Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	brain_n	part_n	spirit_n	1,451	5	5.2508	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06950	Markhams maister-peece, or, What doth a horse-man lacke containing all possible knowledge whatsoeuer which doth belong to any smith, farrier or horse-leech, touching the curing of all maner of diseases or sorrances in horses : drawne with great paine and most approued experience from the publique practise of all the forraine horse-marshals of Christendome and from the priuate practise of all the best farriers of this kingdome : being deuided into two bookes, the first containing all cures physicall, the second whatsoeuer belongeth to chirurgerie, with an addition of 130 most principall chapters and 340 most excellent medicines, receits and secrets worthy euery mans knowledge, neuer written of nor mentioned in any author before whatsoeuer : together with the true nature, vse, and qualitie of euerie simple spoken of through the whole worke : reade me, practise me, and admire me / written by Geruase Markham gentleman.	Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1610 (1610)	STC 17376.5; ESTC S4777	291,300	517

or pillar which doth vphold this naturall body of which we treate they are not onely belonging but euen deriued from the three powers immediatly spoken of in the former chapter as thus The action and operation of the Power animall is to discerne to moue and to feele Horses discerne by meanes of the vertue Imaginatiue Discoursatiue and Memoratiue whereof the first is placed in the forehead the second in the middle of the braine and the third in the hinder part of the head All which are cōprehended vnder the Power animall Horses moue by meanes of the vertue Motiue whose action operation is to straine or let slacke the sinewes whereby euery member hath his mouing And horses feeling is by meanes of the vertue Sensitiue whose action or operation is busied in the fiue sences as to See Heare Smell Tast and Touch and all these actions spring from the Power animall The action or operation of the Power vitall is to restraine and loosen the heart and the arteries which proceede from the heart which action whether it be hurt or disturbed in a horses body is easily knowne of euery good Farrier or horse Marshall by the vnequall beating of his pulse that is to say of the arteries which cometh downe from the heart to the insides of both his fore legges a little below the knuckles of his shoulders and likewise crosse both the temples of his head a little higher then his eyes And if any man be so simple to imagine that the thicknesse of the horses skinne shall be any impediment to the feeling of this motion let him remember that as a horses skin is thicker then a mans so also are his arteries greater and beate with more violence and so consequently to be felt without any great difficulty The actions or operations of the Power naturall are to ingender to increase to nourish to desire with appetite to attract to change to disgest to retaine and to expell and many others of like kinde These actions therefore are carefully to be looked vnto by euery Farrier to the intent that he may learne by them not only the whole state of a horses body but also what particular member thereof is euill affected as thus If either in your horse you finde much forgetfulnesse vnnimblenesse of his limbes or dulnesse vpon correction it is a signe of sicknesse in the braine and that the Power animal is euillaffected If you find that his pulses do beate extraordinarily flow or much to fast it is a signe that his heart is grieued and his Power vitall euill affected but if you finde that he doth consume pine away loseth his stomacke it is a signe that his liuer is perplexed all his inward parts out of frame and his Power naturall euill affected Now you shall againe vnderstand that of actions some be voluntary some not voluntary The voluntary actions be those which a horse may either further or hinder stay or let when themselues pleaseth as the mouing of the legges for they may go stand or lye downe at their owne pleasure The actions not voluntary are those which depend not vpon the will of any beast but be done of their owne accord and naturally as the mouing of the heart and of the arteries and the passage of the bloud the first whereof beateth sleeping and waking and the other hath his course euery minute And thus much of actions and operations CHAP. 8. Of Spirits and in what parts of the horses body they remaine SPirits which is the seuenth naturall builder of this naturall worke are to be vnderstood to be that fine pure cleare and ayrie substance which is ingendred of the finest part of the bloud whereby the vertue of euery principall member may visite all the other parts of the body making them to do their duties according to the rules of nature Now of spirits according to the opinion of some Physitians there are but two kinds that is the Spirit animall and the Spirit vitall The Spirit animall is that which giueth power of feeling and mouing to a horse and hath his resting place in the braine from whence through the sinewes it is dispersed into all other parts of the body and as it is ingendred of the vitall spirit being more vehemently wrought and laboured and partly of continuall breathing euen so it is partly preserued by the Chaule of the braine which doth howrely water and nourish it The Spirit vitall is contained in the heart from whence it floweth into euery part of the body being the chiefe cause of all naturall heate and it is preserued and nourished both by breathing and bloud To these two spirits there be some Farriers both Italians and French which adde a third spirit and call it the Spirit naturall saying it hath its residence in the liuer the veines but the two former are of such power and haue such superiority that the body cannot liue without them nor haue any being at all wherefore it is the office of the Farrier continually in all his medicines to haue euer some comfortable simple which may maintaine and keepe these spirits in their full strength liuelyhood and vertue And thus much touching spirits those seuen naturall things which compact a naturall body Chap. 9. Of the sixe thing not naturall how they profit and how they hurt HAuing spoken of the naturall things whereof a horses body is compounded it is needfull now that we speake something of the other sixe which be not naturall so farre forth as they concerne the office of the Farrier and no further for with other matters we haue not to do The first thing then which is not naturall yet preserueth a horses body in good state is the aire which being pure sharp cleare and piercing giueth great life and nourishment to a horse but being contrary that is grosse thicke and full of putrifaction it cannot chuse but alter the good habit of his body and breede in him many infirmities Therefore euery Farrier shall haue great respect to the aire wherein a horse either liueth or was bred in as if a horse that was bred in a hot aire come to liue in a cold and through that exchange grow sicke the Farrier shall by warme dyet close house and moderate cloathing bring his nature to a stronger acquaintance also when a horse exceedeth in any of the foure qualities that is in heate moystnesse coldnesse or drinesse it is best for him to liue in that aire which is contrary to that quality wherein hee exceedeth Lastly in many diseases the change of the aire is most wholesome as shall be shewed at large in the particular diseases For the meate and drinke of a horse which is the second thing not naturall in a horses composition it is not to be doubted but whilest it is sweete cleane good as bread well made and baked dry oates dry beanes dry pease sweet hay sweet straw or short grasse so long it nourisheth and preserueth the horses body

giue the horse to drinke fasting euery morning for a fortnight together a pint of strong ale and fiue spoonefull of the oyle of oates the making of which oyle you shall reade in a particular chapter following but if the disease be of the third sort which is most desperate you shall then take of Tanners ouse a pint and of new milke a pint and of oyle oliue halfe a pint and the quantity of a head of garlicke bruised and a little turmericke mixe these well together and giue it the horse to drinke do this thrice in one fortnight and it will helpe if any helpe be to be had CHAP. 41. Of the mourning of the Chine THis disease which we call the mourning of the chine or as some Farriers terme it the moist malady is that fourth sort of corrupt distillation from the braine of which we haue spoken in the chapter before shewing from whence it proceedes and the signes thereof to wit that the corrupt matter which issueth from his nosthrels will be darke thinne and reddish with little streakes of bloud in it It is supposed by some Farriers that this disease is a foule consumption of the liuer and I do not dissent from that opinion for I haue found the liuer wasted in those horses which I haue opened vpon this disease and this consumption proceedes from a cold which after growes to a poze then to a glaunders and lastly to this mourning of the chine The cure whereof according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers is to take cleare water and that hony which is called Hydromel a quart and put thereunto three ounces of sallet oyle and powre it into his nostrels each morning the space of three dayes if that helpe not then giue him to drinke euery day or once in two dayes at the least a quart of old wine mingled with some of the soueraigne medicine called Tetrapharmacum which is to be had almost of euery Apothecary Others vse to take garlicke houslicke cheruill and stamping them together to thrust it vp into the horses nostrels Others vse to let the horse fast all night then take a pint and a halfe of milke three heads of garlicke pild stamped boyle them to the halfe and giue it to the horse some at the mouth and some at the nose then gallop him a quarter of a mile then rest him then gallop him halfe a mile and rest him againe thus do twice or thrice together then set him vp warme and giue him no water till it be high noone then giue him a sweete mash vse this cure at least three dayes together Others vse to take halfe a pecke of oates boyle them in running water till halfe be consumed then put them into a bagge and lay them very hot vpon the nauell place of his backe and there let it lye thirty howres vsing thus to do three or foure times at the least Others vse to take wormewood Peusedanum and Centorie of each like quantity boyle them in wine then straine them and powre thereof many times into his nosthrels especially into that which most runneth Others vse to take harehound licoras anise seeds beaten to powder then with sweete butter to make pils thereof and to giue them fasting to the horse Others vse to take wheate flower anise seedes and licoras stamped in a mortar fiue or sixe cloues of garlike bruised mixe all these together make a paste of them then make it into pils as big as walnuts taking out the horses tongue cast the balles downe the horses throate three or foure at a time then giue him two new layed egges shelles and all after them Now after all these the best and most approuedst medicine is to take as much of the middle greene barke of an Elder tree growing on the water side as will fill a reasonable vessell putting thereunto as much running water as the vessell will hold and let it boyle till halfe be consumed and then fill vp the vessell againe with water continuing so to do three times one after another and at the last time when the one halfe is consumed take it from the fire and straine it exceedingly through a linnen cloath then to that decoction adde at least a full third part of the oyle of oates or for want of that of oyle oliue or of hogges grease or sweete butter and being warmed againe take a quart thereof and giue it the horse to drinke one horne-ful at his mouth and another at his nosthrels especially that which casteth out the matter And in any case let the horse be fasting when he taketh this medicine for it not onely cureth this but any sicknesse proceeding from cold whatsoeuer it shall be also good to vse to his body some wholesome friction to his head some wholesome bathe of which bathes you shall reade more hereafter in a chapter following For his dyet his food would be sodden barley and sweete hay and his drinke warme water or mashes but if it be in the Summer season then it is best to let him runne at grasse onely CHAP. 42. Of the Cough COughing is a motion of the lungs raised naturally from his expulsiue power to cast out the hurtfull cause as neesing is the motion of the braine Now of coughes there be some outward and some inward those are sayd to be outward which proceed of outward causes as when a horse doth eate or drinke too greedily so that his meat goeth the wrong way or when he licketh vp a feather or eateth dusty or sharpe bearded straw and such like which tickling his throat causeth him to cough those which are sayd to be inward are either wet or dry of which we shall speake more hereafter Now of these outward coughes they may proceede from the corruption of the ayre which if it do you shall boyle in running water figges and currants together then straining the water adde to a quart thereof three spoonfull of Diapente and it will helpe It may also proceed from dust and then you must wash it downe by powring into his nosthrels ale and oyle mingled together It may come by eating sharpe and sowre things and then you must put downe his throat pils of sweete butter whose softnesse will helpe him It may proceede from some little or sleight taken cold and then you shall take the whites yolkes of two egges three ounces of sallet oyle two handfull of beane flowre one ounce of Fenugreeke mixe them with a pint of old malmsey and giue it the horse to drinke three daies together or else take tarre and fresh butter mixe them together and giue pils thereof to the horse foure times in seuen dayes that is the first the third the fift and the seuenth day There be others which vse to take a gallon of faire water and make it ready to seeth then put thereto a pecke of ground malt with two handfuls of boxe leaues chopt small and a little groundsel mixe them

any winde do annoy him and let his ordinary drinke be warme mashes of malt and water his foode only that whatsoeuer it be which he eateth with the best stomacke Now if you see any swelling to appeare whether it be soft or hard then besides letting him bloud you shall strike the swelling in diuers places with a steame or launcet that the corruption may issue forth and then annoynt it with hogges grease made warme for that will either expell it or bring it to a head especially if the swelling be kept exceeding warme There be other Farriers which for this disease vse first to let the horse bloud as is aforesayd and then to giue him a quart of malmsey well brewed with three spoonfull of the powder called Diapente and if the swelling arise to lay thereunto nothing but hay well sodden in old vrine and then to keepe the same dyet as is aforesayd Others vse after the letting of bloud to giue the horse no drinke but onely tenne or twelue spoonefuls of that water which is called Doctor Stephens water and is not vnknown to any Apothecary and then for the rest of the cure to proceede in all things as is before specified questionlesse I haue seene strange effects of this practise CHAP. 54. Of tired Horses SInce wee are thus farre proceeded into the inward and vitall parts of a horses body it is not amisse to speake something of the tiring of horses and of the remedies for the same because when a horse is truly tyred as by ouer extreme labour it is questionlesse that all his vitall parts are made sicke and feebled For to tell you in more plainesse what trying is it is when a horse by extreme vncessant labour hath all his inward and vitall powers which should accompany reioyce the heart expelled and driuen outward to the outward parts lesse deseruing members leauing the heart forlorne and sicke insomuch that a generall and cold faintnesse spreadeth ouer the whole body and weakneth it in such sort that it can endure no further trauell till those liuely heates faculties and powers be brought vnto their naturall and true places backe againe and made to giue comfort to the heart whom their losse sickned Now for the tiring of horses though in truth it proceedeth from no other cause but this before spoken yet in as much as in our common and vulgar speech we say euery horse that giueth ouer his labour is tyred you shall vnderstand that such giuing ouer may proceede from foure causes the first from inward sicknesse the second from some wound receiued either of body or limbe the third from dulnesse of spirit cowardlinesse or restinesse and the fourth from most extreme labour and trauell which is true tirednesse indeede Now for the first which is inward sicknesse you shall looke into the generall signes of euery disease and if you finde any of those signes to be apparant you shall straight conclude vpon that disease taking away the cause thereof haue no doubt but the effects of his tiring will vanish with the ●ame For the second which is by some wound receiued as by cutting or dismembring the sinewes ligaments or muscles or by straining or stooming any bone or ioynt or by pricking in shooing or striking nayle yron stub or thorne into the sole of the horses foote and such like Sith the first is apparant to the eye by disioyning the skinne the other by halting you shall take a suruey of your horse and finding any of them apparant looke what the griefe is repaire to the latter part of this booke which intreateth of surgery and finding it there vse the meanes prescribed and the tiring will easily be cured Now for the third which is dulnesse of spirit cowardlinesse or restinesse you shall finde them by these signes if he haue no apparant signe either of inward sicknes or outward griefe neither sweateth much nor sheweth any great alteration of countenance yet notwithstanding tireth and refuseth reasonable labour then such tyring proceedeth from dulnesse of spirite but if after indifferent long trauell the horse tire and then the man descending from his backe the horse runne or trot away as though he were not tired the man then mounting againe the horse vtterly refuse to go forward such tyring proceedeth from cowardlinesse but if a horse within one two or three miles riding being temperately vsed and being neither put to any tryall of his strength nor as it were scarcely warmed if he in his best strength refuse labour and tire it proceedeth onely from restinesse and ill conditions Then for the cure of any of all these proceding from dulnesse fearefulnesse and vnwillingnesse you shall take ordinary window glasse and beate it into fine powder then take vp the skinne of each side the spurre veine betweene your finger and your thumbe and with a fine naule or bodkin make diuers small holes through the skinne then rubbe glasse powder very hard into those holes which done mount his backe and do but offer to touch his sides with your heeles and be sure if he haue life in him he will go forward the greatest feare being that he will still but go too fast but after your iourney is ended and your allighted you must not faile because this powder of glasse will corrode and rot his sides to annoynt both the sore places with the powder of Iet and turpentine mixt together for that will draw out the venom and heale his sides againe There be others which vse when a horse tireth thus through dull cowardlinesse or restinesse to thrust a burning brand or yron into his buttockes or to bring bottels of blazing straw about his eares there is neither of the cures but is exceeding good But for the true tired horse which tireth through a naturall faintnesse drawne from exceeding labour the signes to know it being long trauel much sweat and willingnesse of courage during his strength the cure thereof according to the opinion of some Farriers is to powre oyle and vinegar into his nosthrels and to giue him the drinke of ●he●pes beades mentioned in the chapter of the consumption of the flesh being the fiftieth chapter of this booke and to bathe his legges with a comfortable bath of which you shal finde choyce in the chapter of bathes or else charge them with this charge Take of bole armony and of wheate flowre of each halfe a pound and a little rosen beaten into fine powder and a quart of strong vinegar mingle them well together and couer all his legs therwith then if it be in Summer turne him to grasse and he will recouer his wearinesse Others vse to take a slice of fresh beefe hauing steeped it in vinegar lappe it about your bit or snafle and hauing made it fast with a threed ride your horse therewith and he will hardly tire yet after your iourney is ended be sure to giue your horse rest much warmth and good feeding that is warme

of strong beere or ale and giue it the horse to drinke Others vse after raking bloud letting to take the iuyce of Iuy leaues mingling it with wine to squirt it into the horses nosthrels and to let him drinke only cold water mixt with vitrum and let his foode be grasse or new hay sprinkled with water Thus you haue seene I dare well affirme all the best practises which are at this day knowne for this disease where they all faile there is no hope of cure yet let me thus farre further informe you This disease of the yellowes or iaundise if the keeper or maister be not a great deale the more skilfull and carefull will steale vpon you vnawares and as I haue often seene when you are in the middest of your iourney remote and distant farre from any towne that can giue you succour it may be your horse will fall downe vnder you and if you should let him rest till you fetch him succour questionlesse hee will bee dead In this extremity you haue no helpe but to draw out a sharpe poynted knife dagger or rapier for a neede and as neare as you can opening the horses mouth strike him bloud about the third barre of the roofe of his mouth and so letting him eate and swallow his owne blood a good while then raise him vp and be sure he will go as fresh as euer he did but after you come to place of rest then bee sure to bloud him and drench him as aforesayd or else there will a worse fit come vpon him Now to conclude for the blacke iaundise which of some Farriers is called the dry yellow though for mine owne part I hold it to be incurable yet there be other Farriers which are of a contrary humour and prescribe this physicke for the cure thereof first to giue the horse a glister made of oyle water and nitrum after his fundament is raked then to powre the decoction of mallowes mingled with sweete wine into his nosthrels and let his meate be grasse or hay sprinkled with water and a little nitre and his prouender dryed oates hee must rest from labour and be often rubbed Now there be other Farriers which for this disease would onely haue the horse drinke the decoction of wilde cole-worts sodden in wine the effects of all which I onely referre to experience CHAP. 66. Of the Dropsie or euill habit of the body WHereas we haue spoken before of the consumption of the flesh which proceedeth from surfaits ill lodging labour colds heates and such like you shall also now vnderstand that there is another drinesse or consumption of the flesh which hath no apparant cause or ground and is called of Farriers a dropsie or euill habite of the body which is most apparantly seene when the horse by dislike doth leese his true naturall colour as when baynesse turnes to dunnesse blackes to duskishnes whites to ashinesse and when he leeseth his spirit strength and alacrity Now this cometh not from the want of nutriment but from the want of good nutriment in that the bloud is corrupted either with fleame choler or melancholy coming according to the opinion of the best Farriers either from the spleene or the weaknes of the stomacke or liuer causing naughty disgestion Others thinke it cometh from fowle feeding or much idlenesse but for mine owne part albeit I haue had as much tryall of this disease as any one man and that it becometh not me to controll men of approued iudgements yet this I dare auerre that I neuer saw this disease of the euill habite or euill colour of the body spring from any other groundes then either disorderly and wilde riding or from hunger or barraine woody keeping Betwixt it and the dropsie there is small or no difference for the dropsie being diuided into three kindes this is the first thereof as namely an vniuersall swelling of the body but especially the legges through the aboundance of water lying betweene the skinne and the flesh The second a swelling in the couering or bottome of the belly as if the horse were with foale which is onely a whayish humour abiding betwixt the skinne and the rimme and the third a swelling in the same place by the like humour abiding betwixt the great bagge and the kell The signes of this disease are shortnesse of breath swelling of the body or legges losse of the horses naturall colour no appetite vnto meate and a continuall thirst his backe buttockes and flankes will be dry and shrunke vp to their bones his veines will be hidde that you cannot see them and wheresoeuer you shall presse your finger hard against his body there you shall leaue the print thereof behind you and the flesh will not rise of a good space after when he lyeth downe he will spreade out his limbes and not draw them round together and his haire will shedde with the smallest rubbing There be other Farriers which make but onely two dropsies that is a wet dropsie and a windy dropsie but being examined they are all one with those recited haue all the same signes and the same cure which according to the ancient Farriers is in this sort First to let him be warme couered with many cloathes and either by exercise or otherwise driue him into a sweate then let his backe and body be rubbed against the haire and let his foode be for the most part cole-worts smallage and Elming bowes or what else will keepe his body soluble or prouoke vrine when you want this foode let him eate grasse or hay sprinckled with water and sometimes you may giue him a kinde of pulse called Ciche steeped a day and a night in water and then taken out and layed so as the water may drop away There be other Farriers which only would haue the horse to drinke parsley stampt and mixt with wine or else the roote of the hearbe called Panax stampt and mixt with wine Now whereas some Farriers aduise to slit the belly a handfull behinde the nauell that the winde and water may leasurely issue forth of mine owne knowledge I know the cure to be most vile nor can it be done but to the vtter spoyle and killing of the horse for a horse is a beast wanting knowledge of his owne good will neuer be drest but by violence and that violence will bring downe his kell so as it will neuer be recouered Now for these dropsies in the belly although I haue shewed you the signes and the cures yet are they rare to be found and more rare to be cured but for the other dropsie which is the swelling of the legges and the losse of the colour of the haire it is very ordinary and in howrely practise the best cure wherof that euer I found is this Take of strong ale a gallon set it on the fire skum off the white frothwhich riseth then take a handfull of wormwood without stalke and as much rue in like manner