrust doubt diffidence or dispaire sometimes furious and sometimes merry in apparaunce through a kinde of SardoniaÌ„ and false laughter as the humour is disposed that procureth these diuersities Those which are sad and pensiue rise of that melancholick humour which is the grossest part of the blood whether it be iuice or excrement not passing the naturall temper in heat whereof it partaketh and is called cold in comparison onely This for the most part is setled in the spleane and with his vapours anoyeth the harte and passing vp to the brayne counterfetteth terible obiectes to the fantasie and polluting both the substance and spirits of the brayne causeth it without externall occasioÌ„ to forge monstrous fictions and terrible to the conceite which the iudgement taking as they are presented by the disordered instrument deliuer ouer to the hart which hath no iudgement of discretion in it self but giuing credite to the mistaken report of the braine breaketh out into that inordinate passion against reason This commeth to passe because the instrument of discretion is depraued by these melancholick spirites and a darknes cloudes of melancholievapours rising from that pudle of the splene obscure the clearenes which our spirites are endued with and is requisite to the due discretion of outward obiectes This at the first is not so extreame neither doth it shew so apparauntly as in processe of time when the substance of the brayne hath plentifully drunke of that spleneticke fogge whereby his nature is become of the same quality and the pure and bright spirites so defiled and eclipsed that their indifferency alike to all sensible thinges is now drawen to a partiality and inclination as by melancholy they are inforced For where that naturall and internall light is darkened their fansies arise vayne false and voide of ground euen as in the externall sensible darkenes a false illusion will appeare vnto our imagination which the light being brought in is discerned to be an abuse of fancie now the internall darknes affecting more nigh by our nature then the outward is cause of greater feares and more molesteth vs with terror then that which taketh from vs the sight of sensible thinges especially arising not of absence of light only but by a presence of a substantiall obscurity which is possessed with an actuall power of operation this taking hold of the brayne by processe of time giueth it an habite of depraued conceite whereby it fancieth not according to truth but as the nature of that humour leadeth it altogether gastely and fearefull This causeth not only phantasticall apparitions wrought hy appreheÌ„sion only of common sense but fantasie an other parte of internall sense compoundeth and forgeth disguised shapes which giue great terror vnto the heart and cause it with the liuely spirit to hide it selfe as well as it can by contraction in all partes from those counterfet goblins which the brayne dispossessed of right discerning fayneth vnto the heart Neither only is common sense and fantasie thus ouertaken with delusion but memory also receiueth a wound therewith which disableth it both to keepe in memory and to record those thinges whereof it tooke some custody before this passion and after therewith are defaced For as the common sense and fantasie which doe offer vnto the memory to lay vp deliuer but fables in stead of true report and those tragicall that dismay all the sensible frame of our bodies so eyther is the memory wholly distract by importunity of those doubtes and feares that it neglecteth the custody of other store or else it recordeth and apprehendeth only such as by this importunity is thrust therupon nothing but darkenes perill doubt frightes and whatsoeuer the harte of man most doth abhor And these the senses do so melancholikely deliuer to the mindes consideration which iudging of such thinges as they offered not hauing farther to do in the deeper examination that it applyeth those certayne ingenerate pointes of reason and wisedome to a deceitfull case though it be alwayes in the generall and if particularities be deliuered vp a right in them also most certaine and assured For those thinges which are sensible and are as it were the counterfettes of ourward creatures the reporte of them is committed by Gods ordinaunce to the instruments of the brayne furnished with his spirite which if it be as the thinges are in nature so doth the minde iudge and determine no farther submitting it selfe to examine the credite of these senses which the instrumentes being faultles and certaine other considerations required necessary agreeable vnto their integrity neuer faile in their busines but are the very first groundes of all this corporall action of life and wisedome that the minde for the most parte here outwardly practiseth If they be contrary so also doth the minde iudge and pursueth or shuneth for these sensible matters reposing trust in the corporall ministers whose misereport no more ought to discredite the minde or draw it into an accessary crime of error then the iudiciall sentence is to be blamed which pronounceth vpon the oth and credite of a iurie impanelled of such as are reported men of honesty credite and discretion though their verdict be not peraduenture

ingrauen maximes of good and euill and thus much shall suffice you for blushing As for the shunning of mens countenances and bashfulnes either in beholding or being beheld it riseth vpon a giltines in conceite or in effect in that we feare is knowen to others wherein we haue offended or stand in doubt we shall offend This conceit causeth vs to hide our selues and to withdraw our presence from the society of meÌ„ whom we feare doe view our faultes in beholding vs and wherof our presence stirreth vp the remembraunce Wherefore we being desirous to couer and hyde our offence seeke also to be hiddeÌ„ and couered who haue deserued the blame especially from such of whome we haue greatest reuerence and of whose estimation and censure we stand most in awe of Now because the vewing of another causeth the like from him againe therfore doth the guilty minde abstaine ther from that it prouoke not the eye of another whome he doth behold especially if the other party looke vpoÌ„ him againe then is he presently outcountenanced through the guiltie conceite and ielousie of the crime which he suspect to be reueiled Moreouer the countenance being as it were the grauen character of the mind the guilty person feareth least that be red in his forehead whereof he is guilty in his heart which augmenteth the griefe when he seeth himselfe eyed more then by turning aside his owne countenance when he beholdeth it not Thus much touching the former bashfull actions whether they rise vpon cause or opinion only it remaineth of this chapter to shew how melancholicke persons are much subiect to both though they haue committed nothing deseruing rebuke or worthy of shame That which befalleth youth by their tender age in blushing the same in a manner happeneth to melancholicke persons by their complexion youth and children if they come in place of reuerend persons will easily blush not of any fault committed but of reuerence to the parties nature as it were secretly in respect condemning her imperfections in that age whereof the presence of both maketh a kinde of comparison Moreouer the nature carefull of that which is seemely and decent not acquainted with such presence doubteth of error and vncomelinesse and distrusting it selfe blusheth as if offence had bene committed This is the cause why the yong take occasion sooner then the aged and why reuerend and vnacquainted presence causeth this passion They which are of mo yeares by reason of experience and further knowledge which breedeth an assurance more hardly blush and familiarity and custome maketh greater boldnes Euen so the melancholick person through his internall mislike and cause of discouragement hath litle assurance or contentment in his actions whatsoeuer Whereby without cause he easily groweth into a conceite of some absurdity committed where none is this causeth him to blush and to expresse by outward rednes of colour the internall passion especially this befalleth him if he carrie any conscience of former vice committed then doth that ouercharge and set all out of order chiefely if it mingle the passion with feare and the quality of the blood and spirite largenes of poores and disposition of the skinne in the face aunswere thereunto But how will you say can the melancholy person haue his spirite and blood so disposed which I haue declared to be grosse and thicke and the passages of their bodies not free Trueth it is that all melancholicke persons are not so disposed to this action of blushing by reason they are of blood spirite and body vnapt thereunto but certaine only who haue melancholy not equally disposed but resteth vnder the ribbes anoieth chiefly with his vapour and who are such not from their parents but by some accident of diet or euill custome which notwithstanding retaine as yet the same disposition of their firme partes they had before or haue some other humour of thinner substaÌ„ce wherby their blood is not so dull of ebbing flowing these I take to be the melancholick blushers only and the rest in all respects farre remoued there from whose swartnes of the skinne with other impediments both hindereth the recourse of the blood and if they did blush ouershadoweth the colour The same cause which stirreth blushing in melancholicke men forceth them to auoide assemblies and publike theaters and this is common to all melancholickes howsoeuer they be tempered in their bodies euen the opinion and fancy of some disgrace from others who are greatly displeased with themselues and by their erronious conceite preuent the sentence of others vpon themselues and condemne that vniustly which ducly wayed and without passion hath no desert of blame Thus much for these actions of blushing and bashfullnes CHAP. XXX Of the naturall actions altered by melancholy HItherto you haue had declared the alteration of such actions as lie in our power are for the most part arbitrarie it followeth to shew vnto you the rest which are natural are not at our becke but are performed by a certaine instinct of nature wil we nil we These actioÌ„s are of appetite or of nourishmeÌ„t the actioÌ„s of appetite are of meate and drinke or of procreation Touching appetite of meate melancholy persons haue it for the most part exceeding and farre surpassing their digesture The cause why it is through an aboundance of melancholy which easily passeth from the splene the sincke of that humour to the stomach whose sowernes prouoketh an appetite of nourishment to delay that sharpnes which molesteth the mouth thereof that you may with more facility conceiue this pointe marke what I shall say of the splene the stomach and the passage of that humour thereinto The splene lieth vnder the short ribbes on the left side of the stomach backward and is ordained to purge the blood of melaÌ„cholick iuice which it draweth vnto it self by meane of vaines and being satisfied with some parte wherewith it is nourished the remnaunte sower of taste and as a naturall sawce it belcheth as it were into the stomach whose sharpnes causeth a kinde of griefe and knawing therein especially about the entrance which is most sensible so prouoketh the appetite of nourishment by whose sweete and familiar iuice the sharpnes or sowernes of the other is dulled and tempered so the byting eased Besides this sence which the quallity of melancholy offereth to the stomach it according to the nature of all thinges of that taste bindeth and contracteth the stomach which may also be another cause of the encrease of that paine which inforceth to seek after nourishment Thus then the stomach being subiect vnto the splenetick humour as it exceedeth or is more sowre so doth this appetite more increase Now in persons melancholicke the superfluity of this humor is in great aboundance which thereby the more forceth the appetite and this I take to be one cause of that greedy hunger which is more insatiable in melancholicke men then in others To this may be added the desire that nature hath to seeke

and supply that thicke grosse and dry humour with new fresh nourishment and to temper the foggy spirites of that humour with more cleare fresh and new these wants of nature happely are another cause of that greedy appetite of melancholicke persons Their concoction and digestion is not aunswerable to the appetite through the coldnes of the stomach both by the melancholicke blood wherewith it is fedder and more neighbourhood of the splene which is a part inclyning from mediocrity to coldnes in temper this hindereth the concoction The digestion or distribution faileth through difficulty of passage both by thicknes and slownes of the melancholy iuice and narrownes of the way especially if the partie be by nature and not through other occasion melancholicke To this may be added the dulnes of attractiue power of the parts caused by coldnes and drinesse and the vnsauorie iuice in comparison of the pure blood whereof nature is not pricked so vehemently with the desire These I take to be reasons of the quicke appetite of melancholicke persons and slow digestion and concoction which partes of the former diuision belonging to nourishment by order should afterward be handled but because the comparison with the appetite ministred occasion you shall take them in this place and not looke for them hereafter Whatsoeuer other imbecillity of naturall action about nourishment is depraued by melancholy the reason may be drawne from that hath bin shewed of the other They are not so desirous of drinke although melancholy be a dry humour both because their coldnes stakeneth the thirst and their stomacks be moist by want of digestion which sendeth vp waterie vapours into the mouth besides the ascent of the humour it selfe which satisfieth the drought if any be and preuenteth the desire of drincke Their stomach is cold through melancholy which by the aboundance which floweth therein from the splene is cooled as also by the vicinetie of the same which lyeth close therunto The other appetite is of procreation wherewith or the most parte melancholy persons are more vehemently stirred the cause where of I take to be double the one from the affection of loue wherewith they are soone ouertaken the other a windy disposition of their bodies which procureth that desire They are allured to loue more easily because they more admire other then themselues and being cast downe with coÌ„ceite of their owne imperfection extoll in their fancy that which hath any small grace of louelines in another The other reason I referre you to reade at large of in treatises of philosophie writteÌ„ of the matter in other languages the grauity and modesty of our tounge not fitting with phrase to deliuer such problemes Thus much shall suffice for the appetite depraued by melancholie other sorts of naturall actions besides concoction and distribution which haue bene before sufficiently to the purpose in hande intreated of are the retention ouer fast and assimulation or turning of the nourishment into our substances imperfect The first fault riseth chiefly of the drinessse of the parts which thereby retaine anie humiditie the slownesse of the humour which maketh no way though nature expell and if it be an excrement that should passe the grossenesse wherewith she hath bene acquainted causeth the offence thereof lesse to be felt and so nature becommeth more sluttish in cleansing the bodie of his impurities Againe the sense of such persons is not verie quicke neither carrieth the excrement anie prickinge of prouocation which should put nature in remembraunce of auoydance except immoderate quantitie serue that turne whereof the drinesse of melancholicke natures is an impediment The assimilation is faultie by reason of colde this causeth that morphewe which ofte staineth melancholicke bodies and bespeckleth their skinne here and there with blacke staines of this humour then the nourishment in steed of supplying the perpetuall fluxe of our bodies and aunswering in like substance is by fault of the parte of melancholicke disposition depraued and turned into like iuyce wherewith the parte is dyed into that blacke coloure The colour is blacke of the nature of of the humor and disposition of the part which by imbecillitie is not able to alter it into whitenesse to the similitude of it self Hitherto I haue declared vnto you what actions melancholy depraueth whether voluntary or naturall of voluntary whether of sense and motion or of affection and perturbation of naturall whether action of appetite or belonging to the working of nourishment of appetite whether of victualles or of lust touching dressing and preparation of nourishment whether it be coction digestion attraction retention assimulation or expulsion it remaineth to deliuer vnto you what workes are depraued by this humour and howe it corrupteth the perfection of them CHAP. XXXI How melancholie altereth naturall works of the bodie iuyce and excrement AL the works which rise of naturall actions in our bodies may be reduced to two sorts the one is naturall iuyce apt for nourishmeÌ„t building vp the decay of our bodies through the businesse of this life and the internall fire which continually craueth fuell of victuall the other is a superfluity which riseth of the masse of meats and drinkes separated from the pure and nutritiue by the triall of our naturall heate as we see the drosse and impuritie of metalles discouered by the fire This superfluitie nature expelleth out of the bodie not being of that sinceritie and familiar qualitie which nourishment is indued with Both these are altered by this melancholicke disposition whereof my discourse runneth The nourishing iuyce by melancholie of such nourishmentes as are pure and good receaueth imperfection and becommeth grosser thicker and more crude then by the qualitie of the substance it might be the rather also because melancholicke appetite is not proportionall to their digestion but exceedeth These causes procure the nourishing iuyce thicke grosse and crude because the heate of melancholicke persons is abated by this humour which heat is the worker of separation and maketh subtile liquide that which of nature hath no contrarie disposition This nourishing iuyce is either primitiue and the first where of the other take beginning and matter or else deriuatiue and rising froÌ„ the primitiue The primitiue is that which is wrought in the stomach and is in colour white liquide equall of a cremy substance in this as yet no separatioÌ„ is made of place but wholsome and vnwholsome excrement and nourishment are mixt together onely there they are as it were dissolued and broken and by our heate made more familiar vnto vs and prepared for other parts more easie handling This is the grosser for causes before alleaged and yeeldeth the excrement voyded by stoole the thickest and grossest of all the rest which being increased in those qualities by the melancholicke disposition molesteth them with costiuenesse and hardnesse of bellie For through the qualities before mentioned it passeth not so easilie the guts which besides the foulds they haue lest we should be oftener then were

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